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Ferrié M, Alexandre V, Montpellier C, Bouquet P, Tubiana T, Mézière L, Ankavay M, Bentaleb C, Dubuisson J, Bressanelli S, Aliouat-Denis CM, Rouillé Y, Cocquerel L. The AP-1 adaptor complex is essential for intracellular trafficking of the ORF2 capsid protein and assembly of Hepatitis E virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:335. [PMID: 39117755 PMCID: PMC11335258 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Although the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging global health burden, little is known about its interaction with the host cell. HEV genome encodes three proteins including the ORF2 capsid protein that is produced in different forms, the ORF2i protein which is the structural component of viral particles, and the ORF2g/c proteins which are massively secreted but are not associated with infectious material. We recently demonstrated that the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) is hijacked by HEV to serve as a viral factory. However, host determinants involved in the subcellular shuttling of viral proteins to viral factories are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the AP-1 adaptor complex plays a pivotal role in the targeting of ORF2i protein to viral factories. This complex belongs to the family of adaptor proteins that are involved in vesicular transport between the trans-Golgi network and early/recycling endosomes. An interplay between the AP-1 complex and viral protein(s) has been described for several viral lifecycles. In the present study, we demonstrated that the ORF2i protein colocalizes and interacts with the AP-1 adaptor complex in HEV-producing or infected cells. We showed that silencing or drug-inhibition of the AP-1 complex prevents ORF2i protein localization in viral factories and reduces viral production in hepatocytes. Modeling of the ORF2i/AP-1 complex also revealed that the S domain of ORF2i likely interacts with the σ1 subunit of AP-1 complex. Hence, our study identified for the first time a host factor involved in addressing HEV proteins (i.e. ORF2i protein) to viral factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ferrié
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Claire Montpellier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Peggy Bouquet
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Thibault Tubiana
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Léa Mézière
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Maliki Ankavay
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyrine Bentaleb
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, F-59000, France.
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2
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Shahini E, Argentiero A, Andriano A, Losito F, Maida M, Facciorusso A, Cozzolongo R, Villa E. Hepatitis E Virus: What More Do We Need to Know? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:998. [PMID: 38929615 PMCID: PMC11205503 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is typically a self-limiting, acute illness that spreads through the gastrointestinal tract but replicates in the liver. However, chronic infections are possible in immunocompromised individuals. The HEV virion has two shapes: exosome-like membrane-associated quasi-enveloped virions (eHEV) found in circulating blood or in the supernatant of infected cell cultures and non-enveloped virions ("naked") found in infected hosts' feces and bile to mediate inter-host transmission. Although HEV is mainly spread via enteric routes, it is unclear how it penetrates the gut wall to reach the portal bloodstream. Both virion types are infectious, but they infect cells in different ways. To develop personalized treatment/prevention strategies and reduce HEV impact on public health, it is necessary to decipher the entry mechanism for both virion types using robust cell culture and animal models. The contemporary knowledge of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virions as possible therapeutic target candidates is summarized in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrit Shahini
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | | | - Alessandro Andriano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Losito
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Erica Villa
- Gastroenterology Unit, CHIMOMO Department, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
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3
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Subramaniam S, Fares-Gusmao R, Sato S, Cullen JM, Takeda K, Farci P, McGivern DR. Distinct disease features of acute and persistent genotype 3 hepatitis E virus infection in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbils. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011664. [PMID: 37703304 PMCID: PMC10519604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes self-limited acute hepatitis in immunocompetent individuals and can establish chronic infection in solid organ transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs. A well characterized small animal model is needed to understand HEV pathogenesis. In this study, we established a robust model to study acute and persistent HEV infection using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with or without immunosuppression. Gerbils were implanted subcutaneously with continuous release tacrolimus pellet to induce immunosuppression. Gerbils with or without tacrolimus treatment were inoculated with HEV intraperitoneally. Viremia, fecal virus shedding, serum antibody and ALT levels, liver histopathological lesions, hepatocyte apoptosis, and liver macrophage distribution were assessed. Mild to moderate self-limited hepatitis and IgM and IgG antibody responses against HEV ORF2 were observed in immunocompetent gerbils. Levels of HEV-specific IgM responses were higher and lasted longer in immunocompetent gerbils with higher peak viremia. Persistent viremia and fecal virus shedding with either weak, or absent HEV antibody levels were seen in immunosuppressed gerbils. Following HEV infection, serum ALT levels were increased, with lower and delayed peaks observed in immunosuppressed compared to immunocompetent gerbils. In immunocompetent gerbils, foci of apoptotic hepatocytes were detected that were distributed with inflammatory infiltrates containing CD68+ macrophages. However, these foci were absent in immunosuppressed gerbils. The immunosuppressed gerbils showed no inflammation with no increase in CD68+ macrophages despite high virus replication in liver. Our findings suggest adaptive immune responses are necessary for inducing hepatocyte apoptosis, CD68+ macrophage recruitment, and inflammatory cell infiltration in response to HEV infection. Our studies show that Mongolian gerbils provide a promising model to study pathogenesis during acute and persistent HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rafaelle Fares-Gusmao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shinya Sato
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John M. Cullen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. McGivern
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Mazzola A, Todesco E, Ali S, Bastide M, Charlotte F, Flandre P, Sayon S, Houot M, Calvez V, Thabut D, Scatton O, Marcelin AG, Conti F. High rate of early HEV seroconversion after liver transplantation among cirrhotic patients: Should we test for it? J Infect 2023; 87:88-90. [PMID: 37149046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mazzola
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Médicale de Transplantation Hépatique, Hépato-gastroentérologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.
| | - Eve Todesco
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Shadia Ali
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Médicale de Transplantation Hépatique, Hépato-gastroentérologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Bastide
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Frederic Charlotte
- Sorbonne Université, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Flandre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Sayon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Melanie Houot
- Unité d'Hémovigilance et Sécurité Transfusionnelle (UHST) Division Mazarin, AP-HP Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Médicale de Transplantation Hépatique, Hépato-gastroentérologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Service de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et Transplantation hépatique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.
| | - Filomena Conti
- Sorbonne Université, Unité Médicale de Transplantation Hépatique, Hépato-gastroentérologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.
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5
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Songtanin B, Molehin AJ, Brittan K, Manatsathit W, Nugent K. Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations. Viruses 2023; 15:1389. [PMID: 37376687 DOI: 10.3390/v15061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 20 million people worldwide are infected annually with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). There are four main genotypes of HEV. Genotype 1 and genotype 2 are common in developing countries and are transmitted by contaminated water from a fecal-oral route. Genotype 3 and genotype 4 are common in developed countries and can lead to occasional transmission to humans via undercooked meat. Hepatitis E virus 1 and HEV3 can lead to fulminant hepatitis, and HEV3 can lead to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients. The majority of patients with HEV infection are asymptomatic and usually have spontaneous viral clearance without treatment. However, infection in immunocompromised individuals can lead to chronic HEV infection. Both acute and chronic HEV infections can have extrahepatic manifestations. No specific treatment is required for acute HEV infection, no treatment has been approved in chronic infection, and no HEV vaccine has been approved by the (United States) Food and Drug Administration. This review focuses on the molecular virology (HEV life cycle, genotypes, model systems, zoonosis), pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and treatment of chronic HEV infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, to provide clinicians a better understanding of the global distribution of these infections and the significant effect they can have on immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busara Songtanin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Adebayo J Molehin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Kevin Brittan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Wuttiporn Manatsathit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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6
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LeDesma R, Heller B, Biswas A, Maya S, Gili S, Higgins J, Ploss A. Structural features stabilized by divalent cation coordination within hepatitis E virus ORF1 are critical for viral replication. eLife 2023; 12:e80529. [PMID: 36852909 PMCID: PMC9977285 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus responsible for over 20 million infections annually. HEV's open reading frame (ORF)1 polyprotein is essential for genome replication, though it is unknown how the different subdomains function within a structural context. Our data show that ORF1 operates as a multifunctional protein, which is not subject to proteolytic processing. Supporting this model, scanning mutagenesis performed on the putative papain-like cysteine protease (pPCP) domain revealed six cysteines essential for viral replication. Our data are consistent with their role in divalent metal ion coordination, which governs local and interdomain interactions that are critical for the overall structure of ORF1; furthermore, the 'pPCP' domain can only rescue viral genome replication in trans when expressed in the context of the full-length ORF1 protein but not as an individual subdomain. Taken together, our work provides a comprehensive model of the structure and function of HEV ORF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert LeDesma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Brigitte Heller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Stephanie Maya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Stefania Gili
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - John Higgins
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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7
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Lenggenhager D, Grossmann J, Gouttenoire J, Sempoux C, Weber A. Immunohistochemistry for hepatitis E virus capsid protein cross-reacts with cytomegalovirus-infected cells: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Histopathology 2023; 82:354-358. [PMID: 36148841 PMCID: PMC10092358 DOI: 10.1111/his.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 (capsid) protein is a powerful tool for tissue-based diagnosis of hepatitis E, particularly useful in evaluating abnormal liver values in immunocompromised patients. We report here a previously unobserved reactivity of the HEV ORF2 antibody to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteins and contrast the staining patterns encountered in HEV and CMV infection, respectively. As part of a routine diagnostic work-up, the liver biopsy of an immunocompromised patient with elevated liver values was examined histologically for infection with viruses including CMV and HEV. Cytopathic changes were found, suggestive of CMV infection, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, reactivity of a portion of CMV-infected cells with a mouse monoclonal antibody (clone 1E6) against HEV ORF2 protein was also detected. This observation prompted a screening of 22 further specimens (including liver, gastrointestinal, lung, brain and placental biopsies) with confirmed CMV infection/reactivation. Immunoreactivity of CMV-infected cells with HEV ORF2 antibody was observed in 18 of 23 specimens. While the HEV ORF2 antibody showed cytoplasmic, nuclear and canalicular positivity in hepatitis E cases, positivity in CMV-infected cells was limited to the nucleus. In conclusion, the HEV ORF2 antibody (clone 1E6) shows unexpected immunoreactivity against CMV proteins. In contrast to the hepatitis E staining pattern with cytoplasmic, nuclear and occasional canalicular positivity, reactivity in CMV-infected cells is restricted to the nucleus. Awareness of this cross-reactivity and knowledge of the differences in staining patterns will prevent pathologists from misinterpreting positive HEV ORF2 immunohistochemistry in liver specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lenggenhager
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Cancer Research (IMCR), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Lean FZX, Leblond AL, Byrne AMP, Mollett B, James J, Watson S, Hurley S, Brookes SM, Weber A, Núñez A. Subclinical hepatitis E virus infection in laboratory ferrets in the UK. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are widely used for experimental modelling of viral infections. However, background disease in ferrets could potentially confound intended experimental interpretation. Here we report the detection of a subclinical infection of ferret hepatitis E virus (FRHEV) within a colony sub-group of female laboratory ferrets that had been enrolled on an experimental viral infection study (non-hepatitis). Lymphoplasmacytic cuffing of periportal spaces was identified on histopathology but was negative for the RNA and antigens of the administered virus. Follow-up viral metagenomic analysis conducted on liver specimens revealed sequences attributed to FRHEV and these were confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Further genomic analysis revealed contiguous sequences spanning 79–95 % of the FRHEV genome and that the sequences were closely related to those reported previously in Europe. Using in situ hybridization by RNAScope, we confirmed the presence of HEV-specific RNA in hepatocytes. The HEV open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein was also detected by immunohistochemistry in the hepatocytes and the biliary canaliculi. In conclusion, the results of our study provide evidence of background infection with FRHEV in laboratory ferrets. As this infection can be subclinical, we recommend routine monitoring of ferret populations using virological and liver function tests to avoid incorrect causal attribution of any liver disease detected in in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Present address: Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anne-Laure Leblond
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin Mollett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Samantha Watson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Shellene Hurley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sharon M. Brookes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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9
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Sayed IM, Karam-Allah Ramadan H, Hafez MHR, Elkhawaga AA, El-Mokhtar MA. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) open reading frame 2: Role in pathogenesis and diagnosis in HEV infections. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2401. [PMID: 36209386 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurs worldwide. The HEV genome includes three to four open reading frames (ORF1-4). ORF1 proteins are essential for viral replication, while the ORF3 protein is an ion channel involved in the exit of HEV from the infected cells. ORF2 proteins form the viral capsid required for HEV invasion and assembly. They also suppress interferon production and inhibit antibody-mediated neutralisation of HEV, allowing the virus to hijack the host immune response. ORF2 is the only detectable viral protein in the human liver during HEV infection and it is secreted in the plasma, stool, and urine of HEV-infected patients, making it a reliable diagnostic marker. The plasma HEV ORF2 antigen level can predict the outcome of HEV infections. Hence, monitoring HEV ORF2 antigen levels may be useful in assessing the efficacy of anti-HEV therapy. The ORF2 antigen is immunogenic and includes epitopes that can induce neutralising antibodies; therefore, it is a potential HEV vaccine candidate. In this review, we highlighted the different forms of HEV ORF2 protein and their roles in HEV pathogenesis, diagnosis, monitoring the therapeutic efficacy, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haidi Karam-Allah Ramadan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H R Hafez
- International Scholar, African Leadership Academy, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut, Egypt
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10
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Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Nocke MK, Ulrich RG, Schuhenn J, Sutter K, Gömer A, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Broering R, Verhoye L, Meuleman P, Vondran FWR, Camuzet C, Cocquerel L, Todt D, Steinmann E. A ribavirin-induced ORF2 single-nucleotide variant produces defective hepatitis E virus particles with immune decoy function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202653119. [PMID: 35969792 PMCID: PMC9407633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202653119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and is the leading cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis worldwide. Ribavirin (RBV) is currently the only treatment option for many patients; however, cases of treatment failures or posttreatment relapses have been frequently reported. RBV therapy was shown to be associated with an increase in HEV genome heterogeneity and the emergence of distinct HEV variants. In this study, we analyzed the impact of eight patient-derived open reading frame 2 (ORF2) single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), which occurred under RBV treatment, on the replication cycle and pathogenesis of HEV. The parental HEV strain and seven ORF2 variants showed comparable levels of RNA replication in human hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. However, a P79S ORF2 variant demonstrated reduced RNA copy numbers released in the supernatant and an impairment in the production of infectious particles. Biophysical and biochemical characterization revealed that this SNV caused defective, smaller HEV particles with a loss of infectiousness. Furthermore, the P79S variant displayed an altered subcellular distribution of the ORF2 protein and was able to interfere with antibody-mediated neutralization of HEV in a competition assay. In conclusion, an SNV in the HEV ORF2 could be identified that resulted in altered virus particles that were noninfectious in vitro and in vivo, but could potentially serve as immune decoys. These findings provide insights in understanding the biology of circulating HEV variants and may guide development of personalized antiviral strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Luise Meister
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
| | - Maximilian K. Nocke
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Disease, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jonas Schuhenn
- University Hospital Essen, Institute for Virology, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- University Hospital Essen, Institute for Virology, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Charline Camuzet
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, CNRS, INSERM, University of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, CNRS, INSERM, University of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, 44801 Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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11
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Hervouet K, Ferrié M, Ankavay M, Montpellier C, Camuzet C, Alexandre V, Dembélé A, Lecoeur C, Foe AT, Bouquet P, Hot D, Vausselin T, Saliou JM, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Vandeputte A, Marsollier L, Brodin P, Dreux M, Rouillé Y, Dubuisson J, Aliouat-Denis CM, Cocquerel L. An Arginine-Rich Motif in the ORF2 capsid protein regulates the hepatitis E virus lifecycle and interactions with the host cell. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010798. [PMID: 36007070 PMCID: PMC9451086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting but it can become chronic in immunocompromised patients and is associated with increased fulminant hepatic failure and mortality rates in pregnant women. HEV genome encodes three proteins including the ORF2 protein that is the viral capsid protein. Interestingly, HEV produces 3 isoforms of the ORF2 capsid protein which are partitioned in different subcellular compartments and perform distinct functions in the HEV lifecycle. Notably, the infectious ORF2 (ORF2i) protein is the structural component of virions, whereas the genome-free secreted and glycosylated ORF2 proteins likely act as a humoral immune decoy. Here, by using a series of ORF2 capsid protein mutants expressed in the infectious genotype 3 p6 HEV strain as well as chimeras between ORF2 and the CD4 glycoprotein, we demonstrated how an Arginine-Rich Motif (ARM) located in the ORF2 N-terminal region controls the fate and functions of ORF2 isoforms. We showed that the ARM controls ORF2 nuclear translocation likely to promote regulation of host antiviral responses. This motif also regulates the dual topology and functionality of ORF2 signal peptide, leading to the production of either cytosolic infectious ORF2i or reticular non-infectious glycosylated ORF2 forms. It serves as maturation site of glycosylated ORF2 by furin, and promotes ORF2-host cell membrane interactions. The identification of ORF2 ARM as a unique central regulator of the HEV lifecycle uncovers how viruses settle strategies to condense their genetic information and hijack cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Hervouet
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martin Ferrié
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maliki Ankavay
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claire Montpellier
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charline Camuzet
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aïcha Dembélé
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Arnold Thomas Foe
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Peggy Bouquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - Thibaut Vausselin
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Salomé-Desnoulez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Marsollier
- Université d’Angers, Nantes Université, INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Angers, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie & Santé, Lille, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm-U1111, CNRS-UMR5308, ENS-Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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12
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Viral Interference of Hepatitis C and E Virus Replication in Novel Experimental Co-Infection Systems. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060927. [PMID: 35326378 PMCID: PMC8946046 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) constitutes a global health problem, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute viral hepatitis globally. HCV/HEV co-infections have been poorly characterized, as they are hampered by the lack of robust HEV cell culture systems. This study developed experimental models to study HCV/HEV co-infections and investigate viral interference in cells and humanized mice. Methods: We used state-of-the art human hepatocytes tissue culture models to assess HEV and HCV replication in co- or super-transfection settings. Findings were confirmed by co- and super-infection experiments in human hepatocytes and in vivo in human liver chimeric mice. Results: HEV was inhibited by concurrent HCV replication in human hepatocytes. This exclusion phenotype was linked to the protease activity of HCV. These findings were corroborated by the fact that in HEV on HCV super-infected mice, HEV viral loads were reduced in individual mice. Similarly, HCV on HEV super-infected mice showed reduced HCV viral loads. Conclusion: Direct interference of both viruses with HCV NS3/4A as the determinant was observed. In vivo, we detected reduced replication of both viruses after super-infection in individual mice. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCV-HEV co-infections and should contribute to its clinical management in the future.
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13
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Metzger K, Bentaleb C, Hervouet K, Alexandre V, Montpellier C, Saliou JM, Ferrié M, Camuzet C, Rouillé Y, Lecoeur C, Dubuisson J, Cocquerel L, Aliouat-Denis CM. Processing and Subcellular Localization of the Hepatitis E Virus Replicase: Identification of Candidate Viral Factories. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828636. [PMID: 35283856 PMCID: PMC8908324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. HEV is a positive-sense RNA virus expressing three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes the ORF1 non-structural polyprotein, the viral replicase which transcribes the full-length genome and a subgenomic RNA that encodes the structural ORF2 and ORF3 proteins. The present study is focused on the replication step with the aim to determine whether the ORF1 polyprotein is processed during the HEV lifecycle and to identify where the replication takes place inside the host cell. As no commercial antibody recognizes ORF1 in HEV-replicating cells, we aimed at inserting epitope tags within the ORF1 protein without impacting the virus replication efficacy. Two insertion sites located in the hypervariable region were thus selected to tolerate the V5 epitope while preserving HEV replication efficacy. Once integrated into the infectious full-length Kernow C-1 p6 strain, the V5 epitopes did neither impact the replication of genomic nor the production of subgenomic RNA. Also, the V5-tagged viral particles remained as infectious as the wildtype particles to Huh-7.5 cells. Next, the expression pattern of the V5-tagged ORF1 was compared in heterologous expression and replicative HEV systems. A high molecular weight protein (180 kDa) that was expressed in all three systems and that likely corresponds to the unprocessed form of ORF1 was detected up to 25 days after electroporation in the p6 cell culture system. Additionally, less abundant products of lower molecular weights were detected in both in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. Concurrently, the V5-tagged ORF1 was localized by confocal microscopy inside the cell nucleus but also as compact perinuclear substructures in which ORF2 and ORF3 proteins were detected. Importantly, using in situ hybridization (RNAScope ®), positive and negative-strand HEV RNAs were localized in the perinuclear substructures of HEV-producing cells. Finally, by simultaneous detection of HEV genomic RNAs and viral proteins in these substructures, we identified candidate HEV factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Metzger
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cyrine Bentaleb
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Kévin Hervouet
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Alexandre
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Claire Montpellier
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 – US41 – Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie and Santé (PLBS), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martin Ferrié
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charline Camuzet
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Lecoeur
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR 9017 – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Université de Lille, Lille, France
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14
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Bentaleb C, Hervouet K, Montpellier C, Camuzet C, Ferrié M, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Bressanelli S, Metzger K, Werkmeister E, Ankavay M, Janampa NL, Marlet J, Roux J, Deffaud C, Goffard A, Rouillé Y, Dubuisson J, Roingeard P, Aliouat-Denis CM, Cocquerel L. The endocytic recycling compartment serves as a viral factory for hepatitis E virus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:615. [PMID: 36460928 PMCID: PMC9718719 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major leading cause of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis worldwide, many gaps remain in the understanding of the HEV lifecycle. Notably, viral factories induced by HEV have not been documented yet, and it is currently unknown whether HEV infection leads to cellular membrane modeling as many positive-strand RNA viruses. HEV genome encodes the ORF1 replicase, the ORF2 capsid protein and the ORF3 protein involved in virion egress. Previously, we demonstrated that HEV produces different ORF2 isoforms including the virion-associated ORF2i form. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the ORF2i form and antibodies that recognize the different ORF2 isoforms. One antibody, named P1H1 and targeting the ORF2i N-terminus, recognized delipidated HEV particles from cell culture and patient sera. Importantly, AlphaFold2 modeling demonstrated that the P1H1 epitope is exposed on HEV particles. Next, antibodies were used to probe viral factories in HEV-producing/infected cells. By confocal microscopy, we identified subcellular nugget-like structures enriched in ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3 proteins and viral RNA. Electron microscopy analyses revealed an unprecedented HEV-induced membrane network containing tubular and vesicular structures. We showed that these structures are dependent on ORF2i capsid protein assembly and ORF3 expression. An extensive colocalization study of viral proteins with subcellular markers, and silencing experiments demonstrated that these structures are derived from the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) for which Rab11 is a central player. Hence, HEV hijacks the ERC and forms a membrane network of vesicular and tubular structures that might be the hallmark of HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Bentaleb
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Kévin Hervouet
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Montpellier
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Charline Camuzet
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Martin Ferrié
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France ,Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karoline Metzger
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014-US41-PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie and Santé, Lille, France
| | - Maliki Ankavay
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France ,Present Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Leon Janampa
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Julien Marlet
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Anne Goffard
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France ,Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Tours, France
| | - Cécile-Marie Aliouat-Denis
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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15
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Kamani L, Padhani ZA, Das JK. Hepatitis E: Genotypes, strategies to prevent and manage, and the existing knowledge gaps. JGH Open 2021; 5:1127-1134. [PMID: 34621997 PMCID: PMC8485408 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered an emergent source of viral hepatitis worldwide, with an increasing burden of jaundice, liver failure, extrahepatic illnesses, and deaths in developed countries. With the scarcity of data from efficient animal models, there are still open-ended questions about designing new models to study pathogenesis, types, virology, and evolution of these viruses. With an emphasis on available data and updates, there is still enough information to understand the HEV life cycle, pathogen interaction with the host, and the valuation of the role of vaccine and new anti-HEV therapies. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) preferred to stress prevention and control measures of HEV infections in animals, zoonotic transmission, and foodborne transmission. It is being reviewed that with current knowledge on HEV and existing prevention tools, there is an excellent room for in-depth information about the virus strains, their replication, pathogenicity, and virulence. The current knowledge set also has gaps regarding standardized and validated diagnostic tools, efficacy and safety of the vaccine, and extrahepatic manifestations specifically in pregnant females, immunocompromised patients, and others. This review highlights the areas for more research exploration, focusing on enlisted research questions based on HEV infection to endorse the need for significant improvement in the current set of knowledge for this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kamani
- Associate Professor & Director, GI Residency Program, Department of GastroenterologyLiaquat National Hospital and Medical CollegeKarachiPakistan
- ConsultantAga Khan University HospitalKarachiPakistan
| | - Zahra Ali Padhani
- Health Policy and Management, Manager (Research)Aga Khan University HospitalKarachiPakistan
| | - Jai K Das
- Assistant Professor and Head, Section of Public Health and EpidemiologyAga Khan University HospitalKarachiPakistan
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Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091206. [PMID: 34578238 PMCID: PMC8469867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.
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Wang B, Meng XJ. Structural and molecular biology of hepatitis E virus. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1907-1916. [PMID: 33995894 PMCID: PMC8079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis, mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route but has also been linked to fulminant hepatic failure, chronic hepatitis, and extrahepatic neurological and renal diseases. HEV is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range, and strains of HEV from numerous animal species are known to cross species barriers and infect humans. HEV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus in the family Hepeviridae. The genome typically contains three open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a nonstructural polyprotein for virus replication and transcription, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein that elicits neutralizing antibodies, and ORF3, which partially overlaps ORF2, encodes a multifunctional protein involved in virion morphogenesis and pathogenesis. HEV virions are non-enveloped spherical particles in feces but exist as quasi-enveloped particles in circulating blood. Two types of HEV virus-like particles (VLPs), small T = 1 (270 Å) and native virion-sized T = 3 (320-340 Å) have been reported. There exist two distinct forms of capsid protein, the secreted form (ORF2S) inhibits antibody neutralization, whereas the capsid-associated form (ORF2C) self-assembles to VLPs. Four cis-reactive elements (CREs) containing stem-loops from secondary RNA structures have been identified in the non-coding regions and are critical for virus replication. This mini-review discusses the current knowledge and gaps regarding the structural and molecular biology of HEV with emphasis on the virion structure, genomic organization, secondary RNA structures, viral proteins and their functions, and life cycle of HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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The histologic presentation of hepatitis E reflects patients' immune status and pre-existing liver condition. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:233-248. [PMID: 32572157 PMCID: PMC7806507 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. Given that, the histopathology of hepatitis E is relatively poorly characterized, and it is unclear what exactly determines its remarkable variability. The aim of our study was a systematic analysis of hepatitis E histology, especially with regard to the clinical setting. Fifty-two liver samples (48 biopsies, 1 liver explant, 3 autopsy livers) from 41 patients with molecularly proven hepatitis E (28 HEV genotype (gt) 3, three gt 1, one gt 4 and 9 undetermined gt) were systematically evaluated for 33 histopathologic features. Following one approach, the biopsies were assigned to one of five generic histologic patterns. In another approach, they were subjected to hierarchical clustering. We found that 23/41 (56%) patients were immunocompromised, whereas 18 (44%) had no known immunosuppression. Five patients (12%) had pre-existing liver disease (LD). The histopathologic spectrum ranged from almost normal to acute, chronic, and steato-hepatitis to subtotal necrosis, and was thus distributed across all five generic patterns. Hierarchical clustering, however, identified three histopathologic clusters (C1-C3), which segregated along the immune status and pre-existing LD: C1 comprised mostly patients with pre-existing LD; histology mainly reflected the respective LD without pointing to the additional hepatitis E. C2 comprised mostly immunocompetent patients; histology mainly displayed florid hepatitis. C3 comprised mostly immunocompromised patients; histology mainly displayed smoldering hepatitis. Accordingly, C1-C3 differed markedly with respect to their clinical and histopathologic differential diagnoses. Hierarchical clustering suggests three groups with distinct histopathologies, indicating biologically different manifestations of hepatitis E. The association of histopathologic changes with the patient's immune status and pre-existing LD plausibly explains the diversity of hepatitis E histopathology, and suggests that these factors are the crucial underlying determinants. We expect our results to improve patient management by guiding the clinico-pathologic diagnosis of hepatitis E.
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Jung S, Seo DJ, Yeo D, Wang Z, Min A, Zhao Z, Song M, Choi IS, Myoung J, Choi C. Experimental infection of hepatitis E virus induces pancreatic necroptosis in miniature pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12022. [PMID: 32694702 PMCID: PMC7374588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by hepatitis E virus (HEV) via the oral route causes acute hepatitis. Extra-hepatic manifestations of HEV infection may stem from various causes; however, its distribution in organs such as the liver, as well as the mechanisms underlying HEV-induced cell injury, remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the chronological distribution of HEV in various tissues of HEV-challenged miniature pigs and to investigate the mechanisms underlying HEV-induced cell death in the pancreas and liver. Virological and serological analyses were performed on blood and faecal samples. Histopathology of the liver and extra-hepatic tissues was analysed. Cell death pathways and immune cell characterisation in inflammatory lesions were analysed using immunohistochemistry. The liver and pancreas displayed inflammation and cellular injury, and a large amount of HEV was observed in the lesions. The liver was infiltrated by T and natural killer cells. HEV was identified in all organs except the heart, and was associated with immune cells. Although the liver and the pancreas strongly expressed TNF-α and TRAIL, TUNEL assay results were negative. RIP3 and pMLKL were expressed in the pancreas. RIP3, but not pMLKL, was expressed in the liver. Pancreatitis induced in HEV-infected miniature pigs is associated with necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gwangju University, Gwangju, 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Mengxiao Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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On the Host Side of the Hepatitis E Virus Life Cycle. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051294. [PMID: 32456000 PMCID: PMC7291229 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis in the world. HEV is an enterically transmitted positive-strand RNA virus found as a non-enveloped particle in bile as well as stool and as a quasi-enveloped particle in blood. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and host factors involved in productive HEV infection is incomplete, but recently developed model systems have facilitated rapid progress in this area. Here, we provide an overview of the HEV life cycle with a focus on the host factors required for viral entry, RNA replication, assembly and release. Further developments of HEV model systems and novel technologies should yield a broader picture in the future.
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Pathology of Echinococcosis: A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study on 138 Specimens With Focus on the Differential Diagnosis Between Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:43-54. [PMID: 31567204 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection of humans by the larval stage of the tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato or Echinococcus multilocularis causes the life-threatening zoonoses cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Although cystic liver lesions are a hallmark of both diseases, course, prognosis, and patients' management decisively differ between the two. The wide and overlapping spectrum of morphologies and the limited availability of ancillary tools are challenges for pathologists to reliably diagnose and subtype echinococcosis. Here, we systematically and quantitatively recorded the pathologic spectrum in a clinically and molecularly defined echinococcosis cohort (138 specimens from 112 patients). Immunohistochemistry using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAbEmG3) was implemented, including its combined application with the mAbEm2G11. Six morphologic criteria sufficiently discriminated between CE and AE: size of smallest (CE/AE: >2/≤2 mm) and largest cyst (CE/AE: >25/≤25 mm), thickness of laminated layer (CE/AE: >0.15/≤0.15 mm) and pericystic fibrosis (CE/AE: >0.6/≤0.6 mm), striation of laminated layer (CE/AE: moderate-strong/weak), and number of cysts (CE/AE: ≤9/>9). Combined immunohistochemistry with mAbEm2G11 (E. multilocularis specific) and mAbEmG3 (reactive in AE and CE) was equally specific as and occasionally more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of these findings, we developed a diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of echinococcosis. In summary, we have not only identified the means to diagnose echinococcosis with greater certainty, but also defined morphologic criteria, which robustly discriminate between CE and AE. We expect our findings to improve echinococcosis diagnostics, especially of challenging cases, beneficially impacting the management of echinococcosis patients.
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Abstract
Chronic HEV infections pose a significant clinical problem in immunocompromised individuals. The lack of an efficient cell culture system has severely limited investigation of the HEV life cycle and the development of effective antivirals. Here we report the establishment of a robust HEV cell culture system in human hepatocytes with viral titers up to 106 FFU/mL. These produced intracellular-derived HEVcc particles demonstrated replication to high viral loads in human liver chimeric mice and were able to efficiently infect primary human as well as porcine hepatocytes. This unique infectious cell culture model provides a powerful tool for the analysis of host–virus interactions that should facilitate the discovery of antiviral drugs for this important zoonotic pathogen. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and the leading cause for acute viral hepatitis worldwide. The virus is classified as a member of the genus Orthohepevirus A within the Hepeviridae family. Due to the absence of a robust cell culture model for HEV infection, the analysis of the viral life cycle, the development of effective antivirals and a vaccine is severely limited. In this study, we established a protocol based on the HEV genotype 3 p6 (Kernow C-1) and the human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and HepG2/C3A with different media conditions to produce intracellular HEV cell culture-derived particles (HEVcc) with viral titers between 105 and 106 FFU/mL. Viral titers could be further enhanced by an HEV variant harboring a mutation in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These HEVcc particles were characterized in density gradients and allowed the trans-complementation of subgenomic reporter HEV replicons. In addition, in vitro produced intracellular-derived particles were infectious in liver-humanized mice with high RNA copy numbers detectable in serum and feces. Efficient infection of primary human and swine hepatocytes using the developed protocol could be observed and was inhibited by ribavirin. Finally, RNA sequencing studies of HEV-infected primary human hepatocytes demonstrated a temporally structured transcriptional defense response. In conclusion, this robust cell culture model of HEV infection provides a powerful tool for studying viral–host interactions that should facilitate the discovery of antiviral drugs for this important zoonotic pathogen.
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The Capsid Protein of Hepatitis E Virus Inhibits Interferon Induction via Its N-terminal Arginine-Rich Motif. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111050. [PMID: 31717991 PMCID: PMC6928999 DOI: 10.3390/v11111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes predominantly acute and self-limiting hepatitis. However, in HEV-infected pregnant women, the case fatality rate because of fulminant hepatitis can be up to 30%. HEV infection is zoonotic for some genotypes. The HEV genome contains three open reading frames: ORF1 encodes the non-structural polyprotein involved in viral RNA replication; ORF2 encodes the capsid protein; ORF3 encodes a small multifunctional protein. Interferons (IFNs) play a significant role in the early stage of the host antiviral response. In this study, we discovered that the capsid protein antagonizes IFN induction. Mechanistically, the capsid protein blocked the phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) via interaction with the multiprotein complex consisting of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and IRF3. The N-terminal domain of the capsid protein was found to be responsible for the inhibition of IRF3 activation. Further study showed that the arginine-rich-motif in the N-terminal domain is indispensable for the inhibition as mutations of any of the arginine residues abolished the blockage of IRF3 phosphorylation. These results provide further insight into HEV interference with the host innate immunity.
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Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes, if not the most common, of acute hepatitis worldwide. In the last decade, we have learned that, in addition to the endemically and epidemically occurring form of hepatitis E, which is predominantly transmitted by contaminated drinking water and constitutes a significant health problem in resource-poor countries, there is a globally existing form of hepatitis E, which is a zoonosis and as such is primarily transmitted by the consumption of contaminated meat products. Although in most cases hepatitis E is subclinical or mild and self-limiting, pregnant women and patients with liver cirrhosis may have severe, occasionally even fatal disease, and immunocompromised individuals may develop chronic hepatitis E. Considering the substantial global health burden caused by HEV infection, it is surprising how limited our knowledge of hepatitis E pathology still is. In this article, we describe localization studies on HEV infection and discuss their implications for everyday diagnostics. Furthermore, we outline and discuss the spectrum of histologic changes, which can be found in HEV infection in various clinical contexts.
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Beer A, Holzmann H, Pischke S, Behrendt P, Wrba F, Schlue J, Drebber U, Neudert B, Halilbasic E, Kreipe H, Lohse A, Sterneck M, Wedemeyer H, Manns M, Dienes HP. Chronic Hepatitis E is associated with cholangitis. Liver Int 2019; 39:1876-1883. [PMID: 31102493 PMCID: PMC6790616 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sporadic hepatitis E is an emerging indigenous disease in Europe induced by genotype 3 of the virus. While the disease takes an acute self-limited course in immunocompetent individuals, under immunocompromised conditions chronic hepatitis E might develop. The histology of chronic hepatitis E has not been described in detail systematically. METHODS Liver biopsies from 19 immunosuppressed patients with chronic hepatitis E were collected: 17 were organ transplant recipients, one had a CD4-deficiency and one had received steroid therapy because of ulcerative colitis. Biopsies were processed with standard stains. Evaluation of histologic activity and fibrosis was performed according to Ishak. Additionally, immunohistochemistry with antibodies directed against open reading frame 2 and 3 of the virus was performed and liver biopsies were tested for hepatitis E virus RNA. RESULTS Biochemical data showed an increase in alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and total bilirubin. Histopathology displayed typical features of chronic hepatitis with mild to moderate activity. The number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was considerably increased and all patients had a florid cholangitis that presented as a destructive form in five of them. Hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia stained positive for hepatitis E virus by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised individuals runs a similar course as hepatitis B and C and shows similar histopathology. However, the presence of destructive cholangitis in some cases accompanied by an increased number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes is markedly different. Immunohistochemically the virus is present in bile duct epithelia, seemingly the cause for cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beer
- Department of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Patrick Behrendt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyMedical School of HanoverHanoverGermany
| | - Fritz Wrba
- Department of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jerome Schlue
- Institute for PathologyMedical School of HanoverHanoverGermany
| | - Uta Drebber
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital CologneCologneGermany
| | - Barbara Neudert
- Department of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Department of GastroenterologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hans Kreipe
- Institute for PathologyMedical School of HanoverHanoverGermany
| | | | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyMedical School of HanoverHanoverGermany
| | - Michael Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyMedical School of HanoverHanoverGermany
| | - Hans P. Dienes
- Department of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Recombinant Hepatitis E Viruses Harboring Tags in the ORF1 Protein. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00459-19. [PMID: 31315997 PMCID: PMC6744232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00459-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important cause of acute hepatitis and may lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. Knowledge of the viral life cycle is incomplete due to the limited availability of functional tools. In particular, low levels of expression of the ORF1 protein or limited sensitivity of currently available antibodies or both limit our understanding of the viral replicase. Here, we report the successful establishment of subgenomic HEV replicons and full-length genomes harboring an epitope tag or a functional reporter in the ORF1 protein. These novel tools should allow further characterization of the HEV replication complex and to improve our understanding of the viral life cycle. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis and jaundice in the world. Current understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E is incomplete, due particularly to the limited availability of functional tools. Here, we report the development of tagged HEV genomes as a novel tool to investigate the viral life cycle. A selectable subgenomic HEV replicon was subjected to random 15-nucleotide sequence insertion using transposon-based technology. Viable insertions in the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) protein were selected in a hepatoblastoma cell line. Functional insertion sites were identified downstream of the methyltransferase domain, in the hypervariable region (HVR), and between the helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains. HEV genomes harboring a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag or a small luciferase (NanoLuc) in the HVR were found to be fully functional and to allow the production of infectious virus. NanoLuc allowed quantitative monitoring of HEV infection and replication by luciferase assay. The use of HA-tagged replicons and full-length genomes allowed localization of putative sites of HEV RNA replication by the simultaneous detection of viral RNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization and of ORF1 protein by immunofluorescence. Candidate HEV replication complexes were found in cytoplasmic dot-like structures which partially overlapped ORF2 and ORF3 proteins as well as exosomal markers. Hence, tagged HEV genomes yield new insights into the viral life cycle and should allow further investigation of the structure and composition of the viral replication complex. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an important cause of acute hepatitis and may lead to chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. Knowledge of the viral life cycle is incomplete due to the limited availability of functional tools. In particular, low levels of expression of the ORF1 protein or limited sensitivity of currently available antibodies or both limit our understanding of the viral replicase. Here, we report the successful establishment of subgenomic HEV replicons and full-length genomes harboring an epitope tag or a functional reporter in the ORF1 protein. These novel tools should allow further characterization of the HEV replication complex and to improve our understanding of the viral life cycle.
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Qu C, Li Y, Li Y, Yu P, Li P, Donkers JM, van de Graaf SFJ, de Man RA, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. FDA-drug screening identifies deptropine inhibiting hepatitis E virus involving the NF-κB-RIPK1-caspase axis. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104588. [PMID: 31415805 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide and can develop into chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, promoting the development of effective antiviral therapies. In this study, we performed a screening of a library containing over 1000 FDA-approved drugs. We have identified deptropine, a classical histamine H1 receptor antagonist used to treat asthmatic symptoms, as a potent inhibitor of HEV replication. The anti-HEV activity of deptropine appears dispensable of the histamine pathway, but requires the inhibition on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. This further activates caspase mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) to restrict HEV replication. Given deptropine being widely used in the clinic, our results warrant further evaluation of its anti-HEV efficacy in future clinical studies. Importantly, the discovery that NF-κB-RIPK1-caspase pathway interferes with HEV infection reveals new insight of HEV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peifa Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Donkers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Qu C, Zhang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Mitochondria in the biology, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis virus infections. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2075. [PMID: 31322806 PMCID: PMC6771966 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis virus infections affect a large proportion of the global population. The host responds rapidly to viral infection by orchestrating a variety of cellular machineries, in particular, the mitochondrial compartment. Mitochondria actively regulate viral infections through modulation of the cellular innate immunity and reprogramming of metabolism. In turn, hepatitis viruses are able to modulate the morphodynamics and functions of mitochondria, but the mode of actions are distinct with respect to different types of hepatitis viruses. The resulting mutual interactions between viruses and mitochondria partially explain the clinical presentation of viral hepatitis, influence the response to antiviral treatment, and offer rational avenues for novel therapy. In this review, we aim to consider in depth the multifaceted interactions of mitochondria with hepatitis virus infections and emphasize the implications for understanding pathogenesis and advancing therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shaoshi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Fu RM, Decker CC, Dao Thi VL. Cell Culture Models for Hepatitis E Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E608. [PMID: 31277308 PMCID: PMC6669563 DOI: 10.3390/v11070608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing awareness, hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains understudied and investigations have been historically hampered by the absence of efficient cell culture systems. As a result, the pathogenesis of HEV infection and basic steps of the HEV life cycle are poorly understood. Major efforts have recently been made through the development of HEV infectious clones and cellular systems that significantly advanced HEV research. Here, we summarize these systems, discussing their advantages and disadvantages for HEV studies. We further capitalize on the need for HEV-permissive polarized cell models to better recapitulate the entire HEV life cycle and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Menhua Fu
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Caroline Decker
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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New insights into the ORF2 capsid protein, a key player of the hepatitis E virus lifecycle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6243. [PMID: 31000788 PMCID: PMC6472401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) genome encodes three proteins including the ORF2 capsid protein. Recently, we demonstrated that HEV produces three different forms of ORF2: (i) the ORF2i form (infectious ORF2) which is the component of infectious particles, (ii) the secreted ORF2g (glycosylated ORF2) and ORF2c (cleaved ORF2) forms that are not associated with infectious particles, but are the major antigens in HEV-infected patient sera. The ORF2 protein sequence contains three highly conserved potential N-glycosylation sites (N1, N2 and N3). The status and biological relevance of ORF2 N-glycosylation in HEV lifecycle remain to be elucidated. Here, we generated and extensively characterized a series of ORF2 mutants in which the three N-glycosylation sites were mutated individually or in combination. We demonstrated that the ORF2g/c protein is N-glycosylated on N1 and N3 sites but not on the N2 site. We showed that N-glycosylation of ORF2 protein does not play any role in replication and assembly of infectious HEV particles. We found that glycosylated ORF2g/c forms are very stable proteins which are targeted by patient antibodies. We also demonstrated that the ORF2i protein is translocated into the nucleus of infected cells. Hence, our study led to new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ORF2 expression.
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32
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Tian J, Shi R, Liu T, She R, Wu Q, An J, Hao W, Soomro MH. Brain Infection by Hepatitis E Virus Probably via Damage of the Blood-Brain Barrier Due to Alterations of Tight Junction Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:52. [PMID: 30949453 PMCID: PMC6436201 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrahepatic injury, particularly neurologic dysfunctions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, neurologic amyotrophy, and encephalitis/meningoencephalitis/myositis were associated with HEV infection, which was supported by both clinical and laboratory studies. Thus, it is crucial to figure out how the virus invades into the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, CNS lesions were determined in rabbits and Mongolian gerbils inoculated with genotype 4 HEV. Junctional proteins were detected in HEV infected primary human brain microvascular cells (HBMVCs). Viral encephalitis associated perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and microglial nodules were observed in HEV infected rabbits. Both positive- and negative-strand of HEV RNA was detected in brain and spinal cord in rabbits intraperitoneally infected with HEV at 28 dpi (days postinoculation), but not in rabbits gavaged with HEV. HEV ORF2 protein was further examined in both brain and spinal cord sections of infected rabbits, with positive signals located mainly in neural cells and perivascular areas. Ultrastructural study showed thickened and reduplicated basement membranes of capillary endothelium in HEV RNA positive brain tissues. In vitro study showed loss of tight junction proteins including Claudin5, Occludin, and ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1) in HBMVCs inoculated with HEV for 48 h. These findings indicated that disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) might be potential mechanisms of HEV invasion into the CNS. It provides new insights to further study HEV associated neurologic disorders and will be helpful for seeking potential therapeutics for HEV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing An
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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33
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Dao Thi VL, Wu X, Rice CM. Stem Cell-Derived Culture Models of Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031799. [PMID: 29686039 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been notoriously difficult to propagate in cell culture, limiting studies to unravel its biology. Recently, major advances have been made by passaging primary HEV isolates and selecting variants that replicate efficiently in carcinoma cells. These adaptations, however, can alter HEV biology. We have explored human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell (hESC/iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) as an alternative to conventional hepatoma and hepatocyte cell culture systems for HEV studies. HLCs are permissive for nonadapted HEV isolate genotypes (gt)1-4 replication and can be readily genetically manipulated. HLCs, therefore, enable studies of pan-genotype HEV biology and will serve as a platform for testing anti-HEV treatments. Finally, we discuss how hepatocyte polarity is likely an important factor in the maturation and spread of infectious HEV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xianfang Wu
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
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34
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Ankavay M, Dubuisson J, Cocquerel L. [The hepatitis E virus, an unknown virus that reveals itself]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 34:1071-1078. [PMID: 30623765 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2018299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first cause of acute hepatitis in the world is due to the hepatitis E virus (HEV). This infection has long been considered as a problem only affecting developing countries. However, since the identification of zoonotic forms at the end of the last century, it has become clear that this infection also affects industrialized countries. The recent renewed interest in HEV has revealed some particularities in this virus. Indeed, although considered as a non-enveloped virus, the HEV viral particle is surrounded by a lipid membrane in the bloodstream. In addition, HEV secretes abundantly into the bloodstream non-infectious forms of its capsid protein that could serve as an immunological bait. This review summarizes recent advances on this virus for which the number of diagnosed cases increases every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliki Ankavay
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille 1, rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille 1, rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille 1, rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59000 Lille, France
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35
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Bagdassarian E, Doceul V, Pellerin M, Demange A, Meyer L, Jouvenet N, Pavio N. The Amino-Terminal Region of Hepatitis E Virus ORF1 Containing a Methyltransferase (Met) and a Papain-Like Cysteine Protease (PCP) Domain Counteracts Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120726. [PMID: 30567349 PMCID: PMC6315852 DOI: 10.3390/v10120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for large waterborne epidemics of hepatitis in endemic countries and is an emerging zoonotic pathogen worldwide. In endemic regions, HEV-1 or HEV-2 genotypes are frequently associated with fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women, while with zoonotic HEV (HEV-3 and HEV-4), chronic cases of hepatitis and severe neurological disorders are reported. Hence, it is important to characterize the interactions between HEV and its host. Here, we investigated the ability of the nonstructural polyprotein encoded by the first open reading frame (ORF1) of HEV to modulate the host early antiviral response and, in particular, the type I interferon (IFN-I) system. We found that the amino-terminal region of HEV-3 ORF1 (MetYPCP), containing a putative methyltransferase (Met) and a papain-like cysteine protease (PCP) functional domain, inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activation and the expression of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to IFN-I. We showed that the MetYPCP domain interfered with the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of the transcription protein (STAT) signalling pathway by inhibiting STAT1 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation after IFN-I treatment. In contrast, MetYPCP had no effect on STAT2 phosphorylation and a limited impact on the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway after IFN-II stimulation. This inhibitory function seemed to be genotype-dependent, as MetYPCP from HEV-1 had no significant effect on the JAK/STAT pathway. Overall, this study provides evidence that the predicted MetYPCP domain of HEV ORF1 antagonises STAT1 activation to modulate the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Bagdassarian
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Virginie Doceul
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Marie Pellerin
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Antonin Demange
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Léa Meyer
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- CNRS-UMR3569, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nicole Pavio
- Anses, UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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36
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An Update on the Clinicopathologic Features and Pathologic Diagnosis of Hepatitis E in Liver Specimens. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:273-281. [PMID: 29697415 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is globally seen a leading cause of hepatitis. Now increasingly recognized also in industrialized countries, hepatitis E constitutes a significant health problem worldwide. The patient's immune status determines the clinical course and histopathology of hepatitis E. In immunocompetent patients, hepatitis E usually follows an asymptomatic or subclinical course, but may also present with acute hepatitis. In contrast, immunocompromised patients may develop chronic hepatitis, and patients with preexisting liver diseases are at risk for liver decompensation with potentially fatal outcome. Whereas pathologists only occasionally encounter liver biopsies from immunocompetent individuals with hepatitis E, they are more likely exposed to biopsies from patients with preexisting liver disease or immunocompromised individuals. Histopathologic hallmarks of hepatitis E in immunocompetent patients comprise lobular disarray, lobular, and portal inflammation, as well as hepatocyte necrosis of varying extend and regeneration. Thus, it is similar to acute non-E viral hepatitis, yet further differential diagnoses include autoimmune hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury. Histopathologic findings of hepatitis E in preexisting liver disease are determined by the underlying pathology, but may be more severe. Histopathologic presentation of hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients is highly variable, ranging from minimal active hepatitis to chronic hepatitis with severe activity and progressive fibrosis. Taken together, the variability of the histologic features depending on the clinical context and the overlap with other liver diseases make the histopathologic diagnosis of hepatitis E challenging. Immunohistochemistry for HEV open reading frame 2 protein and molecular testing for HEV RNA are useful tissue-based ancillary tools.
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Abstract
At least 20 million hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections occur annually, with >3 million symptomatic cases and ∼60,000 fatalities. Hepatitis E is generally self-limiting, with a case fatality rate of 0.5-3% in young adults. However, it can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women in the third trimester and can become chronic in immunocompromised individuals, such as those receiving organ transplants or chemotherapy and individuals with HIV infection. HEV is transmitted primarily via the faecal-oral route and was previously thought to be a public health concern only in developing countries. It is now also being frequently reported in industrialized countries, where it is transmitted zoonotically or through organ transplantation or blood transfusions. Although a vaccine for HEV has been developed, it is only licensed in China. Additionally, no effective, non-teratogenic and specific treatments against HEV infections are currently available. Although progress has been made in characterizing HEV biology, the scarcity of adequate experimental platforms has hampered further research. In this Review, we focus on providing an update on the HEV life cycle. We will further discuss existing cell culture and animal models and highlight platforms that have proven to be useful and/or are emerging for studying other hepatotropic (viral) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Nimgaonkar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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38
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Yang R, Liu S, Wu Z, Tan Y, Sun S. Core-shell assay based aptasensor for sensitive and selective thrombin detection using dark-field microscopy. Talanta 2018; 182:348-353. [PMID: 29501163 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a robust and ultrasensitive bio-sensor based on the target-aptamer recognition strategy and microscopic enumeration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using dark field microscopy (DFM). The aptasensor with a core-shell structure consisting of a magnetic bead (MB), aptamer and AuNPs was fabricated by complementary hybridization of the DNA probe on the AuNPs surface to the aptamer coupled to the MB. Upon addition of the target molecule, the strong interaction between the aptamer and the target molecule, thrombin, results in the release of the AuNPs from the MB. The quantities of thrombin is therefore linearly correlated to the number of the released AuNPs, which can be digitally counted using DFM. To demonstrate the feasible use of the aptasensor for target detection, thrombin was evaluated as the model target. The limit of detection was determined to be 2.54 fM with dynamic range of 6 fM-100 fM. When the concentration of thrombin exceeded 100 fM, the counted number of AuNPs didn't correlate linearly to molecules of thrombin anymore, as the nanoparticles aggregated partly due to high concentration. However, the color of the solution changes to purple and the concentration of free AuNPs can be conveniently quantified by UV-Vis spectroscopy for up to 100 nM. It is noteworthy that our aptasensor is very easy to operate and requires neither complex isolation and amplification processes nor expensive instruments and consumables. Furthermore, this strategy can be easily generalized to other targets by replacing the corresponding aptamers and show great potential for the detection of biomarkers in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuqing Sun
- Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China; Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Farhat R, Ankavay M, Lebsir N, Gouttenoire J, Jackson CL, Wychowski C, Moradpour D, Dubuisson J, Rouillé Y, Cocquerel L. Identification of GBF1 as a cellular factor required for hepatitis E virus RNA replication. Cell Microbiol 2017; 20. [PMID: 29112323 PMCID: PMC7162332 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome is a single‐stranded, positive‐sense RNA that encodes three proteins including the ORF1 replicase. Mechanisms of HEV replication in host cells are unclear, and only a few cellular factors involved in this step have been identified so far. Here, we used brefeldin A (BFA) that blocks the activity of the cellular Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factors GBF1, BIG1, and BIG2, which play a major role in reshuffling of cellular membranes. We showed that BFA inhibits HEV replication in a dose‐dependent manner. The use of siRNA and Golgicide A identified GBF1 as a host factor critically involved in HEV replication. Experiments using cells expressing a mutation in the catalytic domain of GBF1 and overexpression of wild type GBF1 or a BFA‐resistant GBF1 mutant rescuing HEV replication in BFA‐treated cells, confirmed that GBF1 is the only BFA‐sensitive factor required for HEV replication. We demonstrated that GBF1 is likely required for the activity of HEV replication complexes. However, GBF1 does not colocalise with the ORF1 protein, and its subcellular distribution is unmodified upon infection or overexpression of viral proteins, indicating that GBF1 is likely not recruited to replication sites. Together, our results suggest that HEV replication involves GBF1‐regulated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Farhat
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maliki Ankavay
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadjet Lebsir
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L Jackson
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Czeslaw Wychowski
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Pasteur Institute of Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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40
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Visualizing HEV infection in human liver tissue. J Hepatol 2017; 67:443-445. [PMID: 28652083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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