Intentional and Unintentional Medication Non-Adherence in Psoriasis: The Role of Patients' Medication Beliefs and Habit Strength

Perceived sensitivity to medicines and medication concerns beliefs predict intentional nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy among young people living with HIV

Objective: Among the sources of antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence are patient decisions to skip or stop taking their medications, often stemming from medication beliefs and concerns about side- effects. While individuals who perceive greater sensitivity to medicines may be prone to medication concerns, understanding how these factors contribute to HIV treatment adherence requires further research. The current study tested the direct and indirect effects of perceived sensitivity to medicines on intentional nonadherence to ART, and whether medication concerns mediate this association.

Methods: A sample of 418 younger (< 36 years of age) people living with HIV was recruited through community outreach to complete assessments of perceived sensitivity to medicines, medication concerns beliefs, adherence assessed by unannounced phone- based pill counts and HIV viral load, as well as monthly follow- up assessments of intentional nonadherence over a 15- month period.

Results: Analyses at baseline and prospective Poisson regression models conducted over 15- months converged to show that perceived sensitivity to medicines significantly predicted intentional nonadherence to ART through medication concerns.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that people who perceive greater sensitivity to medicines are prone to greater medication concerns that are related to intentional nonadherence. Cognitive behavioral interventions are needed to resolve medication concerns and reduce intentional nonadherence among people receiving ART.

Mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, accounting for almost 18 million deaths annually. People with CVDs have a five times greater chance of suffering a recurrent cardiovascular event than people without known CVDs. Although drug interventions have been shown to be cost-effective in reducing the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, adherence to medication remains suboptimal. As a scalable and cost-effective approach, mobile phone text messaging presents an opportunity to convey health information, deliver electronic reminders, and encourage behaviour change. However, it is uncertain whether text messaging can improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes. This is an update of a Cochrane review published in 2017.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the benefits and harms of mobile phone text messaging for improving medication adherence in people with CVDs compared to usual care.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, four other databases, and two trial registers. We also checked the reference lists of all primary included studies and relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The date of the latest search was 30 August 2023.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with participants with established arterial occlusive events. We included trials investigating interventions using short message service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) with the aim of improving adherence to medication for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. The comparator was usual care. We excluded cluster-RCTs and quasi-RCTs.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were medication adherence, fatal cardiovascular events, non-fatal cardiovascular events, and combined CVD event. Secondary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the effect of statins, blood pressure for antihypertensive drugs, heart rate for the effect of beta-blockers, urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 for the antiplatelet effects of aspirin, adverse effects, and patient-reported experience. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 18 RCTs involving a total of 8136 participants with CVDs. We identified 11 new studies in the review update and seven studies in the previous version of the review. Participants had various CVDs including acute coronary syndrome, coronary heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and angina. All studies were conducted in middle- and high-income countries, with no studies conducted in low-income countries. The mean age of participants was 53 to 64 years. Participants were recruited from hospitals or cardiac rehabilitation facilities. Follow-up ranged from one to 12 months. There was variation in the characteristics of text messages amongst studies (e.g. delivery method, frequency, theoretical grounding, content used, personalisation, and directionality). The content of text messages varied across studies, but generally included medication reminders and healthy lifestyle information such as diet, physical activity, and weight loss. Text messages offered advice, motivation, social support, and health education to promote behaviour changes and regular medication-taking. We assessed risk of bias for all studies as high, as all studies had at least one domain at unclear or high risk of bias. Medication adherence Due to different evaluation score systems and inconsistent definitions applied for the measurement of medication adherence, we did not conduct meta-analysis for medication adherence. Ten out of 18 studies showed a beneficial effect of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence compared to usual care, whereas the other eight studies showed either a reduction or no difference in medication adherence with text messaging compared to usual care. Overall, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence when compared to usual care. Fatal cardiovascular events Text messaging may have little to no effect on fatal cardiovascular events compared to usual care (odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 1.45; 4 studies, 1654 participants; low-certainty evidence). Non-fatal cardiovascular events We found very low-certainty evidence that text messaging may have little to no effect on non-fatal cardiovascular events. Two studies reported non-fatal cardiovascular events, neither of which found evidence of a difference between groups. Combined CVD events We found very low-certainty evidence that text messaging may have little to no effect on combined CVD events. Only one study reported combined CVD events, and did not find evidence of a difference between groups. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Text messaging may have little to no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to usual care (mean difference (MD) -1.79 mg/dL, 95% CI -4.71 to 1.12; 8 studies, 4983 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Blood pressure Text messaging may have little to no effect on systolic blood pressure (MD -0.93 mmHg, 95% CI -3.55 to 1.69; 8 studies, 5173 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and diastolic blood pressure (MD -1.00 mmHg, 95% CI -2.49 to 0.50; 5 studies, 3137 participants; very low-certainty evidence) when compared to usual care. Heart rate Text messaging may have little to no effect on heart rate compared to usual care (MD -0.46 beats per minute, 95% CI -1.74 to 0.82; 4 studies, 2946 participants; very low-certainty evidence).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Due to limited evidence, we are uncertain if text messaging reduces medication adherence, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and combined cardiovascular events in people with cardiovascular diseases when compared to usual care. Furthermore, text messaging may result in little or no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and heart rate compared to usual care. The included studies were of low methodological quality, and no studies assessed the effects of text messaging in low-income countries or beyond the 12-month follow-up. Long-term and high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly in low-income countries.

Characteristics of 'super responders' and 'super nonresponders' to first biologic monotherapy for psoriasis: a nested case-control study

It is unknown why some patients with psoriasis experience long-term effectiveness with their first biologic monotherapy. Our aim was to compare the baseline demographic, disease, genotypic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics of patients with psoriasis registered in the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register and the aligned Biomarkers and Stratification to Optimise outcomes in Psoriasis study who were designated as ‘super responders’ (SRs), defined as patients on their first biologic with more than 5 years continuous biologic monotherapy, or ‘super nonresponders’ (SNRs), defined as patients on their first biologic who had discontinued at least two biologics in their first year of treatment, to biologic therapy. Female sex, shorter study follow-up, higher Dermatology Life Quality Index, high frequency of adalimumab, less frequency of ustekinumab at registration, and higher number of comorbidities were associated with SNRs compared with SRs.

Healthcare Provider Administration of Biologics for Patients with Plaque Psoriasis: Literature Review and Clinical Considerations

Objective

Plaque psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease. Biologic therapies markedly improve skin disease severity and health-related quality of life for patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. All but two of the biologics approved in the United States for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis may be self-administered by adult patients via subcutaneous injection. This review discusses rationales for choosing healthcare provider (HCP) administration over self-administration of biologics for patients with plaque psoriasis, including treatment adherence, patient preference, and practical considerations.

Methods

PubMed was searched for "psoriasisAND biologic AND administration AND (office OR provider OR profession)." The most relevant results and additional papers identified from the references were included in the review.

Results

Although many patients prefer self-administration, others may benefit from HCP administration. Key considerations in the choice between HCP vs. self-administration of biologics for plaque psoriasis treatment include adherence, patient preferences, and practical concerns. Patient characteristics that may make HCP administration of biologic therapies for treatment of plaque psoriasis preferable to at-home self-administration are discussed.

Limitations

There are few published studies specific to HCP administration of biologics for treatment of psoriasis.

Conclusion

Administration of biologics by an HCP may improve treatment adherence and clinical outcomes compared to self-administration in selected patients with plaque psoriasis.

Perceptions of conflicting information about long-term medications: a qualitative in-depth interview study of patients with chronic diseases in the Swiss ambulatory care system

OBJECTIVE

Patients with multiple long-term conditions visit various healthcare professionals and are exposed to medication information from various sources causing an increased risk of patients perceiving contradictory medication information. The aims of this study are to: (1) characterise conflicting medication information perceived by patients with long-term conditions, (2) better understand the related impact on patients' medication self-management and healthcare system navigation and (3) explore ways in which such events could be prevented.

DESIGN

This study was conducted through qualitative semistructured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

SETTING

Community pharmacies and medical centres in Geneva, Switzerland.

PARTICIPANTS

This study included outpatients from April 2019 to February 2020. Patients were included after participating in a quantitative survey of perceived conflicting information about medications for long-term diseases.

METHODS

Semistructured audiotaped interviews of 20 to 60 min following a pre-established interview guide to explore participants' perceptions of conflicting information. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was conducted with inductive and deductive coding using MAXQDA (2018, Release 18.2.3).

RESULTS

Twenty-two patients were interviewed, until data saturation, mentioning indication or need for a medication as the main topic of conflicting information between two healthcare professionals. Perceived conflicting information often resulted from insufficient information provided and poor communication leading to confusion, doubts and medication non-adherence. Patients expected more information and more interprofessional communication on their medications. As a result of conflicting information, most participants learnt or were learning to take an active role and become partners of the healthcare providers.

CONCLUSION

The need to strengthen and improve communication and interprofessional collaborative practice among healthcare professionals and with the patient is emerging to increase the quality and consistency of information about medications, and consequently, to ensure better use and experience of medications.

Evaluating Objective Metrics of habit strength for taking medications

Habit strength for taking medication is associated with medication adherence. However, habit strength is typically measured via self-reports, which have limitations. Objective sensors may provide advantages to self-reports. To evaluate whether habit-strength metrics derived from objective sensor data (MEMS® Caps; AARDEX Group) are associated with self-reported habit strength and adherence (objective and self-reported) and whether objective and self-reported habit strength are independently associated with adherence. Patients (N = 79) on oral medications for type 2 diabetes completed self-reports of habit strength and medication adherence and used MEMS® Caps to take their prescribed medication for one month. MEMS® Caps data were used to create five objective metrics of habit strength (e.g., individual-level variance in pill timing) and quantify medication adherence (% days correct dosing). Consistency in behavior from week to week (versus across each day) had the greatest association with self-reported habit strength (r(78) = 0.29, p = 0.01), self-reported adherence (r(78) = 0.32, p = 0.005), and objective adherence (r(78) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Objective and self-reported habit strength were independently associated with adherence. Weekly pill-timing consistency may be more useful than daily pill-timing consistency for predicting adherence and understanding patients' medication-taking habits. Self-reports and objective metrics of habit strength may be measuring different constructs, warranting further research.

Mindfulness Meditation App Abandonment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Study

Objectives

Mindfulness meditation apps are used by millions of adults in the USA to improve mental health. However, many new app subscribers quickly abandon their use. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioral, demographic, and socioeconomic factors associated with the abandonment of meditation apps during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

A survey was distributed to subscribers of a popular meditation app, Calm, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 that assessed meditation app behavior and meditation habit strength, as well as demographic and socioeconomic information. App usage data were also collected from the start of each participant's subscription until May 2021. A total of 3275 respondents were included in the analyses. Participants were divided into three cohorts according to their subscription start date: (1) long-term subscribers (> 1 year before pandemic start), (2) pre-pandemic subscribers (< 4 months before pandemic start), and (3) pandemic subscribers (joined during the pandemic).

Results

Meditating after an existing routine was associated with a lower risk of app abandonment for pre-pandemic subscribers (hazard ratio = 0.607, 95% CI: 0.422, 0.874; p = 0.007) and for pandemic subscribers (hazard ratio = 0.434, 95% CI: 0.285, 0.66; p < 0.001). Additionally, meditating "whenever I can" was associated with lower risk of abandonment among pandemic subscribers (hazard ratio = 0.437, 95% CI: 0.271, 0.706; p < 0.001), and no behavioral factors were significant predictors of app abandonment among the long-term subscribers.

Conclusions

These results show that combining meditation with an existing daily routine was a commonly utilized strategy for promoting persistent meditation app use during the COVID-19 pandemic for many subscribers. This finding supports existing evidence that pairing new behaviors with an existing routine is an effective method for establishing new health habits.

Preregistration

This study is not pre-registered.

Development of a Conceptual Framework for a Patient-Reported Impact of Dermatological Diseases (PRIDD) Measure: A Qualitative Concept Elicitation Study

Existing patient-reported outcome measures cannot comprehensively capture the full impact of living with a dermatological condition. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual framework on which to build a new Patient-Reported Impact of Dermatological Diseases (PRIDD) measure. Adults (≥ 18 years of age) living with a dermatological condition, worldwide and/or representatives from a patient organization recruited via a global patient organization network, were invited to an individual or group interview. Data were analyzed thematically. Sixty-five people from 29 countries, representing 29 dermatological conditions, participated. Key themes were: (i) impacts at the individual, organizational and societal levels; (ii) impacts were point-in-time and cumulative; and (iii) impact is a multifaceted construct, with two subthemes (iiia) common impacts and (iiib) psychological and social impacts are most significant. The conceptual framework shows that impact is a multifaceted concept presenting across physical, psychological, social, financial, daily functioning and healthcare, and provides the basis for co-constructing the PRIDD with patients.

The effect of the Covid‐19 pandemic on illness perceptions of psoriasis and the role of depression: Findings from a cross‐sectional study

Background

Illness perceptions in psoriasis have an impact on adherence and disability. Changes in dermatological healthcare provision during the Covid‐19 pandemic and distress may have affected illness perceptions in psoriasis patients.

Objectives

To test whether illness perceptions about psoriasis changed during the first year of the Covid‐19 pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic in a tertiary population with psoriasis and whether pandemic effects differed depending on depressive burden, given this population's high depression prevalence.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional survey of n = 188 tertiary patients with dermatologist‐confirmed psoriasis recruited before and during the pandemic, eight illness perceptions domains were assessed using the Brief‐Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (BIPQ). Presence of depression was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

Results

Beliefs about treatment control and patients' understanding of psoriasis were significantly worse in patients responding during the pandemic compared to before Covid‐19. These differences were greater when depression was absent (treatment control: adjusted p < 0.001; coherence: adjusted p = 0.01). However, participants during the pandemic felt less emotionally affected (adjusted p = 0.02) and concerned (adjusted p = 0.007) about psoriasis, independently of depression.

Conclusions

We found diverse pandemic effects on illness perception domains in psoriasis. Uncertainty and reduced healthcare access may drive poorer treatment and coherence beliefs during Covid‐19. These beliefs can hinder patients' health‐promoting behaviours and may explain the high pandemic non‐adherence reported previously in psoriasis. Appropriate interventions are needed to establish positive long‐term cognitions and improve psoriasis management, for example, using the PsoWell patient materials. Dermatology services should invest in engaging and educating patients regardless of concurrent psychological distress.

[Modern systemic therapies for atopic dermatitis : Which factors determine the choice of therapy?]

For the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD), two groups of modern systemic therapies with a total of five drugs are currently approved in Germany: biologics (dupilumab, tralokinumab) and "small molecules" (abrocitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib). The growing armamentarium of therapy options, especially with more than one drug per substance group, makes it challenging for practitioners to select the appropriate treatment for the individual patient. In this review article, the preconditions and requirements of each drug group as well as the corresponding substances are presented comparatively. On the one hand, direct therapeutic effects on the severity of the disease are considered and, on the other hand, the spectrum of potential adverse drug reactions are discussed. In particular, short- and long-term effects, the safety profile and the patient's concomitant diseases represent key factors for shared decision-making with regard to select the optimum personalized therapy option.

Adherence and Persistence to Biological Drugs for Psoriasis: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Despite the large number of biologics currently available for moderate-to-severe psoriasis, poor adherence and persistence to therapy represent the main issues for both the clinical and economic management of psoriasis. However, the data about adherence and persistence to biologics in psoriasis patients are conflicting. Our aim was to produce summary estimates of adherence and persistence to biologics in adult patients with psoriasis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, searching two databases (PubMed and Embase). Sixty-two records met the inclusion criteria, and a meta-analysis was conducted on fifty-five studies. Overall, the proportion of adherent and persistent patients to biological therapy was 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.48–0.73) and 0.63 (0.57–0.68), respectively. The highest proportions were found for ustekinumab, while the lowest ones were found for etanercept. The proportions of adherence and persistence to biological drugs in psoriasis patients are sub-optimal. Notably, both proportions largely differ between drugs, suggesting that a more rational use of biologics might ensure better management of psoriasis.

Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis is a highly effective anti-inflammatory treatment in the short term; an immunohistochemical study

Climatotherapy is a well‐described treatment of psoriasis. Dead Sea climatotherapy (DSC) in Israel consists of intensive sun and Dead Sea bathing and is very effective in improving clinical and patient‐reported outcomes. However, the effect of DSC has not been widely studied. We aimed to investigate the effect of DSC on psoriasis skin using quantitative immunohistochemistry techniques and analysis of blood samples. Skin punch biopsies from 18 psoriasis patients from a previous cohort study were used. Biopsies were obtained from non‐lesional skin and from a psoriasis target lesion at baseline. A biopsy was acquired from the target lesion after DSC. Among patients who achieved complete visual clearance, a biopsy was also obtained at relapse. Blood samples were obtained at the same time points. We performed haematoxylin and eosin staining and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD103, CD163, CD207, forkhead box P3, Ki67 and myeloperoxidase. We performed blood tests of cholesterol, c‐reactive protein, glucose, haemoglobin A1c and triglycerides. All skin biomarkers except for CD207 were decreased after DSC. At relapse, none of the biomarkers were significantly different from the baseline lesional measurements. Total CD207 staining correlated with psoriasis area and severity index at baseline while CD163 staining correlated with psoriasis area and severity index at EOT. No changes were observed in selected blood tests during the study. Consistent with clinical results, DSC is highly effective in the short term almost normalising all investigated biomarkers. However, at relapse, biomarkers were upregulated to the baseline level.

Influence of information provided prior to switching from Humira to biosimilar adalimumab on UK patients' satisfaction: a cross-sectional survey by patient organisations

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the perceptions and experiences of people with specific immune-mediated inflammatory diseases during the process of switching from Humira to biosimilar adalimumab.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING

An anonymised, self-administered, web-based survey.

PARTICIPANTS

The participants were drawn from members and non-members of either the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society, the National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society, Crohn's and Colitis UK, or Psoriasis Association. Birdshot Uveitis Society and Olivia's Vision also signposted to the survey links.

RESULTS

A total of 899 people living with various immune mediated inflammatory diseases participated in this survey. Thirty-four per cent of respondents reported poor overall satisfaction with their biosimilar adalimumab after the switch, associated with complaints related to the switching process including lack of shared decision making, scarcity of information provided by or signposted to by the department instigating the switch as well as lack of training with the new injection device. Where training with the new device had been provided, there were significantly reduced reports of pain when injecting the new biosimilar (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.55), side effects (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.47) and difficulty in using the new injection device (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41). Self-reported side effects were reduced by (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.38) when written information was provided by healthcare professionals and by (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.42) with provision of verbal information. Difficulty in using the new injection device was also reduced by provision of satisfactory information such as written documents (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.63) or by verbal communication with healthcare professionals (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.73). Finally, provision of satisfactory written or verbal information was associated with a reduction in any negative perception regarding symptom control with the new biosimilar by (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.57) and by (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.84), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient reported experiences of the process of switching from originator to biosimilar emphasise the importance of clear communication, training and information in order to optimise perception and maximise achievable outcomes with the new treatment.

Perceived sensitivity to medicines and the experience of side-effects: understanding intentional medication nonadherence among people living with HIV

Patient initiated decisions to forgo taking medications (i.e. intentional nonadherence) pose significant challenges to managing chronic health conditions. Identifying factors and their underlying mechanisms that impede medication adherence is essential to designing treatment improvement interventions. This study tested a conceptual model that posits the effects of perceived sensitivity to medicines on adherence can be explained by the experience of side-effects, leading to intentionally nonadherent behaviors. Patients receiving HIV care in the southern United States (N = 209) completed measures of perceived sensitivity to medicines, antiretroviral therapy (ART) side-effects, intentional nonadherence and overall adherence. Patients also provided consent to access their electronic medical records to collect subsequent reports of HIV viral load tests. Results indicated that more than one in four participants were intentionally nonadherent to ART. Mediation modeling showed that perceived sensitivity to medicines was associated with greater experience of ART side-effects and intentional nonadherence, which impacted overall ART adherence and HIV viral load. There were also significant indirect effects of perceived sensitivity to medicines on HIV viral load through side-effects and intentional nonadherence. Patients with increased perceived sensitivity to medicines are at risk for poor treatment outcomes and these negative outcomes are partly explained by experiencing greater side-effects and intentional nonadherence.

Pro: Access to advanced therapies for severe asthma should be restricted to patients with satisfactory adherence to maintenance treatment

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the core component of asthma treatment and the only maintenance therapy known to prevent asthma death. There is currently no evidence that biologics prevent asthma death in people with asthma, and as such, biologics cannot be recommended as an alternative to ICS therapy. Taking the time to assess adherence and provide interventions and education to support patients in asthma self-management has been shown to improve patient outcomes. It is therefore our responsibility as healthcare professionals to ensure that patients are supported, educated and motivated to adhere to ICS therapy before progressing to biologic therapies.

ICS save lives. It is therefore our responsibility as healthcare professionals to ensure that patients are supported, educated and motivated to improve poor ICS adherence before treatment is further escalated to biologic therapy. https://bit.ly/3o2q26i

[Compliance with biologic agents: Current situation]

Despite the fact that the prognosis of chronic inflammatory disorders is improved by biological agents, compliance with those therapeutics remains imperfect. Compliance corresponds to the measurable part of the follow-up of the medical prescription by the patient, whereas adherence is related to the acceptation of the treatment by the patient. The compliance rates of biologic agents are generally higher than those of conventional therapies. Compliance can be influenced by the real or experienced efficacity of the treatment, by patient-related factors or by the patient-physician relationship. An increase of compliance is associated with an improvement of adherence. To achieve this, the physician can use educational measures such as patient education, which allows the identification of poor adherence. Such programs have been shown to improve the patient's knowledge of the disease and treatment leading to better adherence and compliance.

Alcohol misuse is associated with poor response to systemic therapies for psoriasis: findings from a prospective multicentre cohort study

BACKGROUND

Factors that might influence response to systemic treatment for moderate-to-severe psoriasis are varied, and generally, are poorly understood, aside from high bodyweight, suggesting that other unidentified factors may be relevant in determining response to treatment. The impact of alcohol misuse on treatment response has not been previously investigated.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether alcohol misuse is associated with poor response to treatment for psoriasis.

METHODS

This was a prospective cohort study in which response to systemic therapies was assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). The CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye opener) questionnaire was used to screen for alcohol misuse. A multivariable factional polynomial linear regression model was used to examine factors associated with change in PASI between baseline and follow-up.

RESULTS

The cohort comprised 266 patients (biologic cohort, n = 134; conventional systemic cohort, n = 132). For the entire cohort, the median (interquartile range) PASI improved from 13 (10·0-18·3) at baseline to 3 (1·0-7·5) during follow-up. A higher CAGE score [regression coefficient: 1·40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·04-2·77]; obesity (1·84, 95% CI 0·48-3·20); and receiving a conventional systemic rather than a biologic therapy (4·39, 95% CI 2·84-5·95) were significantly associated with poor response to treatment; whereas a higher baseline PASI (-0·83, 95% CI -0·92 to -0·74) was associated with a better response to treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The poor response to therapy associated with alcohol misuse and obesity found in people with psoriasis calls for lifestyle behaviour change interventions and support as part of routine clinical care. Targeting interventions to prevent, detect and manage alcohol misuse among people with psoriasis is needed to minimize adverse health consequences and improve treatment response.

Meeting Report: Psoriasis Stratification to Optimize Relevant Therapy Showcase

A stratified medicine approach for the treatment of psoriasis promises greater certainty of clinical decision making through prediction of response on the basis of clinical, pharmacological, and -omics data from an individual patient. As yet, there is no predictive model for treatment response in routine clinical use for psoriasis. The Psoriasis Stratification to Optimise Relevant Therapy (PSORT) Consortium is a United Kingdom Medical Research Council‒funded, academic‒industrial stratified medicine consortium established with the objective of discovering the predictors and stratifiers of response of psoriasis to biologic therapies. A showcase meeting was convened and attended by 80 stakeholders at the Royal College of Physicians, London, United Kingdom on 18 November 2019. The purpose was to disseminate the research findings from the PSORT consortium discovered thus far. This report summarizes the presentations made on the day and the significant advances made by PSORT toward a stratified medicine approach to the management of psoriasis.

Beliefs about Medicines among a Sample of Iraqi patients with Psoriasis

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate beliefs about use of medications for a sample of Iraqi psoriasis patients, and to examine the association between these beliefs and selected patient's related factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 300 patients with diagnosed psoriasis. Participants were recruited at the center of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical City in Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq. Patients' mean age was 35.15years (±10.54). Beliefs about medicines were measured by the Arabic version of Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Most the patients (76.7%) had strong beliefs in the need (acceptance beliefs) for their psoriasis medicines (specific-necessity score higher than specific-concern), whereas 15.0% of patients had specific-concern score higher than specific-necessity and 8.3% of patients had specific-necessity score equal to specific-concern. At the same time, 74.4% of the patients believed that the medicines disrupt their lives and (35.6%) of them had concerns about the possibility of becoming addicted on these medicines. Many other patients were worried about the long-term consequences of the medicines (58.7%). In addition, 31.0% of the participants believe that all medicines are poisoning, and that they do more harm than good. Finally, many of the participants believed that physicians prescribe too many medicines (46.7%), and they can minimize the number of prescribed medicines by spending more time with their patients (32.6%).

CONCLUSIONS

Female gender and longer disease duration have direct association with specific necessity, while psoriasis severity has a direct association with specific concern. In conclusion, Beliefs about medications and habit strength are important modifiable drivers to enhance adherence and clinical outcomes in the control of psoriasis.

Intentionality in adherence to long-term therapies. Results from an online survey of 3,001 patients with cardio-metabolic pathologies in France

PURPOSE

Some patients make a rational choice not to follow medical prescriptions; others fail to take their medications for reasons beyond their control, such as mere forgetfulness or a weak medication routine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the functioning of patient intentionality in medication adherence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This online study was conducted in metropolitan France in 2019. A cross-sectional survey of 50 questions was conducted with 3001 respondents diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, and/or hypercholesterolemia identified from a panel of 54,000 people. These questions included a validated six-item questionnaire to detect nonadherence, two questions to detect intentional nonadherence by patients, and three questions on the effects of habit. Our questionnaire also included questions on the feelings of respondents regarding their doctor's attitude to their problems and needs, their trust in general practitioners (GP) and specialists, their sense of being involved in treatment decisions, and the influence of side effects and habits on patients' adherence. This study used the strategy of focusing on strictly adherent patients in the hope of finding ways to improve adherence. For this reason, we defined adherence as the absence of a positive response to the 6-item nonadherence screening questionnaire.

RESULTS

Of 3001 respondents, 1804 were diagnosed with hypertension, 1458 with hypercholesterolemia, and 774 with diabetes. Of the total number of patients, 72% were afflicted with one disease, 21% with two ailments, and 7% with three simultaneous illnesses. One-third (33%) of the patients did not tender a positive answer to the adherence questionnaire and were deemed adherent. 1) Thirty-two percent of the patients reported occasionally omitting their medication deliberately, and 84% said they had a reason for missing doses. These statements suggesting intentional nonadherence were negatively associated with adherence as identified via multivariate analysis (P = 0.0012 and P < 0.0001, for the first and second statement, respectively). 2) Univariate analyses revealed strong associations (P < 0.0001) between strict adherence on one hand and lack of intentional nonadherence, patient age, absence of drug side effects, taking drugs by habit, feeling involved in treatment decisions, getting information about treatment, and disease, and trust in doctors, on the other hand. 3) Specifically, univariate analysis of the absence of reported side effects revealed strong associations (P < 0.0001) with adequate information about medicines and diseases and trust in GP. These original data were consistent with the concept of the nocebo effect. 4) We observed a strong association between the absence of intentional nonadherence (statement of never deliberately missing medication) and respondent statements about generally sticking to the routine (P < 0.0001), ie, "I take my medication because I am used to taking it." This important result suggests that patients are strictly adherent in two ways: the absence of intentional nonadherence and reliance on habit, which we term as "unintentional adherence." 5) Finally, a multiple correspondence analysis illustrated all statistically significant relationships found in this study.

CONCLUSION

We present a new global model of adherence in which patient adherence was improved both by reducing intentional nonadherence and by promoting the abovementioned unintentional adherence by habit. This model highlights the role of shared decision-making and the trust felt by patients in their doctors. These results could exert a major impact on medical practice and education by demonstrating the importance of physicians' attitudes, involving the patient in decisions (shared decision-making), offering information about medicines and diseases (patient education), understanding the problems of patients, and taking their needs into account (empathy). The development of these attitudes should be an important aspect of the medical curricula.

Progress to Date in Advancing Stratified Medicine in Psoriasis

Stratified medicine is the tailoring of treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. This is a challenging task in the context of psoriasis, a complex disease with a variety of phenotypic presentations and a comorbidity burden that extends beyond cutaneous manifestations. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the immunology of psoriasis, and this has informed the development of increasingly precise and efficacious therapies. However, not all patients respond to biologic therapy, and access is limited to patients with moderate to severe disease. However, subpopulations of patients are emerging with distinct patterns of response to therapy, largely determined by clinical and pharmacogenomic factors. Despite progress to date, the natural history of psoriasis remains poorly understood. It is likely that disease onset, progression, development of comorbidities and response to therapy are due to a combination of genetic, inflammatory and environmental factors. We envision that a greater understanding of the natural history of psoriasis will be a key factor in progressing a stratified medicine approach to patient care, as will earlier intervention in the course of the disease.

Patients' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics influence the therapeutic decision-making process in psoriasis

Background

Knowledge regarding differences in care for psoriatic patients is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing prescription of systemic treatments for patients with psoriasis with a special focus on socioeconomic factors.

Methods and findings

This was a non-interventional, cross-sectional study, conducted in 18 Italian University and/or hospital centers with psoriasis-specialized units. Questionnaires evaluating demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were administered to participants. Overall, 1880 consecutive patients affected by mild-to-severe psoriasis were recruited. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of systemic therapy prescription, with a special focus on biologics, accounting for the above mentioned characteristics were performed. Our analysis showed that all analyzed patients’ characteristics were significantly associated with biological therapy compared to non-biological systemic one. Particularly, women were less likely to receive biologics than men (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.57–0.77). Elderly patients (≥65 years) and subjects with a BMI ≥30 had lower odds to receive biologics respect to adults (≥35–64 years) (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25–0.40), and subjects with BMI≥25<30 (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53–0.77), respectively. Northern and Southern patients were both less likely to receive biologics than Central patients (OR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63–0.89, and OR = 0.56; 95% CI,0.47–0.68, respectively). Lower economic profile and never reading books were both associated with decreased odds of receiving biological therapy.

Conclusions

This study shows that sex, age, comorbidities, and socioeconomic characteristics influence the prescription of systemic treatments in psoriasis, highlighting that there are still unmet needs influencing the therapeutic decision-making process that have to be addressed.

Time-of-Day Differences in Treatment-Related Habit Strength and Adherence

Background

Many of our daily behaviors are habitual, occurring automatically in response to learned contextual cues, and with minimal need for cognitive and self-regulatory resources. Behavioral habit strength predicts adherence to actions, including to medications. The time of day (morning vs. evening) may influence adherence and habit strength to the degree that stability of contexts/routines varies throughout the day.

Purpose

The current study evaluates whether patients are more adherent to morning versus evening doses of medication and if morning doses show evidence of greater habit strength than evening doses.

Methods

Objective adherence data (exact timing of pill dosing) were collected in an observational study by electronic monitoring pill bottles in a sample of patients on twice-daily pills for Type 2 diabetes (N = 51) over the course of 1 month.

Results

Data supported the hypothesis that patients would miss fewer morning than evening pills. However, counter to the hypothesis, variability in dose timing (an indicator of habit strength) was not significantly different for morning versus evening pills.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that medication adherence may be greater in the morning than in the evening. However, more research is needed to evaluate the role of habitual action in this greater adherence. Furthermore, future research should evaluate the validity of behavioral timing consistency as an indicator of habit strength.

Habit Strength, Medication Adherence, and Habit-Based Mobile Health Interventions Across Chronic Medical Conditions: Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Unintentional medication nonadherence is common and has been associated with poor health outcomes and increased health care costs. Earlier research demonstrated a relationship between habit strength and medication adherence. Previous research also examined a habit's direct effect on adherence and how habit interacts with more conscious factors to influence or overrule them. However, the relationship between habit and adherence and the role of habit-based mobile health (mHealth) interventions remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This review aimed to systematically evaluate the most recent evidence for habit strength, medication adherence, and habit-based mHealth interventions across chronic medical conditions.

METHODS

A keyword search with combinations of the terms habit, habit strength, habit index, medication adherence, and medication compliance was conducted on the PubMed database. After duplicates were removed, two authors conducted independent abstract and full-text screening. The guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed when reporting evidence across the included and reviewed studies.

RESULTS

Of the 687 records examined, 11 met the predefined inclusion criteria and were finalized for data extraction, grading, and synthesis. Most included studies (6/11, 55%) were cross-sectional and used a theoretical model (8/11, 73%). The majority of studies measured habit strength using the self-report habit index and self-report behavioral automaticity index (9/11, 82%). Habit strength was positively correlated with medication adherence in most studies (10/11, 91%). Habit mediated the effects of self-efficacy on medication adherence (1/11, 9%), and social norms moderated the effects of habit strength on medication adherence (1/11, 9%). Habit strength also moderated the effects of poor mental health symptoms and medication adherence (1/11, 9%). None of the included studies reported on using or proposing a habit-based mHealth behavioral intervention to promote medication adherence.

CONCLUSIONS

Habit strength was strongly correlated with medication adherence, and stronger habit was associated with higher medication adherence rates, regardless of the theoretical model and/or guiding framework. Habit-based interventions should be used to increase medication adherence, and these interventions could leverage widely available mobile technology tools such as mobile apps or text messaging, and existing routines.

Using Real-World Data to Guide Ustekinumab Dosing Strategies for Psoriasis: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Study

Variation in response to biologic therapy for inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, is partly driven by variation in drug exposure. Real‐world psoriasis data were used to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for the first‐line therapeutic antibody ustekinumab. The impact of differing dosing strategies on response was explored. Data were collected from a UK prospective multicenter observational cohort (491 patients on ustekinumab monotherapy, drug levels, and anti‐drug antibody measurements on 797 serum samples, 1,590 measurements of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)). Ustekinumab PKs were described with a linear one‐compartment model. A maximum effect (E_max) model inhibited progression of psoriatic skin lesions in the turnover PD mechanism describing PASI evolution while on treatment. A mixture model on half‐maximal effective concentration identified a potential nonresponder group, with simulations suggesting that, in future, the model could be incorporated into a Bayesian therapeutic drug monitoring “dashboard” to individualize dosing and improve treatment outcomes.

Nonadherence to Treatment and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Psoriasis During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Web-Based Survey

PURPOSE

The COVID-19 epidemic has caused difficulties in continuous treatment for patients with chronic diseases and resulted in nonadherence to treatment and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the associations of nonadherence to treatment with patient-reported outcomes of psoriasis during the COVID-2019 epidemic.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study among Chinese patients with psoriasis was conducted through a web-based questionnaire survey during 25 Feb 2020 and 6 Mar 2020. Demographic and clinical data, nonadherence to treatment, and patient-reported outcomes were collected. The outcomes included deterioration of the disease condition, perceived stress, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Logistic regression was used to investigate the associations.

RESULTS

A total of 926 questionnaires were collected. A total of 634 (68.5%) reported nonadherence to treatment, and worse adherence was found among patients receiving systemic treatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.40-5.10) and topical treatment (AOR: 4.51; 95% CI: 2.66-7.65) compared to biological treatment. Nonadherence to treatment (less than two weeks and more than two weeks) was significantly associated with deterioration of psoriasis (aOR: 2.83 to 5.25), perceived stress (AOR: 1.86 to 1.57), and symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 1.42 to 1.57) and depression (AORs: 1.78). Subgroup analysis by treatment showed consistent results in general.

CONCLUSION

Nonadherence to treatment was associated with the aggravation of psoriasis conditions, perceived stress, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

A systematic review of factors influencing treatment adherence in chronic inflammatory skin disease - strategies for optimizing treatment outcome

Adherence describes how a patient follows a medical regime recommended by a healthcare provider. Poor treatment adherence represents a complex and challenging problem of international healthcare systems, as it has a substantial impact on clinical outcomes and patient safety and constitutes an important financial burden. Since it is one of the most common causes of treatment failure, it is extremely important for physicians to reliably distinguish between non-adherence and non-response. This systematic review aims to summarize the current literature on treatment adherence in dermatology, focusing on chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed Database, including articles from 2008 to 2018. Low treatment adherence is a multidimensional phenomenon defined by the interplay of numerous factors and should under no circumstances be considered as the patient's fault alone. Factors influencing treatment adherence in dermatology include patient characteristics and beliefs, treatment efficacy and duration, administration routes, disease chronicity and the disease itself. Moreover, the quality of the physician-patient relationship including physician-time available for the patient plays an important role. Understanding patients' adherence patterns and the main drivers of non-adherence creates opportunities to improve adherence in the future. Strategies to increase treatment adherence range from reminder programs to simplifying prescriptions or educational interventions. Absolute adherence to treatment may not be realistically achievable, but efforts need to be made to raise awareness in order to maximize adherence as far as possible.

The Challenge of Managing Atopic Dermatitis in the United States

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects up to 13% of children and 10% of adults in the United States. Among patients and their families, atopic dermatitis has a considerable effect on quality of life and represents a substantial economic burden.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the impact and challenges of atopic dermatitis and to provide nondermatologists in the healthcare community an enhanced understanding of atopic dermatitis to facilitate treatment and pharmacy benefit discussions.

DISCUSSION

Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous disease, and its diagnosis is hampered by a lack of objective diagnostic criteria. The current management guidelines address the distinct clinical phenotypes as a single disease and do not incorporate recent clinical advances, such as the targeting of specific inflammatory processes. The treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis are complex and challenge healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers. Novel treatments can provide additional therapeutic options for patients with atopic dermatitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment options for atopic dermatitis are expanding with the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies. An increased understanding of these advancements is necessary to optimize care for patients with atopic dermatitis.

Development and validation of a multivariable risk prediction model for serious infection in patients with psoriasis receiving systemic therapy

BACKGROUND

Patients with psoriasis are often concerned about the risk of serious infection associated with systemic psoriasis treatments.

OBJECTIVES

To develop and externally validate a prediction model for serious infection in patients with psoriasis within 1 year of starting systemic therapies.

METHODS

The risk prediction model was developed using the British Association of Dermatologists Biologic Interventions Register (BADBIR), and the German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest was used as the validation dataset. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed internally and externally using the C-statistic, the calibration slope and the calibration in the large.

RESULTS

Overall 175 (1·7%) out of 10 033 participants from BADBIR and 41 (1·7%) out of 2423 participants from PsoBest developed a serious infection within 1 year of therapy initiation. Selected predictors in a multiple logistic regression model included nine baseline covariates, and starting infliximab was the strongest predictor. Evaluation of model performance showed a bootstrap optimism-corrected C-statistic of 0·64 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·60-0·69], calibration in the large of 0·02 (95% CI -0·14 to 0·17) and a calibration slope of 0·88 (95% CI 0·70-1·07), while external validation performance was poor, with C-statistic 0·52 (95% CI 0·42-0·62), calibration in the large 0·06 (95% CI -0·25 to 0·37) and calibration slope 0·36 (95% CI -0·24 to 0·97).

CONCLUSIONS

We present the first results of the development of a multivariable prediction model. This model may help patients and dermatologists in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland to identify modifiable risk factors and inform therapy choice in a shared decision-making process.

Persistence and effectiveness of nonbiologic systemic therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis in adults: a systematic review

Background

The persistence and effectiveness of systemic therapies for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis in current clinical practice are poorly characterized.

Objectives

To systematically review observational studies investigating the persistence and effectiveness of acitretin, ciclosporin, fumaric acid esters (FAE) and methotrexate, involving at least 100 adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, exposed to therapy for ≥ 3 months.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library and PubMed were searched from 1 January 2007 to 1 November 2017 for observational studies reporting on persistence (therapy duration or the proportion of patients discontinuing therapy during follow‐up) or effectiveness [improvements in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) or Physician's Global Assessment (PGA)]. This review was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018099771.

Results

Of 411 identified studies, eight involving 4624 patients with psoriasis were included. Variations in the definitions and analyses of persistence and effectiveness outcomes prevented a meta‐analysis from being conducted. One prospective multicentre study reported drug survival probabilities of 23% (ciclosporin), 42% (acitretin) and 50% (methotrexate) at 1 year. Effectiveness outcomes were not reported for either acitretin or ciclosporin. The persistence and effectiveness of FAE and methotrexate were better characterized, but mean discontinuation times ranged from 28 to 50 months for FAE and 7·7 to 22·3 months for methotrexate. At 12 months of follow‐up, three studies reported that 76% (FAE), 53% (methotrexate) and 59% (methotrexate) of patients achieved ≥ 75% reduction in PASI, and one reported that 76% of FAE‐exposed patients achieved a markedly improved or clear PGA.

Conclusions

The comparative persistence and effectiveness of acitretin, ciclosporin, FAE and methotrexate in real‐world clinical practice in the past decade cannot be well described due to the inconsistency of the methods used.

What's already known about this topic?

Research examining acitretin, ciclosporin, fumaric acid esters (FAE) and methotrexate for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis has focused on safety and efficacy in randomized controlled trials.

The persistence and effectiveness of acitretin, ciclosporin, FAE and methotrexate since the introduction of biologic therapies in real‐world clinical practice are poorly understood.

What does this study add?

This systematic review examines the persistence and effectiveness of methotrexate, acitretin, ciclosporin and FAE for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.

Data on the persistence and effectiveness of systemic therapies are lacking, particularly for acitretin and ciclosporin.

The definitions of persistence and reporting of effectiveness are inconsistent.

Further good‐quality observational studies are needed to explore the real‐world persistence and effectiveness of systemic treatments used for psoriasis.

Linked Comment: Garcia-Doval and Sbidian. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:237.

Plain language summary available online

Beliefs About Medication and Uptake of Preventive Therapy in Women at Increased Risk of Breast Cancer: Results From a Multicenter Prospective Study

INTRODUCTION

Uptake of preventive therapies for breast cancer is low. We examined whether women at increased risk of breast cancer can be categorized into groups with similar medication beliefs, and whether belief group membership was prospectively associated with uptake of preventive therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Women (n = 732) attending an appointment to discuss breast cancer risk were approached; 408 (55.7%) completed the Beliefs About Medicines and the Perceived Sensitivity to Medicines questionnaires. Uptake of tamoxifen at 3 months was reported in 258 (63.2%). The optimal number of belief groups were identified using latent profile analysis.

RESULTS

Uptake of tamoxifen was 14.7% (38/258). One in 5 women (19.4%; 78/402) reported a strong need for tamoxifen. The model fit statistics supported a 2-group model. Both groups held weak beliefs about their need for tamoxifen for current and future health. Group 2 (38%; 154/406 of the sample) reported stronger concerns about tamoxifen and medicines in general, and stronger perceived sensitivity to the negative effects of medicines compared with group 1 (62%; 252/406). Women with low necessity and lower concerns (group 1) were more likely to initiate tamoxifen (18.3%; 33/180) than those with low necessity and higher concerns (group 2) (6.4%; 5/78). After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, the odds ratio was 3.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-10.51; P = .036).

CONCLUSION

Uptake of breast cancer preventive therapy was low. A subgroup of women reported low need for preventive therapy and strong medication concerns. These women were less likely to initiate tamoxifen. Medication beliefs are targets for supporting informed decision-making.

A pragmatic behavior-based habit index for adherence to nebulized treatments among adults with cystic fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Habit, a psychological process that automatically generates urges to perform a behavior in associated settings, is potentially an important determinant of medication adherence. Habit is challenging to measure because, as a psychological construct, it cannot be directly observed. We describe a method of using routinely available objective adherence data from electronic data capture (EDC) to generate a behavior-based index of adherence habit and demonstrate how this index can be applied.

METHODS TO GENERATE THE HABIT INDEX

Our proposed habit index is a "frequency in context" measure. It estimates habit as a multiplicative product of behavior frequency (generated from weekly percentage adherence) and context stability (inferred from time of nebulizer use). Although different timescales can be used, we chose to generate weekly habit scores since we believe that this is the most granular level at which context stability can be reasonably calculated.

AN APPLICATION OF THE HABIT INDEX

A hallmark of habit is to predict future behavior, hence we used time series method to cross-correlate the habit index with nebulizer adherence in the subsequent week among 123 adults with cystic fibrosis (52, 42.3% female; median age 25 years) over a median duration of 153 weeks (IQR 74-198 weeks). The mean cross-correlation coefficient (R) between the habit index and subsequent adherence was 0.40 (95% CI 0.36-0.44). Adjusting for current adherence, the unstandardized regression coefficient (B) for the habit index was 0.30 (95% CI -1.04 to 1.65).

CONCLUSION

We have described a pragmatic method to infer "habit" from adherence data routinely captured with EDC and provided proof-of-principle evidence regarding the feasibility of this concept. The continuous stream of data from EDC allows the habit index to unobtrusively assess "habit" at various time points over prolonged periods, and hence the habit index may be applicable in habit formation studies.

Real-world US healthcare costs of psoriasis for biologic-naive patients initiating apremilast or biologics

AIM

Biologics and apremilast have advanced psoriasis management by adding treatment options. This study evaluated persistence, adherence and healthcare costs among biologic-naive patients receiving apremilast or biologics.

METHODS

Administrative claims data for adults starting apremilast or biologics from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2016 were matched based on demographics.

RESULTS

Apremilast (n = 703) and biologics (n = 1378) had similar baseline characteristics. 12-month persistence and adherence rates were similar. Adjusted total healthcare costs were lower with apremilast versus biologics (p < 0.001) due to lower total outpatient pharmacy costs (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Real-world apremilast users had similar adherence and lower total healthcare costs versus biologic users. Apremilast's cost advantage was evident regardless of whether the patients were persistent or nonpersistent, or switched or did not switch treatments.