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Amin KR, Fildes JE. The contribution of the donor vascularised hand and face allograft in transplant rejection: An immunological perspective. Transpl Immunol 2024; 84:102035. [PMID: 38518826 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Overcoming immunological rejection remains a barrier to the safe adoption of Vascularised Composite Allotransplantation (VCA). To mitigate this risk, clinical protocols have been derived from solid organ transplantation, targeting recipient immunomodulation, yet VCA is unique. Face and hand composite allografts are composed of multiple different tissues, each with their own immunological properties. Experimental work suggests that allografts carry variable numbers and populations of donor leukocytes in an organ specific manner. Ordinarily, these passenger leukocytes are transferred from the donor graft into the recipient circulation after transplantation. Whether alloantigen presentation manifests as acute allograft rejection or transplant tolerance is unknown. This review aims to characterise the immunological properties of the constituent parts of the donor face and hand, the potential fate of donor leukocytes and to consider theoretical graft specific interventions to mitigate early rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavit R Amin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cell Matrix, Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Pebble Institute, Manchester, UK.
| | - James E Fildes
- The Pebble Institute, Manchester, UK; The Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Abinti M, Favi E, Alfieri CM, Zanoni F, Armelloni S, Ferraresso M, Cantaluppi V, Castellano G. Update on current and potential application of extracellular vesicles in kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1673-1693. [PMID: 37517555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease. However, early diagnosis of graft injury remains challenging, mainly because of the lack of accurate and noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Improving graft outcomes is equally demanding, as is the development of innovative therapies. Many research efforts are focusing on extracellular vesicles, cellular particles free in each body fluid that have shown promising results as precise markers of damage and potential therapeutic targets in many diseases, including the renal field. In fact, through their receptors and cargo, they act in damage response and immune modulation. In transplantation, they may be used to determine organ quality and aging, the presence of delayed graft function, rejection, and many other transplant-related pathologies. Moreover, their low immunogenicity and safe profile make them ideal for drug delivery and the development of therapies to improve KT outcomes. In this review, we summarize current evidence about extracellular vesicles in KT, starting with their characteristics and major laboratory techniques for isolation and characterization. Then, we discuss their use as potential markers of damage and as therapeutic targets, discussing their promising use in clinical practice as a form of liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Abinti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Evaldo Favi
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Alfieri
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanoni
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silvia Armelloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Ferraresso
- Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), "Maggiore della Carita" University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Induction of Endotoxin Tolerance Delays Acute Rejection in a Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:216e-228e. [PMID: 35077416 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute rejection is seen in 85 percent of composite vascular allogeneic transplants despite long-term immunosuppression. Recently, it was reported that the induction of endotoxin tolerance prolonged heart allograft survival in mice. However, it produced side effects in all the animals secondary to the inflammatory reaction. Galactomannan has shown endotoxin tolerance without this side effect in vitro. The authors hypothesized that galactomannan-induced endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in vascular allogeneic transplantation without the side effects produced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS Twenty-four rat hindlimb transplants were divided into four groups according to the preconditioning received: control, lipopolysaccharide (0.16 ml/kg), galactomannan 72 hours before (galactomannan-72) (8 ml/kg), and galactomannan 24 hours before (galactomannan-24) (8 ml/kg). Median acute rejection time, weight loss, and diarrheal episodes were monitored. Blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 21, 30, 45, and 60 days. Plasma cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma), peripheral chimerism, and lymphocyte percentages were analyzed. RESULTS Median allograft survival was 40 days (range, 40 to 44 days) in the control group, 68 days (range, 61 to 71 days) in the lipopolysaccharide group, and 70 days (range, 69 to 73 days) in both galactomannan groups (p = 0.001). Weight loss was higher in the lipopolysaccharide group (p < 0.001), as was the 83.3 percent rate of diarrheal episodes (control, 0 percent, p = 0.015; galactomannan-72, 0 percent, p = 0.015; and galactomannan-24, 16.7 percent, p = 0.02). Preconditioned rats had higher peripheral blood chimerism (lipopolysaccharide, 2.30 ± 0.13 percent; galactomannan-72, 2.63 ±1.46 percent; and galactomannan-24, 2.47 ± 0.19 percent) compared to the control group (2.06 ± 0.36 percent) (lipopolysaccharide, p = 0.04; galactomannan-72, p = 0.002; and galactomannan-24, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Induction of endotoxin tolerance delays acute rejection in the rat hindlimb transplantation model. Galactomannan preconditioning has no lipopolysaccharide side effects and was equally effective in delaying acute rejection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The contributions of this experimental work are very incipient. Although the use of galactomannan in clinical practice requires more studies to assess its safety, there is no doubt that immunomodulation may be one of the responses that solve the problem of long-term immunosuppression.
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Gołębiewska JE, Wardowska A, Pietrowska M, Wojakowska A, Dębska-Ślizień A. Small Extracellular Vesicles in Transplant Rejection. Cells 2021; 10:2989. [PMID: 34831212 PMCID: PMC8616261 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV), which are released to body fluids (e.g., serum, urine) by all types of human cells, may stimulate or inhibit the innate and adaptive immune response through multiple mechanisms. Exosomes or sEV have on their surface many key receptors of immune response, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) components, identical to their cellular origin. They also exhibit an ability to carry antigen and target leukocytes either via interaction with cell surface receptors or intracellular delivery of inflammatory mediators, receptors, enzymes, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs. By the transfer of donor MHC antigens to recipient antigen presenting cells sEV may also contribute to T cell allorecognition and alloresponse. Here, we review the influence of sEV on the development of rejection or tolerance in the setting of solid organ and tissue allotransplantation. We also summarize and discuss potential applications of plasma and urinary sEV as biomarkers in the context of transplantation. We focus on the attempts to use sEV as a noninvasive approach to detecting allograft rejection. Preliminary studies show that both sEV total levels and a set of specific molecules included in their cargo may be an evidence of ongoing allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna E. Gołębiewska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Anna Wardowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Centre for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Anna Wojakowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Vuokila N, Das Gupta S, Huusko R, Tohka J, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Elevated Acute Plasma miR-124-3p Level Relates to Evolution of Larger Cortical Lesion Area after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2020; 433:21-35. [PMID: 32142864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms initiated by traumatic brain injury (TBI), leading to the development of progressive secondary injury are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a proposed role in orchestrating the post-injury aftermath as a single miRNA can control the expression of several genes. We hypothesized that the post-injury level of circulating brain-enriched miR-124-3p explains the extent of post-TBI cortical lesion. Three separate cohorts of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (total n = 57) were injured with lateral fluid-percussion-induced TBI. The miR-124-3p levels were measured in whole blood and/or plasma in cohorts 1 and 2 before TBI as well as at 2 d, 7 d, 2 months or 3 months post-TBI. The third cohort (22/57) was imaged with T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2 months post-TBI to quantify cortical lesion area and perilesional T2-enhancement volume. Our data shows that miR-124-3p levels were elevated at 2 d post-TBI in both blood (FC 4.63, p < 0.01) and plasma (FC 1.39, p < 0.05) as compared to controls. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis indicated that plasma miR-124-3p level of 34 copies/µl or higher differentiated TBI animals from controls [area under curve (AUC) 0.815, p < 0.05]. The data was validated in the third cohort (FC 1.68, p < 0.05). T2-weighted MRI revealed inter-animal differences in cortical lesion area. Linear regression analysis revealed that higher the plasma miR-124-3p level at 2 d post-TBI, larger the lesion area at chronic time point (R2 = 0.327, p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the extent of lateral fluid-percussion injury-induced chronic cortical pathology associated with the acutely elevated plasma miR-124-3p level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Vuokila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riina Huusko
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box 413, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the history of transplantation, the multiple cell types, and mechanisms that are involved in rejection and tolerance of a transplanted organ, as well as summarize the common and promising new therapeutics used in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stolp
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaaki Zaitsu
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn J Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Varese A, Remes Lenicov F, Gonzalez Prinz M, Paletta A, Ernst G, Maeto C, Merlotti A, Sabatte J, Símula S, Holgado MP, Dantas E, Geffner J, Ceballos A. Seminal vesicle fluid increases the efficacy of intravaginal HSV-2 vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:536-548. [PMID: 28745327 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Once considered merely as a vehicle for spermatozoa, it is now clear that seminal plasma (SP) induces a variety of biological actions on the female reproductive tissues able to modulate the immune response against paternal antigens. To our knowledge, the influence of SP on the immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens has not been yet evaluated. We here analyzed whether the seminal vesicle fluid (SVF), which contributes almost 60% of the SP volume in mice, could modulate the immune response against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). We found that SVF does not modify the course of primary infection, but markedly improved protection conferred by vaginal vaccination with inactivated HSV-2 against a lethal challenge. This protective effect was shown to be associated to a robust memory immune response mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both the lymph nodes draining the vagina and the vaginal mucosa, the site of viral replication. In contrast with the widespread notion that SP acts as an immunosuppressive agent, our results suggest that SVF might improve the female immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Gonzalez Prinz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Ernst
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Maeto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Merlotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Sabatte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Símula
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M P Holgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Dantas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moon H, Cremmel CVM, Kulpa A, Jaeger NAF, Kappelhoff R, Overall CM, Waterfield JD, Brunette DM. Novel grooved substrata stimulate macrophage fusion, CCL2 and MMP-9 secretion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2243-54. [PMID: 27102570 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rough surface topographies on implants attract macrophages but the influence of topography on macrophage fusion to produce multinucleated giant cells (MGC) and foreign body giant cells (FBGC) is unclear. Two rough novel grooved substrata, G1 and G2, fabricated by anisotropic etching of Silicon <110> crystals without the use of photolithographic patterning, and a control smooth surface (Pol) were produced and replicated in epoxy. The surfaces were compared for their effects on RAW264.7 macrophage morphology, gene expression, cyto/chemokine secretion, and fusion for one and five days. Macrophages on grooved surfaces exhibited an elongated morphology similar to M2 macrophages and increased cell alignment with surface directionality, roughness and cell culture time. Up-regulated expression of macrophage chemoattractants at gene and protein level was observed on both grooved surfaces relative to Pol. Grooved surfaces showed time-dependent increase in soluble mediators involved in cell fusion, CCL2 and MMP-9, and an increased proportion of multinucleated cells at Day 5. Collectively, this study demonstrated that a rough surface with surface directionality produced changes in macrophage shape and macrophage attractant chemokines and soluble mediators involved in cell fusion. These in vitro results suggest a possible explanation for the observed accumulation of macrophages and MGCs on rough surfaced implants in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2243-2254, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisle Moon
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Clément V M Cremmel
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alina Kulpa
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory (AMPEL) Advanced Nanofabrication Facility (ANF), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicolas A F Jaeger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Reinhild Kappelhoff
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Douglas Waterfield
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Donald M Brunette
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Crescioli C. Chemokines and transplant outcome. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:355-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Karakhanova S, Oweira H, Steinmeyer B, Sachsenmaier M, Jung G, Elhadedy H, Schmidt J, Hartwig W, Bazhin AV, Werner J. Interferon-γ, interleukin-10 and interferon-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10) as serum biomarkers for the early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2015; 34:14-24. [PMID: 26658573 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (LTP) is nowadays a standard procedure, and provides the chance of survival of patients with end-stage non-treatable chronic liver disease or acute liver failure. Despite long-term survival with a good quality of life in the majority of patients, about 20% develop early allograft dysfunction (EAD), which leads to death or the need for re-transplantation. Therefore, the early diagnosis of EAD and evaluation of its risk factors are very important. Many primary pathological processes leading to EAD are accompanied by the release of different mediators and by a change of biochemical parameters detectable in the peripheral blood. The aim of this study was to investigate cytokines as well as soluble mediators in the serum of patients with and without EAD from our LTP bank, and to evaluate their predictive and prognostic values for EAD. We demonstrated for the first time that the level of IFNγ during the nearest preoperative period may serve as a predictive parameter for EAD. We additionally found that IL-10 and CXCL10 (IP-10) levels in the early postoperative period can be prognostic for EAD. We believe our data expand the spectrum of predictive and prognostic parameters for EAD in LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Karakhanova
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hani Oweira
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Steinmeyer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milena Sachsenmaier
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Jung
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hazem Elhadedy
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Schmidt
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; General and Visceral Surgery Center, 8002 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Hartwig
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Du MR, Wang SC, Li DJ. The integrative roles of chemokines at the maternal-fetal interface in early pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:438-48. [PMID: 25109684 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos express paternal antigens that are foreign to the mother, but the mother provides a special immune milieu at the fetal-maternal interface to permit rather than reject the embryo growth in the uterus until parturition by establishing precise crosstalk between the mother and the fetus. There are unanswered questions in the maintenance of pregnancy, including the poorly understood phenomenon of maternal tolerance to the allogeneic conceptus, and the remarkable biological roles of placental trophoblasts that invade the uterine wall. Chemokines are multifunctional molecules initially described as having a role in leukocyte trafficking and later found to participate in developmental processes such as differentiation and directed migration. It is increasingly evident that the gestational uterine microenvironment is characterized, at least in part, by the differential expression and secretion of chemokines that induce selective trafficking of leukocyte subsets to the maternal-fetal interface and regulate multiple events that are closely associated with normal pregnancy. Here, we review the expression and function of chemokines and their receptors at the maternal-fetal interface, with a special focus on chemokine as a key component in trophoblast invasiveness and placental angiogenesis, recruitment and instruction of immune cells so as to form a fetus-supporting milieu during pregnancy. The chemokine network is also involved in pregnancy complications.
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Vudattu NK, Herold KC. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy in a mouse heart transplant model induced tolerance and long-term survival of allograft: achieving tolerance. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1173-6. [PMID: 24188671 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Goto R, You S, Zaitsu M, Chatenoud L, Wood KJ. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) graft infiltrating cells. Am. J. Transplant. 13(7), 1655-1664 (2013). Humanized Fc receptor nonbinding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies have been tested in patients with autoimmune diseases with the goal of inducing immune tolerance. However, the timing of drug administration may be an important determinant of the biologic effects, since not all T cells are equally affected, and there may be different subsets of cells involved during the evolution of immune responses. The study by Goto et al. showed that delayed administration of anti-CD3 therapy was more effective in depleting alloreactive T cells than administration at the time of transplant, and resulted in long-term survival of the graft by promoting infiltration of CD4 Tregs into the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini K Vudattu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, 300 George St #353E, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Goto R, You S, Zaitsu M, Chatenoud L, Wood KJ. Delayed anti-CD3 therapy results in depletion of alloreactive T cells and the dominance of Foxp3+ CD4+ graft infiltrating cells. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1655-64. [PMID: 23750800 PMCID: PMC3790953 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The engineered Fc-nonbinding (crystallizable fragment-nonbinding) CD3 antibody has lower mitogenicity and a precise therapeutic window for disease remission in patients with type 1 diabetes. Before anti-CD3 can be considered for use in transplantation, the most effective timing of treatment relative to transplantation needs to be elucidated. In this study anti-CD3F(ab')2 fragments or saline were administered intravenously for 5 consecutive days (early: d1-3 or delayed: d3-7) to mice transplanted with a cardiac allograft (H2(b)-to-H2(k); d0). Survival of allografts was prolonged in mice treated with the early protocol (MST = 48 days), but most were rejected by d100. In contrast, in mice treated with the delayed protocol allografts continued to survive long term. The delayed protocol significantly inhibited donor alloreactivity at d30 as compared to the early protocol. A marked increase in Foxp3(+) T cells (50.3 ± 1.6%) infiltrating the allografts in mice treated with the delayed protocol was observed (p < 0.0001 vs. early (24.9 ± 2.1%)) at d10; a finding that was maintained in the accepted cardiac allografts at d100. We conclude that the timing of treatment with anti-CD3 therapy is critical for inducing long-term graft survival. Delaying administration effectively inhibits the alloreactivity and promotes the dominance of intragraft Foxp3(+) T cells allowing long-term graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goto
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of OxfordJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S You
- Universite Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1013Paris, France
| | - M Zaitsu
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of OxfordJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L Chatenoud
- Universite Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 1013Paris, France
| | - KJ Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of OxfordJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom,* Kathryn J. Wood,
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15
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Abstract
Rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation and usually results from the integration of multiple mechanisms. Activation of elements of the innate immune system, triggered as a consequence of tissue injury sustained during cell isolation or organ retrieval as well as ischemia-reperfusion, will initiate and amplify the adaptive response. For cell mediated rejection, T cells require multiple signals for activation, the minimum being two signals; antigen recognition and costimulation. The majority of B cells require help from T cells to initiate alloantibody production. Antibodies reactive to donor HLA molecules, minor histocompatibility antigens, endothelial cells, red blood cells, or autoantigens can trigger or contribute to rejection early as well as late after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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An effective immune-monitoring protocol based on gene expression profiles in the peripheral T-cell fraction reactive to graft antigens. Transplantation 2012; 94:802-8. [PMID: 22992770 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182696a5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to induce tolerance, or at least minimize the need for immunosuppressive therapy, is a high priority in organ transplantation. Accomplishing this goal requires a novel method for determining when a patient has become tolerant to or is rejecting their graft. Here, we sought to develop an efficient monitoring protocol based on gene expression profiles of recipient T cells in murine skin and islet allograft models. METHODS Unlike previous studies, here, gene expression analysis was focused on donor antigen-reactive T cells, which were prepared by collecting CD69(+) T cells from cocultures of recipient peripheral T cells and donor antigen-presenting cells. Candidate tolerance and rejection biomarker genes were selected from a CD69(+) T-cell microarray analysis, and their expression levels were measured in the recipient CD69(+) T-cell fraction using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Our new monitoring protocol was capable of precisely detecting the immune status of recipients relative to their graft regardless of the organ received, whether they were taking immunosuppressive drugs, or different strains of origin. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression analysis focusing on recipient CD69(+) T cells as the donor antigen-reactive T-cell population could be used as an effective and sensitive method for monitoring transplant patients.
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Immunoregulatory function of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in cardiac allograft transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94:226-33. [PMID: 22790384 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825b0c38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the mechanisms of tolerance represents a crucial aim of research in transplantation. We previously identified by DNA chip interleukin (IL)-27 p28 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as overexpressed in a model of rat cardiac allograft tolerance mediated by regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. The role of these two molecules on the control of the inflammatory response remains controversial. However, both are involved in the regulation of the T helper 17/Treg axis, suggesting their involvement in tolerance. METHODS We analyzed regulation of IL-27 and TGF-β1 expression in allograft response and their role in tolerance by using blocking anti-TGF-β antibody and by generating an adeno-associated virus encoding IL-27. RESULTS Here, we confirmed the overexpression of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in tolerated cardiac allografts in two different rodent models. We observed that their expression correlates with inhibition of T helper 17 differentiation and with expansion of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. We showed in a rat model that anti-TGF-β treatment abrogates infectious tolerance mediated by the transfer of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. Moreover, overexpression of IL-27 by adeno-associated virus administration in combination with a short-term immunosuppression allows prolongation of cardiac allograft survival and one tolerant recipient. We found that IL-27 overexpression did not induce Foxp3CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather IL-10-expressing CD4 T cells in the tolerant recipient. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that both TGF-β1 and IL-27 play a role in the mechanisms of tolerance. However, in contrast to TGF-β1, IL-27 seems not to be involved in regulatory CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather in their mode of action.
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English K, Tonlorenzi R, Cossu G, Wood KJ. Mesoangioblasts suppress T cell proliferation through IDO and PGE-2-dependent pathways. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:512-23. [PMID: 22913669 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesoangioblasts are vessel-associated stem cells that are currently in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To date, little is known about the effect of mesoangioblasts on human immune cells and vice versa. We hypothesized that mesoangioblasts could modulate the function of immune cells in a similar manner to mesenchymal stromal cells. Human mesoangioblasts did not evoke, but rather potently suppressed human T-cell proliferation and effector function in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, mesoangioblasts exert these inhibitory effects uniformly on human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a reversible manner without inducing a state of anergy. Interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α play crucial roles in the initial activation of mesoangioblasts. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE) were identified as key mechanisms of action involved in the mesoangioblast suppression of T-cell proliferation. Together, these data demonstrate a previously unrecognized capacity of mesoangioblasts to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen English
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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19
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Abstract
Rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation. The immune response to an allograft is an ongoing dialogue between the innate and adaptive immune system that if left unchecked will lead to the rejection of transplanted cells, tissues, or organs. Activation of elements of the innate immune system, triggered as a consequence of tissue injury sustained during cell isolation or organ retrieval and ischemia reperfusion, will initiate and amplify the adaptive response. T cells require a minimum of two signals for activation, antigen recognition, and costimulation. The activation requirements of naive T cells are more stringent than those of memory T cells. Memory T cells are present in the majority of transplant recipients as a result of heterologous immunity. The majority of B cells require help from T cells to initiate antibody production. Antibodies reactive to donor human leukocyte antigen molecules, minor histocompatibility antigens, endothelial cells, RBCs, or autoantigens can trigger or contribute to rejection early and late after transplantation. Antibody-mediated rejection triggered by alloantibody binding and complement activation is recognized increasingly as a significant contribution to graft loss. Even though one component of the immune system may dominate and lead to rejection being described in short hand as T cell or antibody mediated, it is usually multifactorial resulting from the integration of multiple mechanisms. Identifying the molecular pathways that trigger tissue injury, signal transduction and rejection facilitates the identification of targets for the development of immunosuppressive drugs.
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20
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Jukes JP, Wood KJ, Jones ND. Bystander activation of iNKT cells occurs during conventional T-cell alloresponses. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:590-9. [PMID: 22070799 PMCID: PMC3326729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that iNKT cells can be activated by both exogenous and a limited number of endogenous glycolipids. However, although iNKT cells have been implicated in the immune response to transplanted organs, the mechanisms by which iNKT cells are activated in this context remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that iNKT cells are not activated by allogeneic cells per se, but expand, both in vitro and in vivo, in the presence of a concomitant conventional T-cell response to alloantigen. This form of iNKT activation was found to occur independently of TCR-glycolipid/CD1d interactions but rather was a result of sequestration of IL-2 produced by conventional alloreactive T cells. These results show for the first time that IL-2, produced by activated conventional T cells, can activate iNKT cells independently of glycolipid/CD1d recognition. Therefore, we propose that the well-documented involvement of iNKT cells in autoimmunity, the control of cancer as well as following transplantation need not involve recognition of endogenous or exogenous glycolipids but alternatively may be a consequence of specific adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Jukes
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
| | - K J Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
| | - ND Jones
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. Tel: ++44 1865 221305 Fax: ++44 1865 788876
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21
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Mou HB, Lin MF, Huang H, Cai Z. Transforming growth factor-β1 modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine/chemokine production and inhibits nuclear factor-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 activation in dendritic cells in mice. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:2049-52. [PMID: 21693323 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for peripheral tolerance mediated by a variety of cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We have observed that TGF-β1-treated DCs (TGFβ-DCs) were resistant to the maturation stimulus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and that TGF-β1 down-regulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression on DCs. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether TGF-β1 affected the production of cytokines/chemokines and proteins in the TLR4 signal transduction pathway following LPS stimulation. We observed that TGF-β1 induced a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-10, impaired IL-12 secretion, and attenuated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CXCL10 in DCs following LPS administration. We also noted that TGF-β1 suppressed LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, and p38 in DCs. Taken together, our results identified the suppressive effects of TGF-β1 on TLR4 signal transduction, strengthening the notion that TGFβ-DCs are a unique type of tolerogenic DC exhibiting distinct characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Mou
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Jones ND, Brook MO, Carvalho-Gaspar M, Luo S, Wood KJ. Regulatory T cells can prevent memory CD8+ T-cell-mediated rejection following polymorphonuclear cell depletion. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3107-16. [PMID: 20865790 PMCID: PMC3021718 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that alloreactive memory T cells (Tm) may form a barrier to tolerance induction in large animals and humans due in part to a resistance to suppression by Treg. However, why Tm are resistant to regulation and how the Tm response to an allograft differs from that of naïve T cells, which are amenable to suppression by Treg, remains unknown. Here, we show that accelerated graft rejection mediated by CD8+ Tm was due to the enhanced recruitment of PMN to allografts in a mouse skin allograft model. Importantly, depletion of PMN slowed the kinetics of (but did not prevent) rejection mediated by Tm and created a window of opportunity that allowed subsequent suppression of rejection by Treg. Taken together, we conclude that CD8+ Tm are not intrinsically resistant to suppression by Treg but may rapidly inflict substantial graft damage before the establishment of regulatory mechanisms. These data suggest that if Tm responses can be attenuated transiently following transplantation, Treg may be able to maintain tolerance through the suppression of both memory and naïve alloreactive T-cell responses in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Jones
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Melzi R, Mercalli A, Sordi V, Cantarelli E, Nano R, Maffi P, Sitia G, Guidotti LG, Secchi A, Bonifacio E, Piemonti L. Role of CCL2/MCP-1 in islet transplantation. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1031-46. [PMID: 20546673 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x514639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of donor-derived CCL2 have been associated with poor islet allograft outcome in patients with type 1 diabetes. The aim of our work was to determine whether CCL2 secreted by the islet has independent proinflammatory effects that influence engraftment and graft acceptance. Both in mice and humans CCL2 is significantly positively associated with other cytokines/chemokines, in particular with the highly released "proinflammatory" IL-6 and CXCL8 or CXCL1. Transplantation of CCL2-/- islets into syngenic recipients did not improve the transplant function. Transplantation of islets into CCL2-/- syngenic recipients led to a significant improvement of transplant function and partial abrogation of local hepatic inflammation. When evaluated in human islets CCL2 release was strongly related to the immediate local inflammatory response in the liver and impacted short-term human islet function dependently by the induced inflammatory response and independently by the immunosuppressive therapy. The data showed that islet CCL2 release is a sign of "inflamed" islets without having a direct role in graft failure. On the other hand, a causal effect for developing detrimental proinflammatory conditions after transplant was proved for recipient CCL2. Strategies to selectively decrease recipient, but not donor, CCL2 release may increase the success of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Melzi
- Beta Cell Biology Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Boyd AS, Wood KJ. Characteristics of the early immune response following transplantation of mouse ES cell derived insulin-producing cell clusters. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10965. [PMID: 20532031 PMCID: PMC2881030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fully differentiated progeny of ES cells (ESC) may eventually be used for cell replacement therapy (CRT). However, elements of the innate immune system may contribute to damage or destruction of these tissues when transplanted. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Herein, we assessed the hitherto ill-defined contribution of the early innate immune response in CRT after transplantation of either ESC derived insulin producing cell clusters (IPCCs) or adult pancreatic islets. Ingress of neutrophil or macrophage cells was noted immediately at the site of IPCC transplantation, but this infiltration was attenuated by day three. Gene profiling identified specific inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that were either absent or sharply reduced by three days after IPCC transplantation. Thus, IPCC transplantation provoked less of an early immune response than pancreatic islet transplantation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study offers insights into the characteristics of the immune response of an ESC derived tissue in the incipient stages following transplantation and suggests potential strategies to inhibit cell damage to ensure their long-term perpetuation and functionality in CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh S. Boyd
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) in Tissue Repair and Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Hospital, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Issa F, Schiopu A, Wood KJ. Role of T cells in graft rejection and transplantation tolerance. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:155-69. [PMID: 20383898 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage organ failure, but organ survival is limited by immune rejection and the side effects of immunosuppressive regimens. T cells are central to the process of transplant rejection through allorecognition of foreign antigens leading to their activation, and the orchestration of an effector response that results in organ damage. Long-term transplant acceptance in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy remains the ultimate goal in the field of transplantation and many studies are exploring potential therapies. One promising cellular therapy is the use of regulatory T cells to induce a state of donor-specific tolerance to the transplant. This article first discusses the role of T cells in transplant rejection, with a focus on the mechanisms of allorecognition and the alloresponse. This is followed by a detailed review of the current progress in the field of regulatory T-cell therapy in transplantation and the translation of this therapy to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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26
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Oberbarnscheidt MH, Ng YH, Chalasani G. The roles of CD8 central and effector memory T-cell subsets in allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1809-18. [PMID: 18671680 PMCID: PMC4872301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of secondary lymphoid tissue-homing central memory T cells (T(CM)) and peripheral tissue-homing effector memory T cells (T(EM)) to allograft rejection is not known. We tested whether T(EM) is the principal subset responsible for allograft rejection due to the nonlymphoid location of target antigens. Skin allograft rejection was studied after transferring either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) to wild-type mice and to mice that lack secondary lymphoid tissues. We found that CD8 T(CM) and T(EM) were equally effective at rejecting allografts in wild-type hosts. However, CD8 T(EM) were significantly better than T(CM) at rejecting allografts in the absence of secondary lymphoid tissues. CD8 T(CM) were dependent upon secondary lymphoid tissues more than T(EM) for optimal differentiation into effectors that migrate into the allograft. Recall of either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) led to accumulation of T(EM) after allograft rejection. These findings indicate that either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) mediate allograft rejection but T(EM) have an advantage over T(CM) in immune surveillance of peripheral tissues, including transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Geetha Chalasani, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1554 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
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27
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Carvalho-Gaspar M, Jones ND, Luo S, Martin L, Brook MO, Wood KJ. Location and time-dependent control of rejection by regulatory T cells culminates in a failure to generate memory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6640-8. [PMID: 18453583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) can be induced following exposure to alloantigen and may function alongside naturally occurring Treg to suppress allograft rejection when present in sufficient numbers. However, the location of the Treg as they function in vivo and the mechanisms used to control donor-reactive T cells remains ill-defined. In this study, we used a CD8(+) TCR transgenic model of skin allograft rejection to characterize in vivo activity of donor-reactive Treg cells during induction of transplantation tolerance. We demonstrate that, initially after skin transplantation, Treg attenuate the priming of donor-reactive naive CD8(+) T cells in the lymphoid tissue draining the graft site. However, with time, peripheral suppression is overcome despite the continued presence of Treg, resulting in the priming of donor-reactive CD8(+) T cells and graft infiltration by the resultant effector T cells and induction of a "Tc1-like" intragraft gene expression profile. These intragraft effector CD8(+) T cells are then prevented from eliciting rejection by Treg that simultaneously infiltrate the skin allografts, resulting in a failure to generate donor-reactive memory CD8(+) T cells. Overall, these data demonstrate for the first time that donor-reactive Treg can suppress allograft rejection using distinct mechanisms at different sites in vivo with the overall outcome of preventing the generation of donor-reactive memory T cells.
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28
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Ogliari AC, Caldara R, Socci C, Sordi V, Cagni N, Moretti MP, Dell'acqua A, Mercalli A, Scavini M, Secchi A, Bonifacio E, Bosi E, Piemonti L. High levels of donor CCL2/MCP-1 predict graft-related complications and poor graft survival after kidney-pancreas transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1303-11. [PMID: 18444915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed the role of CCL2, a member of the chemokine family, in early graft damage. Using simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation (SPK) as a model, we showed that brain death significantly increases circulating CCL2 levels in humans. We found that in such situations, high donor CCL2 levels (measured before organ recovery and at the onset of cold preservation) correlate with increased postreperfusion release of CCL2 by both the graft and recipient throughout the week following transplantation (n = 28). In a retrospective study of 77 SPK recipients, we found a significant negative association between high donor levels of CCL2 and graft survival. Decreased survival in these patients is related to early posttransplant complications, including a higher incidence of pancreas thrombosis and delayed kidney function. Taken together our data indicate that high CCL2 levels in the donor serum predict both an increase in graft/recipient CCL2 production and poor graft survival. This suggests that the severity of the inflammatory response induced by brain death influences the posttransplant inflammatory response, independent of subsequent ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ogliari
- Lab of Experimental Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Maternal nutrient restriction between early-to-mid gestation amplifies the insulin response to obesity in conjunction with increased mRNA abundance for GLUT4 but not the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Yang J, Brook MO, Carvalho-Gaspar M, Zhang J, Ramon HE, Sayegh MH, Wood KJ, Turka LA, Jones ND. Allograft rejection mediated by memory T cells is resistant to regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19954-9. [PMID: 18042727 PMCID: PMC2148404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704397104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alloreactive memory T cells may be refractory to many of the tolerance-inducing strategies that are effective against naive T cells and thus present a significant barrier to long-term allograft survival. Because CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical elements of many approaches to successful induction/maintenance of transplantation tolerance, we used MHC class I and II alloreactive TCR-transgenic models to explore the ability of antigen-specific Tregs to control antigen-specific memory T cell responses. Upon coadoptive transfer into RAG-1(-/-) mice, we found that Tregs effectively suppressed the ability of naive T cells to reject skin grafts, but neither antigen-unprimed nor antigen-primed Tregs suppressed rejection by memory T cells. Interestingly, different mechanisms appeared to be active in the ability of Tregs to control naive T cell-mediated graft rejection in the class II versus class I alloreactive models. In the former case, we observed decreased early expansion of effector cells in lymphoid tissue. In contrast, in the class I model, an effect of Tregs on early proliferation and expansion was not observed. However, at a late time point, significant differences in cell numbers were seen, suggesting effects on responding T cell survival. Overall, these data indicate that the relative resistance of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) alloreactive memory T cells to regulation may mediate resistance to tolerance induction seen in hosts with preexisting alloantigen-specific immunity and further indicate the multiplicity of mechanisms by which Tregs may control alloimmune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Yang
- *Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Matthew O. Brook
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Manuela Carvalho-Gaspar
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jidong Zhang
- *Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hilda E. Ramon
- *Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- *Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nick D. Jones
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; and
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Overbergh L, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Quantification of chemokines by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR: applications in type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 6:51-64. [PMID: 16359267 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease, characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. This review will discuss the role of chemokines in the recruitment of immune cells leading to the pathology of this disease. There will be a focus on the quantification of chemokines and chemokine receptors by the recently developed real-time reverse transcriptase PCR technique. Today, this technique is in widespread use for analysis of chemokines in cells, tissues and tissue biopsies. The minute amount of tissue needed for analysis, as well as the very high sensitivity of this method, make it the method of choice for analysis of chemokines, which are often expressed at very low levels in target tissues. However, validation and optimization of the technique is of crucial importance for obtaining reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sabbagh F, Lecerf F, Maurois P, Bac P, German-Fattal M. Allogeneic activation is attenuated in a model of mouse lung perfused with magnesium-deficient blood. Transpl Immunol 2006; 16:200-7. [PMID: 17138054 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypomagnesemia, which is frequently observed in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors to prevent rejection after allogeneic transplantation, has been associated with a faster rate of decline in allograft function. The effect of hypomagnesemia on lung allograft has not been reported yet. In our model of isolated mouse lung, we have evaluated the early effects of allogeneic lung perfusion with blood from magnesium (Mg)-deficient mice for 3 h on lung activation and remodelling, compared to isogeneic perfusion. Hypomagnesemia (0.21+/-0.07 mmol Mg(2+)/l) was observed in blood from Mg-deficient mice, but no inflammatory pattern. The mRNA level of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, but neither of the vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, nor of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL)-2, was enhanced (p<0.05). Although caspase-3 mRNA was transiently enhanced, no apoptotic cells were evidenced in lung tissues even after 3 h. Using cDNA array, we found that the genes encoding RANKL, RANK, TNFR2, NFATX, IL-1R2, IL-6R gp130, SOCS3, PDGFRB, P63, CSF3R, CXCL1, CXCL5, CX3CL1, CSF1, which are involved in inflammation and apoptosis regulation, were markedly up-regulated in allogeneic conditions. Our results support a limited allogeneic activation and an early stage of the inflammatory process in lung, at the time of inflammatory cell recruitment without lung tissue remodelling, as a result of hypomagnesemia. These findings suggest that cyclosporine-related hypomagnesemia, observed in most of the transplanted patients, does not constitute an additional risk for lung allograft outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Sabbagh
- CNRS UMR 8162, IFR 13, Université Paris-Sud 11, Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue, 133 avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France
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Karason K, Jernås M, Hägg DA, Svensson PA. Evaluation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 as circulating biomarkers of human cardiac allograft rejection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2006; 6:29. [PMID: 16780603 PMCID: PMC1569871 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac allograft rejection remains a significant clinical problem in the early phase after heart transplantation and requires frequent surveillance with endomyocardial biopsy. However, this is an invasive procedure, which is unpleasant for the patient and carries a certain risk. Therefore, a sensitive non-invasive biomarker of acute rejection would be desirable. Methods Endomyocardial tissue samples and serum were obtained in connection with clinical biopsies from twenty consecutive heart transplant patients followed for six months. A rejection episode was observed in 14 patients (11 men and 3 women) and biopsies obtained before, during and after the episode were identified. Endomyocardial RNA, from three patients, matching these three points in time were analysed with DNA microarray. Genes showing up-regulation during rejection followed by normalization after the rejection episode were evaluated further with real-time RT-PCR. Finally, ELISA was performed to investigate whether change in gene-regulation during graft rejection was reflected in altered concentrations of the encoded protein in serum. Results Three potential cardiac allograft rejection biomarker genes, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA), from the DNA microarray analysis were selected for further evaluation. CXCL9 was significantly upregulated during rejection (p < 0.05) and CXCL10 displayed a similar pattern without reaching statistical significance. Serum levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were measured by ELISA in samples from 10 patients before, during and after cardiac rejection. There were no changes in CXCL9 and CXCL10 serum concentrations during cardiac rejection. Both chemokines displayed large individual variations in the selected samples, but the serum levels between the two chemokines correlated (p < 0.001). Conclusion We conclude, that despite a distinct up-regulation of CXCL9 mRNA in human hearts during cardiac allograft rejection, this was not reflected in the serum levels of the encoded protein. Thus, in contrast to previous suggestions, serum CXCL9 does not appear to be a promising serum biomarker for cardiac allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Karason
- Department of Cardiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, SE-413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Jernås
- Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Daniel A Hägg
- Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborgs University, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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Jones ND, Carvalho-Gaspar M, Luo S, Brook MO, Martin L, Wood KJ. Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells Can Be Generated in Response to Alloantigen Independently of CD4+ T Cell Help. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2316-23. [PMID: 16455988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence suggesting that CD8(+) T cells are able to generate effector but not functional memory T cells following pathogenic infections in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. We show that following transplantation of allogeneic skin, in the absence of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells become activated, proliferate, and expand exclusively in the draining lymph nodes and are able to infiltrate and reject skin allografts. CD44(+)CD8(+) T cells isolated 100 days after transplantation rapidly produce IFN-gamma following restimulation with alloantigen in vitro. In vivo CD44(+)CD8(+) T cells rejected donor-type skin allografts more rapidly than naive CD8(+) T cells demonstrating the ability of these putative memory T cells to mount an effective recall response in vivo. These data form the first direct demonstration that CD8(+) T cells are able to generate memory as well as effector cells in response to alloantigen during rejection in the complete absence of CD4(+) T cells. These data have important implications for the design of therapies to combat rejection and serve to reinforce the view that CD8(+) T cell responses to allografts require manipulation in addition to CD4(+) T cell responses to completely prevent the rejection of foreign organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D Jones
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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