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Ticha O, Klemm D, Moos L, Bekeredjian-Ding I. A cell-based in vitro assay for testing of immunological integrity of Tetanus toxoid vaccine antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:88. [PMID: 34162886 PMCID: PMC8222253 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines containing inactivated toxins confer protection by eliciting a neutralizing antibody response against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and diphtheria. At present, release of tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria toxoid (DT)-containing vaccines relies on in vivo experiments showing the protective vaccine response. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable in vitro assay for TT vaccine antigen characterization with the potential of replacing in vivo potency experiments. To this end, we exploited that TT elicits a recall response in vaccinated donors: human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with alum-adsorbed TT bulk antigen and low concentrations of TLR9 ligand; induction of TT-specific IgG was quantified via ELISpot after 5 days. Proof-of-concept was obtained using paired samples from donors before and after vaccination; anti-TT IgG was only detected in PBMC collected after booster vaccination; specificity was demonstrated with DT stimulation as control. Notably, when using PBMC from buffy coats, the specific response to TT was reproducible in 30% of cells; responsiveness correlated with higher numbers of switched memory B cells. Consecutive results showed that TT-specific IgG was also detectable when PBMC were stimulated with DTaP final vaccine product. Thus, the assay provides a viable means to test B-cell differentiation and induction of TT-specific IgG secretion using bulk antigen and final vaccine. However, prequalification of PBMC is required for reliable performance. Along with physicochemical and immunochemical methods, the functional assay could represent a complementary tool to replace in vivo potency assays in batch release of TT-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ticha
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Dido Klemm
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lukas Moos
- Division of Microbiology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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2
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Moita D, Nunes-Cabaço H, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M. A guide to investigating immune responses elicited by whole-sporozoite pre-erythrocytic vaccines against malaria. FEBS J 2021; 289:3335-3359. [PMID: 33993649 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, considerable efforts have been made toward the development of efficient vaccines against malaria. Whole-sporozoite (Wsp) vaccines, which induce efficient immune responses against the pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages (sporozoites and liver forms) of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are among the most promising immunization strategies tested until present. Several Wsp PE vaccination approaches are currently under evaluation in the clinic, including radiation- or genetically-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites, live parasites combined with chemoprophylaxis, or genetically modified rodent Plasmodium parasites. In addition to the assessment of their protective efficacy, clinical trials of Wsp PE vaccine candidates inevitably involve the thorough investigation of the immune responses elicited by vaccination, as well as the identification of correlates of protection. Here, we review the main methodologies employed to dissect the humoral and cellular immune responses observed in the context of Wsp PE vaccine clinical trials and discuss future strategies to further deepen the knowledge generated by these studies, providing a toolbox for the in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Ferluga J, Singh I, Rout S, Al-Qahtani A, Yasmin H, Kishore U. Immune Responses in Malaria and Vaccine Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:273-291. [PMID: 34661899 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a pandemic with nearly half of global population at risk, caused by parasite Plasmodium species, particularly P. falciparum with a high morbidity and mortality, especially among children. There is an urgent need for development of population protective vaccines, such as in sub-Saharan low-income countries, where P. falciparum malaria is endemic. After years of endeavour with children and adults for safety and efficacy clinical trials, the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein antigen, is targeted by specific antibodies induced by recombinant vaccine, called TRS,S. TRS,S has been authorized by WHO and Malawi Government to be the first malaria vaccine for up to 2 years of aged children for protection against malaria. Other malaria vaccines in clinical trials are also very promising candidates, including the original live, X-ray attenuated P-sporozoite vaccine, inducing antigen-specific T cell immunity at liver stage. Malaria parasite at blood symptomatic stage is targeted by specific antibodies to parasite-infected erythrocytes, which are important against pathogenic placenta-infected erythrocyte sequestration. Here, the demographic distribution of Plasmodium species and their pathogenicity in infected people are discussed. The role of innate phagocytic cells and malaria antigen specific T cell immunity, as well as that of specific antibody production by B cells are highlighted. The paramount role of cytotoxic CD8+ T cellular immunity in malaria people protection is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Iesha Singh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sashmita Rout
- Department of Physiology, All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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4
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Nguyen-Contant P, Embong AK, Topham DJ, Sangster MY. Analysis of Antigen-Specific Human Memory B Cell Populations Based on In Vitro Polyclonal Stimulation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 131:e109. [PMID: 33017091 PMCID: PMC7647051 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific memory B cell (MBC) populations mediate the rapid, strong, and high-affinity secondary antibody responses that play a key role in combating infection and generating protective responses to vaccination. Recently, cell staining with fluorochrome-labeled antigens together with sequencing methods such as Drop-seq and CITE-seq have provided information on the specificity, phenotype, and transcriptome of single MBCs. However, characterization of MBCs at the level of antigen-reactive populations remains an important tool for assessing an individual's B cell immunity and responses to antigen exposure. This is readily performed using a long-established method based on in vitro polyclonal stimulation of MBCs to induce division and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Post-stimulation antigen-specific measurement of the MBC-derived ASCs (or the secreted antibodies) indicates the size of precursor MBC populations. Additional information about the character of antigen-reactive MBC populations is provided by analysis of MBC-derived antibodies of particular specificities for binding avidity and functionality. This article outlines a simple and reliable strategy for efficient in vitro MBC stimulation and use of the ELISpot assay as a post-stimulation readout to determine the size of antigen-specific MBC populations. Other applications of the in vitro stimulation technique for MBC analysis are discussed. The following protocols are included. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC Basic Protocol 1: Polyclonal stimulation of memory B cells using unfractionated PBMCs Alternate Protocol: Stimulation of small PBMC numbers using 96-well plates with U-bottom wells Basic Protocol 2: ELISpot assay for enumeration of memory B cell-derived antibody-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen-Contant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - A. Karim Embong
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit. mBio 2020. [PMID: 32978311 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01991‐20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high susceptibility of humans to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reflects the novelty of the virus and limited preexisting B cell immunity. IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which carries the novel receptor binding domain (RBD), is absent or at low levels in unexposed individuals. To better understand the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we asked whether virus-reactive memory B cells (MBCs) were present in unexposed subjects and whether MBC generation accompanied virus-specific IgG production in infected subjects. We analyzed sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-SARS-CoV-2-exposed healthy donors and COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Serum IgG levels specific for SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, including the RBD and S2 subunit, and nucleocapsid [N]) and non-SARS-CoV-2 proteins were related to measurements of circulating IgG MBC levels. Anti-RBD IgG was absent in unexposed subjects. Most unexposed subjects had anti-S2 IgG, and a minority had anti-N IgG, but IgG MBCs with these specificities were not detected, perhaps reflecting low frequencies. Convalescent subjects had high levels of IgG against the RBD, S2, and N, together with large populations of RBD- and S2-reactive IgG MBCs. Notably, IgG titers against the S protein of the human coronavirus OC43 were higher in convalescent subjects than in unexposed subjects and correlated strongly with anti-S2 titers. Our findings indicate cross-reactive B cell responses against the S2 subunit that might enhance broad coronavirus protection. Importantly, our demonstration of MBC induction by SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that a durable form of B cell immunity is maintained even if circulating antibody levels wane.IMPORTANCE The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have preexisting immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. Our analysis focused on pre- and postinfection IgG and IgG memory B cells (MBCs) reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Most importantly, we demonstrate that infection generates both IgG and IgG MBCs against the novel receptor binding domain and the conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Thus, even if antibody levels wane, long-lived MBCs remain to mediate rapid antibody production. Our study results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection strengthens preexisting broad coronavirus protection through S2-reactive antibody and MBC formation.
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6
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Nguyen-Contant P, Embong AK, Kanagaiah P, Chaves FA, Yang H, Branche AR, Topham DJ, Sangster MY. S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit. mBio 2020; 11:e01991-20. [PMID: 32978311 PMCID: PMC7520599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01991-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The high susceptibility of humans to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), reflects the novelty of the virus and limited preexisting B cell immunity. IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which carries the novel receptor binding domain (RBD), is absent or at low levels in unexposed individuals. To better understand the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we asked whether virus-reactive memory B cells (MBCs) were present in unexposed subjects and whether MBC generation accompanied virus-specific IgG production in infected subjects. We analyzed sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-SARS-CoV-2-exposed healthy donors and COVID-19 convalescent subjects. Serum IgG levels specific for SARS-CoV-2 proteins (S, including the RBD and S2 subunit, and nucleocapsid [N]) and non-SARS-CoV-2 proteins were related to measurements of circulating IgG MBC levels. Anti-RBD IgG was absent in unexposed subjects. Most unexposed subjects had anti-S2 IgG, and a minority had anti-N IgG, but IgG MBCs with these specificities were not detected, perhaps reflecting low frequencies. Convalescent subjects had high levels of IgG against the RBD, S2, and N, together with large populations of RBD- and S2-reactive IgG MBCs. Notably, IgG titers against the S protein of the human coronavirus OC43 were higher in convalescent subjects than in unexposed subjects and correlated strongly with anti-S2 titers. Our findings indicate cross-reactive B cell responses against the S2 subunit that might enhance broad coronavirus protection. Importantly, our demonstration of MBC induction by SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that a durable form of B cell immunity is maintained even if circulating antibody levels wane.IMPORTANCE The recent rapid worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has established a pandemic of potentially serious disease in the highly susceptible human population. Key issues are whether humans have preexisting immune memory that provides some protection against SARS-CoV-2 and whether SARS-CoV-2 infection generates lasting immune protection against reinfection. Our analysis focused on pre- and postinfection IgG and IgG memory B cells (MBCs) reactive to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Most importantly, we demonstrate that infection generates both IgG and IgG MBCs against the novel receptor binding domain and the conserved S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Thus, even if antibody levels wane, long-lived MBCs remain to mediate rapid antibody production. Our study results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection strengthens preexisting broad coronavirus protection through S2-reactive antibody and MBC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen-Contant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - A Karim Embong
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Preshetha Kanagaiah
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francisco A Chaves
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Y Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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7
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Soares RR, Cunha CF, Ferraz‐Nogueira R, Marins‐dos‐Santos A, Rodrigues‐da‐Silva RN, Soares I, Lima‐Junior J, Bertho AL, Ferreira MU, Scopel KKG. Apical membrane protein 1‐specific antibody profile and temporal changes in peripheral blood B‐cell populations in
Plasmodium vivax
malaria. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12662. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Reis Soares
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Clarissa F. Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Raquel Ferraz‐Nogueira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting Core Facility Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Irene Soares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology University of São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Josué Lima‐Junior
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting Core Facility Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil
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8
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Tesini BL, Kanagaiah P, Wang J, Hahn M, Halliley JL, Chaves FA, Nguyen PQT, Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Anderson CS, Ellebedy AH, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, Yang H, Bandyopadhyay S, Ahmed R, Treanor JJ, Martinez-Sobrido L, Golding H, Khurana S, Zand MS, Topham DJ, Sangster MY. Broad Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory B Cell Expansion by Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection Reflects Early-Life Imprinting and Adaptation to the Infecting Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00169-19. [PMID: 30728266 PMCID: PMC6450111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00169-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key determinants of the B cell response to influenza virus infection and vaccination, but the effect of different forms of influenza antigen exposure on MBC populations has received little attention. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma collected following human H3N2 influenza infection to investigate the relationship between hemagglutinin-specific antibody production and changes in the size and character of hemagglutinin-reactive MBC populations. Infection produced increased concentrations of plasma IgG reactive to the H3 head of the infecting virus, to the conserved stalk, and to a broad chronological range of H3s consistent with original antigenic sin responses. H3-reactive IgG MBC expansion after infection included reactivity to head and stalk domains. Notably, expansion of H3 head-reactive MBC populations was particularly broad and reflected original antigenic sin patterns of IgG production. Findings also suggest that early-life H3N2 infection "imprints" for strong H3 stalk-specific MBC expansion. Despite the breadth of MBC expansion, the MBC response included an increase in affinity for the H3 head of the infecting virus. Overall, our findings indicate that H3-reactive MBC expansion following H3N2 infection is consistent with maintenance of response patterns established early in life, but nevertheless includes MBC adaptation to the infecting virus.IMPORTANCE Rapid and vigorous virus-specific antibody responses to influenza virus infection and vaccination result from activation of preexisting virus-specific memory B cells (MBCs). Understanding the effects of different forms of influenza virus exposure on MBC populations is therefore an important guide to the development of effective immunization strategies. We demonstrate that exposure to the influenza hemagglutinin via natural infection enhances broad protection through expansion of hemagglutinin-reactive MBC populations that recognize head and stalk regions of the molecule. Notably, we show that hemagglutinin-reactive MBC expansion reflects imprinting by early-life infection and that this might apply to stalk-reactive, as well as to head-reactive, MBCs. Our findings provide experimental support for the role of MBCs in maintaining imprinting effects and suggest a mechanism by which imprinting might confer heterosubtypic protection against avian influenza viruses. It will be important to compare our findings to the situation after influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Tesini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Preshetha Kanagaiah
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jiong Wang
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Megan Hahn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L Halliley
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francisco A Chaves
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Phuong Q T Nguyen
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Anderson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John J Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark Y Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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9
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Yeo KT, Embury P, Anderson T, Mungai P, Malhotra I, King C, Kazura J, Dent A. HIV, Cytomegalovirus, and Malaria Infections during Pregnancy Lead to Inflammation and Shifts in Memory B Cell Subsets in Kenyan Neonates. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1465-1478. [PMID: 30674575 PMCID: PMC6379806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy can expose the fetus to microbial Ags, leading to inflammation that affects B cell development. Prenatal fetal immune priming may have an important role in infant acquisition of pathogen-specific immunity. We examined plasma proinflammatory biomarkers, the proportions of various B cell subsets, and fetal priming to tetanus vaccination in cord blood from human United States and Kenyan neonates. United States neonates had no identified prenatal infectious exposures, whereas Kenyan neonates examined had congenital CMV or mothers with prenatal HIV or Plasmodium falciparum or no identified infectious exposures. Kenyan neonates had higher levels of IP-10, TNF-α, CRP, sCD14, and BAFF than United States neonates. Among the Kenyan groups, neonates with prenatal infections/infectious exposures had higher levels of cord blood IFN-γ, IL-7, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 compared with neonates with no infectious exposures. Kenyan neonates had greater proportions of activated memory B cells (MBC) compared with United States neonates. Among the Kenyan groups, HIV-exposed neonates had greater proportions of atypical MBC compared with the other groups. Although HIV-exposed neonates had altered MBC subset distributions, detection of tetanus-specific MBC from cord blood, indicative of fetal priming with tetanus vaccine given to pregnant women, was comparable in HIV-exposed and non-HIV-exposed neonates. These results indicate that the presence of infections during pregnancy induces fetal immune activation with inflammation and increased activated MBC frequencies in neonates. The immunologic significance and long-term health consequences of these differences warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Thai Yeo
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Paula Embury
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Timothy Anderson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Peter Mungai
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Indu Malhotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Christopher King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - James Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Arlene Dent
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
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10
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Hwai H, Chen YY, Tzeng SJ. B-Cell ELISpot Assay to Quantify Antigen-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cells in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1808:133-141. [PMID: 29956179 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8567-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood is commonly used to assess the cellular and humoral immune responses in clinical studies. It is a convenient sample to collect for immunological research as compared to the surgically excised and biopsied lymphoid specimens. To determine the functional status of immune system from peripheral blood, the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay is a popular method of choice owing to its high sensitivity, great accuracy, and easy performance. The ELISpot allows detection and quantification of cellular functionality at the single-cell level. Therefore, ELISpot assay is commonly applied to detect cytokines and cytotoxic granules released from T cells as well as to measure antibodies secreted from B cells. Because the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used for evaluation of the vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, standardization and reproducibility are crucial to minimize assay variability amongst samples from different sources. Here we introduce methods to isolate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for quantification of the antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells using the ELISpot assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw Hwai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:97. [PMID: 29588920 PMCID: PMC5843844 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be cultured ex vivo, allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM + memory B cells. Methods: Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry. Results: The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions: Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muir
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Oleksiy V Klymenko
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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12
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be culturedex vivo,allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM+memory B cells.Methods:Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry.Results:The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions:Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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13
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Taniguchi T, Md Mannoor K, Nonaka D, Toma H, Li C, Narita M, Vanisaveth V, Kano S, Takahashi M, Watanabe H. A Unique Subset of γδ T Cells Expands and Produces IL-10 in Patients with Naturally Acquired Immunity against Falciparum Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1288. [PMID: 28769886 PMCID: PMC5515829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although expansions in γδ T cell populations are known to occur in the peripheral blood of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the role of these cells in people with naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum who live in malaria-endemic areas is poorly understood. We used a cross-sectional survey to investigate the role of peripheral blood γδ T cells in people living in Lao People's Democratic Republic, a malaria-endemic area. We found that the proportion of non-Vγ9 γδ T cells was higher in non-hospitalized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients (UMPs) from this region. Notably, we found that the non-Vγ9 γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of UMPs and negative controls from this region had the potential to expand and produce IL-10 and interferon-γ when cultured in the presence of IL-2 and/or crude P. falciparum antigens for 10 days. Furthermore, these cells were associated with plasma interleukin 10 (IL-10), which was elevated in UMPs. This is the first report demonstrating that, in UMPs living in a malaria-endemic area, a γδ T cell subset, the non-Vγ9 γδT cells, expands and produces IL-10. These results contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Taniguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Kaiissar Md Mannoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Hiromu Toma
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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14
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Tzeng SJ. The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060295 DOI: 10.3791/54582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are used for host defense. For the quantitative determination of the functional status of the humoral immune response of an individual, both serum Abs and circulating ASCs are commonly measured as functional readouts. In humans, peripheral blood is the most convenient and readily accessible sample that can be used for the determination of the humoral immune response elicited by host B cells. Distinct B-cell subsets, including ASCs, can be isolated directly from peripheral blood via selection with lineage-specific Ab-conjugated microbeads or via cell sorting with flow cytometry. Moreover, purified naïve and memory B cells can be activated and differentiated into ASCs in culture. The functional activities of ASCs to contribute to Ab secretion can be quantified by ELISpot, which is an assay that converges enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) and western blotting technologies to enable the enumeration of individual ASCs at the single-cell level. In practice, the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used to evaluate vaccine efficacy because of the ease of handling of a large number of blood samples. The methods of isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, the differentiation of B cells into ASCs in vitro, and the employment of ELISpot for the quantification of total IgM- and IgG-ASCs will be described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University;
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15
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Krishnamurty AT, Thouvenel CD, Portugal S, Keitany GJ, Kim KS, Holder A, Crompton PD, Rawlings DJ, Pepper M. Somatically Hypermutated Plasmodium-Specific IgM(+) Memory B Cells Are Rapid, Plastic, Early Responders upon Malaria Rechallenge. Immunity 2016; 45:402-14. [PMID: 27473412 PMCID: PMC5118370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity consists of pre-existing antibodies expressed by long-lived plasma cells and rapidly reactive memory B cells (MBC). Recent studies of MBC development and function after protein immunization have uncovered significant MBC heterogeneity. To clarify functional roles for distinct MBC subsets during malaria infection, we generated tetramers that identify Plasmodium-specific MBCs in both humans and mice. Long-lived murine Plasmodium-specific MBCs consisted of three populations: somatically hypermutated immunoglobulin M(+) (IgM(+)) and IgG(+) MBC subsets and an unmutated IgD(+) MBC population. Rechallenge experiments revealed that high affinity, somatically hypermutated Plasmodium-specific IgM(+) MBCs proliferated and gave rise to antibody-secreting cells that dominated the early secondary response to parasite rechallenge. IgM(+) MBCs also gave rise to T cell-dependent IgM(+) and IgG(+)B220(+)CD138(+) plasmablasts or T cell-independent B220(-)CD138(+) IgM(+) plasma cells. Thus, even in competition with IgG(+) MBCs, IgM(+) MBCs are rapid, plastic, early responders to a secondary Plasmodium rechallenge and should be targeted by vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay T Krishnamurty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gladys J Keitany
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen S Kim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Holder
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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16
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Abstract
With increasing malaria control and goals of malaria elimination, many endemic areas are transitioning from high-to-low-to-no malaria transmission. Reductions in transmission will impact on the development of naturally acquired immunity to malaria, which develops after repeated exposure to Plasmodium spp. However, it is currently unclear how declining transmission and malaria exposure will affect the development and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity. Here we review the key processes which underpin this knowledge; the amount of Plasmodium spp. exposure required to generate effective immune responses, the longevity of antibody responses and the ability to mount an effective response upon re-exposure through memory responses. Lastly we identify research priorities which will increase our understanding of how changing transmission will impact on malarial immunity.
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King CL, Davies DH, Felgner P, Baum E, Jain A, Randall A, Tetteh K, Drakeley CJ, Greenhouse B. Biosignatures of Exposure/Transmission and Immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:16-27. [PMID: 26259938 PMCID: PMC4574271 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A blood test that captures cumulative exposure over time and assesses levels of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) would provide a critical tool to monitor the impact of interventions to reduce malaria transmission and broaden our understanding of how NAI develops around the world as a function of age and exposure. This article describes a collaborative effort in multiple International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMRs) to develop such tests using malaria-specific antibody responses as biosignatures of transmission and immunity. The focus is on the use of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax protein microarrays to identify a panel of the most informative antibody responses in diverse malaria-endemic settings representing an unparalleled spectrum of malaria transmission and malaria species mixes before and after interventions to reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. King
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
| | - D. Huw Davies
- * Address correspondence to Christopher L. King, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building Room 421, Cleveland, OH 44106, E-mail: or D. Huw Davies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697. E-mail:
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18
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Portugal S, Tipton CM, Sohn H, Kone Y, Wang J, Li S, Skinner J, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Doumbo OK, Doumbo S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Traore B, Sanz I, Pierce SK, Crompton PD. Malaria-associated atypical memory B cells exhibit markedly reduced B cell receptor signaling and effector function. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25955968 PMCID: PMC4444601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are only acquired after years of repeated infections. Chronic malaria exposure is associated with a large increase in atypical memory B cells (MBCs) that resemble B cells expanded in a variety of persistent viral infections. Understanding the function of atypical MBCs and their relationship to classical MBCs will be critical to developing effective vaccines for malaria and other chronic infections. We show that VH gene repertoires and somatic hypermutation rates of atypical and classical MBCs are indistinguishable indicating a common developmental history. Atypical MBCs express an array of inhibitory receptors and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is stunted in atypical MBCs resulting in impaired B cell responses including proliferation, cytokine production and antibody secretion. Thus, in response to chronic malaria exposure, atypical MBCs appear to differentiate from classical MBCs becoming refractory to BCR-mediated activation and potentially interfering with the acquisition of malaria immunity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.001 The human immune system works to protect individuals from harmful microbes, such as the parasites that cause malaria. One line of defense is to produce a large array of proteins called antibodies that specifically bind to microbes to mark them for destruction by the immune system. The immune system also produces long-lived memory B cells that are able to mount a quicker and more effective antibody response if the microbe enters the body again. This means that most people only become ill with a particular disease the first time they encounter the microbe that causes it. However, malaria is unusual in that it can take many years of exposure to the parasite that causes it before an individual produces enough antibodies and memory B cells to be protected from the disease. There is also no vaccine that provides effective and long-lasting protection against malaria. Vaccinations rely on stimulating the body's natural defenses, and so understanding more about antibodies and memory B cells in relation to malaria may aid future efforts to develop a vaccine. Researchers have discovered that many of the memory B cells that accumulate in people who have been exposed to the malaria parasite over long-periods of time are different from the normal memory B cells. But it was not clear what role these ‘atypical’ cells play in immunity to malaria. To address this question, Portugal et al. studied the genetics and activity of B cells collected from children and adults living in Mali who—by living in a region where malaria is common—had been repeatedly exposed to the parasite. The experiments indicate that atypical and normal memory B cells both develop from the same precursor cells. However, the genes that are active in each cell type are different, resulting in the atypical cells being less able to respond to the parasite than the normal memory B cells. Portugal et al.'s findings suggest that the atypical cells develop from normal memory B cells during long-term exposure to malaria, which may delay the development of immunity to this disease. Future challenges include understanding what drives the formation of the atypical memory B cells in malaria, and finding out why they are less active than the normal cells. This could aid the development of vaccines and/or therapies that restore their activity in patients. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Younoussou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Shanping Li
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
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19
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Rösel AL, Scheibenbogen C, Schliesser U, Sollwedel A, Hoffmeister B, Hanitsch L, von Bernuth H, Krüger R, Warnatz K, Volk HD, Thomas S. Classification of common variable immunodeficiencies using flow cytometry and a memory B-cell functionality assay. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Karahan GE, Eikmans M, Anholts JDH, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. Polyclonal B cell activation for accurate analysis of pre-existing antigen-specific memory B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:333-40. [PMID: 24611883 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a widely used tool for enumeration of antigen-specific memory B cells in several disciplines, such as vaccination, cancer immunotherapy and transplantation. For the accurate estimation of antigen-specific memory B cell frequencies, a well-defined B cell activation protocol is pivotal. In this study, we aimed to characterize a polyclonal B cell activation protocol to facilitate optimal monitoring of antigen-specific memory B cell frequencies. Total, naive and memory B cells were activated polyclonally with an α-CD40 monoclonal antibody, cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CPG) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2006, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10 and IL-21. Polyclonal activation of B cells resulted in equal cell death ratios in naive and memory B cells. When tested in an antigen-specific system, immunoglobulin (Ig)G spots were detected only in the memory fraction. There was no change in B cell polyclonality due to in-vitro activation. Our data show that the current polyclonal activation protocol may be used reliably to estimate the frequency of memory B cells in ELISPOT assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Karahan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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21
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Scholzen A, Nahrendorf W, Langhorne J, Sauerwein RW. Expansion of IgG+ B-cells during mitogen stimulation for memory B-cell ELISpot analysis is influenced by size and composition of the B-cell pool. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102885. [PMID: 25050555 PMCID: PMC4106867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The memory B-cell (MBC) ELISpot assay is the main technique used to measure antigen-specific MBCs as a readout of humoral immune memory. This assay relies on the ability of MBCs to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASC) upon polyclonal stimulation. The total number of IgG+ ASCs generated by mitogen-stimulation is often used as a reference point; alternatively antigen-specific MBCs are expressed as a frequency of post-culture peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a surrogate for absolute frequencies. Therefore, it is important to know whether IgG+ B-cells are uniformly expanded during the preceding mitogen-culture as a true reflection of MBC frequencies ex vivo. We systematically compared B-cell phenotype and proportions before and after mitogen stimulation in cultures of 269 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 62 volunteers by flow cytometry and analyzed the number of resulting ASCs. Our data show that the number of total IgG+ ASCs detected by ELISpot after mitogen stimulation correlates with the proportion of IgG+ MBCs ex vivo, highlighting its general robustness for comparisons of study cohorts at group level. The expansion of total and IgG+ B-cells during mitogen-stimulation, however, was not identical in all cultures, but influenced by size and composition of the ex vivo B-cell compartment. The uncorrected readout of antigen-specific MBCs per million post-culture PBMCs therefore only preserves the quality, but not the magnitude of differences in the ex vivo MBC response between groups or time points, particularly when comparing samples where the B-cell compartment substantially differs between cohorts or over time. Therefore, expressing antigen-specific cells per total IgG+ ASCs is currently the best measure to correct for mitogen-culture effects. Additionally, baseline information on the size and composition of the ex vivo B-cell compartment should be supplied to additionally inform about differences or changes in the size and composition of the ex vivo MBC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (RWS)
| | - Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (RWS)
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22
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Nahrendorf W, Scholzen A, Bijker EM, Teirlinck AC, Bastiaens GJH, Schats R, Hermsen CC, Visser LG, Langhorne J, Sauerwein RW. Memory B-cell and antibody responses induced by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite immunization. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1981-90. [PMID: 24970846 PMCID: PMC4241945 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization of healthy volunteers during receipt of chemoprophylaxis with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (CPS-immunization) induces sterile protection from malaria. Antibody responses have long been known to contribute to naturally acquired immunity against malaria, but their association with sterile protection after whole sporozoite immunization is not well established. We therefore studied the induction and kinetics of malaria parasite antigen-specific antibodies and memory B-cells (MBCs) during CPS-immunization and their correlation with protection from challenge infection. Methods We assessed humoral reactivity to 9 antigens representing different stages of the life cycle of P. falciparum by performing standardized MBC enzyme-linked immunospot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma samples from 38 Dutch volunteers enrolled in 2 randomized controlled clinical trials. Results MBCs and antibodies recognizing pre-erythrocytic and cross-stage antigens were gradually acquired during CPS-immunization. The magnitude of these humoral responses did not correlate with protection but directly reflected parasite exposure in CPS-immunization and challenge. Conclusions Humoral responses to the malarial antigens circumsporozoite protein, liver-stage antigen-1, apical membrane antigen-1, and merozoite surface protein-1 do not to predict protection from challenge infection but can be used as sensitive marker of recent parasite exposure. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01236612 and NCT01218893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Else M Bijker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Anne C Teirlinck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Guido J H Bastiaens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Remko Schats
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus C Hermsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen
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23
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Elias SC, Choudhary P, de Cassan SC, Biswas S, Collins KA, Halstead FD, Bliss CM, Ewer KJ, Hodgson SH, Duncan CJA, Hill AVS, Draper SJ. Analysis of human B-cell responses following ChAd63-MVA MSP1 and AMA1 immunization and controlled malaria infection. Immunology 2014; 141:628-44. [PMID: 24303947 PMCID: PMC3956436 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of non-sterilizing natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been shown in low transmission areas following multiple exposures. However, conflicting data from endemic areas suggest that the parasite may interfere with the induction of effective B-cell responses. To date, the impact of blood-stage parasite exposure on antigen-specific B cells has not been reported following controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). Here we analysed human B-cell responses in a series of Phase I/IIa clinical trials, which include CHMI, using candidate virus-vectored vaccines encoding two blood-stage antigens: merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). Previously vaccinated volunteers show boosting of pre-existing antigen-specific memory B-cell (mBC) responses following CHMI. In contrast, unvaccinated malaria-naive control volunteers developed an mBC response against MSP1 but not AMA1. Serum IgG correlated with the mBC response after booster vaccination but this relationship was less well maintained following CHMI. A significant reduction in peripheral MSP1-specific mBC was observed at the point of diagnosis of blood-stage infection. This was coincident with a reduction in peripheral blood B-cell subsets expressing CXCR3 and elevated serum levels of interferon-γ and CXCL9, suggesting migration away from the periphery. These CHMI data confirm that mBC and antibody responses can be induced and boosted by blood-stage parasite exposure, in support of epidemiological studies on low-level parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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24
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Ndungu FM, Lundblom K, Rono J, Illingworth J, Eriksson S, Färnert A. Long-lived Plasmodium falciparum specific memory B cells in naturally exposed Swedish travelers. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2919-29. [PMID: 23881859 PMCID: PMC4114544 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are critical for immunity to malaria. However, Plasmodium falciparum specific Abs decline rapidly in absence of reinfection, suggesting impaired immunological memory. This study determines whether residents of Sweden that were treated for malaria following international travel maintained long‐lasting malaria‐specific Abs and memory B cells (MBCs). We compared levels of malaria‐specific Abs and MBCs between 47 travelers who had been admitted with malaria at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1 and 16 years previously, eight malaria‐naïve adult Swedes without histories of travel, and 14 malaria‐immune adult Kenyans. Plasmodium falciparum‐lysate‐specific Ab levels were above naïve control levels in 30% of the travelers, whereas AMA‐1, merozoite surface protein‐142, and merozoite surface protein‐3‐specific Ab levels were similar. In contrast, 78% of travelers had IgG‐MBCs specific for at least one malaria antigen (59, 45, and 28% for apical merozoite antigen‐1, merozoite surface protein‐1, and merozoite surface protein‐3, respectively) suggesting that malaria‐specific MBCs are maintained for longer than the cognate serum Abs in the absence of re‐exposure to parasites. Five travelers maintained malaria antigen‐specific MBC responses for up to 16 years since the diagnosis of the index episode (and had not traveled to malaria‐endemic regions in the intervening time). Thus P. falciparum can induce long‐lasting MBCs, maintained for up to 16 years without reexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Ndungu
- Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Centres for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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25
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Ayieko C, Maue AC, Jura WGZO, Noland GS, Ayodo G, Rochford R, John CC. Changes in B Cell Populations and Merozoite Surface Protein-1-Specific Memory B Cell Responses after Prolonged Absence of Detectable P. falciparum Infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67230. [PMID: 23826242 PMCID: PMC3695086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical immunity to malaria declines in the absence of repeated parasite exposure. However, little is known about how B cell populations and antigen-specific memory B cells change in the absence of P. falciparum infection. A successful indoor residual insecticide spraying campaign in a highland area of western Kenya, led to an absence of blood-stage P. falciparum infection between March 2007 and April 2008. We assessed memory B cell responses in 45 adults at the beginning (April 2008) and end (April 2009) of a subsequent 12-month period during which none of the adults had evidence of asymptomatic parasitemia or clinical disease. Antibodies and memory B cells to the 42-kDa portion of the merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-142) were measured using ELISA and ELISPOT assays, respectively. B cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry. From 2008 to 2009, the prevalence of MSP-142-specific memory B cells (45% vs. 55%, respectively, P = 0.32) or antibodies (91% vs. 82%, respectively, P = 0.32) did not differ significantly, although specific individuals did change from positive to negative and vice versa, particularly for memory B cells, suggesting possible low-level undetected parasitemia may have occurred in some individuals. The magnitude of MSP-142-specific memory B cells and levels of antibodies to MSP-142 also did not differ from 2008 to 2009 (P>0.10 for both). However, from 2008 to 2009 the proportions of both class-switched atypical (CD19+IgD-CD27-CD21-IgM-) and class-switched activated (CD19+IgD-CD27+CD21-IgM-) memory B cells decreased (both P<0.001). In contrast, class-switched resting classical memory B cells (CD19+IgD-CD27+CD21+IgM-) increased (P<0.001). In this area of seasonal malaria transmission, a one- year absence of detectable P. falciparum infection was not associated with changes in the prevalence or level of MSP-142 specific memory B cells, but was associated with major changes in overall memory B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander C. Maue
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Gregory S. Noland
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Rosemary Rochford
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Chandy C. John
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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26
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Scholzen A, Sauerwein RW. How malaria modulates memory: activation and dysregulation of B cells in Plasmodium infection. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:252-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Jahnmatz M, Kesa G, Netterlid E, Buisman AM, Thorstensson R, Ahlborg N. Optimization of a human IgG B-cell ELISpot assay for the analysis of vaccine-induced B-cell responses. J Immunol Methods 2013; 391:50-9. [PMID: 23454005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B-cell responses after infection or vaccination are often measured as serum titers of antigen-specific antibodies. Since this does not address the aspect of memory B-cell activity, it may not give a complete picture of the B-cell response. Analysis of memory B cells by ELISpot is therefore an important complement to conventional serology. B-cell ELISpot was developed more than 25 years ago and many assay protocols/reagents would benefit from optimization. We therefore aimed at developing an optimized B-cell ELISpot for the analysis of vaccine-induced human IgG-secreting memory B cells. A protocol was developed based on new monoclonal antibodies to human IgG and biotin-avidin amplification to increase the sensitivity. After comparison of various compounds commonly used to in vitro-activate memory B cells for ELISpot analysis, the TLR agonist R848 plus interleukin (IL)-2 was selected as the most efficient activator combination. The new protocol was subsequently compared to an established protocol, previously used in vaccine studies, based on polyclonal antibodies without biotin avidin amplification and activation of memory B-cells using a mix of antigen, CpG, IL-2 and IL-10. The new protocol displayed significantly better detection sensitivity, shortened the incubation time needed for the activation of memory B cells and reduced the amount of antigen required for the assay. The functionality of the new protocol was confirmed by analyzing specific memory B cells to five different antigens, induced in a limited number of subjects vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. The limited number of subjects did not allow for a direct comparison with other vaccine studies. Optimization of the B-cell ELISpot will facilitate an improved analysis of IgG-secreting B cells in vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jahnmatz
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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28
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Sebina I, Cliff JM, Smith SG, Nogaro S, Webb EL, Riley EM, Dockrell HM, Elliott AM, Hafalla JCR, Cose S. Long-lived memory B-cell responses following BCG vaccination. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51381. [PMID: 23240017 PMCID: PMC3519837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of T-cells in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection has been extensively studied, however, that of B-cells still remains comparatively unexplored. In this study, we determined the presence and frequencies of mycobacteria-specific memory B-cells (MBCs) in peripheral blood from clinically healthy, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccinated (n = 79) and unvaccinated (n = 14) donors. Purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific MBCs were present in most donors (both vaccinated and unvaccinated) but their frequencies were significantly higher in vaccinated than in unvaccinated donors. MBCs specific for other mycobacterial antigens [antigen-85A (Ag85A), antigen-85B (Ag85B), 6 kDalton early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) and the 10 kDalton-culture filtrate protein (CFP-10)] were less prevalent than those recognising PPD. Furthermore, PPD-specific MBCs were detected in BCG vaccinated donors without ESAT-6 and CFP-10 specific responses. Together, these results indicate that BCG vaccination induces long-lived MBC responses. Similar patterns of response were seen when we examined mycobacteria-specific antibody and T-cell responses in these donors. Our data show for the first time that BCG vaccination elicits long-lived mycobacteria-specific MBC responses in healthy individuals, suggesting a more substantial role of B-cells in the response to BCG and other mycobacterial infections than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Co-infections Studies Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail: (IS); (SC)
| | - Jacqueline M. Cliff
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Nogaro
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Webb
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Co-infections Studies Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius C. R. Hafalla
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Cose
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Co-infections Studies Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail: (IS); (SC)
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29
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Memory B cells are a more reliable archive for historical antimalarial responses than plasma antibodies in no-longer exposed children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8247-52. [PMID: 22566630 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200472109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans respond to foreign antigen by generating plasma Abs and memory B cells (MBCs). The Ab response then declines, sometimes to below the limit of detection. In contrast, MBCs are generally thought to be long-lived. We tested and compared Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)-specific Ab and MBC responses in two populations of children: (i) previously exposed children who had documented Pf infections several years ago, but minimal exposure since then; and (ii) persistently exposed children living in a separate but nearby endemic area. We found that although Pf-specific plasma Abs were lower in previously exposed children compared with persistently exposed children, their cognate MBCs were maintained at similar frequencies. We conclude that serological analysis by itself would greatly underestimate the true memory of Pf-specific Ab responses in previously exposed children living in areas where Pf transmission has been reduced or eliminated.
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