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Saha D, Pramanik A, Freville A, Siddiqui AA, Pal U, Banerjee C, Nag S, Debsharma S, Pramanik S, Mazumder S, Maiti NC, Datta S, van Ooij C, Bandyopadhyay U. Structure-function analysis of nucleotide housekeeping protein HAM1 from human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. FEBS J 2024; 291:4349-4371. [PMID: 39003571 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Non-canonical nucleotides, generated as oxidative metabolic by-products, significantly threaten the genome integrity of Plasmodium falciparum and thereby, their survival, owing to their mutagenic effects. PfHAM1, an evolutionarily conserved inosine/xanthosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, maintains nucleotide homeostasis in the malaria parasite by removing non-canonical nucleotides, although structure-function intricacies are hitherto poorly reported. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of PfHAM1, which revealed a homodimeric structure, additionally validated by size-exclusion chromatography-multi-angle light scattering analysis. The two monomeric units in the dimer were aligned in a parallel fashion, and critical residues associated with substrate and metal binding were identified, wherein a notable structural difference was observed in the β-sheet main frame compared to human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase. PfHAM1 exhibited Mg++-dependent pyrophosphohydrolase activity and the highest binding affinity to dITP compared to other non-canonical nucleotides as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Modifying the pfham1 genomic locus followed by live-cell imaging of expressed mNeonGreen-tagged PfHAM1 demonstrated its ubiquitous presence in the cytoplasm across erythrocytic stages with greater expression in trophozoites and schizonts. Interestingly, CRISPR-Cas9/DiCre recombinase-guided pfham1-null P. falciparum survived in culture under standard growth conditions, indicating its assistive role in non-canonical nucleotide clearance during intra-erythrocytic stages. This is the first comprehensive structural and functional report of PfHAM1, an atypical nucleotide-cleansing enzyme in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Atanu Pramanik
- Division of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Aline Freville
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttam Pal
- Division of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Pramanik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Department of Zoology, Raja Peary Mohan College, Uttarpara, India
| | - Nakul C Maiti
- Division of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saumen Datta
- Division of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Irfan I, Uddin A, Jain R, Gupta A, Gupta S, Napoleon JV, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Joshi MC, Hasan P, Kumar P, Abid M, Singh S. Biological evaluation of novel side chain containing CQTrICh-analogs as antimalarials and their development as PfCDPK1 kinase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25077. [PMID: 38327451 PMCID: PMC10847618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance to existing frontline antimalarial drugs emphasizes a need for the development of target-oriented molecules with novel modes of action. Given the importance of a plant-like Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) as a stand-alone multistage signalling regulator of P. falciparum, we designed and synthesized 7-chloroquinoline-indole-chalcones tethered with a triazole (CQTrICh-analogs 7 (a-s) and 9) directed towards PfCDPK1. This was accomplished by reacting substituted 1-phenyl-3-(1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline, respectively via a 'click' reaction. The selected CQTrICh-analogs: 7l and 7r inhibited the growth of chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and -resistant RKL-9 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 2.4 μM & 1.8 μM (7l), and 3.5 μM & 2.7 μM (7r), respectively, and showed no apparent hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Intra-erythrocytic progression studies revealed that the active hybrids: 7l and 7r are effective against the mature stages of the parasite. 7l and 7r were found to stably interact with the catalytically active ATP-binding pocket of PfCDPK1 via energetically favourable H-bonds. The interaction was confirmed in vitro by microscale thermophoresis and kinase assays, which demonstrated that the active hybrids interact with PfCDPK1 and inhibit its kinase activity which is presumably responsible for the parasite growth inhibition. Interestingly, 7l and 7r showed no inhibitory effect on the human kinases, indicating their selectivity for the parasite kinase. We report the antiplasmodial potential of novel kinase-targeting bio-conjugates, a step towards developing pan-kinase inhibitors which is a prerequisite for multistage anti-malarial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Hasan MM, Polino AJ, Mukherjee S, Vaupel B, Goldberg DE. The mature N-termini of Plasmodium effector proteins confer specificity of export. mBio 2023; 14:e0121523. [PMID: 37646514 PMCID: PMC10653839 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Malaria parasites export hundreds of proteins to the cytoplasm of the host red blood cells for their survival. A five amino acid sequence, called the PEXEL motif, is conserved among many exported proteins and is thought to be a signal for export. However, the motif is cleaved inside the endoplasmic reticulum of the parasite, and mature proteins starting from the fourth PEXEL residue travel to the parasite periphery for export. We showed that the PEXEL motif is dispensable for export as long as identical mature proteins can be efficiently produced via alternative means in the ER. We also showed that the exported and non-exported proteins are differentiated at the parasite periphery based on their mature N-termini; however, any discernible export signal within that region remained cryptic. Our study resolves a longstanding paradox in PEXEL protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad M. Hasan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander J. Polino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Barbara Vaupel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Chen C, Hamza I. Notes from the Underground: Heme Homeostasis in C. elegans. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1149. [PMID: 37509184 PMCID: PMC10377359 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole that plays a critical role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport, electron transport, signal transduction, and catalysis. However, free heme is hydrophobic and potentially toxic to cells. Organisms have evolved specific pathways to safely transport this essential but toxic macrocycle within and between cells. The bacterivorous soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful animal model for studying heme-trafficking pathways, as it lacks the ability to synthesize heme but instead relies on specialized trafficking pathways to acquire, distribute, and utilize heme. Over the past 15 years, studies on this microscopic animal have led to the identification of a number of heme-trafficking proteins, with corresponding functional homologs in vertebrates. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the heme-trafficking proteins identified in C. elegans and their corresponding homologs in related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Jonsdottir TK, Elsworth B, Cobbold S, Gabriela M, Ploeger E, Parkyn Schneider M, Charnaud SC, Dans MG, McConville M, Bullen HE, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. PTEX helps efficiently traffic haemoglobinases to the food vacuole in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011006. [PMID: 37523385 PMCID: PMC10414648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A key element of Plasmodium biology and pathogenesis is the trafficking of ~10% of the parasite proteome into the host red blood cell (RBC) it infects. To cross the parasite-encasing parasitophorous vacuole membrane, exported proteins utilise a channel-forming protein complex termed the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX). PTEX is obligatory for parasite survival, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that at least some exported proteins have essential metabolic functions. However, to date only one essential PTEX-dependent process, the new permeability pathways, has been described. To identify other essential PTEX-dependant proteins/processes, we conditionally knocked down the expression of one of its core components, PTEX150, and examined which pathways were affected. Surprisingly, the food vacuole mediated process of haemoglobin (Hb) digestion was substantially perturbed by PTEX150 knockdown. Using a range of transgenic parasite lines and approaches, we show that two major Hb proteases; falcipain 2a and plasmepsin II, interact with PTEX core components, implicating the translocon in the trafficking of Hb proteases. We propose a model where these proteases are translocated into the PV via PTEX in order to reach the cytostome, located at the parasite periphery, prior to food vacuole entry. This work offers a second mechanistic explanation for why PTEX function is essential for growth of the parasite within its host RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorey K. Jonsdottir
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Cobbold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mikha Gabriela
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ellen Ploeger
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sarah C. Charnaud
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Madeline G. Dans
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hayley E. Bullen
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Malaria Virulence and Drug Discovery Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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DeMichele E, Sosnowski O, Buret AG, Allain T. Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host-Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37375100 PMCID: PMC10303274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily DeMichele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Reyes-López M, Aguirre-Armenta B, Piña-Vázquez C, de la Garza M, Serrano-Luna J. Hemoglobin uptake and utilization by human protozoan parasites: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1150054. [PMID: 37360530 PMCID: PMC10289869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1150054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan disease is a major global health concern. Amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African sleeping sickness affect several million people worldwide, leading to millions of deaths annually and immense social and economic problems. Iron is an essential nutrient for nearly all microbes, including invading pathogens. The majority of iron in mammalian hosts is stored intracellularly in proteins, such as ferritin and hemoglobin (Hb). Hb, present in blood erythrocytes, is a very important source of iron and amino acids for pathogenic microorganisms ranging from bacteria to eukaryotic pathogens, such as worms, protozoa, yeast, and fungi. These organisms have developed adequate mechanisms to obtain Hb or its byproducts (heme and globin) from the host. One of the major virulence factors identified in parasites is parasite-derived proteases, essential for host tissue degradation, immune evasion, and nutrient acquisition. The production of Hb-degrading proteases is a Hb uptake mechanism that degrades globin in amino acids and facilitates heme release. This review aims to provide an overview of the Hb and heme-uptake mechanisms utilized by human pathogenic protozoa to survive inside the host.
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Veverka M, Menozzi L, Yao J. The sound of blood: photoacoustic imaging in blood analysis. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2023; 18:100219. [PMID: 37538444 PMCID: PMC10399298 DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2023.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analysis is a ubiquitous and critical aspect of modern medicine. Analyzing blood samples requires invasive techniques, various testing systems, and samples are limited to relatively small volumes. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a novel imaging modality that utilizes non-ionizing energy that shows promise as an alternative to current methods. This paper seeks to review current applications of PAI in blood analysis for clinical use. Furthermore, we discuss obstacles to implementation and future directions to overcome these challenges. Firstly, we discuss three applications to cellular analysis of blood: sickle cell, bacteria, and circulating tumor cell detection. We then discuss applications to the analysis of blood plasma, including glucose detection and anticoagulation quantification. As such, we hope this article will serve as inspiration for PAI's potential application in blood analysis and prompt further studies to ultimately implement PAI into clinical practice.
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Duay SS, Yap RCY, Gaitano AL, Santos JAA, Macalino SJY. Roles of Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Discovering and Understanding Antimalarial Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119289. [PMID: 37298256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a global health threat, with approximately 247 million cases worldwide. Despite therapeutic interventions being available, patient compliance is a problem due to the length of treatment. Moreover, drug-resistant strains have emerged over the years, necessitating urgent identification of novel and more potent treatments. Given that traditional drug discovery often requires a great deal of time and resources, most drug discovery efforts now use computational methods. In silico techniques such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) can be used to study protein-ligand interactions and determine the potency and safety profile of a set of candidate compounds to help prioritize those tested using assays and animal models. This paper provides an overview of antimalarial drug discovery and the application of computational methods in identifying candidate inhibitors and elucidating their potential mechanisms of action. We conclude with the continued challenges and future perspectives in the field of antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Searle S Duay
- Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Rianne Casey Y Yap
- Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Arturo L Gaitano
- Chemistry Department, Adamson University, Manila 1000, Philippines
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Domes R, Frosch T. Investigations on the Novel Antimalarial Ferroquine in Biomimetic Solutions Using Deep UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7630-7639. [PMID: 37141178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep ultraviolet (DUV) resonance Raman experiments are performed, investigating the novel, promising antimalarial ferroquine (FQ). Two buffered aqueous solutions with pH values of 5.13 and 7.00 are used, simulating the acidic and neutral conditions inside a parasite's digestive vacuole and cytosol, respectively. To imitate the different polarities of the membranes and interior, the buffer's 1,4-dioxane content was increased. These experimental conditions should mimic the transport of the drug inside malaria-infected erythrocytes through parasitophorous membranes. Supporting density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the drug's micro-speciation were performed, which could be nicely assigned to shifts in the peak positions of resonantly enhanced high-wavenumber Raman signals at λexc = 257 nm. FQ is fully protonated in polar mixtures like the host interior and the parasite's cytoplasm or digestive vacuole (DV) and is only present as a free base in nonpolar ones, such as the host's and parasitophorous membranes. Additionally, the limit of detection (LoD) of FQ at vacuolic pH values was determined using DUV excitation wavelengths at 244 and 257 nm. By applying the resonant laser line at λexc = 257 nm, a minimal FQ concentration of 3.1 μM was detected, whereas the pre-resonant excitation wavelength 244 nm provides an LoD of 6.9 μM. These values were all up to one order of magnitude lower than the concentration found for the food vacuole of a parasitized erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, 07751 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, 07751 Jena, Germany
- Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstrasse 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Vásquez-Ocmín PG, Gallard JF, Van Baelen AC, Leblanc K, Cojean S, Mouray E, Grellier P, Guerra CAA, Beniddir MA, Evanno L, Figadère B, Maciuk A. Biodereplication of Antiplasmodial Extracts: Application of the Amazonian Medicinal Plant Piper coruscans Kunth. Molecules 2022; 27:7638. [PMID: 36364460 PMCID: PMC9656727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved methodological tools to hasten antimalarial drug discovery remain of interest, especially when considering natural products as a source of drug candidates. We propose a biodereplication method combining the classical dereplication approach with the early detection of potential antiplasmodial compounds in crude extracts. Heme binding is used as a surrogate of the antiplasmodial activity and is monitored by mass spectrometry in a biomimetic assay. Molecular networking and automated annotation of targeted mass through data mining were followed by mass-guided compound isolation by taking advantage of the versatility and finely tunable selectivity offered by centrifugal partition chromatography. This biodereplication workflow was applied to an ethanolic extract of the Amazonian medicinal plant Piper coruscans Kunth (Piperaceae) showing an IC50 of 1.36 µg/mL on the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. It resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds designated as potential antiplasmodial compounds by the biodereplication workflow. Two chalcones, aurentiacin (1) and cardamonin (3), with IC50 values of 2.25 and 5.5 µM, respectively, can be considered to bear the antiplasmodial activity of the extract, with the latter not relying on a heme-binding mechanism. This biodereplication method constitutes a rapid, efficient, and robust technique to identify potential antimalarial compounds in complex extracts such as plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Van Baelen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Leblanc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Mouray
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlos A. Amasifuén Guerra
- Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología (DRGB), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Avenida La Molina N° 1981, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
| | | | - Laurent Evanno
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
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13
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Chowdhary S, Shalini, Mosnier J, Fonta I, Pradines B, Cele N, Seboletswe P, Singh P, Kumar V. Synthesis, Anti-Plasmodial Activities, and Mechanistic Insights of 4-Aminoquinoline-Triazolopyrimidine Hybrids. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1068-1076. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Chowdhary
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherché Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13262, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13262, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13262, France
- Centre National de Reference du Paludisme, Marseille 13262, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Pule Seboletswe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban South Africa
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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14
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Acosta M, Gotopo L, Gamboa N, Rodrigues JR, Henriques GC, Cabrera G, Romero AH. Antimalarial Activity of Highly Coordinative Fused Heterocycles Targeting β -Hematin Crystallization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7499-7514. [PMID: 35284702 PMCID: PMC8908514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The β-hematin formation is a unique process adopted by Plasmodium sp. to detoxify free heme and represents a validated target to design new effective antimalarials. Most of the β-hematin inhibitors are mainly based on 4-aminoquinolines, but the parasite has developed diverse defense mechanisms against this type of chemical system. Thus, the identification of other molecular chemical entities targeting the β-hematin formation pathway is highly needed to evade resistance mechanisms associated with 4-aminoquinolines. Herein, we showed that the highly coordinative character can be a useful tool for the rational design of antimalarial agents targeting β-hematin crystallization. From a small library consisting of five compound families with recognized antitrypanosomatid activity and coordinative abilities, a group of tetradentate 1,4-disubstituted phthalazin-aryl/heteroarylhydrazinyl derivatives were identified as potential antimalarials. They showed a remarkable curative response against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with a significant reduction of the parasitemia, which was well correlated with their good inhibitory activities on β-hematin crystallization (IC50 = 5-7 μM). Their in vitro inhibitory and in vivo responses were comparable to those found for a chloroquine reference. The active compounds showed moderate in vitro toxicity against peritoneal macrophages, a low hemolysis response, and a good in silico ADME profile, identifying compound 2f as a promising antimalarial agent for further experiments. Other less coordinative fused heterocycles exhibited moderate inhibitory responses toward β-hematin crystallization and modest efficacy against the in vivo model. The complexation ability of the ligands with iron(III) was experimentally and theoretically determined, finding, in general, a good correlation between the complexation ability of the ligand and the inhibitory activity toward β-hematin crystallization. These findings open new perspectives toward the rational design of antimalarial β-hematin inhibitors based on the coordinative character as an alternative to the conventional β-hematin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
E. Acosta
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Lourdes Gotopo
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Neira Gamboa
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan R. Rodrigues
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Genesis C. Henriques
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Gustavo Cabrera
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Angel H. Romero
- Caítedra
de Química General, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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15
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Van de Walle T, Cools L, Mangelinckx S, D'hooghe M. Recent contributions of quinolines to antimalarial and anticancer drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113865. [PMID: 34655985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline, a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, has always been associated with a multitude of biological activities. Especially in antimalarial and anticancer research, quinoline played (and still plays) a central role, giving rise to the development of an array of quinoline-containing pharmaceuticals in these therapeutic areas. However, both diseases still affect millions of people every year, pointing to the necessity of new therapies. Quinolines have a long-standing history as antimalarial agents, but established quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs are now facing widespread resistance of the Plasmodium parasite. Nevertheless, as evidenced by a massive number of recent literature contributions, they are still of great value for future developments in this field. On the other hand, the number of currently approved anticancer drugs containing a quinoline scaffold are limited, but a strong increase and interest in quinoline compounds as potential anticancer agents can be seen in the last few years. In this review, a literature overview of recent contributions made by quinoline-containing compounds as potent antimalarial or anticancer agents is provided, covering publications between 2018 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Cools
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Verma L, Vekilov PG, Palmer JC. Solvent Structure and Dynamics near the Surfaces of β-Hematin Crystals. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11264-11274. [PMID: 34609878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematin crystallization, which is an essential component of the physiology of malaria parasites and the most successful target for antimalarial drugs, proceeds in mixed organic-aqueous solvents both in vivo and in vitro. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations to examine the structuring and dynamics of a water-normal octanol mixture (a solvent that mimics the environment hosting hematin crystallization in vivo) in the vicinity of the typical faces in the habit of a hematin crystal. The simulations reveal that the properties of the solvent in the layer adjacent to the crystal are strongly impacted by the distinct chemical and topological features presented by each crystal face. The solvent organizes into at least three distinct layers. We also show that structuring of the solvent near the different faces of β-hematin strongly impacts the interfacial dynamics. The relaxation time of n-octanol molecules is longest in the contact layers and correlates with the degree of structural ordering at the respective face. We show that the macroscopically homogeneous water-octanol solution holds clusters of water and n-octanol connected by hydrogen bonds that entrap the majority of the water but are mostly smaller than 30 water molecules. Near the crystal surface the clusters anchor on hematin carboxyl groups. These results provide a direct example that solvent structuring is not restricted to aqueous and other hydrogen-bonded solutions. Our findings illuminate two fundamental features of the mechanisms of hematin crystallization: the elongated shapes of natural and synthetic hematin crystals and the stabilization of charged groups of hematin and antimalarials by encasing in water clusters. In addition, these findings suggest that hematin crystallization may be controlled by additives that disrupt or reinforce solvent structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laksmanji Verma
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Peter G Vekilov
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeremy C Palmer
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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17
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Kapishnikov S, Hempelmann E, Elbaum M, Als‐Nielsen J, Leiserowitz L. Malaria Pigment Crystals: The Achilles' Heel of the Malaria Parasite. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1515-1532. [PMID: 33523575 PMCID: PMC8252759 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic formation of hemozoin crystals, a crucial process in heme detoxification by the malaria parasite, is reviewed as an antimalarial drug target. We first focus on the in-vivo formation of hemozoin. A model is presented, based on native-contrast 3D imaging obtained by X-ray and electron microscopy, that hemozoin nucleates at the inner membrane leaflet of the parasitic digestive vacuole, and grows in the adjacent aqueous medium. Having observed quantities of hemoglobin and hemozoin in the digestive vacuole, we present a model that heme liberation from hemoglobin and hemozoin formation is an assembly-line process. The crystallization is preceded by reaction between heme monomers yielding hematin dimers involving fewer types of isomers than in synthetic hemozoin; this is indicative of protein-induced dimerization. Models of antimalarial drugs binding onto hemozoin surfaces are reviewed. This is followed by a description of bromoquine, a chloroquine drug analogue, capping a significant fraction of hemozoin surfaces within the digestive vacuole and accumulation of the drug, presumably a bromoquine-hematin complex, at the vacuole's membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kapishnikov
- Dept. of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Ernst Hempelmann
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of DiseasesInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP)City of Knowledge0843 (Republic ofPanama
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Jens Als‐Nielsen
- Niels Bohr InstituteUniversity of Copenhagen2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Dept. of Molecular Chemistry and Materials ScienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
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18
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Mali SN, Pandey A. Molecular Modeling Studies on 2,4-Disubstituted Imidazopyridines as Anti-Malarials: Atom-Based 3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking, Virtual Screening, In-Silico ADMET and Theoretical Analysis. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416521500125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malarial parasites have been reported for moderate-high resistance towards classical antimalarial agents and henceforth development of newer novel chemical entities targeting multiple targets rather than targeting single target will be a highly promising strategy in antimalarial drug discovery. Herein, we carried out molecular modeling studies on 2,4-disubstituted imidazopyridines as anti-hemozoin formation inhibitors by using Schrödinger’s molecular modeling package (2020_4). We have developed statistically robust atom-based 3D-QSAR model (training set, [Formula: see text]; test set, [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]; root-mean-square error, [Formula: see text]; standard deviation, [Formula: see text]). Our molecular docking, in-silico ADMET analysis showed that dataset molecule 37, has highly promising results. Our ligand-based virtual screening resulted in top five ZINC hits, among them ZINC73737443 hit was observed with lesser energy gap, i.e. 7.85[Formula: see text]eV, higher softness value (0.127[Formula: see text]eV), and comparatively good docking score of [Formula: see text]10.2[Formula: see text]kcal/mol. Our in-silico analysis for a proposed hit, ZINC73737443 showed that this molecule has good ADMET, in-silico nonames toxic as well as noncarcinogenic profile. We believe that further experimental as well as the in-vitro investigation will throw more lights on the identification of ZINC73737443 as a potential antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj N. Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
| | - Anima Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
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19
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Jaromin A, Parapini S, Basilico N, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Lewińska A, Zagórska A, Walczak M, Tyliszczak B, Grzeszczak A, Łukaszewicz M, Kaczmarek Ł, Gubernator J. Azacarbazole n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ethyl esters nanoemulsion with enhanced efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1163-1174. [PMID: 33134609 PMCID: PMC7588843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative therapies are necessary for the treatment of malaria due to emerging drug resistance. However, many promising antimalarial compounds have poor water solubility and suffer from the lack of suitable delivery systems, which seriously limits their activity. To address this problem, we synthesized a series of azacarbazoles that were evaluated for antimalarial activity against D10 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of P. falciparum. The most active compound, 9H-3-azacarbazole (3), was encapsulated in a novel o/w nanoemulsion consisting of ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and n-6 obtained from flax oil as the oil phase, Smix (Tween 80 and Transcutol HP) and water. This formulation was further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and in vitro and in vivo studies. It was shown that droplets of the 3-loaded nanosystem were spherical, with satisfactory stability, without cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts and intestinal cell lines at concentrations corresponding to twice the IC50 for P. falciparum. Moreover, the nanoemulsion with this type of oil phase was internalized by Caco-2 cells. Additionally, pharmacokinetics demonstrated rapid absorption of compound 3 (tmax = 5.0 min) after intragastric administration of 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg in mice, with penetration of compound 3 to deep compartments. The 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion was found to be 2.8 and 4.2 times more effective in inhibiting the D10 and W2 strains of the parasite, respectively, compared to non-encapsulated 3. Our findings support a role for novel o/w nanoemulsions as delivery vehicles for antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cracow, Poland
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Instytute of Materials Science, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grzeszczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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20
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Abdulkareem AO, Babamale OA, Aishat LA, Ajayi OC, Gloria SK, Olatunji LA, Ugbomoiko US. Effect of sodium acetate on serum activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:121-127. [PMID: 33746396 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global health problem with severe morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance of Plasmodium spp to the current anti-malaria drugs necessitates further search for novel effective drugs. This study, therefore, investigated the effect of sodium acetate on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Thirty male Albino mice were randomly distributed into 6 groups, A-F. Animals in Groups B-F were inoculated with P. berghei, intraperitoneally. Subsequently, Group C mice were treated with 20 mg/kg chloroquine, while groups D, E and F received 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg sodium acetate, respectively. All treatments were administered orally for 4 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for the analyses of serum glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), uric acid and lipid profile. Our results showed that Sodium acetate (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) parasitaemia (67.11% and 77.62%, respectively) than chloroquine (61.73%). Besides, body weight and serum G6PD activity in P. berghei infection were improved. Similarly, sodium acetate reduced elevated serum uric acid. Effects of sodium acetate and chloroquine on biochemical parameters were comparable (p > 0.05) but atherogenic lipid ratios were not affected by sodium acetate. These data put together suggested that activity of sodium acetate may be harnessed for development of novel anti-malaria drugs. However, more studies are required to delineate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Abdulkareem
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Research Team, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - O A Babamale
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - L A Aishat
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - O C Ajayi
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - S K Gloria
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - L A Olatunji
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Research Team, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - U S Ugbomoiko
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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21
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Saini A, Kumar S, Raj R, Chowdhary S, Gendrot M, Mosnier J, Fonta I, Pradines B, Kumar V. Synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of 1H-1,2,3-triazole grafted 4-aminoquinoline-benzoxaborole hybrids and benzoxaborole analogues. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104733. [PMID: 33618251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A library of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered 4-aminoquinoline-benzoxaborole hybrids as well as aryl substituted benzoxaborole analogues was synthesized and screened for their anti-plasmodial efficacy against both chloroquine-susceptibility 3D7 and chloroquine-resistant W2 strains of P. falciparum. The inclusion of quinoline core among the synthesized analogues resulted in substantial enhancement of anti-plasmodial activities. Further, the spacer of a flexible alkyl chain is marginally preferred over piperazyl-ethyl in inhibiting growth of P. falciparum. The most potent 4-aminoquinoline-benzoxaborole conjugate with ethyl as spacer exhibited IC50 values of 4.15 and 3.78 μM against 3D7 CQ-susceptible and W2 CQ-resistant strains of P. falciparum with lower cross resistance with Chloroquine. There was no difference in anti-plasmodial activities between the CQ-susceptible 3D7 and CQ-resistant W2 strains of P. falciparum for the benzoxaborole derivatives lacking a quinoline core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Saini
- Department of Chemistry, DAV College, Amritsar, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Raghu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, DAV College, Amritsar, India.
| | | | - Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille, France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Marinho JA, Martins Guimarães DS, Glanzmann N, de Almeida Pimentel G, Karine da Costa Nunes I, Gualberto Pereira HM, Navarro M, de Pilla Varotti F, David da Silva A, Abramo C. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of novel quinoline derivative compounds by molecular hybridization. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113271. [PMID: 33596489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been the main treatment for malaria in regions where there are no resistant strains. Molecular hybridization techniques have been used as a tool in the search for new drugs and was implemented in the present study in an attempt to produce compound candidates to treat malarial infections by CQ-resistant strains. Two groups of molecules were produced from the 4-aminoquinoline ring in conjugation to hydrazones (HQ) and imines (IQ). Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were found to be favorable when analyzed in silico and cytotoxicity and antiplasmodial activity were assayed in vitro and in vivo showing low cytotoxicity and selectiveness to the parasites. Candidates IQ5 and IQ6 showed important values of parasite growth inhibition in vivo on the 5th day after infection (IQ5 15 mg/kg = 72.64% and IQ6 15 mg/kg = 71.15% and 25 mg/kg = 93.7%). IQ6 also showed interaction with ferriprotoporphyrin IX similarly to CQ. The process of applying condensation reactions to yield imines is promising and capable of producing molecules with antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Aparecida Marinho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Silqueira Martins Guimarães
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Nícolas Glanzmann
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Giovana de Almeida Pimentel
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Izabelle Karine da Costa Nunes
- Laboratório de Apoio Ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, LADETEC/IQ, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química, Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Laboratório de Apoio Ao Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, LADETEC/IQ, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química, Cidade Universitária, Ilha Do Fundão, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil.
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei - Campus Centro Oeste, 400 Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho Street, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Adilson David da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Clarice Abramo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36036-900, Brazil.
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23
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Shalini, Kumar S, Gendrot M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Cele N, Awolade P, Singh P, Pradines B, Kumar V. Amide Tethered 4-Aminoquinoline-naphthalimide Hybrids: A New Class of Possible Dual Function Antiplasmodials. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2544-2552. [PMID: 33335678 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of amide tethered 4-aminoquinoline-naphthalimide hybrids has been synthesized to assess their in vitro antiplasmodial potential against chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active and noncytotoxic compound had an IC50 value of 0.07 μM against W2 strain and was more active than standard antimalarial drugs, including chloroquine, desethylamodiaquine, and quinine, particularly for drug resistant malaria. The promising scaffold, when subjected to heme binding and molecular modeling studies, was identified as a possible potent inhibitor of hemozoin formation and P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), respectively, and, therefore, could act as a dual function antiplasmodial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
| | - Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Nosipho Cele
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille 13234, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille 13234, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille 13234, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Marseille 13234, France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Pin 143005, India
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24
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Raccio S, Pollard J, Djuhadi A, Balog S, Pellizzoni MM, Rodriguez KJ, Rifaie-Graham O, Bruns N. Rapid quantification of the malaria biomarker hemozoin by improved biocatalytically initiated precipitation atom transfer radical polymerizations. Analyst 2020; 145:7741-7751. [PMID: 33000767 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fight against tropical diseases such as malaria requires the development of innovative biosensing techniques. Diagnostics must be rapid and robust to ensure prompt case management and to avoid further transmission. The malaria biomarker hemozoin can catalyze atom transfer radical polymerizations (ATRP), which we exploit in a polymerization-amplified biosensing assay for hemozoin based on the precipitation polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAm). The reaction conditions are systematically investigated using synthetic hemozoin to gain fundamental understanding of the involved reactions and to greatly reduce the amplification time, while maintaining the sensitivity of the assay. The use of excess ascorbate allows oxygen to be consumed in situ but leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species and to the decomposition of the initiator 2-hydroxyethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (HEBIB). Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and pyruvate results in better differentiation between the blank and hemozoin-containing samples. Optimized reaction conditions (including reagents, pH, and temperature) reduce the amplification time from 37 ± 5 min to 3 ± 0.5 min while maintaining a low limit of detection of 1.06 ng mL-1. The short amplification time brings the precipitation polymerization assay a step closer to a point-of-care diagnostic device for malaria. Future efforts will be dedicated to the isolation of hemozoin from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Raccio
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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25
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Yang J, He Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Wong YK, Shen S, Zhong T, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang J. Advances in the research on the targets of anti-malaria actions of artemisinin. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107697. [PMID: 33035577 PMCID: PMC7537645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has been a global epidemic health threat since ancient times. It still claims roughly half a million lives every year in this century. Artemisinin and its derivatives, are frontline antimalarial drugs known for their efficacy and low toxicity. After decades of wide use, artemisinins remain our bulwark against malaria. Here, we review decades of efforts that aim to understand the mechanism of action (MOA) of artemisinins, which help explain the specificity and potency of this anti-malarial drug. We summarize the methods and approaches employed to unravel the MOA of artemisinin over the last three decades, showing how the development of advanced techniques can help provide mechanistic insights and resolve some long-standing questions in the field of artemisinin research. We also provide examples to illustrate how to better repurpose artemisinins for anti-cancer therapies by leveraging on MOA. These examples point out a practical direction to engineer artemisinin for broader applications beyond malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingke He
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yinbao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JiangXi 341000, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-Kwan Wong
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Van de Walle T, Boone M, Van Puyvelde J, Combrinck J, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Mangelinckx S, D'hooghe M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quinoline-piperidine scaffolds as antiplasmodium agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112330. [PMID: 32408064 PMCID: PMC7294232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic disease malaria places almost half of the world's population at risk of infection and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths each year. The first-line treatment, artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) regimen, is under threat due to emerging resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in e.g. the Mekong delta. Therefore, the development of new antimalarial agents is crucial in order to circumvent the growing resistance. Chloroquine, the long-established antimalarial drug, still serves as model compound for the design of new quinoline analogues, resulting in numerous new active derivatives against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strains over the past twenty years. In this work, a set of functionalized quinoline analogues, decorated with a modified piperidine-containing side chain, was synthesized. Both amino- and (aminomethyl)quinolines were prepared, resulting in a total of 18 novel quinoline-piperidine conjugates representing four different chemical series. Evaluation of their in vitro antiplasmodium activity against a CQ-sensitive (NF54) and a CQ-resistant (K1) strain of P. falciparum unveiled highly potent activities in the nanomolar range against both strains for five 4-aminoquinoline derivatives. Moreover, no cytotoxicity was observed for all active compounds at the maximum concentration tested. These five new aminoquinoline hit structures are therefore of considerable value for antimalarial research and have the potency to be transformed into novel antimalarial agents upon further hit-to-lead optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maya Boone
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Van Puyvelde
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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27
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Joshi MC, Egan TJ. Quinoline Containing Side-chain Antimalarial Analogs: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Application. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:617-697. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200127141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The side-chains of quinoline antimalarial agents are the major concern of focus to build
novel and efficaciaous bioactive and clinical antimalarials. Bioative antimalarial analogs may play a
critical role in pH trapping in the food vacuole of RBC’s with the help of fragmented amino acid, thus
lead to β-hematin inhibition. Here, the authors tried to summarize a useful, comprehensive compilation
of side-chain modified ACQs along with their synthesis, biophysical and therapeutic applications etc.
of potent antiplasmodial agents and therefore, opening the door towards the potential clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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28
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Investigating the Antiparasitic Potential of the Marine Sesquiterpene Avarone, Its Reduced form Avarol, and the Novel Semisynthetic Thiazinoquinone Analogue Thiazoavarone. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020112. [PMID: 32075136 PMCID: PMC7074381 DOI: 10.3390/md18020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical analysis of the sponge Dysidea avara afforded the known sesquiterpene quinone avarone, along with its reduced form avarol. To further explore the role of the thiazinoquinone scaffold as an antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antischistosomal agent, we converted the quinone avarone into the thiazinoquinone derivative thiazoavarone. The semisynthetic compound, as well as the natural metabolites avarone and avarol, were pharmacologically investigated in order to assess their antiparasitic properties against sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, larval and adult developmental stages of Schistosomamansoni (eggs included), and also against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica. Furthermore, in depth computational studies including density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. A toxic semiquinone radical species which can be produced starting both from quinone- and hydroquinone-based compounds could mediate the anti-parasitic effects of the tested compounds.
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29
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Shalini, Legac J, Adeniyi AA, Kisten P, Rosenthal PJ, Singh P, Kumar V. Functionalized Naphthalimide-4-aminoquinoline Conjugates as Promising Antiplasmodials, with Mechanistic Insights. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:154-161. [PMID: 32071682 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 25 conjugates has been synthesized to evaluate their antiplasmodial potency and cytotoxicity against the chloroquine resistant (CQR) W2 strain of P. falciparum and Vero kidney cell lines, respectively. Most of the compounds showed IC50 values in the lower nM range and proved to be many fold more active than chloroquine (CQ). The studies were extended to decipher modes of action using techniques including UV-vis absorption, NMR titrations, and mass spectrometry, and conclusions were strengthened by docking and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The most active compound, with IC50 15 nM and selectivity index >4000, proved to be an interesting template for antimalarial drug discovery. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a potent naphthalimide based antiplasmodial conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94115, United States
| | - Adebayo A. Adeniyi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University of Oye-Ekiti, Oye 371104, Nigeria
| | - Prishani Kisten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94115, United States
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
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30
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Agarwal D, Singh S, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. In vitro synergistic interaction of potent 4-aminoquinolines in combination with dihydroartemisinin against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105109. [PMID: 31351071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High-grade chloroquine (CQ) resistance has been reported in malaria endemic geographical regions such as Papua New Guinea, northern Papua, and eastern and western provinces of Indonesia, along with low-level resistance in Vietnam, South Korea, Turkey, Burma, South America, and Madagascar. Studies on CQ drug resistance have revealed the association of P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter protein. Thus, we are in dire need of alternate chemotherapeutic agents which in combination with artemisinin (or its analogues) are efficacious against chloroquine-resistant strains. Such combinations may thwart the emergence of drug resistant strains, along with reducing the malaria burden. Hypothesizing that newer 4-aminoquinolines, earlier reported by our group, could be part of a combination therapy to efficiently treat malaria, we sought to evaluate these compounds, viz. 1m, 1o, 2c, and 2j against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and strain Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant), in combination with dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Results revealed substantially synergistic interactions between the combination partners, which could be further established by their potential to inhibit hemozoin formation with increased efficiency when combined, as compared to the compounds assessed individually. Furthermore, aminoquinolines and DHA show distinct stage-specific profiles. Our results stand in strong support of the potential of these aminoquinoline derivatives to serve as partner drugs in antimalarial combinations to treat multiple-drug-resistant Plasmodium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Agarwal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rinkoo D Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish K Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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31
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, González-Peña D, Arán VJ. Antimalarial Quinoline Drugs Inhibit β-Hematin and Increase Free Hemin Catalyzing Peroxidative Reactions and Inhibition of Cysteine Proteases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15398. [PMID: 31659177 PMCID: PMC6817881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium affects millions people worldwide. Plasmodium consumes hemoglobin during its intraerythrocytic stage leaving toxic heme. Parasite detoxifies free heme through formation of hemozoin (β-hematin) pigment. Proteolysis of hemoglobin and formation of hemozoin are two main targets for antimalarial drugs. Quinoline antimarial drugs and analogs (β-carbolines or nitroindazoles) were studied as inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The most potent inhibitors were quinacrine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine followed by quinidine, mefloquine and quinine whereas 8-hydroxyquinoline and β-carbolines had no effect. Compounds that inhibited β-hematin increased free hemin that promoted peroxidative reactions as determined with TMB and ABTS substrates. Hemin-catalyzed peroxidative reactions were potentiated in presence of proteins (i.e. globin or BSA) while antioxidants and peroxidase inhibitors decreased peroxidation. Free hemin increased by chloroquine action promoted oxidative reactions resulting in inhibition of proteolysis by three cysteine proteases: papain, ficin and cathepsin B. Glutathione reversed inhibition of proteolysis. These results show that active quinolines inhibit hemozoin and increase free hemin which in presence of H2O2 that abounds in parasite digestive vacuole catalyzes peroxidative reactions and inhibition of cysteine proteases. This work suggests a link between the action of quinoline drugs with biochemical processes of peroxidation and inhibition of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hugo Guillén
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana González-Peña
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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What is pure hemozoin? A close look at the surface of the malaria pigment. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:214-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Roch A, Prodéo J, Pierart C, Muller RN, Duez P. The paramagnetic properties of malaria pigment, hemozoin, yield clues to a low-cost system for its trapping and determination. Talanta 2019; 197:553-557. [PMID: 30771975 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of malaria pigment, hemozoin, by a gradient magnetic field has been investigated in a manual trapping column system. Two types of magnetic filling have been tested to produce field gradients: nickel-plated steel wires, wrapped around a steel core, and superparamagnetic microbeads. The latter system allows an efficient trapping (> 80%) of β-hematin (a synthetic pigment with physical and paramagnetic properties analogous to those of hemozoin). Tests with a Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture indicate that hemozoin is similarly trapped. Off-line optical spectroscopy measurements present limited sensitivity as the hemozoin we detected from in vitro cultured parasites would correspond to only a theoretical 0.02% parasitemia (1000 parasites/µL). Further work needs to be undertaken to reduce this threshold to a practical detectability level. Based on these data, a magneto-chromatographic on-line system with reduced dead volumes is proposed as a possible low-cost instrument to be tested as a malaria diagnosis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roch
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - J Prodéo
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - C Pierart
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R N Muller
- Service de Chimie Générale, Organique et Biomédicale, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. Mendeleïev, Avenue Maistriau 19, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - P Duez
- Service de Chimie Thérapeutique et de Pharmacognosie, Université de Mons (UMONS), Bât. 6, Chemin du Champ de Mars 25, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Pasupureddy R, Atul, Seshadri S, Pande V, Dixit R, Pandey KC. Current scenario and future strategies to fight artemisinin resistance. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:29-42. [PMID: 30478733 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite several setbacks in the fight against malaria such as insecticide and drug resistance as well as low efficacy of available vaccines, considerable success in reducing malaria burden has been achieved in the past decade. Artemisinins (ARTs and their combination therapies, ACTs), the current frontline drugs against uncomplicated malaria, rapidly kill plasmodial parasites and are non-toxic at short exposures. Though the exact mode of action remains unclear, the endoperoxide bridge, indispensable for ART activity, is thought to react with heme released from hemoglobin hydrolysis and generate free radicals that alkylate multiple protein targets, thereby disrupting proteostasis pathways. However, rapid development of ART resistance in recent years with no potential alternatives on the horizon threaten the elimination efforts. The Greater Mekong Subregion in South-East Asia continues to churn out mutants resistant to multiple ACTs and detected in increasingly expanding geographies. Extensive research on ART-resistant strains have identified a potential candidate Kelch13, crucial for mediating ART resistance. Parasites with mutations in the propeller domains of Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 protein were shown to have enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase levels that were concomitant with delayed parasite clearance. Current research focused on understanding the mechanism of Kelch13-mediated ART resistance could provide better insights into Plasmodium resistome. This review covers the current proposed mechanisms of ART activity, resistance strategies adopted by the parasite in response to ACTs and possible future approaches to mitigate the spread of resistance from South-East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pasupureddy
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 110077, India.,Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Atul
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 110077, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Sriram Seshadri
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka Sector 8, New Delhi, 110077, India. .,Department of Biochemistry, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462001, India.
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Delpe Acharige AMDS, Brennan MPC, Lauder K, McMahon F, Odebunmi AO, Durrant MC. Computational insights into the inhibition of β-haematin crystallization by antimalarial drugs. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15364-15381. [PMID: 30298161 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03369b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the red blood cell phase of their life cycle, malaria parasites digest their host's haemoglobin, with concomitant release of potentially toxic iron(iii) protoporphyrin IX (FePPIX). The parasites' strategy for detoxification of FePPIX involves its crystallization to haemozoin, such that the build-up of free haem in solution is avoided. Antimalarial drugs of both historical importance and current clinical use are known to be capable of disrupting the growth of crystals of β-haematin, which is the synthetic equivalent of haemozoin. Hence, the disruption of haemozoin crystal growth is implicated as a possible mode of action of such drugs. However, the details of β-haematin crystal poisoning at the molecular level have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we have used a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular modelling to examine the possible modes of action of ten different antimalarial drugs, including quinine-type aliphatic alcohols, amodiaquine-type phenols, and chloroquine-type aliphatic diamines. The DFT calculations indicate that each of the drugs can form at least one molecular complex with FePPIX. These complexes have 1 : 1 or 2 : 1 FePPIX : drug stoichiometries and all of them incorporate Fe-O bonds, formed either by direct coordination of a zwitterionic form of the drug, or by deprotonation of water. Most of the drugs can form more than one such complex. We have used the DFT model structures to explore the possible formation of a monolayer of each drug-haem complex on four of the β-haematin crystal faces. In all cases, the drug complexes can form a monolayer on the fast-growing {001} and {011} faces, but not on the slower growing {010} and {100} faces. Additional modelling of the chloroquine and quinidine complexes shows that individual molecules of these species can also obstruct the growth of new layers on other crystal faces. The implications of these observations for antimalarial drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana M D S Delpe Acharige
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 8ST, UK.
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Sakata Y, Yabunaka K, Kobayashi Y, Omiya H, Umezawa N, Kim HS, Wataya Y, Tomita Y, Hisamatsu Y, Kato N, Yagi H, Satoh T, Kato K, Ishikawa H, Higuchi T. Potent Antimalarial Activity of Two Arenes Linked with Triamine Designed To Have Multiple Interactions with Heme. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:980-985. [PMID: 30344903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the idea that compounds designed to exhibit high affinity for heme would block hemozoin formation, a critical heme-detoxification process for malarial parasites, we synthesized a series of compounds with two π-conjugated moieties at terminal amino groups of triamine. These compounds exhibited moderate to high antimalarial activities in vitro toward both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In a P. berghei-infected mouse model, 3a and 12a showed potent antimalarial activities compared to artesunate, as well as a prolonged duration of antimalarial effect. We found a good correlation between protective activity against hemin degradation and antimalarial activity. Compounds 8b and 3a strongly inhibited hemozoin formation catalyzed by heme detoxification protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yabunaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Omiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wataya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tomita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Haruto Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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37
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Turning Plasmodium survival strategies against itself. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2245-2248. [PMID: 30215274 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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McBirney SE, Chen D, Scholtz A, Ameri H, Armani AM. Rapid Diagnostic for Point-of-Care Malaria Screening. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1264-1270. [PMID: 29781606 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant success in therapeutic development, malaria remains a widespread and deadly infectious disease in the developing world. Given the nearly 100% efficacy of current malaria therapeutics, the primary barrier to eradication is lack of early diagnosis of the infected population. However, there are multiple strains of malaria. Although significant efforts and resources have been invested in developing antibody-based diagnostic methods for Plasmodium falciparum, a rapid and easy to use screening method capable of detecting all malaria strains has not been realized. Yet, until the entire malaria-infected population receives treatment, the disease will continue to impact society. Here, we report the development of a portable, magneto-optic technology for early stage malaria diagnosis based on the detection of the malaria pigment, hemozoin. Using β-hematin, a hemozoin mimic, we demonstrate detection limits of <0.0081 μg/mL in 500 μL of whole rabbit blood with no additional reagents required. This level corresponds to <26 parasites/μL, a full order of magnitude below clinical relevance and comparable to or less than existing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexis Scholtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hossein Ameri
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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Reiling SJ, Krohne G, Friedrich O, Geary TG, Rohrbach P. Chloroquine exposure triggers distinct cellular responses in sensitive versus resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11137. [PMID: 30042399 PMCID: PMC6057915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has been documented for decades, but the pharmacological explanation of this phenotype is not fully understood. Current concepts attribute CQ resistance to reduced accumulation of the drug at a given external CQ concentration ([CQ]ex) in resistant compared to sensitive parasites. The implication of this explanation is that the mechanisms of CQ-induced toxicity in resistant and sensitive strains are similar once lethal internal concentrations have been reached. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mechanism of CQ-induced toxicity in CQ-sensitive (CQS) versus CQ-resistant (CQR) parasites by analyzing the time-course of cellular responses in these strains after exposure to varying [CQ]ex as determined in 72 h toxicity assays. Parasite killing was delayed in CQR parasites for up to 10 h compared to CQS parasites when exposed to equipotent [CQ]ex. In striking contrast, brief exposure (1 h) to lethal [CQ]ex in CQS but not CQR parasites caused the appearance of hitherto undescribed hemozoin (Hz)-containing compartments in the parasite cytosol. Hz-containing compartments were very rarely observed in CQR parasites even after CQ exposures sufficient to cause irreversible cell death. These findings challenge current concepts that CQ killing of malaria parasites is solely concentration-dependent, and instead suggest that CQS and CQR strains fundamentally differ in the consequences of CQ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Reiling
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue (Montréal), Québec, Canada
| | - Georg Krohne
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue (Montréal), Québec, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue (Montréal), Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
The field of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) represents a vast and largely untapped resource for modern medicine. Exemplified by the success of the antimalarial artemisinin, the recent years have seen a rapid increase in the understanding and application of TCM-derived herbs and formulations for evidence-based therapy. In this review, we summarise and discuss the developmental history, clinical background and molecular basis of an action for several representative TCM-derived medicines, including artemisinin, arsenic trioxide, berberine and Salvia miltiorrhiza or Danshen. Through this, we highlight important examples of how TCM-derived medicines have already contributed to modern medicine, and discuss potential avenues for further research.
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Perez-Guaita D, Marzec KM, Hudson A, Evans C, Chernenko T, Matthäus C, Miljkovic M, Diem M, Heraud P, Richards JS, Andrew D, Anderson DA, Doerig C, Garcia-Bustos J, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Parasites under the Spotlight: Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Malaria Research. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5330-5358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Katarzyna M. Marzec
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzyńskiego 14, Kraków 30-348, Poland
- Center for Medical Genomics (OMICRON), Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7C, Krakow 31-034, Poland
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Tatyana Chernenko
- Becton Dickinson and Company, 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe School of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtz Weg 4, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Milos Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Max Diem
- Laboratory for Spectral Diagnosis (LSpD), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 316 Hurtig Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Philip Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jack S. Richards
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Department of Microbiology and the Biomedical Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Inactivation of Plasmepsins 2 and 3 Sensitizes Plasmodium falciparum to the Antimalarial Drug Piperaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02309-17. [PMID: 29439977 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02309-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ), the current frontline artemisinin combination therapy used to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria in multiple Southeast Asian countries, is now increasingly failing in Cambodia, where artemisinin resistance is nearly fixed, which suggests that PPQ resistance has emerged and is spreading rapidly in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Recent reports have shown that amplification of the genes encoding plasmepsins 2 and 3 is a molecular marker of PPQ resistance; however, whether these enzymes play a role in the mechanism of resistance is currently unknown. We show here that inactivating the genes encoding plasmepsin 2 or 3 individually in P. falciparum reference strain 3D7 results in hypersusceptibility to PPQ. Interestingly, no significant differences in the susceptibility to other antimalarials were observed, which suggests specific roles of plasmepsins 2 and 3 in PPQ susceptibility. The piperaquine hyper-sensitivity of the plasmepsin-2-and-3-inactivated lines provides direct evidence that these enzymes modulate parasite susceptibility to PPQ in the context of a single copy of PfMDR1 and independent of Kelch13 mutations conferring artemisinin resistance.
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Dilanian RA, Streltsov V, Coughlan HD, Quiney HM, Martin AV, Klonis N, Dogovski C, Boutet S, Messerschmidt M, Williams GJ, Williams S, Phillips NW, Nugent KA, Tilley L, Abbey B. Nanocrystallography measurements of early stage synthetic malaria pigment. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:1533-1540. [PMID: 29021736 PMCID: PMC5627683 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of extremely intense, femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources has spurred the development of serial femtosecond nanocrystallography (SFX). Here, SFX is used to analyze nanoscale crystals of β-hematin, the synthetic form of hemozoin which is a waste by-product of the malaria parasite. This analysis reveals significant differences in β-hematin data collected during SFX and synchrotron crystallography experiments. To interpret these differences two possibilities are considered: structural differences between the nanocrystal and larger crystalline forms of β-hematin, and radiation damage. Simulation studies show that structural inhomogeneity appears at present to provide a better fit to the experimental data. If confirmed, these observations will have implications for designing compounds that inhibit hemozoin formation and suggest that, for some systems at least, additional information may be gained by comparing structures obtained from nanocrystals and macroscopic crystals of the same molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A. Dilanian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Hannah D. Coughlan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- LiNAC Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Garth J. Williams
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Sophie Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Keith A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Abbey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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44
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Khmelinskii I, Makarov V. Temperature dependence of the spin relaxation time of Fe 3 O 4 and hemozoin superparamagnetic nanocrystals. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Singh SV, Manhas A, Kumar Y, Mishra S, Shanker K, Khan F, Srivastava K, Pal A. Antimalarial activity and safety assessment of Flueggea virosa leaves and its major constituent with special emphasis on their mode of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:761-771. [PMID: 28273638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical emergency stands due to the appearance of drug resistant Plasmodium strains necessitate novel and effective antimalarial chemotypes, where plants seem as the prime option, especially after the discovery of quinine and artemisinin. The present study was aimed towards bioprospecting leaves of Flueggea virosa for its antimalarial efficacy and active principles. Crude hydro-ethanolic extract along with solvent derived fractions were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum CQ sensitive (3D7) and resistant (K1) strains, where all the fractions exhibited potential activity (IC50 values <10μg/mL) against both the strains. Interestingly, under in vivo conditions against P. berghei in Swiss mice, preferential chemo-suppression was recorded for crude hydro-ethanolic extract (77.38%) and ethyl acetate fraction (86.09%) at the dose of 500mg/kg body weight. Additionally, ethyl acetate fraction was found to be capable of normalizing the host altered pharmacological parameters and enhanced oxidative stress augmented during the infection. The bioactivity guided fractionation lead to the isolation of bergenin as a major and active constituent (IC50, 8.07±2.05μM) of ethyl acetate fraction with the inhibition of heme polymerization pathway of malaria parasite being one of the possible chemotherapeutic target. Furthermore, bergenin exhibited a moderate antimalarial activity against P. berghei and also ameliorated parasite induced systemic inflammation in host (mice). Safe toxicity profile elucidated through in vitro cytotoxicity and in silico ADME/T predications evidently suggest that bergenin possess drug like properties. Hence, the present study validates the traditional usage of F. indica as an antimalarial remedy and also insists for further chemical modifications of bergenin to obtain more effective antimalarial chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Vardan Singh
- In-vivo Testing Laboratory, Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ashan Manhas
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Sonali Mishra
- Anlaytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- Anlaytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Molecular and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Kumkum Srivastava
- Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- In-vivo Testing Laboratory, Molecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
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Kasetsirikul S, Buranapong J, Srituravanich W, Kaewthamasorn M, Pimpin A. The development of malaria diagnostic techniques: a review of the approaches with focus on dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic methods. Malar J 2016; 15:358. [PMID: 27405995 PMCID: PMC4942956 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of deaths caused by malaria each year has increased interest in the development of effective malaria diagnoses. At the early-stage of infection, patients show non-specific symptoms or are asymptomatic, which makes it difficult for clinical diagnosis, especially in non-endemic areas. Alternative diagnostic methods that are timely and effective are required to identify infections, particularly in field settings. This article reviews conventional malaria diagnostic methods together with recently developed techniques for both malaria detection and infected erythrocyte separation. Although many alternative techniques have recently been proposed and studied, dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic approaches are among the promising new techniques due to their high specificity for malaria parasite-infected red blood cells. The two approaches are discussed in detail, including their principles, types, applications and limitations. In addition, other recently developed techniques, such as cell deformability and morphology, are also overviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Kasetsirikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Buranapong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Werayut Srituravanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Animal Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Pimpin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Inyushin M, Kucheryavih Y, Kucheryavih L, Rojas L, Khmelinskii I, Makarov V. Superparamagnetic Properties of Hemozoin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26212. [PMID: 27188748 PMCID: PMC4870585 DOI: 10.1038/srep26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that hemozoin nanocrystals demonstrate superparamagnetic properties, with direct measurements of the synthetic hemozoin magnetization. The results show that the magnetic permeability constant varies from μ = 4585 (at -20 °C) to 3843 (+20 °C), with the values corresponding to a superparamagnetic system. Similar results were obtained from the analysis of the diffusion separation of natural hemozoin nanocrystals in the magnetic field gradient, with μ = 6783 exceeding the value obtained in direct measurements by the factor of 1.8. This difference is interpreted in terms of structural differences between the synthetic and natural hemozoin. The ab initio analysis of the hemozoin elementary cell showed that the Fe(3+) ion is in the high-spin state (S = 5/2), while the exchange interaction between Fe(3+) electron-spin states was much stronger than kBT at room temperature. Thus, the spin dynamics of the neighboring Fe(3+) ions are strongly correlated, lending support to the superparamagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Inyushin
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | | | - L. Kucheryavih
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | - L. Rojas
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
| | - I. Khmelinskii
- University of the Algarve, FCT, DQB and CIQA, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - V. Makarov
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23343, San Juan, PR 00931-3343, USA
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Guerra ED, Bohle DS, Cerruti M. Surface Characterization of Hematin Anhydride: A Comparison between Two Different Synthesis Methods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4479-4484. [PMID: 27089176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During the intraerythrocytic stage of malaria, the parasite digests hemoglobin and aggregates the released heme as an insoluble crystalline material called hemozoin. This detoxification step is an excellent drug target for developing new antimalarials, which can bind to hemozoin surface to inhibit further growth. Although the bulk crystalline properties of hemozoin are well-known, the surface properties remain poorly defined. Here, we use a combination of spectroscopic and adsorption techniques to study the surface of synthetic hemozoin, hematin anhydride, produced by two different methods. We show that the two synthetic methods produce crystals with major differences, such as the amount of water adsorbed on the surface and surface carboxylate groups. These results imply that the methodology to produce hematin anhydride affects its surface reactivity; this information needs to be considered whenever hematin anhydride is used as a model to study host immune response or to design new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Danae Guerra
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada
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Lee MSJ, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation. Vaccine 2016; 34:2055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Lukianova-Hleb E, Bezek S, Szigeti R, Khodarev A, Kelley T, Hurrell A, Berba M, Kumar N, D'Alessandro U, Lapotko D. Transdermal Diagnosis of Malaria Using Vapor Nanobubbles. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1122-7. [PMID: 26079141 PMCID: PMC4480396 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laser device rapidly and noninvasively detected malaria in a patient and identified parasite-positive mosquitoes. A fast, precise, noninvasive, high-throughput, and simple approach for detecting malaria in humans and mosquitoes is not possible with current techniques that depend on blood sampling, reagents, facilities, tedious procedures, and trained personnel. We designed a device for rapid (20-second) noninvasive diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infection in a malaria patient without drawing blood or using any reagent. This method uses transdermal optical excitation and acoustic detection of vapor nanobubbles around intraparasite hemozoin. The same device also identified individual malaria parasite–infected Anopheles mosquitoes in a few seconds and can be realized as a low-cost universal tool for clinical and field diagnoses.
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