1
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Cho DH, Kim S, Lee Y, Shin Y, Choi S, Oh J, Kim HT, Park SH, Park K, Bhatia SK, Yang YH. Enhanced theanine production with reduced ATP supply by alginate entrapped Escherichia coli co-expressing γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase and polyphosphate kinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 175:110394. [PMID: 38277867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
L-theanine is an amino acid with a unique flavor and many therapeutic effects. Its enzymatic synthesis has been actively studied and γ-Glutamylmethylamide synthetase (GMAS) is one of the promising enzymes in the biological synthesis of theanine. However, the theanine biosynthetic pathway with GMAS is highly ATP-dependent and the supply of external ATP was needed to achieve high concentration of theanine production. As a result, this study aimed to investigate polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) as ATP regeneration system with hexametaphosphate. Furthermore, the alginate entrapment method was employed to immobilize whole cells containing both gmas and ppk2 together resulting in enhanced reusability of the theanine production system with reduced supply of ATP. After immobilization, theanine production was increased to 239 mM (41.6 g/L) with a conversion rate of 79.7% using 15 mM ATP and the reusability was enhanced, maintaining a 100% conversion rate up to the fifth cycles and 60% of conversion up to eighth cycles. It could increase long-term storage property for future uses up to 35 days with 75% activity of initial activity. Overall, immobilization of both production and cofactor regeneration system could increase the stability and reusability of theanine production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeda Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuni Shin
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhye Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinok Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Taek Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmoon Park
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Tundo GR, Grasso G, Persico M, Tkachuk O, Bellia F, Bocedi A, Marini S, Parravano M, Graziani G, Fattorusso C, Sbardella D. The Insulin-Degrading Enzyme from Structure to Allosteric Modulation: New Perspectives for Drug Design. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1492. [PMID: 37892174 PMCID: PMC10604886 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a Zn2+ peptidase originally discovered as the main enzyme involved in the degradation of insulin and other amyloidogenic peptides, such as the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Therefore, a role for the IDE in the cure of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been long envisaged. Anyway, its role in degrading amyloidogenic proteins remains not clearly defined and, more recently, novel non-proteolytic functions of the IDE have been proposed. From a structural point of view, the IDE presents an atypical clamshell structure, underscoring unique enigmatic enzymological properties. A better understanding of the structure-function relationship may contribute to solving some existing paradoxes of IDE biology and, in light of its multifunctional activity, might lead to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Raffaella Tundo
- Department of Clinical Science and Traslational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.R.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
| | - Oleh Tkachuk
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Science and Traslational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.R.T.)
| | | | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (O.T.)
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Sun Z, Shao Y, Yan K, Yao T, Liu L, Sun F, Wu J, Huang Y. The Link between Trace Metal Elements and Glucose Metabolism: Evidence from Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese-Mediated Metabolic Regulation. Metabolites 2023; 13:1048. [PMID: 37887373 PMCID: PMC10608713 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace metal elements are of vital importance for fundamental biological processes. They function in various metabolic pathways after the long evolution of living organisms. Glucose is considered to be one of the main sources of biological energy that supports biological activities, and its metabolism is tightly regulated by trace metal elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the regulation of glucose metabolism by trace metal elements. In particular, the underlying mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current concepts and progress linking trace metal elements and glucose metabolism, particularly for the trace metal elements zinc, copper, manganese, and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuzhuo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Kunhao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianzhao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Gülfen M, Özdemir A. Monitoring Cu(II)-insulin and Mn(II)-insulin complexes using potentiometric, chromatographic, UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic techniques. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Azam MS, Wahiduzzaman M, Reyad-Ul-Ferdous M, Islam MN, Roy M. Inhibition of Insulin Degrading Enzyme to Control Diabetes Mellitus and its Applications on some Other Chronic Disease: a Critical Review. Pharm Res 2022; 39:611-629. [PMID: 35378698 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to provide a precise perceptive of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and its relationship to type 2 diabetes (T2D), Alzheimer's disease (AD), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the current study was to provide clear idea of treating prevalent diseases such as T2D, and AD by molecular pharmacological therapeutics rather than conventional medicinal therapy. METHODS To achieve the aims, molecular docking was performed using several softwares such as LIGPLOT+, Python, and Protein-Ligand Interaction Profiler with corresponding tools. RESULTS The IDE is a large zinc-metalloprotease that breakdown numerous pathophysiologically important extracellular substrates, comprising amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and insulin. Recent studies demonstrated that dysregulation of IDE leads to develop AD and T2D. Specifically, IDE regulates circulating insulin in a variety of organs via a degradation-dependent clearance mechanism. IDE is unique because it was subjected to allosteric activation and mediated via an oligomer structure. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarised the factors that modulate insulin reformation by IDE and interaction of IDE and some recent reports on IDE inhibitors against AD and T2D. We also highlighted the latest signs of progress of the function of IDE and challenges in advancing IDE- targetted therapies against T2D and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shofiul Azam
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur, 1707, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Wahiduzzaman
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Md Reyad-Ul-Ferdous
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mukta Roy
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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6
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He Z, You G, Liu Q, Li N. Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus in Comparison: The Therapeutic Efficacy of the Vanadium Compound. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111931. [PMID: 34769364 PMCID: PMC8584792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an intractable neurodegenerative disease that leads to dementia, primarily in elderly people. The neurotoxicity of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein has been demonstrated over the last two decades. In line with these findings, several etiological hypotheses of AD have been proposed, including the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the oxidative stress hypothesis, the inflammatory hypothesis, the cholinergic hypothesis, et al. In the meantime, great efforts had been made in developing effective drugs for AD. However, the clinical efficacy of the drugs that were approved by the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) to date were determined only mild/moderate. We recently adopted a vanadium compound bis(ethylmaltolato)-oxidovanadium (IV) (BEOV), which was originally used for curing diabetes mellitus (DM), to treat AD in a mouse model. It was shown that BEOV effectively reduced the Aβ level, ameliorated the inflammation in brains of the AD mice, and improved the spatial learning and memory activities of the AD mice. These finding encouraged us to further examine the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of BEOV in AD. In this review, we summarized the achievement of vanadium compounds in medical studies and investigated the prospect of BEOV in AD and DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun He
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.H.); (G.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Guanying You
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.H.); (G.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.H.); (G.Y.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Z.H.); (G.Y.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0)755-2653-5432; Fax: +86-(0)755-8671-3951
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7
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Zhang F, Cai X, Cheng F, Yu JM, Wang B, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Immobilization of Sucrose Isomerase from Erwinia sp. with Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Synthesizing Isomaltulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:709-724. [PMID: 34519920 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose isomerase (SIase) is a key enzyme used for the production of isomaltulose from sucrose. In this study, an SIase gene from Erwinia sp. Ejp617 (ErSIase) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant ErSIase was served as biocatalyst combined with the graphene oxide (GO) as carrier for ErSIase immobilization. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and confocal laser microscopy analyses showed that ErSIase was successfully immobilized on the surface of GO to form ErSIase-GO. The loading capacity of ErSIase on GO reached up to 460 mg/g with a specific activity of 727.04 U/mg protein when the optimal immobilization time of 12 h and the ErSIase/GO ratio of 7.4:4 (w/w) were applied. A high conversion rate of 95.3% was reached from sucrose to isomaltulose using ErSIase-GO as biocatalyst with 600 g/L sucrose as substrate, after 180 min at 40 °C and pH 6.0. Moreover, stabilities of the immobilized ErSIase-GO in the aspects of thermal, pH, and storage were improved, and its activity after 10 batches still remained around 80% under the optimal conditions. The Km value of ErSIase-GO was 29.32 mM, and the kcat/Km was increased to 27.34 s-1 mM-1 when 0.1% (w/v) detergent NP40 was added. These results indicated that the ErSIase was well immobilized onto GO, and the ErSIase-GO is a promising biocatalyst with high operational stability and catalytic activity for industrial production of isomaltulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xue Cai
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jia-Ming Yu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bin Wang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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8
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Sousa L, Guarda M, Meneses MJ, Macedo MP, Vicente Miranda H. Insulin-degrading enzyme: an ally against metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. J Pathol 2021; 255:346-361. [PMID: 34396529 DOI: 10.1002/path.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) function goes far beyond its known proteolytic role as a regulator of insulin levels. IDE has a wide substrate promiscuity, degrading several proteins such as amyloid-β peptide, glucagon, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and insulin-like growth factors, that have diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions. Importantly, IDE plays other non-proteolytical functions such as a chaperone/dead-end chaperone, an E1-ubiquitin activating enzyme, and a proteasome modulator. It also responds as a heat shock protein, regulating cellular proteostasis. Notably, amyloidogenic proteins such as IAPP, amyloid-β and α-synuclein have been reported as substrates for IDE chaperone activity. This is of utmost importance as failure of IDE may result in increased protein aggregation, a key hallmark in the pathogenesis of beta cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus and of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we focus on the biochemical and biophysical properties of IDE and the regulation of its physiological functions. We further raise the hypothesis that IDE plays a central role in the pathological context of dysmetabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Sousa
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Guarda
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Meneses
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,APDP-Diabetes Portugal Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,APDP-Diabetes Portugal Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Instituto de Biomedicina - iBiMED, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vicente Miranda
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Sahoo BR, Panda PK, Liang W, Tang WJ, Ahuja R, Ramamoorthy A. Degradation of Alzheimer's Amyloid-β by a Catalytically Inactive Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166993. [PMID: 33865867 PMCID: PMC8169600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is known that insulin-degrading-enzyme (IDE) plays a crucial role in the clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ). The cysteine-free IDE mutant (cf-E111Q-IDE) is catalytically inactive against insulin, but its effect on Aβ degradation is unknown that would help in the allosteric modulation of the enzyme activity. Herein, the degradation of Aβ(1-40) by cf-E111Q-IDE via a non-chaperone mechanism is demonstrated by NMR and LC-MS, and the aggregation of fragmented peptides is characterized using fluorescence and electron microscopy. cf-E111Q-IDE presented a reduced effect on the aggregation kinetics of Aβ(1-40) when compared with the wild-type IDE. Whereas LC-MS and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy revealed the generation of Aβ fragments by both wild-type and cf-E111Q-IDE. The aggregation propensities and the difference in the morphological phenotype of the full-length Aβ(1-40) and its fragments are explained using multi-microseconds molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, our results reveal that zinc binding to Aβ(1-40) inactivates cf-E111Q-IDE's catalytic function, whereas zinc removal restores its function as evidenced from high-speed AFM, electron microscopy, chromatography, and NMR results. These findings emphasize the catalytic role of cf-E111Q-IDE on Aβ degradation and urge the development of zinc chelators as an alternative therapeutic strategy that switches on/off IDE's function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash R Sahoo
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Engineering and Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wenguang Liang
- Ben-May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Jen Tang
- Ben-May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rajeev Ahuja
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden; Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Engineering and Science, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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11
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Milardi D, Gazit E, Radford SE, Xu Y, Gallardo RU, Caflisch A, Westermark GT, Westermark P, Rosa CL, Ramamoorthy A. Proteostasis of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: A Molecular Perspective of Risk Factors and Protective Strategies for Type II Diabetes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1845-1893. [PMID: 33427465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possible link between hIAPP accumulation and β-cell death in diabetic patients has inspired numerous studies focusing on amyloid structures and aggregation pathways of this hormone. Recent studies have reported on the importance of early oligomeric intermediates, the many roles of their interactions with lipid membrane, pH, insulin, and zinc on the mechanism of aggregation of hIAPP. The challenges posed by the transient nature of amyloid oligomers, their structural heterogeneity, and the complex nature of their interaction with lipid membranes have resulted in the development of a wide range of biophysical and chemical approaches to characterize the aggregation process. While the cellular processes and factors activating hIAPP-mediated cytotoxicity are still not clear, it has recently been suggested that its impaired turnover and cellular processing by proteasome and autophagy may contribute significantly toward toxic hIAPP accumulation and, eventually, β-cell death. Therefore, studies focusing on the restoration of hIAPP proteostasis may represent a promising arena for the design of effective therapies. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the structures and pathology associated with hIAPP self-assembly and point out the opportunities for therapy that a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and cellular understanding of its aggregation may unveil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Xu
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo U Gallardo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Gunilla T Westermark
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 41809-1055, United States
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12
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Qin Y, Li Q, Luo F, Fu Y, He H. One-step purification of two novel thermotolerant β-1,4-glucosidases from a newly isolated strain of Fusarium chlamydosporum HML278 and their characterization. AMB Express 2020; 10:182. [PMID: 33030626 PMCID: PMC7544787 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly identified cellulase-producing Fusarium chlamydosporum HML278 was cultivated under solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse, and two new β-glucosides enzymes (BG FH1, BG FH2) were recovered from fermentation solution by modified non-denaturing active gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular weight of BG FH1 and BG FH2 was 93 kDa and 52 kDa, respectively, and the enzyme activity was 5.6 U/mg and 11.5 U/mg, respectively. The optimal reaction temperature of the enzymes was 60 ℃, and the enzymes were stable with a temperature lower than 70 ℃. The optimal pH of the purified enzymes was 6.0, and the enzymes were stable between pH 4–10. Km and Vmax values were 2.76 mg/mL and 20.6 U/mg for pNPG, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that BG FH1and BG FH2 had hydrolysis activity toward cellobiose and could hydrolyze cellobiose into glucose. In addition, both enzymes exhibited transglycoside activity, which could use glucose to synthesize cellobiose and cellotriose, and preferentially synthesize alcohol. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that F. chlamydosporum HML278 produces heat-resistant β-glucosidases with both hydrolytic activity and transglycosidic activity, and these β-glucosidases have potential application in bioethanol and papermaking industries.
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13
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Santoro AM, Coletta A, Oddone F, Grasso G, Milardi D, Lacal PM, Marini S, Purrello R, Graziani G, Coletta M. The proteasome as a druggable target with multiple therapeutic potentialities: Cutting and non-cutting edges. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107579. [PMID: 32442437 PMCID: PMC7236745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is an adaptable and finely tuned system that sustains proteostasis network under a large variety of physiopathological conditions. Its dysregulation is often associated with the onset and progression of human diseases; hence, UPS modulation has emerged as a promising new avenue for the development of treatments of several relevant pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. The clinical interest in proteasome inhibition has considerably increased after the FDA approval in 2003 of bortezomib for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, which is now used in the front-line setting. Thereafter, two other proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib and ixazomib), designed to overcome resistance to bortezomib, have been approved for treatment-experienced patients, and a variety of novel inhibitors are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation not only for haematological malignancies but also for solid tumours. However, since UPS collapse leads to toxic misfolded proteins accumulation, proteasome is attracting even more interest as a target for the care of neurodegenerative diseases, which are sustained by UPS impairment. Thus, conceptually, proteasome activation represents an innovative and largely unexplored target for drug development. According to a multidisciplinary approach, spanning from chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology to pharmacology, this review will summarize the most recent available literature regarding different aspects of proteasome biology, focusing on structure, function and regulation of proteasome in physiological and pathological processes, mostly cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, connecting biochemical features and clinical studies of proteasome targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - A M Santoro
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - A Coletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Oddone
- IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - G Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Milardi
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - P M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Purrello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Grasso G. THE USE OF MASS SPECTROMETRY TO STUDY ZN-METALLOPROTEASE-SUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:574-585. [PMID: 31898821 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteases (ZnMPs) participate in diverse biological reactions, encompassing the synthesis and degradation of all the major metabolites in living organisms. In particular, ZnMPs have been recognized to play a very important role in controlling the concentration level of several peptides and/or proteins whose homeostasis has to be finely regulated for the correct physiology of cells. Dyshomeostasis of aggregation-prone proteins causes pathological conditions and the development of several different diseases. For this reason, in recent years, many analytical approaches have been applied for studying the interaction between ZnMPs and their substrates and how environmental factors can affect enzyme activities. In this scenario, mass spectrometric methods occupy a very important role in elucidating different aspects of ZnMPs-substrates interaction. These range from identification of cleavage sites to quantitation of kinetic parameters. In this work, an overview of all the main achievements regarding the application of mass spectrometric methods to investigating ZnMPs-substrates interactions is presented. A general experimental protocol is also described which may prove useful to the study of similar interactions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
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15
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Hartman K, Mielczarek P, Smoluch M, Silberring J. Inhibitors of neuropeptide peptidases engaged in pain and drug dependence. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108137. [PMID: 32526240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a broad spectrum of functions performed by neuropeptides, this class of signaling molecules attracts an increasing interest. One of the key steps in the regulation of biological activity of neuropeptides is proteolytic conversion or degradation by proteinases that change or terminate biological activity of native peptides. These enzymes, in turn, are regulated by inhibitors, which play integral role in controlling many metabolic pathways. Thus, the search for selective inhibitors and detailed knowledge on the mechanisms of binding of these substances to enzymes, could be of importance for designing new pharmacological approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the inhibitors of enzymes that convert selected groups of neuropeptides, such as dynorphins, enkephalins, substance P and NPFF fragments. The importance of these substances in pathophysiological processes involved in pain and drug addiction, have been discussed. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Hartman
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Smoluch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Bellia F, Lanza V, Ahmed IMM, Garcia-Vinuales S, Veiss E, Arizzi M, Calcagno D, Milardi D, Grasso G. Site directed mutagenesis of insulin-degrading enzyme allows singling out the molecular basis of peptidase versus E1-like activity: the role of metal ions. Metallomics 2020; 11:278-281. [PMID: 30627720 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four specifically designed IDE mutants have been used to unveil the molecular basis of peptidase versus E1-like activity of the enzyme. We have found that physiological concentrations of copper(ii) ions inhibit the proteolytic activity of the enzyme towards small and large substrates but have no effect on the E1-like activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
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17
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Yin B, Gu H, Mo X, Xu Y, Yan B, Li Q, Ou Q, Wu B, Guo C, Jiang C. Identification and molecular characterization of a psychrophilic GH1 β-glucosidase from the subtropical soil microorganism Exiguobacterium sp. GXG2. AMB Express 2019; 9:159. [PMID: 31576505 PMCID: PMC6773797 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The products of bacterial β-glucosidases with favorable cold-adapted properties have industrial applications. A psychrophilic β-glucosidase gene named bglG from subtropical soil microorganism Exiguobacterium sp. GXG2 was isolated and characterized by function-based screening strategy. Results of multiple alignments showed that the derived protein BglG shared 45.7% identities with reviewed β-glucosidases in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. Functional characterization of the β-glucosidase BglG indicated that BglG was a 468 aa protein with a molecular weight of 53.2 kDa. The BglG showed the highest activity in pH 7.0 at 35 °C and exhibited consistently high levels of activity within low temperatures ranging from 5 to 35 °C. The BglG appeared to be a psychrophilic enzyme. The values of Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km of recombinant BglG toward ρNPG were 1.1 mM, 1.4 µg/mL/min, 12.7 s−1, and 11.5 mM/s, respectively. The specific enzyme activity of BglG was 12.14 U/mg. The metal ion of Ca2+ and Fe3+ could stimulate the activity of BglG, whereas Mn2+ inhibited the activity. The cold-adapted β-glucosidase BglG displayed remarkable biochemical properties, making it a potential candidate for future industrial applications.
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18
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Zingale GA, Bellia F, Ahmed IMM, Mielczarek P, Silberring J, Grasso G. IDE Degrades Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ through an Insulin Regulated Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4447. [PMID: 31509943 PMCID: PMC6770469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) was applied to catalyze hydrolysis of Nociceptin/Orphanin 1-16 (OFQ/N) to show the involvement of the enzyme in degradation of neuropeptides engaged in pain transmission. Moreover, IDE degradative action towards insulin (Ins) was inhibited by the OFQ/N fragments, suggesting a possible regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. It has been found that OFQ/N and Ins affect each other degradation by IDE, although in a different manner. Indeed, while the digestion of OFQ/N is significantly affected by the presence of Ins, the kinetic profile of the Ins hydrolysis is not affected by the presence of OFQ/N. However, the main hydrolytic fragments of OFQ/N produced by IDE exert inhibitory activity towards the IDE-mediated Ins degradation. Here, we present the results indicating that, besides Ins, IDE cleaves neuropeptides and their released fragments act as inhibitors of IDE activity toward Ins. Having in mind that IDE is present in the brain, which also contains Ins receptors, it cannot be excluded that this enzyme indirectly participates in neural communication of pain signals and that neuropeptides involved in pain transmission may contribute to the regulation of IDE activity. Finally, preliminary results on the metabolism of OFQ/N, carried out in the rat spinal cord homogenate in the presence of various inhibitors specific for different classes of proteases, show that OFQ/N proteolysis in rat spinal cord could be due, besides IDE, also to a cysteine protease not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M.Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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19
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Grasso G. Mass spectrometry is a multifaceted weapon to be used in the battle against Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid beta peptides and beyond. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:34-48. [PMID: 29905953 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation and aggregation have been considered for many years the main cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and therefore have been the principal target of investigation as well as of the proposed therapeutic approaches (Grasso [2011] Mass Spectrom Rev. 30: 347-365). However, the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which considers Aβ accumulation the only causative agent of the disease, has proven to be incomplete if not wrong. In recent years, actors such as metal ions, oxidative stress, and other cofactors have been proposed as possible co-agents or, in some cases, main causative factors of AD. In this scenario, MS investigation has proven to be fundamental to design possible diagnostic strategies of this elusive disease, as well as to understand the biomolecular mechanisms involved, in the attempt to find a possible therapeutic solution. We review the current applications of MS in the search for possible Aβ biomarkers of AD to help the diagnosis of the disease. Recent examples of the important contributions that MS has given to prove or build theories on the molecular pathways involved with such terrible disease are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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20
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Bossak-Ahmad K, Mital M, Płonka D, Drew SC, Bal W. Oligopeptides Generated by Neprilysin Degradation of β-Amyloid Have the Highest Cu(II) Affinity in the Whole Aβ Family. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:932-943. [PMID: 30582328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The catabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ) is carried out by numerous endopeptidases including neprilysin, which hydrolyzes peptide bonds preceding positions 4, 10, and 12 to yield Aβ4-9 and a minor Aβ12- x species. Alternative processing of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase also generates the Aβ11- x species. All these peptides contain a Xxx-Yyy-His sequence, also known as an ATCUN or NTS motif, making them strong chelators of Cu(II) ions. We synthesized the corresponding peptides, Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-OH (Aβ4-9), Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ11-16), Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ12-16), and pGlu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (pAβ11-16), and investigated their Cu(II) binding properties using potentiometry, and UV-vis, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We found that the three peptides with unmodified N-termini formed square-planar Cu(II) complexes at pH 7.4 with analogous geometries but significantly varied Kd values of 6.6 fM (Aβ4-9), 9.5 fM (Aβ12-16), and 1.8 pM (Aβ11-16). Cyclization of the N-terminal Glu11 residue to the pyroglutamate species pAβ11-16 dramatically reduced the affinity (5.8 nM). The Cu(II) affinities of Aβ4-9 and Aβ12-16 are the highest among the Cu(II) complexes of Aβ peptides. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the Cu(II) exchange between the Phe-Arg-His and Val-His-His motifs is very slow, on the order of days. These results are discussed in terms of the relevance of Aβ4-9, a major Cu(II) binding Aβ fragment generated by neprilysin, as a possible Cu(II) carrier in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bossak-Ahmad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Mariusz Mital
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dawid Płonka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
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21
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Sbardella D, Tundo GR, Coletta A, Marcoux J, Koufogeorgou EI, Ciaccio C, Santoro AM, Milardi D, Grasso G, Cozza P, Bousquet-Dubouch MP, Marini S, Coletta M. The insulin-degrading enzyme is an allosteric modulator of the 20S proteasome and a potential competitor of the 19S. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3441-3456. [PMID: 29594388 PMCID: PMC11105570 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) with the main intracellular proteasome assemblies (i.e, 30S, 26S and 20S) was analyzed by enzymatic activity, mass spectrometry and native gel electrophoresis. IDE was mainly detected in association with assemblies with at least one free 20S end and biochemical investigations suggest that IDE competes with the 19S in vitro. IDE directly binds the 20S and affects its proteolytic activities in a bimodal fashion, very similar in human and yeast 20S, inhibiting at (IDE) ≤ 30 nM and activating at (IDE) ≥ 30 nM. Only an activating effect is observed in a yeast mutant locked in the "open" conformation (i.e., the α-3ΔN 20S), envisaging a possible role of IDE as modulator of the 20S "open"-"closed" allosteric equilibrium. Protein-protein docking in silico proposes that the interaction between IDE and the 20S could involve the C-term helix of the 20S α-3 subunit which regulates the gate opening of the 20S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversitary Center for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversitary Center for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Coletta
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversitary Center for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna M Santoro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Cozza
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Interuniversitary Center for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Interuniversitary Center for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Lanza V, Bellia F, Rizzarelli E. An inorganic overview of natural Aβ fragments: Copper(II) and zinc(II)-mediated pathways. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Naletova I, Nicoletti VG, Milardi D, Pietropaolo A, Grasso G. Copper, differently from zinc, affects the conformation, oligomerization state and activity of bradykinin. Metallomics 2017; 8:750-61. [PMID: 27328010 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sole role of bradykinin (BK) as an inflammatory mediator is controversial, as recent data also support an anti-inflammatory role for BK in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The involvement of two different receptors (B1R and B2R) could be a key to understand this issue. However, although copper and zinc dyshomeostasis has been demonstrated to be largely involved in the development of AD, a detailed study of the interaction of BK with these two metal ions has never been addressed. In this work, we have applied mass spectrometry, circular dichroism as well as computational methods in order to assess if copper and zinc have the ability to modulate the conformation and oligomerization of BK. In addition, we have correlated the chemical data with the effect of metals on the activity of BK analyzed in cell cultures by biochemical procedures. The biochemical analyses on monocyte/macrophage cell culture (THP-1 Cell Line human) in line with the effect of metals on the conformation of BK showed that the presence of copper can affect the signaling cascade mediated by the BK receptors. The results obtained show a further role of metal ions, particularly copper, in the development and outcome of neuroinflammatory diseases. The possible implications in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Naletova
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche "BIOMETEC", Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (C.I.R.C.M.S.B.), Piazza Umberto I, 1-70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche "BIOMETEC", Università degli Studi di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (C.I.R.C.M.S.B.), Piazza Umberto I, 1-70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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24
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Grasso G, Santoro AM, Lanza V, Sbardella D, Tundo GR, Ciaccio C, Marini S, Coletta M, Milardi D. The double faced role of copper in Aβ homeostasis: A survey on the interrelationship between metal dyshomeostasis, UPS functioning and autophagy in neurodegeneration. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Ciaccio C, Grasso G, Gioia M, Coletta A, Polticelli F, Di Pierro D, Milardi D, Van Endert P, Marini S, Coletta M. Multiple functions of insulin-degrading enzyme: a metabolic crosslight? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28635330 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degrade several other polypeptides, such as β-amyloid, amylin, and glucagon, envisaging the possible implication of IDE dys-regulation in the "aggregopathies" and, in particular, in neurodegenerative diseases. Over the last decade, a novel scenario on IDE biology has emerged, pointing out a multi-functional role of this enzyme in several basic cellular processes. In particular, latest advances indicate that IDE behaves as a heat shock protein and modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system, suggesting a major implication in proteins turnover and cell homeostasis. In addition, recent observations have highlighted that the regulation of glucose metabolism by IDE is not merely based on its largely proposed role in the degradation of insulin in vivo. There is increasing evidence that improper IDE function, regulation, or trafficking might contribute to the etiology of metabolic diseases. In addition, the enzymatic activity of IDE is affected by metals levels, thus suggesting a role also in the metal homeostasis (metallostasis), which is thought to be tightly linked to the malfunction of the "quality control" machinery of the cell. Focusing on the physiological role of IDE, we will address a comprehensive vision of the very complex scenario in which IDE takes part, outlining its crucial role in interconnecting several relevant cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,e CNR IBB , Catania , Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Andrea Coletta
- f Department of Chemistry , University of Aarhus , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Donato Di Pierro
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Peter Van Endert
- h Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, U1151, CNRS , Paris , France
| | - Stefano Marini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
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Wang W, Satyavolu NSR, Wu Z, Zhang JR, Zhu JJ, Lu Y. Near-Infrared Photothermally Activated DNAzyme-Gold Nanoshells for Imaging Metal Ions in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6798-6802. [PMID: 28471018 PMCID: PMC5861726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNAzymes have enjoyed success as metal ion sensors outside cells. Their susceptibility to metal-dependent cleavage during delivery into cells has limited their intracellular applications. To overcome this limitation, a near-infrared (NIR) photothermal activation method is presented for controlling DNAzyme activity in living cells. The system consists of a three-stranded DNAzyme precursor (TSDP), the hybridization of which prevents the DNAzyme from being active. After conjugating the TSDP onto gold nanoshells and upon NIR illumination, the increased temperature dehybridizes the TSDP to release the active DNAzyme, which then carries out metal-ion-dependent cleavage, resulting in releasing the cleaved product containing a fluorophore. Using this construct, detecting Zn2+ in living HeLa cells is demonstrated. This method has expanded the DNAzyme versatility for detecting metal ions in biological systems under NIR light that exhibits lower phototoxicity and higher tissue penetration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P.R. China
| | | | - Zhenkun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/BioSensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Nanjing University, Jinling College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210089, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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27
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Wang W, Satyavolu NSR, Wu Z, Zhang JR, Zhu JJ, Lu Y. Near-Infrared Photothermally Activated DNAzyme-Gold Nanoshells for Imaging Metal Ions in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P.R. China
| | | | - Zhenkun Wu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/BioSensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University; Changsha Hunan 410082 P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Life Science; Nanjing University, Jinling College; Nanjing Jiangsu 210089 P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical for Life Science; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
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28
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Tundo GR, Di Muzio E, Ciaccio C, Sbardella D, Di Pierro D, Polticelli F, Coletta M, Marini S. Multiple allosteric sites are involved in the modulation of insulin-degrading-enzyme activity by somatostatin. FEBS J 2016; 283:3755-3770. [PMID: 27579517 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a cyclic peptide, released in the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system, where it is involved in the regulation of cognitive and sensory functions, motor activity and sleep. It is a substrate of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), as well as a modulator of its activity and expression. In the present study, we have investigated the modulatory role of somatostatin on IDE activity at 37 °C and pH 7.3 for various substrates [i.e. insulin, β-amyloid (Aβ)1-40 and bradykinin], aiming to quantitatively characterize the correlation between the specific features of the substrates and the regulatory mechanism. Functional data indicate that somatostatin, in addition to the catalytic site of IDE (being a substrate), is also able to bind to two additional exosites, which play different roles according to the size of the substrate and its binding mode to the IDE catalytic cleft. In particular, one exosite, which displays high affinity for somatostatin, regulates only the interaction of IDE with larger substrates (such as insulin and Aβ1-40 ) in a differing fashion according to their various modes of binding to the enzyme. A second exosite, which is involved in the regulation of enzymatic processing by IDE of all substrates investigated (including a 10-25 amino acid long amyloid-like peptide, bradykinin and somatostatin itself, which had been studied previously), probably acts through the alteration of an 'open-closed' equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Di Pierro
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy. .,Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy.
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Young CJ, Siemann S. Highly dynamic metal exchange in anthrax lethal factor involves the occupation of an inhibitory metal binding site. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11748-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid metal exchange in anthrax lethal factor and potentially other zinc enzymes proceeds via the formation of transient bimetallic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin J. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Laurentian University
- Sudbury
- Canada
| | - Stefan Siemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Laurentian University
- Sudbury
- Canada
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30
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Zhai Z, Yang T, Zhang B, Zhang J. Effects of metal ions on the catalytic degradation of dicofol by cellulase. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 33:163-168. [PMID: 26141889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new technique whereby cellulase immobilized on aminated silica was applied to catalyze the degradation of dicofol, an organochlorine pesticide. In order to evaluate the performance of free and immobilized cellulase, experiments were carried out to measure the degradation efficiency. The Michaelis constant, Km, of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized cellulase was 9.16 mg/L, and the maximum reaction rate, Vmax, was 0.40 mg/L/min, while that of free cellulase was Km=8.18 mg/L, and Vmax=0.79 mg/L/min, respectively. The kinetic constants of catalytic degradation were calculated to estimate substrate affinity. Considering that metal ions may affect enzyme activity, the effects of different metal ions on the catalytic degradation efficiency were explored. The results showed that the substrate affinity decreased after immobilization. Monovalent metal ions had no effect on the reaction, while divalent metal ions had either positive or inhibitory effects, including activation by Mn2+, reversible competition with Cd2+, and irreversible inhibition by Pb2+. Ca2+ promoted the catalytic degradation of dicofol at low concentrations, but inhibited it at high concentrations. Compared with free cellulase, immobilized cellulase was affected less by metal ions. This work provided a basis for further studies on the co-occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and heavy metal ions in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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31
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Grasso G, Satriano C, Milardi D. A neglected modulator of insulin-degrading enzyme activity and conformation: The pH. Biophys Chem 2015; 203-204:33-40. [PMID: 26025789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a ubiquitously expressed zinc metalloprotease, has multiple activities in addition to insulin degradation and its malfunction is believed to connect type 2 diabetes with Alzheimer's disease. IDE has been found in many different cellular compartments, where it may experience significant physio-pathological pH variations. However, the exact role of pH variations on the interplay between enzyme conformations, stability, oligomerization state and catalysis is not understood. Here, we use ESI mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism to investigate the structure-activity relationship of IDE at different pH values. We show that acidic pH affects the ability of the enzyme to bind the substrate and decrease the stability of the protein by inducing an α-helical bundle conformation with a concomitant dissociation of multi-subunit IDE assemblies into monomeric units and loss of activity. These effects suggest a major role played by electrostatic forces in regulating multi-subunit enzyme assembly and function. Our results clearly indicate a pH dependent coupling among enzyme conformation, assembly and stability and suggest that cellular acidosis can have a large effect on IDE oligomerization state, inducing an enzyme inactivation and an altered insulin degradation that could have an impact on insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Istituto Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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32
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Grasso G, Bonnet S. Metal complexes and metalloproteases: targeting conformational diseases. Metallomics 2015; 6:1346-57. [PMID: 24870829 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many metalloproteases (MPs) have been shown to play important roles in the development of various pathological conditions. Although most of the literature is focused on matrix MPs (MMPs), many other MPs have been demonstrated to be involved in the degradation of peptides or proteins whose accumulation and dyshomeostasis are considered as being responsible for the development of conformational diseases, i.e., diseases where non-native protein conformations lead to protein aggregation. It seems clear that, at least in principle, it must be possible to control the levels of many aggregation-prone proteins not only by reducing their production, but also by enhancing their catabolism. Metal complexes that can perform this function were designed and tested according to at least two different strategies: (i) intervening on the endogenous MPs by directly or indirectly modulating their activity; (ii) acting as artificial MPs, replacing or synergistically functioning with endogenous MPs. These two different bioinorganic approaches are widely represented in the current literature and the aim of this review is to rationally organize and discuss both of them so as to give a critical insight into these approaches and highlighting their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Chemistry Department, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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33
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, De Pascali SA, Ciaccio C, Coletta M, Fanizzi FP, Marini S. Novel Platinum(II) compounds modulate insulin-degrading enzyme activity and induce cell death in neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:101-108. [PMID: 25450414 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The properties of three novel Platinum(II) compounds toward the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) enzymatic activity have been investigated under physiological conditions. The rationale of this study resides on previous observations that these compounds, specifically designed and synthesized by some of us, induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, whereas IDE has been proposed as a putative oncogene involved in neuroblastoma onset and progression. Two of these compounds, namely [PtCl(O,O'-acac)(DMSO)] and [Pt(O,O'-acac)(γ-acac)(DMS)], display a modulatory behavior, wherefore activation or inhibition of IDE activity occurs over different concentration ranges (suggesting the existence of two binding sites on the enzyme). On the other hand, [Pt(O,O'-acac)(γ-acac)(DMSO)] shows a typical competitive inhibitory pattern, characterized by a meaningful affinity constant (K i = 0.95 ± 0.21 μM). Although all three compounds induce cell death in neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells at concentrations exceeding 2 μM, the two modulators facilitate cells' proliferation at concentrations ≤ 1.5 μM, whereas the competitive inhibitor [Pt(O,O'-acac)(γ-acac)(DMSO)] only shows a pro-apoptotic activity at all investigated concentrations. These features render the [Pt(O,O'-acac)(γ-acac)(DMSO)] a promising "lead compound" for the synthesis of IDE-specific inhibitors (not characterized yet) with therapeutic potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Sandra A De Pascali
- CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Department of Environmental Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco P Fanizzi
- CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Department of Environmental Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,CIRCMSB, Via C. Ulpiani 27, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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Grasso G. Monitoring the biomolecular interactions and the activity of Zn-containing enzymes involved in conformational diseases: experimental methods for therapeutic purposes. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 97:115-42. [PMID: 25458357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc metalloproteases (ZnMPs) participate in diverse biological reactions, encompassing the synthesis and degradation of all the major metabolites in living organisms. In particular, ZnMPs have been recognized to play a very important role in controlling the concentration level of several peptides and/or proteins whose homeostasis has to be finely regulated for the correct physiology of cells. Dyshomeostasis of aggregation-prone proteins causes pathological conditions and the development of several different diseases. For this reason, in recent years, many analytical approaches have been applied for studying the interaction between ZnMPs and their substrates/inhibitors and how environmental factors can affect enzyme activities. In this scenario, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometric (MS), and optical methods occupy a very important role in elucidating different aspects of the ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction, ranging from identification of cleavage sites to quantitation of kinetic parameters and inhibition constants. Here, an overview of all the main achievements in the application of different experimental approaches with special attention to MS methods to the investigation of ZnMPs-substrates/inhibitors interaction is given. A general MS experimental protocol which has been proved to be useful to study such interactions is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy.
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35
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Grasso G, Mielczarek P, Niedziolka M, Silberring J. Metabolism of cryptic peptides derived from neuropeptide FF precursors: the involvement of insulin-degrading enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16787-99. [PMID: 25247577 PMCID: PMC4200852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “cryptome” refers to the subset of cryptic peptides with bioactivities that are often unpredictable and very different from the parent protein. These cryptic peptides are generated by proteolytic cleavage of proteases, whose identification in vivo can be very challenging. In this work, we show that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is able to degrade specific amino acid sequences present in the neuropeptide pro-NPFFA (NPFF precursor), generating some cryptic peptides that are also observed after incubation with rat brain cortex homogenate. The reported experimental findings support the increasingly accredited hypothesis, according to which, due to its wide substrate selectivity, IDE is involved in a wide variety of physiopathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Niedziolka
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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36
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Sinopoli A, Magrì A, Milardi D, Pappalardo M, Pucci P, Flagiello A, Titman JJ, Nicoletti VG, Caruso G, Pappalardo G, Grasso G. The role of copper(II) in the aggregation of human amylin. Metallomics 2014; 6:1841-52. [PMID: 25080969 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is a 37-residue peptide hormone produced by the islet β-cells of pancreas and the formation of amylin aggregates is strongly associated with β-cell degeneration in type 2 diabetes, as demonstrated by more than 95% of patients exhibiting amylin amyloid upon autopsy. It is widely recognized that metal ions such as copper(II) have been implicated in the aggregation process of amyloidogenic peptides such as Aβ and α-synuclein and there is evidence that amylin self-assembly is also largely affected by copper(II). For this reason, in this work, the role of copper(II) in the aggregation of amylin has been investigated by several different experimental approaches. Mass spectrometric investigations show that copper(II) induces significant changes in the amylin structure, which decrease the protein fibrillogenesis as observed by ThT measurements. Accordingly, solid-state NMR experiments together with computational analysis carried out on a model amylin fragment confirmed the non-fibrillogenic nature of the copper(II) induced aggregated structure. Finally, the presence of copper(II) is also shown to have a major influence on amylin proneness to be degraded by proteases and cytotoxicity studies on different cell cultures are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sinopoli
- Dottorato Internazionale in Biomedicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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37
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Bellia F, Grasso G. The role of copper(II) and zinc(II) in the degradation of human and murine IAPP by insulin-degrading enzyme. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:274-279. [PMID: 24719342 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amylin or islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue peptide hormone secreted from the pancreatic islets into the blood circulation and is cleared by peptidases in the kidney. IAPP aggregates are strongly associated with β-cell degeneration in type 2 diabetes, as demonstrated by the fact that more than 95% of patients exhibit IAPP amyloid upon autopsy. Recently, it has been reported that metal ions such as copper(II) and zinc(II) are implicated in the aggregation of IAPP as well as able to modulate the proteolytic activity of IAPP degrading enzymes. For this reason, in this work, the role of the latter metal ions in the degradation of IAPP by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) has been investigated by a chromatographic and mass spectrometric combined method. The latter experimental approach allowed not only to assess the overall metal ion inhibition of the human and murine IAPP degradation by IDE but also to have information on copper- and zinc-induced changes in IAPP aggregation. In addition, IDE cleavage site preferences in the presence of metal ions are rationalized as metal ion-induced changes in substrate accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Istituto Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
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38
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The clearance of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases by zinc metalloproteases: An inorganic perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang ZQ, Yu Y, Zhang XH, Komorowski J. Chromium-Insulin Reduces Insulin Clearance and Enhances Insulin Signaling by Suppressing Hepatic Insulin-Degrading Enzyme and Proteasome Protein Expression in KKAy Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:99. [PMID: 25071716 PMCID: PMC4083453 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
JDS-chromium-insulin (CRI)-003 is a novel form of insulin that has been directly conjugated with chromium (Cr) instead of zinc. Our hypothesis was that CRI enhances insulin's effects by altering insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and proteasome enzymes. To test this hypothesis, we measured hepatic IDE content and proteasome parameters in a diabetic animal model. Male KKAy mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group); Sham (saline), human regular insulin (Reg-In), and chromium conjugated human insulin (CRI), respectively. Interventions were initiated at doses of 2 U insulin/kg body weight daily for 8-weeks. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured. Hepatic IDE, proteasome, and insulin signaling proteins were determined by western blotting. Insulin tolerance tests at week 7 showed that both insulin treatments significantly reduced glucose concentrations and increased insulin levels compared with the Sham group, CRI significantly reduced glucose at 4 and 6 h relative to Reg-In (P < 0.05), suggesting the effects of CRI on reducing glucose last longer than Reg-In. CRI treatment significantly increased hepatic IRS-1 and Akt1 and reduced IDE, 20S as well as 19S protein abundance (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.001, respectively), but Reg-In only significantly increased Akt1 (P < 0.05). Similar results were also observed in Reg-In- and CRI-treated HepG2 cells. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that CRI reduces plasma insulin clearance by inhibition of hepatic IDE protein expression and enhances insulin signaling as well as prevents degradation of IRS-1 and IRS-2 by suppressing ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Q. Wang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- *Correspondence: Zhong Q. Wang, Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA e-mail:
| | - Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Xian H. Zhang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Grasso G, Magrì A, Bellia F, Pietropaolo A, La Mendola D, Rizzarelli E. The copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination mode of HExxH and HxxEH motif in small peptides: the role of carboxylate location and hydrogen bonding network. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 130:92-102. [PMID: 24184693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with two hexapeptides encompassing HExxH and HxxEH motif were characterized by means of a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Parallel tempering and density functional theory (DFT) investigations show the presence of different hydrogen bonding networks between the copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with the two peptides, suggesting a significant contribution of these non-covalent interactions to the stability constant values. The glutamate carboxylate group has a direct role in metal ion binding. The location of this amino acid along the sequence of the investigated peptides is critical to determine thermodynamic and spectroscopic features of the copper(II) complex species, whereas is less relevant in the zinc(II) complexes formation. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) characterization of the zinc(II) complex species show that in the [ZnH-2L] two deprotonated amide nitrogen atoms are involved in the metal coordination environment, an uncommon behavior in zinc(II) complexes for multi-histidine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Pietropaolo A, Nicoletti VG, Grasso G, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Rizzarelli E. Zinc(II) interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor N-terminal peptide fragments: inorganic features and biological perspectives. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11075-83. [PMID: 24070197 DOI: 10.1021/ic401318t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival; it is involved in memory formation and higher cognitive functions. The N-terminal domain of BDNF is crucial for the binding selectivity and activation of its specific TrkB receptor. Zn(2+) ion binding may influence BDNF activity. Zn(2+) complexes with the peptide fragment BDNF(1-12) encompassing the sequence 1-12 of the N-terminal domain of BDNF were studied by means of potentiometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The predominant Zn(2+) complex species, at physiological pH, is [ZnL] in which the metal ion is bound to an amino, an imidazole, and two water molecules (NH2, N(Im), and 2O(water)) in a tetrahedral environment. DFT-based geometry optimization of the zinc coordination environment showed a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate and a water molecule bound to zinc in [ZnL]. The coordination features of the acetylated form [AcBDNF(1-12)] and of a single mutated peptide [BDNF(1-12)D3N] were also characterized, highlighting the role of the imidazole side chain as the first anchoring site and ruling out the direct involvement of the aspartate residue in the metal binding. Zn(2+) addition to the cell culture medium induces an increase in the proliferative activity of the BDNF(1-12) peptide and of the whole protein on the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The effect of Zn(2+) is opposite to that previously observed for Cu(2+) addition, which determines a decrease in the proliferative activity for both peptide and protein, suggesting that these metals might discriminate and modulate differently the activity of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Aluminum(III) interferes with the structure and the activity of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (Pin1): A new mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and cancers? J Inorg Biochem 2013; 126:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Grasso G, Giuffrida ML, Rizzarelli E. Metallostasis and amyloid β-degrading enzymes. Metallomics 2012; 4:937-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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