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Carpentier J, Abenaim L, Luttenschlager H, Dessauvages K, Liu Y, Samoah P, Francis F, Caparros Megido R. Microorganism Contribution to Mass-Reared Edible Insects: Opportunities and Challenges. INSECTS 2024; 15:611. [PMID: 39194816 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The interest in edible insects' mass rearing has grown considerably in recent years, thereby highlighting the challenges of domesticating new animal species. Insects are being considered for use in the management of organic by-products from the agro-industry, synthetic by-products from the plastics industry including particular detoxification processes. The processes depend on the insect's digestive system which is based on two components: an enzymatic intrinsic cargo to the insect species and another extrinsic cargo provided by the microbial community colonizing-associated with the insect host. Advances have been made in the identification of the origin of the digestive functions observed in the midgut. It is now evident that the community of microorganisms can adapt, improve, and extend the insect's ability to digest and detoxify its food. Nevertheless, edible insect species such as Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor are surprisingly autonomous, and no obligatory symbiosis with a microorganism has yet been uncovered for digestion. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota of a given species can take on different forms, which are largely influenced by the host's environment and diet. This flexibility offers the potential for the development of novel associations between insects and microorganisms, which could result in the creation of synergies that would optimize or expand value chains for agro-industrial by-products, as well as for contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Carpentier
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Linda Abenaim
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hugo Luttenschlager
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Kenza Dessauvages
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Prince Samoah
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Caparros Megido
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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2
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Han S, Akhtar MR, Xia X. Functions and regulations of insect gut bacteria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38884497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The insect gut is a complicated ecosystem that inhabits a large number of symbiotic bacteria. As an important organ of the host insect, the symbiotic bacteria of the insect gut play very important roles in regulating physiological and metabolic processes. Recently, much progress has been made in the study of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and molecular biology. This review summarizes the primary functions of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts, such as enhancing insecticide resistance, facilitating food digestion, promoting detoxification, and regulating mating behavior and egg hatching. It also addresses some possible pathways of gut bacteria symbiont regulation governed by external habitats, physiological conditions and immunity of the host insect. This review provides solid foundations for further studies on novel theories, new technologies and practical applications of symbiotic bacteria in insect guts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Rehan Akhtar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Youxi-Yangzhong Vegetable Pest Prevention and Control, Fujian Observation and Research Station, Fuzhou, China
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Zhou L, Hu P, Xie J, Li J, Guo C, Yang Z. Influence of Endogenous Bacteria on Behavioral Responses in Leptocybe invasa: An Analysis of mVOCs. INSECTS 2024; 15:455. [PMID: 38921169 PMCID: PMC11203816 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms within insects play a vital role in maintaining the basal physiological functions of the insects, with olfactory signals as critical components of insect survival strategies. Leptocybe invasa (L. invasa), an invasive alien pest inflicting significant damage to eucalyptus trees, harbors a rich and varied bacterial community within its body. However, the impact of its endogenous bacteria and their microbial Volatile Organic Compounds (mVOCs) on the behavioral preferences of L. invasa remains unexplored to date. This study focused on nine cultivable and dominant endogenous bacterial strains within L. invasa. Using a Y-tube olfactometer, we investigated the behavioral responses of female L. invasa to the mVOCs emitted by these bacteria. Concurrently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to quantify the mVOCs produced by these endogenous bacteria. Our findings revealed that Staphylococcus sp. exhibited the highest attractiveness of L. invasa, whereas Microbacterium sp. and E. cloacae exerted the most significant avoidance effects. The analysis of the mVOCs further highlighted the significance of aldehyde compounds, notably 2,3,6-trichlorobenzaldehyde, and alkane compounds, such as eicosane, in mediating the repellency and attraction effects. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the invasion mechanism of L. invasa and provide a scientific basis for developing novel biopesticides or elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leming Zhou
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (P.H.); (J.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Ping Hu
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (P.H.); (J.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinting Xie
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (P.H.); (J.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Junjue Li
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (P.H.); (J.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunhui Guo
- Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yellow River Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou 450004, China
| | - Zhengde Yang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Subtropical Forest Plantation, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (L.Z.); (P.H.); (J.X.); (J.L.)
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Kline O, Joshi NK. Microbial Symbiont-Based Detoxification of Different Phytotoxins and Synthetic Toxic Chemicals in Insect Pests and Pollinators. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:753-771. [PMID: 38921652 PMCID: PMC11204611 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse form of life, and as such, they interact closely with humans, impacting our health, economy, and agriculture. Beneficial insect species contribute to pollination, biological control of pests, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Pest species can cause damage to agricultural crops and vector diseases to humans and livestock. Insects are often exposed to toxic xenobiotics in the environment, both naturally occurring toxins like plant secondary metabolites and synthetic chemicals like herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Because of this, insects have evolved several mechanisms of resistance to toxic xenobiotics, including sequestration, behavioral avoidance, and enzymatic degradation, and in many cases had developed symbiotic relationships with microbes that can aid in this detoxification. As research progresses, the important roles of these microbes in insect health and function have become more apparent. Bacterial symbionts that degrade plant phytotoxins allow host insects to feed on otherwise chemically defended plants. They can also confer pesticide resistance to their hosts, especially in frequently treated agricultural fields. It is important to study these interactions between insects and the toxic chemicals they are exposed to in order to further the understanding of pest insect resistance and to mitigate the negative effect of pesticides on nontarget insect species like Hymenopteran pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neelendra K. Joshi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Gwenzi W, Gufe C, Alufasi R, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Shanmugam SR, Selvasembian R, Halabowski D. Insects to the rescue? Insights into applications, mechanisms, and prospects of insect-driven remediation of organic contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171116. [PMID: 38382596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Traditional and emerging contaminants pose significant human and environmental health risks. Conventional physical, chemical, and bioremediation techniques have been extensively studied for contaminant remediation. However, entomo- or insect-driven remediation has received limited research and public attention. Entomo-remediation refers to the use of insects, their associated gut microbiota, and enzymes to remove or mitigate organic contaminants. This novel approach shows potential as an eco-friendly method for mitigating contaminated media. However, a comprehensive review of the status, applications, and challenges of entomo-remediation is lacking. This paper addresses this research gap by examining and discussing the evidence on entomo-remediation of various legacy and emerging organic contaminants. The results demonstrate the successful application of entomo-remediation to remove legacy organic contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants. Moreover, entomo-remediation shows promise in removing various groups of emerging contaminants, including microplastics, persistent and emerging organic micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics, pesticides), and nanomaterials. Entomo-remediation involves several insect-mediated processes, including bio-uptake, biotransfer, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of contaminants. The mechanisms underlying the biotransformation of contaminants are complex and rely on the insect gut microbiota and associated enzymes. Notably, while insects facilitate the remediation of contaminants, they may also be exposed to the ecotoxicological effects of these substances, which is often overlooked in research. As an emerging field of research, entomo-remediation has several knowledge gaps. Therefore, this review proposes ten key research questions to guide future perspectives and advance the field. These questions address areas such as process optimization, assessment of ecotoxicological effects on insects, and evaluation of potential human exposure and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, 18A Bevan Building, Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | | | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
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Kumar V, Subramanian J, Marimuthu M, Subbarayalu M, Ramasamy V, Gandhi K, Ariyan M. Diversity and functional characteristics of culturable bacterial endosymbionts from cassava whitefly biotype Asia II-5, Bemisia tabaci. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38456084 PMCID: PMC10914660 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a carrier of cassava mosaic disease (CMD), poses a significant threat to cassava crops. Investigating culturable bacteria and their impact on whiteflies is crucial due to their vital role in whitefly fitness and survival. The whitefly biotype associated with cassava and transmitting CMD in India has been identified as Asia II 5 through partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequencing. In this study, bacteria associated with adult B. tabaci feeding on cassava were extracted using seven different media. Nutrient Agar (NA), Soyabean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM), Luria Bertani agar (LBA), and Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) media resulted in 19, 6, 4, and 4 isolates, respectively, producing a total of 33 distinct bacterial isolates. Species identification through 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed that all isolates belonged to the Bacillota and Pseudomonadota phyla, encompassing 11 genera: Bacillus, Cytobacillus, Exiguobacterium, Terribacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Brucella, Novosphingobium, Lysobacter, and Pseudomonas. All bacterial isolates were tested for chitinase, protease, siderophore activity, and antibiotic sensitivity. Nine isolates exhibited chitinase activity, 28 showed protease activity, and 23 displayed siderophore activity. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics such as Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin, while they demonstrated resistance to Bacitracin and Colistin. Understanding the culturable bacteria associated with cassava whitefly and their functional significance could contribute to developing effective cassava whitefly and CMD control in agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Jeyarani Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Mohankumar Subbarayalu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Venkatachalam Ramasamy
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Manikandan Ariyan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Qian L, Wang Y, Deng P, Zhang J, Qin Y, Li Z, Liao H, Chen F. Enterococcus casseliflavus regulates amino acid metabolism in edible insect Clanis bilineata tsingtauica: a functional metagenomics study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1343265. [PMID: 38591043 PMCID: PMC10999662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1343265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The soybean hawkmoth, Clanis bilineata tsingtauica, is an edible insect that possesses high nutritional, medicinal and economic value. It has developed into a characteristic agricultural industry in China. Methods The dominant gut bacterium in diapause larvae of soybean hawkmoths was identified by metagenomics, and the effect of diapause time on gut microbiome composition, diversity and function was investigated. Results Enterococcus and Enterobacter were measured to be the dominant genera, with Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus pernyi being the dominant species. Compared to the controls, the relative abundance of E. casseliflavus and E. pernyi on day 14 was lower by 54.51 and 42.45%, respectively. However, the species richness (including the index of Chao and ACE) of gut microbiota increased on day 28 compared to controls. The gene function was mainly focused on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Metabolic pathways annotated for amino acids on day 14 increased by 9.83% compared to controls. It is speculated that diapause soybean hawkmoths may up-regulate amino acid metabolism by reducing E. casseliflavus abundance to maintain their nutritional balance. Additionally, tetracycline, chloromycetin and ampicillin were screened as the top three antibiotics against E. casseliflavus. Discussion This study not only extends our knowledge of gut microbiome in soybean hawkmoths at the species level, but also provides an initial investigation of gene functionality in interaction with insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qian
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Deng
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongnan Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaijian Liao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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He L, Yang SS, Ding J, Chen CX, Yang F, He ZL, Pang JW, Peng BY, Zhang Y, Xing DF, Ren NQ, Wu WM. Biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate by Tenebrio molitor: Insights for polymer chain size, gut metabolome and host genes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133446. [PMID: 38219578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or polyester) is a commonly used plastic and also contributes to the majority of plastic wastes. Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) are capable of biodegrading major plastic polymers but their degrading ability for PET has not been characterized based on polymer chain size molecular size, gut microbiome, metabolome and transcriptome. We verified biodegradation of commercial PET by T. molitor larvae in a previous report. Here, we reported that biodegradation of commercial PET (Mw 29.43 kDa) was further confirmed by using the δ13C signature as an indication of bioreaction, which was increased from - 27.50‰ to - 26.05‰. Under antibiotic suppression of gut microbes, the PET was still depolymerized, indicating that the host digestive enzymes could degrade PET independently. Biodegradation of high purity PET with low, medium, and high molecular weights (MW), i.e., Mw values of 1.10, 27.10, and 63.50 kDa with crystallinity 53.66%, 33.43%, and 4.25%, respectively, showed a mass reduction of > 95%, 86%, and 74% via broad depolymerization. Microbiome analyses indicated that PET diets shifted gut microbiota to three distinct structures, depending on the low, medium, and high MW. Metagenome sequencing, transcriptomic, and metabolic analyses indicated symbiotic biodegradation of PET by the host and gut microbiota. After PET was fed, the host's genes encoding degradation enzymes were upregulated, including genes encoding oxidizing, hydrolyzing, and non-specific CYP450 enzymes. Gut bacterial genes for biodegrading intermediates and nitrogen fixation also upregulated. The multiple-functional metabolic pathways for PET biodegradation ensured rapid biodegradation resulting in a half-life of PET less than 4 h with less negative impact by PET MW and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Li He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Syahrulawal L, Torske MO, Sapkota R, Næss G, Khanal P. Improving the nutritional values of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as an animal feed ingredient: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:146. [PMID: 38042833 PMCID: PMC10693714 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow mealworm larvae (YML; Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggawastu Syahrulawal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Magnhild Oust Torske
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Geir Næss
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway
| | - Prabhat Khanal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare Division, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Skolegata 22, Steinkjer, 7713, Norway.
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Bhuvaragavan S, Reshma T, Hilda K, Meenakumari M, Sruthi K, Nivetha R, Janarthanan S. Predominant contribution of an endogenous cellulase (OlCel) to the cellulolysis in the digestive system of larvae of banana pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22031. [PMID: 37322608 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insects have evolved with effective strategies to utilize cellulose as an energy source by possessing cellulolytic enzymes which can be used as an optimal resource in the bioenergy sector. The study was aimed at evaluating the cellulolytic enzyme in the larval gut of the banana pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Primarily, cellulase activity was localized along the gut, in which the midgut showed the highest activity (2858 U/mg). The thermo-tolerance of cellulase activity was found to be up to 80°C (highest at 60°C), and the enzyme was stable at a pH between 5 and 6. Various concentrations of divalent cations (CaCl2 , MgCl2 , and CuCl2 ) have differential enhancing and inhibitory effects on cellulase activity. The cellulase (OlCel) was purified using anion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the cellulase was determined to be 47 kDa. The physicochemical parameters of the purified enzyme were similar to that of enzyme activity of whole gut extract. Mass spectrometry results identified sequence similarities of purified cellulase to the glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GHF5) family. The gut microbial cellulase activity as exogenous source showed no competence compared with the endogenous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kannan Sruthi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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11
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Řezáč M, Řezáčová V, Gloríková N, Némethová E, Heneberg P. Food provisioning to Pardosa spiders decreases the levels of tissue-resident endosymbiotic bacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6943. [PMID: 37117271 PMCID: PMC10147729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity, host specificity, and physiological effects of endosymbiotic bacteria in spiders (Araneae) are poorly characterized. We used 16S rDNA sequencing to evaluate endosymbionts in the cephalothorax and legs of a wolf spider Pardosa agrestis. We tested the effects of feeding once or twice daily with fruit flies, aphids, or starved and compared them to those of syntopically occurring Pardosa palustris. The feeding increased traveled distance up to five times in some of the groups provisioned with food relative to the starved control. The Shannon diversity t-test revealed significant differences between these component communities of the two spider species. The increased frequency of feeding with fruit flies, but not aphids, increased the dominance and decreased the alpha diversity of OTUs. The obligate or facultative endosymbionts were present in all analyzed spider individuals and were represented mostly by Rickettsiella, Rhabdochlamydia, Spiroplasma, and the facultative intracellular parasite Legionella. Vertically transmitted endosymbionts were less common, represented by Wolbachia pipientis and Rickettsia sp. H820. The relative abundance of Mycoplasma spp. was negatively correlated with provisioned or killed aphids. In conclusion, the tissues of Pardosa spiders host tremendously diverse assemblages of bacteria, including obligate or facultative endosymbionts, with yet unknown phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Řezáč
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Řezáčová
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Nela Gloríková
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Némethová
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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12
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Chen H, Hao D, Chen C, Sun Y, Yu X. Effects of midgut bacteria in Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) on nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 36916277 PMCID: PMC10011879 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a quarantine pest in China that can cause damage to hundreds of plants. As biological control agents, Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) are commonly used to inhibit the prevalence of H. cunea. To investigate the role of midgut bacteria in the infection of NPV and Bt in H. cunea, we performed a series of tests, including isolating the dominant culturable bacteria in the midgut, eliminating intestinal bacteria, and respectively inoculating the dominant strains with NPV and Bt for bioassay. Two dominant bacteria, Klebsiella oxytoca Lautrop (Enterobacterales: Enterobacteriaceae) and Enterococcus mundtii Collins (Lactobacillales: Enterococcaceae), in the midgut of H. cunea were identified, and a strain of H. cunea larvae without intestinal bacteria was successfully established. In the bioassays of entomopathogen infection, K. oxytoca showed significant synergistic effects with both NPV and Bt on the death of H. cunea. In contrast, E. mundtii played antagonistic effects. This phenomenon may be attributed to the differences in the physico-chemical properties of the two gut bacteria and the alkaline environment required for NPV and Bt to infect the host. It is worth noting that the enhanced insecticidal activity of K. oxytoca on NPV and Bt provides a reference for future biological control of H. cunea by intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | | | - Changyu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuhang Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaohang Yu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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13
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Orts JM, Parrado J, Pascual JA, Orts A, Cuartero J, Tejada M, Ros M. Polyurethane Foam Residue Biodegradation through the Tenebrio molitor Digestive Tract: Microbial Communities and Enzymatic Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010204. [PMID: 36616553 PMCID: PMC9823465 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is a widely used polymer with a highly complex recycling process due to its chemical structure. Eliminating polyurethane is limited to incineration or accumulation in landfills. Biodegradation by enzymes and microorganisms has been studied for decades as an effective method of biological decomposition. In this study, Tenebrio molitor larvae (T. molitor) were fed polyurethane foam. They degraded the polymer by 35% in 17 days, resulting in a 14% weight loss in the mealworms. Changes in the T. molitor gut bacterial community and diversity were observed, which may be due to the colonization of the species associated with PU degradation. The physical and structural biodegradation of the PU, as achieved by T. molitor, was observed and compared to the characteristics of the original PU (PU-virgin) using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microphotography (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Orts
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Parrado
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Jose A. Pascual
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafologia y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Angel Orts
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jessica Cuartero
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafologia y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Tejada
- Grupo de Investigacion Edafologia Ambiental, Departamento de Cristalografia, Mineralogia y Quimica Agricola, E.T.S.I.A. Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita Ros
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafologia y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Yin X. Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) Reared on Different Food Plants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091347. [PMID: 36138826 PMCID: PMC9495404 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although locusts can cause major agricultural damage, they also constitute a valuable food resource. At present, L. migratoria manilensis has been largely domesticated, being considered an edible insect in China. Feeding variety is one of the main characteristics of L. migratoria manilensis. There are apparent differences in the capacity of locusts to adapt to different food plants. To elucidate the effect of different food plants (i.e., goosegrass, maize leaves, soybean leaves, and pakchoi) on the growth and development of L. migratoria manilensis, the gut bacterial community composition of L. migratoria manilensis fifth instars fed on different plants was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Gut bacterial communities were affected by food plants and may play an essential role in host adaption. Feeding on different food plants has significant effects on the growth and development of L. migratoria manilensis. The present study establishes a theoretical foundation for studying the interplay between gut bacteria structure and L. migratoria manilensis adaptation. Abstract Locusts, in particular Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), have been associated with major damages in agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry in China. At present, L. migratoria manilensis has been largely domesticated, being considered an edible insect in China. Feeding variety is one of the main characteristics of L. migratoria manilensis. It has been demonstrated that microorganisms inhabiting the insect gut impact nutrition, development, defense, and reproduction of the insect host. The aim of the present study was to search for the adaptation mechanism of L. migratoria manilensis feeding on four different food plants (goosegrass, maize leaves, soybean leaves, and pakchoi) and explore changes in the gut bacterial community structure of the insect at the fifth instar nymph stage. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla, whereas Kluyvera, Enterobacter, Pseudocitrobacter, Klebsiella, Cronobacter, Citrobacter, Lactococcus, and Weissella were the dominant genera in the gut of L. migratoria manilensis. Principal component analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant differences in the gut microbiota structure of L. migratoria manilensis fed on different food plants. Moreover, functional prediction analysis revealed that metabolic and cellular processes were the most enriched categories. Within the category of metabolic processes, the most enriched pathways were carbohydrate transport and metabolism; amino acid transport and metabolism; translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis; cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis; inorganic ion transport and metabolism; and energy production and conversion. Collectively, the present results revealed that the structure of gut bacterial communities in L. migratoria manilensis fed on different food plants is impacted by food plants, which may play an essential part in the adaptation of the host.
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Rana AK, Thakur MK, Saini AK, Mokhta SK, Moradi O, Rydzkowski T, Alsanie WF, Wang Q, Grammatikos S, Thakur VK. Recent developments in microbial degradation of polypropylene: Integrated approaches towards a sustainable environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154056. [PMID: 35231525 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fossil-fuel-based plastics have many enticing properties, but their production has resulted in significant environmental issues that require immediate attention. Despite the fact that these polymers are manmade, some bacteria can degrade and metabolise them, suggesting that biotechnologies based on the principle of plastic biodegradation could be beneficial. Among different types of plastics, polypropylene (PP), either having low or high density, is one of the most consumed plastics (18.85%). Their debasement under natural conditions is somewhat tricky. Still, their debasement under natural conditions is rather difficult slightly. However, different scientists have still made efforts by employing other microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and guts bacteria of larvae of insects to bio-deteriorate the PP plastic. Pre-irradiation techniques (ultraviolet and gamma irradiations), compatibilizers, and bio-additives (natural fibers, starch, and polylactic acid) have been found to impact percent bio-deterioration of different PP derivatives stronglythe various. The fungal and bacterial study showed that PP macro/microplastic might serve as an energy source and sole carbon during bio-degradation. Generally, gravimetric method or physical characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, etc., are utilized to affirm the bio-degradation of PP plastics-based materials. However, these techniques are not enough to warrant the bio-deterioration of PP. In this regard, a new technique approach that measures the amount of carbon dioxide emitted during bacterial or fungus degradation has also been discussed. In addition, further exploration is needed on novel isolates from plastisphere environments, sub-atomic strategies to describe plastic-debasing microorganisms and improve enzymatic action strategies, and omics-based innovations to speed up plastic waste bio-deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manju Kumari Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Adesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Sudesh Kumar Mokhta
- Department of Environment, Science & Technology, Government of Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Omid Moradi
- Faculty of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Tomasz Rydzkowski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Raclawicka Str. 15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Sotirios Grammatikos
- Laboratory of Advanced & Sustainable Engineering Materials (ASEMlab), Group of Sustainable Composites, Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik 2815, Norway
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India.
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Lu X. Diversity and Functional Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Lepidopteran Insects. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061234. [PMID: 35744751 PMCID: PMC9231115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are one of the most widespread and speciose lineages on Earth, with many common pests and beneficial insect species. The evolutionary success of their diversification depends on the essential functions of gut microorganisms. This diverse gut microbiota of lepidopteran insects provides benefits in nutrition and reproductive regulation and plays an important role in the defence against pathogens, enhancing host immune homeostasis. In addition, gut symbionts have shown promising applications in the development of novel tools for biological control, biodegradation of waste, and blocking the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Even though most microbial symbionts are unculturable, the rapidly expanding catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques offer a viable alternative for studying these microbes. Here, we discuss the gut structure and microbial diversity of lepidopteran insects, as well as advances in the understanding of symbiotic relationships and interactions between hosts and symbionts. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the function of the gut microbiota, including in host nutrition and metabolism, immune defence, and potential mechanisms of detoxification. Due to the relevance of lepidopteran pests in agricultural production, it can be expected that the research on the interactions between lepidopteran insects and their gut microbiota will be used for biological pest control and protection of beneficial insects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
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17
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Savio C, Mugo-Kamiri L, Upfold JK. Bugs in Bugs: The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Maintenance of Health in Mass-Reared Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:376. [PMID: 35447818 PMCID: PMC9025317 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between insects and their microbiota affect insect behaviour and evolution. When specific microorganisms are provided as a dietary supplement, insect reproduction, food conversion and growth are enhanced and health is improved in cases of nutritional deficiency or pathogen infection. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of insect-microbiota interactions, to review the role of probiotics, their general use in insects reared for food and feed, and their interactions with the host microbiota. We review how bacterial strains have been selected for insect species reared for food and feed and discuss methods used to isolate and measure the effectiveness of a probiotic. We outline future perspectives on probiotic applications in mass-reared insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Savio
- University of Paris Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, GME, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France;
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Loretta Mugo-Kamiri
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-University of Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Penryn Campus, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jennifer K. Upfold
- University of Paris Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, GME, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaildsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Saranya M, Kennedy JS, Anandham R. Functional characterization of cultivable gut bacterial communities associated with rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:14. [PMID: 34966637 PMCID: PMC8665909 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut symbiotic bacteria provide protection and nutrition to the host insect. A high reproductive rate and dispersal ability of the rugose spiralling whitefly help this polyphagous species to develop and thrive on many horticultural crops. In this study, we isolated the cultivable gut bacteria associated with rugose spiralling whitefly and demonstrated their role in the host insect. We also studied the influence of antibiotics on the rugose spiralling whitefly oviposition. A total of 70 gut bacteria were isolated from the second nymphal stage of rugose spiralling whitefly reared on coconut, banana, and sapota using seven growth media. From the 70 isolates, chitinase, siderophore (51), protease (44), and Glutathione-S-Transferase producers (16) were recorded. The activities of chitinase, siderophore, protease, and Glutathione-S-Transferase in the gut bacterial isolates of rugose spiralling whitefly ranged from 0.07 to 3.96 µmol-1 min-1 mL-1, 10.01 to 76.93%, 2.10 to 83.40%, and 5.21 to 24.48 nmol-1 min-1 mL-1 μg-1 protein, respectively. The16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that bacterial genera associated with the gut of rugose spiralling whitefly included Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Acinetobacter, Lysinibacillus, Arthrobacter, and Pseudomonas. Based on the susceptibility of the gut bacteria to antibiotics, 11antibiotic treatments were administered to the host plant leaves infested with the nymphal stages. The antibiotics were evaluated for their effect on rugose spiralling whitefly oviposition. Among the antibiotic treatments, carbenicillin (100 µg mL-1) + ciprofloxacin (5 µg mL-1) significantly reduced the oviposition (13 eggs spiral-1) and egg hatchability (61.54%) of rugose spiralling whitefly. Disruption of chitinase, siderophore, protease, and detoxification enzyme producers and elimination of these symbionts through antibiotics altered the host insect physiology and indirectly affected whitefly oviposition. In conclusion, gut bacteria-based management strategies might be used as insecticides for the effective control of whiteflies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03081-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Saranya
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - J. S. Kennedy
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - R. Anandham
- grid.412906.80000 0001 2155 9899Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
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Gloder G, Bourne ME, Verreth C, Wilberts L, Bossaert S, Crauwels S, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Parasitism by endoparasitoid wasps alters the internal but not the external microbiome in host caterpillars. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:73. [PMID: 34654483 PMCID: PMC8520287 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome of many insects consists of a diverse community of microorganisms that can play critical roles in the functioning and overall health of their hosts. Although the microbial communities of insects have been studied thoroughly over the past decade, little is still known about how biotic interactions affect the microbial community structure in and on the bodies of insects. In insects that are attacked by parasites or parasitoids, it can be expected that the microbiome of the host insect is affected by the presence of these parasitic organisms that develop in close association with their host. In this study, we used high-throughput amplicon sequencing targeting both bacteria and fungi to test the hypothesis that parasitism by the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata affected the microbiome of its host Pieris brassicae. Healthy and parasitized caterpillars were collected from both natural populations and a laboratory culture. RESULTS Significant differences in bacterial community structure were found between field-collected caterpillars and laboratory-reared caterpillars, and between the external and the internal microbiome of the caterpillars. Parasitism significantly altered the internal microbiome of caterpillars, but not the external microbiome. The internal microbiome of all parasitized caterpillars and of the parasitoid larvae in the caterpillar hosts was dominated by a Wolbachia strain, which was completely absent in healthy caterpillars, suggesting that the strain was transferred to the caterpillars during oviposition by the parasitoids. CONCLUSION We conclude that biotic interactions such as parasitism have pronounced effects on the microbiome of an insect host and possibly affect interactions with higher-order insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christel Verreth
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Wilberts
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bossaert
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 46, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Mejía-Alvarado FS, Ghneim-Herrera T, Góngora CE, Benavides P, Navarro-Escalante L. Structure and Dynamics of the Gut Bacterial Community Across the Developmental Stages of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639868. [PMID: 34335487 PMCID: PMC8323054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coffee berry borer (CBB); Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is widely recognized as the major insect pest of coffee crops. Like many other arthropods, CBB harbors numerous bacteria species that may have important physiological roles in host nutrition, detoxification, immunity and protection. To date, the structure and dynamics of the gut-associated bacterial community across the CBB life cycle is not yet well understood. A better understanding of the complex relationship between CBB and its bacterial companions may provide new opportunities for insect control. In the current investigation, we analyzed the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota across the CBB developmental stages under field conditions by using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Overall, 15 bacterial phyla, 38 classes, 61 orders, 101 families and 177 genera were identified across all life stages, including egg, larva 1, larva 2, pupa, and adults (female and male). Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla dominated the microbiota along the entire insect life cycle. Among the 177 genera, the 10 most abundant were members of Ochrobactrum (15.1%), Pantoea (6.6%), Erwinia (5.7%), Lactobacillus (4.3%), Acinetobacter (3.4%), Stenotrophomonas (3.1%), Akkermansia (3.0%), Agrobacterium (2.9%), Curtobacterium (2.7%), and Clostridium (2.7%). We found that the overall bacterial composition is diverse, variable within each life stage and appears to vary across development. About 20% of the identified OTUs were shared across all life stages, from which 28 OTUs were consistently found in all life stage replicates. Among these OTUs there are members of genera Pantoea, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Brachybacterium, Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium, which can be considered as the gut-associated core microbiota of H. hampei. Our findings bring additional data to enrich the understanding of gut microbiota in CBB and its possible use for development of insect control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernan Santiago Mejía-Alvarado
- Department of Entomology, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Manizales, Colombia.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Carmenza E Góngora
- Department of Entomology, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Manizales, Colombia
| | - Pablo Benavides
- Department of Entomology, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Manizales, Colombia
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21
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Yuan X, Zhang X, Liu X, Dong Y, Yan Z, Lv D, Wang P, Li Y. Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Different Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136843. [PMID: 34202141 PMCID: PMC8268091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symbiotic bacteria have played an important role in the digestion, immunity detoxification, mating, and reproduction of insects during long-term coevolution. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is an important fruit tree pest worldwide. However, the composition of the G. molesta microbial community, especially of the gut microbiome, remains unclear. To explore the differences of gut microbiota of G. molesta when reared on different host plants, we determined the gut bacterial structure when G. molesta was transferred from an artificial diet to different host plants (apples, peaches, nectarines, crisp pears, plums, peach shoots) by amplicon sequencing technology. The results showed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are dominant in the gut microbiota of G. molesta. Plum-feeding G. molesta had the highest richness and diversity of gut microbiota, while apple-feeding G. molesta had the lowest. PCoA and PERMANOVA analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the gut microbiota structure of G. molesta on different diets. PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that most of the functional prediction pathways were concentrated in metabolic and cellular processes. Our results confirmed that gut bacterial communities of G. molesta can be influenced by host diets and may play an important role in host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zizheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dongbiao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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22
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Dar MA, Shaikh AF, Pawar KD, Xie R, Sun J, Kandasamy S, Pandit RS. Evaluation of cellulose degrading bacteria isolated from the gut-system of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and their potential values in biomass conversion. PeerJ 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera is a widely distributed, devastating pest of over 200 crop plants that mainly consist of some cellulosic materials. Despite its economic importance as a pest, little is known about the diversity and community structure of gut symbiotic bacteria potentially functioned in cellulose digestion in different gut-sections of H. armigera. In view of this lacuna, we attempted to evaluate and characterize cellulose-degrading bacteria (CDB) from foregut, midgut, and hindgut -regions of H. armigera by using a culture-dependent approach.
Methodology
The symbiotic bacteria were isolated from different gut-systems of H. armigera by enrichment techniques using Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) as carbon source. The isolated bacteria were purified and subsequently screened for cellulose-degradation by plate-based method to display the zones of CMC clearance around the colonies. The identification and phylogeny of the gut-bacteria were reconstructed by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Different enzymes such as endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase, and xylanase were assayed to determine the cellulolytic repertoire of the isolated bacteria.
Results
The enrichment of CDB and subsequent plate based screening methods resulted in isolation of 71 bacteria among which 54% of the bacteria were obtained from foregut. Among the isolated bacteria, 25 isolates showed discernible cellulose-degradation potential on CMC-agar plates. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing affiliated these cellulolytic bacteria to two major phyla viz., Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The members of the genus Klebsiella accounted for 39.43% of the total isolated bacteria while 31% of the Bacillus strains were enriched from hindgut region. The principal component analysis (PCA) further suggested that the members of Bacillus and Klebsiella together dominated the foregut and hindgut regions as they accounted for 68% of the total CDB. The four potential isolates selected on the basis of plate-based activities were further evaluated for their lignocellulases production by using various agricultural wastes as substrates. The PCA of the enzyme activities demonstrated that potential isolates majorly secreted endoglucanase and xylanase enzymes. Among the agro-wastes, multivariate analysis validated wheat husk (WH) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as most favorable substrates for xylanase and endoglucanase productions respectively. The overall findings suggest that H. armigera harbors diverse bacterial communities in different gut-sections that could assist the host in digestion processes, which may potentially serve as a valuable reservoir of some unique symbionts applied for biomass conversion in biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A. Dar
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Afrin F. Shaikh
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran D. Pawar
- School of Nanoscience and Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Radhakrishna S. Pandit
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Yang SS, Ding MQ, He L, Zhang CH, Li QX, Xing DF, Cao GL, Zhao L, Ding J, Ren NQ, Wu WM. Biodegradation of polypropylene by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and superworms (Zophobas atratus) via gut-microbe-dependent depolymerization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144087. [PMID: 33280873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP), a fossil-based polyolefin plastics widely used worldwide, is non-hydrolyzable and resistant to biodegradation as a major source of plastic pollutants in environment. This study focused on feasibility of PP biodegradation in the larvae of two species of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) i.e., yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and superworms (Zophobas atratus) using PP foam with number-, weight-, and size-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, and Mz) of 109.8, 356.2, and 765.0 kDa, respectively. The tests were conducted in duplicates with respective larvae (300 T. molitor and 200 Z. atratus each incubator) at 25 °C and 65% humidity for over a 35-day period. The larvae of T. molitor and Z. atratus fed with PP foam as sole diet consumed PP at 1.0 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.4 mg 100 larvae-1 days-1, respectively; when fed the PP foam plus wheat bran, the consumption rates were enhanced by 68.11% and 39.70%, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography analyses of the frass of T. molitor and Z. atratus larvae fed PP only indicated that Mw was decreased by 20.4 ± 0.8% and 9.0 ± 0.4%; Mn was increased by 12.1 ± 0.4% and 61.5 ± 2.5%; Mz was decreased by 33.8 ± 1.5% and 32.0 ± 1.1%, indicating limited extent depolymerization. Oxidation and biodegradation of PP was confirmed through analysis of the residual PP in frass. Depression of gut microbes with the antibiotic gentamicin inhibited PP depolymerization in both T. molitor and Z. atratus larvae. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Citrobacter sp. and Enterobacter sp. were associated with PP diets in the gut microbiome of Z. atratus larvae while Kluyvera was predominant in the T. molitor larvae. The results indicated that PP can be biodegraded in both T. molitor and Z. atratus larvae via gut microbe-dependent depolymerization with diversified microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Meng-Qi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chun-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Bae J, Cho HW, Jung H, Park J, Yun S, Ha S, Lee Y, Kim TJ. Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Due to the Expanded Polystyrene Diet of Mealworms ( Tenebrio molitor). Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:130-136. [PMID: 33927454 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene (EPS), which is difficult to decompose, is usually buried or incinerated, causing the natural environment to be contaminated with microplastics and environmental hormones. Digestion of EPS by mealworms has been identified as a possible biological solution to the problem of pollution, but the complete degradation mechanism of EPS is not yet known. Intestinal microorganisms play a significant role in the degradation of EPS by mealworms, and relatively few other EPS degradation microorganisms are currently known. This study observed significant differences in the intestinal microbiota of mealworms according to the dietary results of metagenomics analysis and biodiversity indices. We have proposed two new candidates of EPS-degrading bacteria, Cronobacter sakazakii and Lactococcus garvieae, which increased significantly in the EPS feeding group population. The population change and the new two bacteria will help us understand the biological mechanism of EPS degradation and develop practical EPS degradation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Bae
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Woo Cho
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jung
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Jusang Park
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Seohee Yun
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Ha
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jong Kim
- Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707 Republic of Korea
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25
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Hawkey KJ, Lopez-Viso C, Brameld JM, Parr T, Salter AM. Insects: A Potential Source of Protein and Other Nutrients for Feed and Food. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2020; 9:333-354. [PMID: 33228376 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable production of healthy food for a growing global population, in the face of the uncertainties of climate change, represents a major challenge for the coming decade. Livestock provide food with high nutritional value but are frequently fed on human-edible crops and are associated with significant production of greenhouse gases. Recent years have seen increasing interest in the farming of insects as a sustainable source of human food, or as a replacement of ingredients such as soya or fishmeal in the feeds of terrestrial livestock or fish. This review provides an overview of insect physiology and growth regulation, considers the requirements for insect farming and mass production, and summarizes the nutritional value of the 10 most commonly studied insect species, before reviewing the literature on the use of insects as feed and food. We highlight the challenges required to develop a sustainable, safe, and affordable insect farming industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerensa J Hawkey
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Carlos Lopez-Viso
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Brameld
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Tim Parr
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew M Salter
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences and Future Food Beacon, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
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26
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Lindsay EC, Metcalfe NB, Llewellyn MS. The potential role of the gut microbiota in shaping host energetics and metabolic rate. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2415-2426. [PMID: 32858775 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that symbiotic microbiota (especially those present in the gut) have important influences on the functioning of their host. Here, we review the interplay between this microbial community and the growth, metabolic rate and nutritional energy harvest of the host. We show how recent developments in experimental and analytical methods have allowed much easier characterization of the nature, and increasingly the functioning, of the gut microbiota. Manipulation studies that remove or augment gut microorganisms or transfer them between hosts have allowed unprecedented insights into their impact. Whilst much of the information to date has come from studies of laboratory model organisms, recent studies have used a more diverse range of host species, including those living in natural conditions, revealing their ecological relevance. The gut microbiota can provide the host with dietary nutrients that would be otherwise unobtainable, as well as allow the host flexibility in its capacity to cope with changing environments. The composition of the gut microbial community of a species can vary seasonally or when the host moves between environments (e.g. fresh and sea water in the case of migratory fish). It can also change with host diet choice, metabolic rate (or demands) and life stage. These changes in gut microbial community composition enable the host to live within different environments, adapt to seasonal changes in diet and maintain performance throughout its entire life history, highlighting the ecological relevance of the gut microbiota. Whilst it is evident that gut microbes can underpin host metabolic plasticity, the causal nature of associations between particular microorganisms and host performance is not always clear unless a manipulative approach has been used. Many studies have focussed on a correlative approach by characterizing microbial community composition, but there is now a need for more experimental studies in both wild and laboratory-based environments, to reveal the true role of gut microbiota in influencing the functioning of their hosts, including its capacity to tolerate environmental change. We highlight areas where these would be particularly fruitful in the context of ecological energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle C Lindsay
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin S Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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27
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Chakraborty A, Modlinger R, Ashraf MZ, Synek J, Schlyter F, Roy A. Core Mycobiome and Their Ecological Relevance in the Gut of Five Ips Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:568853. [PMID: 33013799 PMCID: PMC7496905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.568853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles are destructive forest pests considering their remarkable contribution to forest depletion. Their association with fungi is useful against the challenges of survival on the noxious and nutritionally limited substrate, i.e., conifer tissues. Fungal symbionts help the beetles in nutrient acquisition and detoxification of toxic tree secondary metabolites. Although gut is the prime location for food digestion and detoxification, limited information is available on gut-mycobiome of bark beetles. The present study screened the gut-mycobiont from six bark beetles (five Ips and one non-Ips) from Scolytinae subfamily using high-throughput sequencing and explored their putative role in symbiosis with the host insect. Results revealed the predominance of four fungal classes- Sordariomycetes, Saccharomycetes, Eurothiomycetes, and Dothidomycetes in all bark beetles. Apart from these, Agaricomycetes, Leothiomycetes, Incertae sedis Basidiomycota, Tremellomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and Microbotryomycetes were also documented in different beetles. Five Ips bark beetles share a consortium of core fungal communities in their gut tissues consisting of 47 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 19 fungal genera. The majority of these core fungal genera belong to the phylum Ascomycota. LEfSe analysis revealed a set of species-specific fungal biomarkers in bark beetles. The present study identified the gut mycobiont assemblage in bark beetles and their putative ecological relevance. An enriched understanding of bark beetle-fungal symbiosis is not only filling the existing knowledge gap in the field but may also unleash an unforeseen potential for future bark beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Muhammad Zubair Ashraf
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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28
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Integrative developmental ecology: a review of density-dependent effects on life-history traits and host-microbe interactions in non-social holometabolous insects. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPopulation density modulates a wide range of eco-evolutionary processes including inter- and intra-specific competition, fitness and population dynamics. In holometabolous insects, the larval stage is particularly susceptible to density-dependent effects because the larva is the resource-acquiring stage. Larval density-dependent effects can modulate the expression of life-history traits not only in the larval and adult stages but also downstream for population dynamics and evolution. Better understanding the scope and generality of density-dependent effects on life-history traits of current and future generations can provide useful knowledge for both theory and experiments in developmental ecology. Here, we review the literature on larval density-dependent effects on fitness of non-social holometabolous insects. First, we provide a functional definition of density to navigate the terminology in the literature. We then classify the biological levels upon which larval density-dependent effects can be observed followed by a review of the literature produced over the past decades across major non-social holometabolous groups. Next, we argue that host-microbe interactions are yet an overlooked biological level susceptible to density-dependent effects and propose a conceptual model to explain how density-dependent effects on host-microbe interactions can modulate density-dependent fitness curves. In summary, this review provides an integrative framework of density-dependent effects across biological levels which can be used to guide future research in the field of ecology and evolution.
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29
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Friedrichs J, Schweiger R, Geisler S, Mix A, Wittstock U, Müller C. Novel glucosinolate metabolism in larvae of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 124:103431. [PMID: 32653632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants of the Brassicales are defended by a binary system, in which glucosinolates are degraded by myrosinases, forming toxic breakdown products such as isothiocyanates and nitriles. Various detoxification pathways and avoidance strategies have been found that allow different herbivorous insect taxa to deal with the glucosinolate-myrosinase system of their host plants. Here, we investigated how larvae of the leaf beetle species Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a feeding specialist on Brassicaceae, cope with this binary defence. We performed feeding experiments using leaves of watercress (Nasturtium officinale, containing 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate as major glucosinolate and myrosinases) and pea (Pisum sativum, lacking glucosinolates and myrosinases), to which benzenic glucosinolates (benzyl- or 4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate) were applied. Performing comparative metabolomics using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, N-(phenylacetyl) aspartic acid, N-(benzoyl) aspartic acid and N-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) aspartic acid were identified as major metabolites of 2-phenylethyl-, benzyl- and 4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, respectively, in larvae and faeces. This suggests that larvae of P. cochleariae metabolise isothiocyanates or nitriles to aspartic acid conjugates of aromatic acids derived from the ingested benzenic glucosinolates. Myrosinase measurements revealed activity only in second-instar larvae that were fed with watercress, but not in freshly moulted and starved second-instar larvae fed with pea leaves. Our results indicate that the predicted pathway can occur independently of the presence of plant myrosinases, because the same major glucosinolate-breakdown metabolites were found in the larvae feeding on treated watercress and pea leaves. A conjugation of glucosinolate-derived compounds with aspartic acid is a novel metabolic pathway that has not been described for other herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Friedrichs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Svenja Geisler
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Department of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Urbanek AK, Rybak J, Wróbel M, Leluk K, Mirończuk AM. A comprehensive assessment of microbiome diversity in Tenebrio molitor fed with polystyrene waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114281. [PMID: 32146369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently it was demonstrated that mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae consume and biodegrade polystyrene. Thus, in this study a breeding investigation with various types of polystyrene was performed to follow the changes in the gut microbiome diversity. Polystyrene used for packaging purposes (PSp) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) were perceived as more favorable and attacked more frequently by mealworms compared to raw polystyrene (PS) and material commercially available for parcels (PSp). Although our studies showed that larvae could bite and chew selected materials, they are not able to degrade and use them for consumption purposes. In a next-generation sequencing experiment, among all samples, seven classes, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Clostridia, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria, were indicated as the most abundant, whereas the predominant genera were Enterobacter, Lactococcus and Enterococcus. Additionally, we isolated three bacteria strains able to use diverse types of bioplastic as a sole carbon source. The strains with biodegradable activity against bioplastic were identified as species of the genera Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Serratia. The presence of a bacterial strain able to degrade bioplastic may suggest a potential niche for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta K Urbanek
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wróbel
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Leluk
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Mirończuk
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
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Paek A, Kim MJ, Park HY, Yoo JG, Jeong SE. Functional expression of recombinant hybrid enzymes composed of bacterial and insect's chitinase domains in E. coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 136:109492. [PMID: 32331713 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the functional alteration of the recombinant hybrid chitinases composed of bacterial and insect's domains, we cloned the constitutional domains from chitinase-encoding cDNAs of a bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis (BtChi) and a lepidopteran insect species, Mamestra brassicae (MbChi), respectively, swapped one's leading signal peptide (LSP) - catalytic domain (CD) - linker region (LR) (LCL) with the other's chitin binding domain (ChBD) between the two species, and confirmed and analyzed the functional expression of the recombinant hybrid chitinases and their chitinolytic activities in the transformed E. coli strains. Each of the two recombinant cDNAs, MbChi's LCL connected with BtChi's ChBD (MbLCL-BtChBD) and BtChi's LCL connected with MbChi's ChBD (BtLCL-MbChBD), was successfully introduced and expressed in E. coli BL21 strain. Although both of the two hybrid enzymes were found to be expressed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the effects of the introduced genes on the chitin metabolism appear to be dramatically different between the two transformed E. coli strains. BtLCL-MbChBD remarkably increased not only the cell proliferation rate, extracellular and cellular chitinolytic activity, but also cellular glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine levels, while MbLCL-BtChBD showed about the same profiles in the three tested subjects as those of the strains transformed with each of the two native chitinases, indicating that a combination of the bacterial CD of TIM barrel structure with characteristic six cysteine residues and insect ChBD2 including a conserved six cysteine-rich region (6C) enhances the attachment of the enzyme molecule to chitin compound by MbChBD, and so increases the catalytic efficiency of bacterial CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Paek
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Hee Yun Park
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Je Geun Yoo
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Seong Eun Jeong
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea.
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Jing TZ, Qi FH, Wang ZY. Most dominant roles of insect gut bacteria: digestion, detoxification, or essential nutrient provision? MICROBIOME 2020; 8:38. [PMID: 32178739 PMCID: PMC7077154 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the host's digestion, detoxification, development, pathogen resistance, and physiology. However, there is poor information about the ranking of these roles. Most of these results were obtained with cultivable bacteria, whereas the bacterial physiology may be different between free-living and midgut-colonizing bacteria. In this study, we provided both proteomic and genomic evidence on the ranking of the roles of gut bacteria by investigating the anal droplets from a weevil, Cryptorhynchus lapathi. RESULTS The gut lumen and the anal droplets showed qualitatively and quantitatively different subsets of bacterial communities. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the gut lumen is dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the anal droplets are dominated by Proteobacteria. From the anal droplets, enzymes involved in 31 basic roles that belong to 7 super roles were identified by Q-TOF MS. The cooperation between the weevil and its gut bacteria was determined by reconstructing community pathway maps, which are defined in this study. A score was used to rank the gut bacterial roles. The results from the proteomic data indicate that the most dominant role of gut bacteria is amino acid biosynthesis, followed by protein digestion, energy metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis, lipid digestion, plant secondary metabolite (PSM) degradation, and carbohydrate digestion, while the order from the genomic data is amino acid biosynthesis, vitamin biosynthesis, lipid digestion, energy metabolism, protein digestion, PSM degradation, and carbohydrate digestion. The PCA results showed that the gut bacteria form functional groups from the point of view of either the basic role or super role, and the MFA results showed that there are functional variations among gut bacteria. In addition, the variations between the proteomic and genomic data, analyzed with the HMFA method from the point of view of either the bacterial community or individual bacterial species, are presented. CONCLUSION The most dominant role of gut bacteria is essential nutrient provisioning, followed by digestion and detoxification. The weevil plays a pioneering role in diet digestion and mainly digests macromolecules into smaller molecules which are then mainly digested by gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhong Jing
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Feng-Hui Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 China
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33
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RNA-Seq comparative analysis reveals the response of Enterococcus faecalis TV4 under fluoride exposure. Gene 2020; 726:144197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Linton SM. Review: The structure and function of cellulase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) and hemicellulase (β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase) enzymes in invertebrates that consume materials ranging from microbes, algae to leaf litter. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110354. [PMID: 31647988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the reaction catalysed, and the structure and function of the cellulase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and the hemicellulase enzymes, β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,4-mannase that are present in numerous invertebrate groups with a diverse range of feeding specialisations. These range from microbial deposit and filter feeders, micro and macrophagous algal feeders, omnivores to herbivorous leaf litter and wood feeders. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase from glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) digests cellulose like β-1,4-glucans from a range of materials. As it hydrolyses crystalline cellulose very slowly, it is a poor cellulase. Where tested, the enzyme has dual endo-β-1,4-glucanase and lichenase activity. Its presence does not necessarily indicate the ability of an animal to digest cellulose. It only indicates the ability to digest β-1,4-glucans and its function, which is discussed in this review, should be considered with reference to the substrates present in the diet. β-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16) and hydrolyses β-1.3-glucans. These polysaccharides are present in the cell walls of algae, protozoans and yeast, and they also occur as storage polysaccharides within protozoans and algae. Depending on their site of expression, these enzymes may function as a digestive enzyme or may be involved in innate immunity. Enzymes present in the digestive fluids or tissues, would be digestive. Haemolymph GH16 proteins may be involved in innate immunity through the activation of the phenol oxidase system. Insect GH16 proteins expressed within the haemolymph have lost their catalytic residues and function as β-glucan binding proteins. In contrast, crustacean GH16 proteins expressed within the same tissue, have retained the catalytic residues and thus possibly their β-1,3-glucanase activity. The potential function of which is discussed. Endo-β-1,4-mannase from glycosyl hydrolase family 5, subfamily 10 (GH5_10) hydrolyses mannan, glucomannan and galactomannan. These hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of plants and algae and also function as storage polysaccharides within legume and palm seeds. They are digestive enzymes whose high expression in some species suggests they are a major contributor to hemicellulose digestion. They may also provide the animal with substantial amounts of monosaccharides for energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Linton
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC 3216, Australia.
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35
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Wynants E, Frooninckx L, Van Miert S, Geeraerd A, Claes J, Van Campenhout L. Risks related to the presence of Salmonella sp. during rearing of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) for food or feed: Survival in the substrate and transmission to the larvae. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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36
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Wang H, Wu N, Liu Y, Kundu JK, Liu W, Wang X. Higher Bacterial Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Different Natural Populations of Leafhopper Vector Does Not Influence WDV Transmission. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191481 PMCID: PMC6548887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial communities in the gut of an insect have important ecological and functional effects on the insect. However, the community composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in insects that vector plant viruses are poorly understood. As an important insect vector, Psammotettix alienus transmits various viruses including wheat dwarf virus (WDV). Here, we used the combination of leafhopper and WDV as model to survey the influence of gut microbiota on virus transmission characteristic of insect vector and vice versa. We have characterized 22 phyla and 249 genera of all gut bacterial communities in the leafhopper populations collected from six geographic regions in China. Community composition and diversity varied across different geographic populations. However, WDV transmission efficiencies of these six field populations were all greater than 80% with no significant difference. Interestingly, the transmission efficiency of WDV by laboratory reared insects with decreased gut bacterial diversity was similar to that of field populations. Furthermore, we found that the composition of the leafhopper gut bacteria was dynamic and could reversibly respond to WDV acquisition. Higher bacterial diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in different leafhopper populations did not influence their WDV transmission efficiency, while the acquisition of WDV changes gut microbiota by a dynamic and reversible manner. This report provides insight into the complex relationship between the gut microbiota, insect vector and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ochoa Sanabria C, Hogan N, Madder K, Gillott C, Blakley B, Reaney M, Beattie A, Buchanan F. Yellow Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat-A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050282. [PMID: 31117211 PMCID: PMC6563207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52% and crude fat of 36%. Ash, fiber, chitin, fatty-acids and amino-acid content were consistent across diets. Survival was greater than 96% for all life stages and average daily gain ranged from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/day per mealworm. Larvae accumulated low levels of DON from Fusarium-infected wheat diets suggesting contaminated wheat could be used to produce a sustainable, safe protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ochoa Sanabria
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Kayla Madder
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Cedric Gillott
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Barry Blakley
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Aaron Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Fiona Buchanan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Positive effects of the tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on gut bacteria and fitness of Ectropis obliqua Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5021. [PMID: 30903009 PMCID: PMC6430822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectropis obliqua Prout (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is the most devastating insect pest of tea plants in China and infests thousands of hectares of tea plantations in China annually. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major phenolic compound in tea leaves and has a strong antibacterial function. Here, we show that EGCG can effectively improve the fitness of E. obliqua larvae and present the reason by which EGCG promotes larval fitness. In this study, we compared the fitness difference among Control, Antibiotic and Treatment of larvae. The fitness of larvae treated with EGCG and antibiotic was similar and better than that of control group. We also demonstrated that EGCG treatment could significantly reduce species richness and abundance of gut bacteria in E. obliqua larvae. Hence that we speculate that EGCG promotes larval fitness and is associated with ECGG antimicrobial activity. In short, our study provides evidence of the E. obliqua larvae have adapted to secondary compounds found in tea leaves, and may even benefit from these compounds. Our study also contributes to a greater understanding of the reason involved in plant–insect interactions.
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Ali H, Muhammad A, Sanda NB, Huang Y, Hou Y. Pyrosequencing Uncovers a Shift in Bacterial Communities Across Life Stages of Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 30930872 PMCID: PMC6424052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts of insects affect a wide array of host traits including fitness and immunity. Octodonta nipae (Maulik), commonly known as hispid leaf beetle is a destructive palm pest around the world. Understanding the dynamics of microbiota is essential to unravel the complex interplay between O. nipae and its bacterial symbionts. In this study, bacterial 16S rRNA V3-V4 region was targeted to decipher the diversity and dynamics of bacterial symbionts across different life stages [eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult (male and female)] and reproductive organs (ovaries and testis) of O. nipae. Clustering analysis at ≥97% similarity threshold produced 3,959 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that belonged to nine different phyla. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes represented the bulk of taxa that underwent notable changes during metamorphosis. Enterobacteriaceae and Dermabacteraceae were the most abundant families in immature stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae), while Anaplasmataceae family was dominated in adults (male and female) and reproductive organs (ovaries and testis). The genus Serratia and Lactococcus were most abundant in eggs, whereas Pantoea and Brachybacterium represented the bulk of larvae and pupae microbiota. Interestingly the genus Wolbachia found positive to all tested samples and was recorded extremely high (>64%) in the adults and reproductive organs. The bacteria varied across the developmental stages and responsible for various metabolic activities. Selection choice exerted by the insect host as a result of its age or developmental stage could be the main reason to ascertain the shift in the bacteria populations. Maternally inherited Wolbachia was found to be an obligate endosymbiont infecting all tested life stages, body parts, and tissues. These outcomes foster our understanding of the intricate associations between bacteria and O. nipae and will incorporate in devising novel pest control strategies against this palm pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nafiu Bala Sanda
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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40
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Vigneron A, Jehan C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Front Physiol 2019; 10:138. [PMID: 30914960 PMCID: PMC6422893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After providing a detailed description of T. molitor's anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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41
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lin D, Zhang L, Shao W, Li X, Liu X, Wu H, Rao Q. Phylogenetic analyses and characteristics of the microbiomes from five mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1972-1984. [PMID: 30847086 PMCID: PMC6392364 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between Sternorrhyncha insects and intracellular bacteria are common in nature. Mealybugs are destructive pests that seriously threaten the production of agriculture and forestry. Mealybugs have evolved intimate endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, which provide them with essential amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. In this study, the divergence of five mealybugs was analyzed based up the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI). Meanwhile, the distinct regions of the 16S rRNA gene of primary symbionts in the mealybugs were sequenced. Finally, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques were used to study the microbial abundance and diversity in mealybugs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that these five mealybugs were subdivided into two different clusters. One cluster of mealybugs (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Pseudococcus comstocki, and Planococcus minor) harbored the primary endosymbiont "Candidatus Tremblaya princeps," and another cluster (Phenacoccus solenopsis and Phenacoccus solani) harbored "Ca. Tremblaya phenacola." The mtCOI sequence divergence between the two clusters was similar to the 16S rRNA sequence divergence between T. princeps and T. phenacola. Thus, we concluded that the symbiont phylogeny was largely concordant with the host phylogeny. The HTS showed that the microbial abundance and diversity within P. solani and P. solenopsis were highly similar, and there was lower overall species richness compared to the other mealybugs. Among the five mealybugs, we also found significant differences in Shannon diversity and observed species. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the coevolution of mealybugs and their symbiotic microorganisms. These findings are also useful for research on the effect of symbiont diversity on the pest status of mealybugs in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan lin
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Weidong Shao
- Zhoushan Entry‐exit Inspection and Quarantine BreauNingboChina
| | - Xuelian Li
- Ningbo Entry‐exit Inspection and Quarantine BureauNingboChina
| | - Xunyue Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceZhejiang A & F UniversityHangzhouChina
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Yang SS, Wu WM, Brandon AM, Fan HQ, Receveur JP, Li Y, Wang ZY, Fan R, McClellan RL, Gao SH, Ning D, Phillips DH, Peng BY, Wang H, Cai SY, Li P, Cai WW, Ding LY, Yang J, Zheng M, Ren J, Zhang YL, Gao J, Xing D, Ren NQ, Waymouth RM, Zhou J, Tao HC, Picard CJ, Benbow ME, Criddle CS. Ubiquity of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:262-271. [PMID: 30145418 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Academics researchers and "citizen scientists" from 22 countries confirmed that yellow mealworms, the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, can survive by eating polystyrene (PS) foam. More detailed assessments of this capability for mealworms were carried out by12 sources: five from the USA, six from China, and one from Northern Ireland. All of these mealworms digested PS foam. PS mass decreased and depolymerization was observed, with appearance of lower molecular weight residuals and functional groups indicative of oxidative transformations in extracts from the frass (insect excrement). An addition of gentamycin (30 mg g-1), a bactericidal antibiotic, inhibited depolymerization, implicating the gut microbiome in the biodegradation process. Microbial community analyses demonstrated significant taxonomic shifts for mealworms fed diets of PS plus bran and PS alone. The results indicate that mealworms from diverse locations eat and metabolize PS and support the hypothesis that this capacity is independent of the geographic origin of the mealworms, and is likely ubiquitous to members of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Anja M Brandon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Han-Qing Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph P Receveur
- Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Yue Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca L McClellan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shu-Hong Gao
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Daliang Ning
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Debra H Phillips
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Bo-Yu Peng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Shen-Yang Cai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei-Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ling-Yun Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ya-Lei Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Hu-Chun Tao
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Mark Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Ferreira TN, Pita-Pereira D, Costa SG, Brazil RP, Moraes CS, Díaz-Albiter HM, Genta FA. Transmission blocking sugar baits for the control of Leishmania development inside sand flies using environmentally friendly beta-glycosides and their aglycones. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:614. [PMID: 30501613 PMCID: PMC6271627 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis, a disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. Adults of this insect feed on blood (females only) or sugar from plant sources, but their digestion of carbohydrates is poorly studied. Beta-glycosides as esculin and amygdalin are plant compounds and release toxic compounds as esculetin and mandelonitrile when hydrolyzed. Beta-glucosidase and trehalase are essential enzymes in sand fly metabolism and participate in sugar digestion. It is therefore possible that the toxic portions of these glycosides, released during digestion, affect sand fly physiology and the development of Leishmania. Results We tested the oral administration to sand flies of amygdalin, esculin, mandelonitrile, and esculetin in the sugar meal. These compounds significantly decreased the longevity of Lutzomyia longipalpis females and males. Lutzomyia longipalpis adults have significant hydrolytic activities against esculin and feeding on this compound cause changes in trehalase and β-glucosidase activities. Female trehalase activity is inhibited in vitro by esculin. Esculin is naturally fluorescent, so its ingestion may be detected and quantified in whole insects or tissue samples stored in methanol. Mandelonitrile neither affected the amount of sugar ingested by sand flies nor showed repellent activity. Our results show that mandelonitrile significantly reduces the viability of L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, L. infantum and L. mexicana, in a concentration-dependent manner. Esculetin caused a similar effect, reducing the number of L. infantum and L. mexicana. Female L. longipalpis fed on mandelonitrile had a reduction in the number of parasites and prevalence of infection after seven days of infection with L. mexicana, either by counting in a Neubauer chamber or by qPCR assays. Conclusions Glycosides have significant effects on L. longipalpis longevity and metabolism and also affect the development of parasites in culture and inside the insect. These observations might help to conceptualize new vector control strategies using transmission blocking sugar baits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3122-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá Neves Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pita-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samara Graciane Costa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Silva Moraes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector Manuel Díaz-Albiter
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Unidad Villahermosa, Villahermosa, México
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Terra WR, Dias RO, Oliveira PL, Ferreira C, Venancio TM. Transcriptomic analyses uncover emerging roles of mucins, lysosome/secretory addressing and detoxification pathways in insect midguts. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:34-40. [PMID: 30551823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of insect midgut features has been made possible by the recent availability of transcriptome datasets. These data uncovered the preferential expression of mucus-forming mucins at midgut regions that require protection (e.g. the acidic middle midgut of Musca domestica) or at sites of enzyme immobilization, particularly around the peritrophic membrane of Spodoptera frugiperda. Coleoptera lysosomal peptidases are directed to midgut lumen when over-expressed and targeted to lysosomes by a mechanism other than the mannose 6-phosphate-dependent pathway. We show that this second trend is likely conserved across Annelida, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Arthropoda. Furthermore, midgut transcriptomes of distantly related species reveal a general overexpression of xenobiotic detoxification pathways. In addition to attenuating toxicity of plant-derived compounds and insecticides, we also discuss a role for these detoxification pathways in regulating host-microbiota interactions by metabolizing bacterial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Terra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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45
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Pradeep Kumar R, John A, Kumar P, Dinesh Babu KV, Evans DA. Larvicidal efficacy of Adiantobischrysene from Adiantum latifolium against Oryctes rhinoceros through disrupting metamorphosis and impeding microbial mediated digestion. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1821-1828. [PMID: 29393564 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oryctes rhinoceros Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a serious pest of coconuts and other palms. Symbiotic gut bacteria play significant roles in the digestion of cellulosic materials as well as in some other physiological processes essential for the existence of O. rhinoceros larvae. The study was undertaken to isolate a compound with antibacterial and larvicidal activities from the leaves of Adiantum latifolium Lam. following a bioassay-guided method. RESULTS Methanol extract (ME) of dry leaf powder of A. latifolium showed larvicidal activity against third-instar O. rhinoceros (LD50 , 5018 mg/kg) with antibacterial activity on its gut microbiota. An in vitro study showed the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus lylae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Kocuria rosea, Burkholderia mallei, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. arlettae and Corynebacterium afermentans identified from the larval gut were sensitive to ME. Bioactivity-guided isolation of the compound by liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography resulted in Adiantobischrysene which showed antibacterial and larvicidal activity (LD50 , 8.4 mg/kg) and led to weight loss and precocious metamorphosis in larvae. An enzyme immunoassay showed a large peak in 20-hydroxyecdysone that commits larvae to precocious metamorphosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the antibacterial and metamorphosis disrupting activity of Adiantobischrysene make it a natural pesticidal compound against O. rhinoceros. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anil John
- Division of Phytochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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46
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Xu D, Xu L, Zhou F, Wang B, Wang S, Lu M, Sun J. Gut Bacterial Communities of Dendroctonus valens and Monoterpenes and Carbohydrates of Pinus tabuliformis at Different Attack Densities to Host Pines. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1251. [PMID: 29963021 PMCID: PMC6011813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects harbor a community of gut bacteria, ranging from pathogenic to obligate mutualistic organisms. Both biotic and abiotic factors can influence species composition and structure of the insect gut bacterial communities. Dendroctonus valens is a destructive forest pest in China. To overcome host pine defenses, beetles mass-attack the pine to a threshold density that can exhaust pine defenses. The intensity of pine chemical defenses and carbohydrate concentrations of pines can be influenced by beetle attack, both of which are known factors that modify beetle's gut microbiota. However, little is known to what extent variation exists in the beetle's gut communities, and host monoterpenes and carbohydrates at different attack densities. In this study, the gut bacterial microbiota of D. valens at low and high attack densities were analyzed, and monoterpenes and carbohydrates in host pine phloem were assayed in parallel. The results showed that no significant changes of gut bacterial communities of the beetles and concentrations of D-glucose, D-pinitol, and D-fructose in pine phloem were found between low and high attack densities. The concentrations of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene at high attack densities were significantly higher than those at low attack densities. Our results suggested that different attack densities of D. valens influence monoterpenes concentration of host pines' phloem but have no significant impact on gut bacterial community structures of D. valens and carbohydrate concentration of host trees' phloem in early attack phase. Similar gut bacterial community structures of D. valens between low and high attack densities might be due to the quick adaptation of gut microbiota to high monoterpenes concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Blankenchip CL, Michels DE, Braker HE, Goffredi SK. Diet breadth and exploitation of exotic plants shift the core microbiome of Cephaloleia, a group of tropical herbivorous beetles. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4793. [PMID: 29785353 PMCID: PMC5960584 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The beetle genus Cephaloleia has evolved in association with tropical ginger plants and for many species their specific host plant associations are known. Here we show that the core microbiome of six closely related Costa Rican Cephaloleia species comprises only eight bacterial groups, including members of the Acinetobacter, Enterobacteriacea, Pseudomonas, Lactococcus, and Comamonas. The Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriacea together accounted for 35% of the total average 16S rRNA ribotypes recovered from all specimens. Further, microbiome diversity and community structure was significantly linked to beetle diet breadth, between those foraging on less than two plant types (specialists) versus over nine plant types (generalists). Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were highly prevalent in specialist species, and also present in eggs, while Rickettsiaceae associated exclusively with generalist beetles. Bacteria isolated from Cephaloleia digestive systems had distinct capabilities and suggested a possible beneficial role in both digestion of plant-based compounds, including xylose, mannitol, and pectin, and possible detoxification, via lipases. Cephaloleia species are currently expanding their diets to include exotic invasive plants, yet it is unknown whether their microbial community plays a role in this transition. In this study, colonization of invasive plants was correlated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome, suggesting a possible relationship between gut bacteria and niche adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana E Michels
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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48
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Ng SH, Stat M, Bunce M, Simmons LW. The influence of diet and environment on the gut microbial community of field crickets. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4704-4720. [PMID: 29760910 PMCID: PMC5938447 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which diet and environment influence gut community membership (presence or absence of taxa) and structure (individual taxon abundance) is the subject of growing interest in microbiome research. Here, we examined the gut bacterial communities of three cricket groups: (1) wild caught field crickets, (2) laboratory-reared crickets fed cat chow, and (3) laboratory-reared crickets fed chemically defined diets. We found that both environment and diet greatly altered the structure of the gut bacterial community. Wild crickets had greater gut microbial diversity and higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios, in contrast to laboratory-reared crickets. Predictive metagenomes revealed that laboratory-reared crickets were significantly enriched in amino acid degradation pathways, while wild crickets had a higher relative abundance of peptidases that would aid in amino acid release. Although wild and laboratory animals differ greatly in their bacterial communities, we show that the community proportional membership remains stable from Phylum to Family taxonomic levels regardless of differences in environment and diet, suggesting that endogenous factors, such as host genetics, have greater control in shaping gut community membership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hwee Ng
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia.,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Perth Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Perth Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
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49
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Grau T, Vilcinskas A, Joop G. Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:337-349. [PMID: 28525347 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.
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50
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Paniagua Voirol LR, Frago E, Kaltenpoth M, Hilker M, Fatouros NE. Bacterial Symbionts in Lepidoptera: Their Diversity, Transmission, and Impact on the Host. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:556. [PMID: 29636736 PMCID: PMC5881003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect’s microbiota is well acknowledged as a “hidden” player influencing essential insect traits. The gut microbiome of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) has been shown to be highly variable between and within species, resulting in a controversy on the functional relevance of gut microbes in this insect order. Here, we aim to (i) review current knowledge on the composition of gut microbial communities across Lepidoptera and (ii) elucidate the drivers of the variability in the lepidopteran gut microbiome and provide an overview on (iii) routes of transfer and (iv) the putative functions of microbes in Lepidoptera. To find out whether Lepidopterans possess a core gut microbiome, we compared studies of the microbiome from 30 lepidopteran species. Gut bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae families were the most widespread across species, with Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus being the most common genera. Several studies indicate that habitat, food plant, and age of the host insect can greatly impact the gut microbiome, which contributes to digestion, detoxification, or defense against natural enemies. We mainly focus on the gut microbiome, but we also include some examples of intracellular endosymbionts. These symbionts are present across a broad range of insect taxa and are known to exert different effects on their host, mostly including nutrition and reproductive manipulation. Only two intracellular bacteria genera (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) have been reported to colonize reproductive tissues of Lepidoptera, affecting their host’s reproduction. We explore routes of transmission of both gut microbiota and intracellular symbionts and have found that these microbes may be horizontally transmitted through the host plant, but also vertically via the egg stage. More detailed knowledge about the functions and plasticity of the microbiome in Lepidoptera may provide novel leads for the control of lepidopteran pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enric Frago
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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