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Yu J, Yuan Q, Chen C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Hu W, Liao A, Zhang J, Le X, Li H, Wang X. A root-knot nematode effector targets the Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A for degradation to suppress plant defense and promote parasitism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1500-1515. [PMID: 38516730 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most widely distributed plant-parasitic nematodes and causes severe economic losses annually. The parasite produces effector proteins that play essential roles in successful parasitism. Here, we identified one such effector named MiCE108, which is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and is upregulated in the early parasitic stage of M. incognita. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that MiCE108 contains a functional signal peptide for secretion. Virus-induced gene silencing of MiCE108 impaired the parasitism of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression of MiCE108 in Arabidopsis suppressed the deposition of callose, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the expression of marker genes for bacterial flagellin epitope flg22-triggered immunity, resulting in increased susceptibility to M. incognita, Botrytis cinerea, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The MiCE108 protein physically associates with the plant defense protease RD21A and promotes its degradation via the endosomal-dependent pathway, or 26S proteasome. Consistent with this, knockout of RD21A compromises the innate immunity of Arabidopsis and increases its susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens, including M. incognita, strongly indicating a role in defense against this nematode. Together, our data suggest that M. incognita deploys the effector MiCE108 to target Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A and affect its stability, thereby suppressing plant innate immunity and facilitating parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aolin Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Sun L, Lian L, Yang R, Li T, Yang M, Zhao W, Huang H, Wang S. Sugar delivery at the tomato root and root galls after Meloidogyne incognita infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:451. [PMID: 38789940 PMCID: PMC11119304 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liqiang Lian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Tzean Y, Wang KT, Gamboa Chen E, Wang HW, Wu TM, Liu CA. Antioxidant Responses and Growth Impairment in Cucurbita moschata Infected by Meloidogyne incognita. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:267. [PMID: 38666879 PMCID: PMC11048190 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata), valued for their nutritional, medicinal, and economic significance, face threats from Meloidogyne incognita, a critical plant-parasitic nematode. This study extensively examines the impact of M. incognita on the growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of C. moschata. We demonstrate that M. incognita infection leads to significant growth impairment in C. moschata, evidenced by reduced plant height and biomass, along with the significant development of nematode-induced galls. Concurrently, a pronounced oxidative stress response was observed, characterized by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide and a significant increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms, including the upregulation of key antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and peroxidase) and the accumulation of glutathione. These responses highlight a dynamic interaction between the plant and the nematode, wherein C. moschata activates a robust antioxidant defense to mitigate the oxidative stress induced by nematode infection. Despite these defenses, the persistence of growth impairment underscores the challenge posed by M. incognita to the agricultural production of C. moschata. Our findings contribute to the understanding of plant-nematode interactions, paving the way for the development of strategies aimed at enhancing resistance in Cucurbitaceae crops against nematode pests, thus supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Tzean
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
| | - Kuang-Teng Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (T.-M.W.)
| | - Elena Gamboa Chen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Wang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
| | - Tsung-Meng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.W.); (T.-M.W.)
| | - Chia-An Liu
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (E.G.C.); (H.-W.W.); (C.-A.L.)
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Song W, Dai M, Gao S, Mi Y, Zhang S, Wei J, Zhao H, Duan F, Liang C, Shi Q. Volatile organic compounds produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa J2-4 exhibit toxic activity against Meloidogyne incognita. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1289-1299. [PMID: 37899496 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root knot nematodes cause great damage to crops worldwide. Due to the negative effects of the application of fumigant and old chemical nematicides, biological nematicides have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Here we tested the fumigant activity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) blends emitted from Paenibacillus polymyxa and pure commercial VOCs against M. incognita. RESULTS In this study, we investigated whether P. polymyxa strain J2-4 could produce VOCs that exhibit nematicidal activity. In vitro assays indicated that J2-4 VOCs were highly toxic to second stage juveniles (J2s) and could inhibit egg hatching. Three-layered pot experiments showed that the number of nematodes that penetrating in cucumber roots was reduced by 69.27% after the application of J2-4 VOCs under greenhouse conditions. We identified 14 volatiles using solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The efficacy of six commercially available VOCs, namely 2-isobutyl-3-methylpyrazine, 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldoxime, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanol, 2-tridecanone, and 2-tetradecanol, against M. incognita were examined. Except for 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldoxime, the remaining five VOCs showed strong direct-contact nematicidal activity against J2s of M. incognita, and only 2-isobutyl-3-methylpyrazine showed strong fumigant activity against J2s of M. incognita. In pot experiments, 2-isobutyl-3-methylpyrazine and 2-dodecanone reduced the number of root galls by about 70%, and 2-tridecanone reduced the number of root galls and egg masses by about 63% compared with controls. CONCLUSION Paenibacillus polymyxa strain J2-4 exhibited high fumigant activity against M. incognita. Our results provide evidence for the use of J2-4 and its VOCs as biocontrol agents in the management of root-knot nematodes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
| | - Mingming Dai
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
| | - Shasha Gao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yindong Mi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shijia Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianyong Wei
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Honghai Zhao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
| | - Fangmeng Duan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Comprehensive Utilization of Saline-Alkali Land, Dongying, China
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Mukhaimar M, Pfalz M, Shykoff J, Kroymann J. Natural genetic variation and negative density effects in plant-nematode interactions. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10133. [PMID: 38323129 PMCID: PMC10840372 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a suitable host for phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Successful nematode infection leads to the formation of root galls. We tested for natural genetic variation and inoculation density effects on nematode reproductive success in the interaction between A. thaliana and Meloidogyne javanica. We inoculated different Arabidopsis genotypes with two sources of nematodes at two different doses, using a mild protocol for inoculum preparation. We counted root galls and egg masses 2 months after inoculation. We obtained a high number of successful nematode infections. Infection success differed among Arabidopsis genotypes in interaction with the nematode source. Overall, infection success and reproductive success of nematodes were lower at a higher inoculum dose of nematodes. Our results indicate that natural genetic variation in both host plants and nematodes, as well as short- and long-term negative density effects, shape nematode reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisara Mukhaimar
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Palestinian National Agricultural Research Center – Ministry of AgricultureJeninPalestine
| | - Marina Pfalz
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Jacqui Shykoff
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
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Chen L, Wang Y, Zhu L, Min Y, Tian Y, Gong Y, Liu X. 3-(Methylthio)Propionic Acid from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Exhibits High Nematicidal Activity against the Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1708. [PMID: 38338986 PMCID: PMC10855422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Root knot nematodes cause serious damage to global agricultural production annually. Given that traditional chemical fumigant nematicides are harmful to non-target organisms and the environment, the development of biocontrol strategies has attracted significant attention in recent years. In this study, it was found that the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strain NBIN-863 exhibits strong fumigant nematicidal activity and has a high attraction effect on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by NBIN-863 were identified using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The nematicidal activity of four VOCs, namely, N-methylformamide, propenamide, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid, and phenylmalonic acid, was detected. Among these compounds, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid exhibited the highest direct contact nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with an LC50 value of 6.27 μg/mL at 24 h. In the fumigant bioassay, the mortality rate of M. incognita treated with 1 mg/mL of 3-(methylthio)propionic acid for 24 h increased to 69.93%. Furthermore, 3-(methylthio)propionic acid also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the egg-hatching of M. incognita. Using chemotaxis assays, it was determined that 3-(methylthio)propionic acid was highly attractive to M. incognita. In pot experiments, the application of 3-(methylthio)propionic acid resulted in a reduction in gall numbers, decreasing the number of galls per gram of tomato root from 97.58 to 6.97. Additionally, the root length and plant height of the treated plants showed significant increases in comparison with the control group. The current study suggests that 3-(methylthio)propionic acid is a novel nematicidal virulence factor of B. thuringiensis. Our research provides evidence for the potential use of NBIN-863 or its VOCs in biocontrol against root knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Liu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (L.C.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (Y.M.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.)
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Gätjens-Boniche O, Jiménez-Madrigal JP, Whetten RW, Valenzuela-Diaz S, Alemán-Gutiérrez A, Hanson PE, Pinto-Tomás AA. Microbiome and plant cell transformation trigger insect gall induction in cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237966. [PMID: 38126017 PMCID: PMC10731979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Several specialised insects can manipulate normal plant development to induce a highly organised structure known as a gall, which represents one of the most complex interactions between insects and plants. Thus far, the mechanism for insect-induced plant galls has remained elusive. To study the induction mechanism of insect galls, we selected the gall induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in cassava (Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta Crantz) as our model. PCR-based molecular markers and deep metagenomic sequencing data were employed to analyse the gall microbiome and to test the hypothesis that gall cells are genetically transformed by insect vectored bacteria. A shotgun sequencing discrimination approach was implemented to selectively discriminate between foreign DNA and the reference host plant genome. Several known candidate insertion sequences were identified, the most significant being DNA sequences found in bacterial genes related to the transcription regulatory factor CadR, cadmium-transporting ATPase encoded by the cadA gene, nitrate transport permease protein (nrtB gene), and arsenical pump ATPase (arsA gene). In addition, a DNA fragment associated with ubiquitin-like gene E2 was identified as a potential accessory genetic element involved in gall induction mechanism. Furthermore, our results suggest that the increased quality and rapid development of gall tissue are mostly driven by microbiome enrichment and the acquisition of critical endophytes. An initial gall-like structure was experimentally obtained in M. esculenta cultured tissues through inoculation assays using a Rhodococcus bacterial strain that originated from the inducing insect, which we related to the gall induction process. We provide evidence that the modification of the endophytic microbiome and the genetic transformation of plant cells in M. esculenta are two essential requirements for insect-induced gall formation. Based on these findings and having observed the same potential DNA marker in galls from other plant species (ubiquitin-like gene E2), we speculate that bacterially mediated genetic transformation of plant cells may represent a more widespread gall induction mechanism found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gätjens-Boniche
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Pablo Jiménez-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Ross W. Whetten
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sandro Valenzuela-Diaz
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, The Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alvaro Alemán-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paul E. Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Adrián A. Pinto-Tomás
- Center for Research in Microscopic Structures and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Dai MM, Liu R, Jiang H, Zhang XP, Song WW, Zhang J, Liang C, Zhao HH, Shi QQ. Volatile Organic Compounds of Bacillus pumilus Strain S1-10 Exhibit Fumigant Activity Against Meloidogyne incognita. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3057-3063. [PMID: 36916837 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2391-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are highly specialized parasites that cause significant yield losses worldwide. In this study, we isolated Bacillus pumilus strain S1-10 from the rhizosphere soil of Zingiber officinale Rosc. plants and evaluated its fumigant activity against Meloidogyne incognita. S1-10 exhibited a strong repellent effect on second-stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita, and in vitro assays indicated that S1-10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) suppressed J2 activity and egg hatching. Under greenhouse conditions, 71 and 79% reductions of nematodes and eggs were detected on plants treated with S-10 VOCs compared with controls. Ten VOCs were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which 2-(methylamino)-ethanol (2-ME) had strong fumigant activity against J2s of M. incognita, with an LC50 value of 1.5 mM at 12 h. These results indicate that S1-10 represents a potential novel biocontrol agent for RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Dai
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 257347, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- School of Medical Science, Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Wen-Wen Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 257347, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 257347, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 257347, China
| | - Qian-Qian Shi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong 257347, China
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10
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Noureddine Y, da Rocha M, An J, Médina C, Mejias J, Mulet K, Quentin M, Abad P, Zouine M, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR8 regulates development of the feeding site induced by root-knot nematodes in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5752-5766. [PMID: 37310189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) from the genus Meloidogyne induce the dedifferentiation of root vascular cells into giant multinucleate feeding cells. These feeding cells result from an extensive reprogramming of gene expression, and auxin is known to be a key player in their development. However, little is known about how the auxin signal is transmitted during giant cell development. Integrative analyses combining transcriptome and small non-coding RNA datasets with the specific sequencing of cleaved transcripts identified genes targeted by miRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) galls. The two auxin-responsive transcription factors ARF8A and ARF8B, and their miRNA167 regulators, were identified as robust gene-miRNA pair candidates to be involved in the tomato response to M. incognita. Spatiotemporal expression analysis using promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions showed the up-regulation of ARF8A and ARF8B in RKN-induced feeding cells and surrounding cells. The generation and phenotyping of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) mutants demonstrated the role of ARF8A and ARF8B in giant cell development and allowed the characterization of their downstream regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine da Rocha
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jing An
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Clémence Médina
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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11
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Shan C, Zhang L, Chen L, Li S, Zhang Y, Ye L, Lin Y, Kuang W, Shi X, Ma J, Adnan M, Sun X, Cui R. Interaction of negative regulator OsWD40-193 with OseEF1A1 inhibits Oryza sativa resistance to Hirschmanniella mucronata infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125841. [PMID: 37479204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a crucial food crop worldwide, but it is highly susceptible to Hirschmanniella mucronata, a migratory parasitic nematode. No rice variety has been identified that could resist H. mucronata infection. Therefore, it is very important to study the interaction between rice and H. mucronata to breed resistant rice varieties. Here, we demonstrated that protein OsWD40-193 interacted with the extension factor OseEF1A1 and both were negative regulators inhibiting rice resistance to H. mucronata infection. Overexpression of either OsWD40-193 or OseEF1A1 led to enhance susceptibility to H. mucronata, whereas the absence of OsWD40-193 or OseEF1A1 led to resistance. Further transcriptomic analysis showed that OseEF1A1 deletion altered the expression of genes association with salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and abolic acid signaling pathways and increased the accumulation of secondary metabolites to enhance resistance in rice. Our study showed that H. mucronata infection affected the expression of negative regulators in rice and inhibited rice resistance, which was conducive to the infection of nematode. Together, our data showed that H. mucronata affected the expression of negative regulators to facilitate its infection and provided potential target genes to engineering resistance germplasm via gene editing of the negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglei Shan
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lianhu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
| | - Lanlan Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Songyan Li
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lifang Ye
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Yachun Lin
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Weigang Kuang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xugen Shi
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiaotang Sun
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
| | - Ruqiang Cui
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
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12
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Liu R, Chen M, Liu B, Huang K, Mao Z, Li H, Zhao J. A root-knot nematode effector manipulates the rhizosphere microbiome for establishing parasitism relationship with hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217863. [PMID: 37538840 PMCID: PMC10395084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most infamous soilborne plant diseases, causing severe crop losses every year. Effector proteins secreted by RKNs play crucial roles during plant-nematode interaction. However, less is known about whether RKN effector proteins can impact the rhizosphere microbial environment. Methods In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere microbiome community of MiMIF-2 (a plant immunity-modulating effector) transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with or without nematode infection using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis. Results and discussion The results showed that the bacterial species richness index increased, while the fungi species richness index decreased in M. incognita-infected MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants. The relative abundance of genera such as Clitopilus, Komagataeibacter, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Moritella, Vibrio, Escherichia-Shigella, and Pseudomonas was reduced in MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana plants compared to wild type, but was significantly increased after inoculation with M. incognita. The Cluster of Orthologous Genes (COG) function classification analysis revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of defense mechanisms, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and nematode infection catabolism-related functions in MiMIF-2 lines compared to the wild type. These differences may be the reason for the increased susceptibility of MiMIF-2 transgenic A. thaliana to nematode infection. Our results provide a new insight into RKN effector proteins and their association with the microbial community, host, and plant pathogens, which will lead to the exploration of new innovative ideas for future biological control of RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University/Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Suzuki R, Kanno Y, Abril-Urias P, Seo M, Escobar C, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Local auxin synthesis mediated by YUCCA4 induced during root-knot nematode infection positively regulates gall growth and nematode development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019427. [PMID: 36466293 PMCID: PMC9709418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasites and pathogens are known to manipulate the host's endogenous signaling pathways to facilitate the infection process. In particular, plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) are known to elicit auxin response at the infection sites, to aid the development of root galls as feeding sites for the parasites. Here we describe the role of local auxin synthesis induced during RKN infection. Exogenous application of auxin synthesis inhibitors decreased RKN gall formation rates, gall size and auxin response in galls, while auxin and auxin analogues produced the opposite effects, re-enforcing the notion that auxin positively regulates RKN gall formation. Among the auxin biosynthesis enzymes, YUCCA4 (YUC4) was found to be dramatically up-regulated during RKN infection, suggesting it may be a major contributor to the auxin accumulation during gall formation. However, yuc4-1 showed only very transient decrease in gall auxin levels and did not show significant changes in RKN infection rates, implying the loss of YUC4 is likely compensated by other auxin sources. Nevertheless, yuc4-1 plants produced significantly smaller galls with fewer mature females and egg masses, confirming that auxin synthesized by YUC4 is required for proper gall formation and RKN development within. Interestingly, YUC4 promoter was also activated during cyst nematode infection. These lines of evidence imply auxin biosynthesis from multiple sources, one of them being YUC4, is induced upon plant endoparasitic nematode invasion and likely contribute to their infections. The coordination of these different auxins adds another layer of complexity of hormonal regulations during plant parasitic nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reira Suzuki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Patricia Abril-Urias
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Carolina Escobar
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural & Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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14
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Huang H, Zhao W, Qiao H, Li C, Sun L, Yang R, Ma X, Ma J, Song S, Wang S. SlWRKY45 interacts with jasmonate-ZIM domain proteins to negatively regulate defense against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac197. [PMID: 36338841 PMCID: PMC9630973 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause a severe reduction in crop yield and seriously threaten agricultural production. The phytohormones jasmonates (JAs) are important signals regulating resistance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism for JAs-regulated defense against RKNs in tomato remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that the transcription factor SlWRKY45 interacted with most JA-ZIM domain family proteins (JAZs), key repressors of the JA signaling. After infection by the RKN Meloidogyne incognita, the slwrky45 mutants exhibited lower gall numbers and egg numbers per gram of roots than wild type, whereas overexpression of SlWRKY45 attenuated resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. Under M. incognita infection, the contents of jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in roots were repressed by SlWRKY45-overexpression. Furthermore, SlWRKY45 bound to and inhibited the promoter of the JA biosynthesis gene ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC), and repressed its expression. Overall, our findings revealed that the SlJAZ-interaction protein SlWRKY45 attenuated RKN-regulated JA biosynthesis and repressed defense against the RKN M. incognita in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Qiao
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chonghua Li
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xuechun Ma
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jilin Ma
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
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15
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Han X, Shi Q, He Z, Song W, Chen Q, Qi Z. Transcriptome-wide N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) methylation in soybean under Meloidogyne incognita infection. ABIOTECH 2022; 3:197-211. [PMID: 36313932 PMCID: PMC9590533 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a reversible epigenetic modification of mRNA and other RNAs that plays a significant role in regulating gene expression and biological processes. However, m6A abundance, dynamics, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remain unexplored in the context of soybean resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of transcriptome-wide m6A and metabolome profiles of soybean root tissues with and without M. incognita infection. Global m6A hypermethylation was widely induced in response to M. incognita infection and was enriched around the 3' end of coding sequences and in 3' UTR regions. There were 2069 significantly modified m6A sites, 594 differentially expressed genes, and 103 differentially accumulated metabolites between infected and uninfected roots, including coumestrol, psoralidin, and 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate. Among 101 m6A-modified DEGs, 34 genes were hypomethylated and upregulated, and 39 genes were hypermethylated and downregulated, indicating a highly negative correlation between m6A methylation and gene transcript abundance. A number of these m6A-modified DEGs, including WRKY70, ERF60, POD47 and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinases, were involved in plant defense responses. Our study provides new insights into the critical role of m6A modification in early soybean responses to M. incognita. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00077-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Ziyi He
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Wenwen Song
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Zhaoming Qi
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 China
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16
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Dai K, Cao L, Huang Z, Gu X, Cui Y, Li J, Li Y, Xu C, Han R. Influence of entomopathogenic nematodes, symbiotic bacteria and ascarosides on the dispersal behaviour of Meloidogyne incognita. NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Dispersal is an important behaviour for nematodes. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are able to regulate plant-parasitic nematodes in the field. However, the mechanism for the interactions between two types of nematodes is not clearly known. The effects of 12 synthesised ascarosides, three EPN species (Steinernema carpocapsae All, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 and H. indica LN2), and 15 symbiotic bacterial isolates from EPN on the dispersal of Meloidogyne incognita were investigated. The results revealed that M. incognita juveniles were repelled, to various degrees, by most of the tested ascarosides (especially ascr#9), three species of EPN, and by bacterial isolates (especially TT01 from H. bacteriophora TT01 and H06 from H. bacteriophora H06), compared with the controls. Ascr#9 was abundant in M. incognita juvenile-conditioned supernatant. This provides useful cues for elucidating the interaction mechanism between two nematode groups and establishing alternative techniques for the safe and effective control of root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Dai
- Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, P.R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Yuxi Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Engineering Center for Biological Control of Diseases and Pests in the Tobacco Industry, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xinghui Gu
- Yuxi Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Engineering Center for Biological Control of Diseases and Pests in the Tobacco Industry, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yonghe Cui
- Yuxi Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Engineering Center for Biological Control of Diseases and Pests in the Tobacco Industry, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiangzhou Li
- Yuxi Branch of Yunnan Tobacco Company, Engineering Center for Biological Control of Diseases and Pests in the Tobacco Industry, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Li
- Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P.R. China
| | - Chengti Xu
- Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P.R. China
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, P.R. China
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17
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Mejias J, Chen Y, Bazin J, Truong NM, Mulet K, Noureddine Y, Jaubert-Possamai S, Ranty-Roby S, Soulé S, Abad P, Crespi MD, Favery B, Quentin M. Silencing the conserved small nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 target gene alters susceptibility to root-knot nematodes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1741-1756. [PMID: 35385078 PMCID: PMC9237699 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most damaging pests of agricultural crops. Meloidogyne is an extremely polyphagous genus of nematodes that can infect thousands of plant species. A few genes for resistance (R-genes) to RKN suitable for use in crop breeding have been identified, but virulent strains and species of RKN have emerged that render these R-genes ineffective. Secretion of RKN effectors targeting plant functions mediates the reprogramming of root cells into specialized feeding cells, the giant cells, essential for RKN development and reproduction. Conserved targets among plant species define the more relevant strategies for controlling nematode infection. The EFFECTOR18 (EFF18) protein from M. incognita interacts with the spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein D1 (SmD1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), disrupting its function in alternative splicing regulation and modulating the giant cell transcriptome. We show here that EFF18 is a conserved RKN-specific effector that targets this conserved spliceosomal SmD1 protein in Solanaceae. This interaction modulates alternative splicing events produced by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in response to M. incognita infection. The alteration of SmD1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in Solanaceae affects giant cell formation and nematode development. Thus, our work defines a promising conserved SmD1 target gene to develop broad resistance for the control of Meloidogyne spp. in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Sarah Ranty-Roby
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay, Evry, Université de Paris, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
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18
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Pu W, Xiao K, Luo S, Zhu H, Yuan Z, Gao C, Hu J. Characterization of Five Meloidogyne incognita Effectors Associated with PsoRPM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031498. [PMID: 35163425 PMCID: PMC8836280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that invade thousands of plants. In this study, five RKN effectors, which might interact with Prunussogdiana resistance protein PsoRPM3, were screened and identified. In situ hybridisation results showed that MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh and MiACPS are expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands (SvG), and MiTSPc hybridization signals are found in the dorsal esophageal gland (DG) of Meloidogyne incognita in the pre-J2. RT-qPCR data indicated that the expression of MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, and MiACPS genes are highly expressed in M. incognita of pra-J2 and J3/J4 stages. The expression of MiTSPc increased significantly in the female stage of M. incognita. Moreover, all effectors found in this study localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus when transiently expressed in plant cells. In addition, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc can elicit the ROS burst and strong hypersensitive response (HR), as well as significant ion leakage. Our data suggest that MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc effectors may be involved in triggering the immune response of the host plant.
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19
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Cinege G, Magyar LB, Kovács AL, Lerner Z, Juhász G, Lukacsovich D, Winterer J, Lukacsovich T, Hegedűs Z, Kurucz É, Hultmark D, Földy C, Andó I. Broad Ultrastructural and Transcriptomic Changes Underlie the Multinucleated Giant Hemocyte Mediated Innate Immune Response against Parasitoids. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:335-354. [PMID: 34864742 PMCID: PMC9275024 DOI: 10.1159/000520110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant hemocytes (MGHs) represent a novel type of blood cell in insects that participate in a highly efficient immune response against parasitoid wasps involving isolation and killing of the parasite. Previously, we showed that circulating MGHs have high motility and the interaction with the parasitoid rapidly triggers encapsulation. However, structural and molecular mechanisms behind these processes remained elusive. Here, we used detailed ultrastructural analysis and live cell imaging of MGHs to study encapsulation in Drosophila ananassae after parasitoid wasp infection. We found dynamic structural changes, mainly driven by the formation of diverse vesicular systems and newly developed complex intracytoplasmic membrane structures, and abundant generation of giant cell exosomes in MGHs. In addition, we used RNA sequencing to study the transcriptomic profile of MGHs and activated plasmatocytes 72 h after infection, as well as the uninduced blood cells. This revealed that differentiation of MGHs was accompanied by broad changes in gene expression. Consistent with the observed structural changes, transcripts related to vesicular function, cytoskeletal organization, and adhesion were enriched in MGHs. In addition, several orphan genes encoding for hemolysin-like proteins, pore-forming toxins of prokaryotic origin, were expressed at high level, which may be important for parasitoid elimination. Our results reveal coordinated molecular and structural changes in the course of MGH differentiation and parasitoid encapsulation, providing a mechanistic model for a powerful innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Cinege
- Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Immunology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla B Magyar
- Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Immunology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila L Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Lerner
- Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Immunology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Lukacsovich
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Lukacsovich
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Hegedűs
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Kurucz
- Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Immunology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dan Hultmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - István Andó
- Institute of Genetics, Innate Immunity Group, Immunology Unit, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Zhao J, Sun Q, Quentin M, Ling J, Abad P, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang Y, Favery B, Mao Z, Xie B. A Meloidogyne incognita C-type lectin effector targets plant catalases to promote parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2124-2137. [PMID: 34449897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., secrete effectors to modulate plant immune responses and establish a parasitic relationship with host plants. However, the functions and plant targets of C-type lectin (CTL)-like effectors of Meloidogyne incognita remain unknown. Here, we characterized a CTL-like effector of M. incognita, MiCTL1a, and identified its target and role in nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization demonstrated the expression of MiCTL1 in the subventral glands; and in planta, immunolocalization showed its secretion during M. incognita parasitism. Virus-induced gene silencing of the MiCTL1 reduced the infection ability of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression in Arabidopsis not only increased susceptibility to M. incognita but also promoted root growth. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MiCTL1a interacts with Arabidopsis catalases, which play essential roles in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis. Knockout or overexpression of catalases showed either increased or reduced susceptibility to M. incognita, respectively. Moreover, MiCTL1a not only reduced catalase activity in vitro and in planta but also modulated stress-related gene expressions in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that MiCTL1a interacts with plant catalases and interferes with catalase activity, allowing M. incognita to establish a parasitic relationship with its host by fine-tuning responses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, 024099, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Suzuki R, Yamada M, Higaki T, Aida M, Kubo M, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. PUCHI Regulates Giant Cell Morphology During Root-Knot Nematode Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:755610. [PMID: 34691131 PMCID: PMC8527015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic root-knot nematodes transform the host's vascular cells into permanent feeding giant cells (GCs) to withdraw nutrients from the host plants. GCs are multinucleated metabolically active cells with distinctive cell wall structures; however, the genetic regulation of GC formation is largely unknown. In this study, the functions of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor PUCHI during GC development were investigated. PUCHI expression was shown to be induced in early developing galls, suggesting the importance of the PUCHI gene in gall formation. Despite the puchi mutant not differing significantly from the wild type in nematode invasion and reproduction rates, puchi GC cell walls appeared to be thicker and lobate when compared to the wild type, while the cell membrane sometimes formed invaginations. In three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of puchi GCs, they appeared to be more irregularly shaped than those in the wild type, with noticeable cell-surface protrusions and folds. Interestingly, the loss-of-function mutant of 3-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE 1 showed GC morphology and cell wall defects similar to those of the puchi mutant, suggesting that PUCHI may regulate GC development via very long chain fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reira Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Aida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Pochonia chlamydosporia Isolate PC-170-Induced Expression of Marker Genes for Defense Pathways in Tomatoes Challenged by Different Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091882. [PMID: 34576777 PMCID: PMC8470021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pochonia chlamydosporia is a fungal parasite of nematode eggs. Studies have shown that some strains of Pochonia chlamydosporia can promote plant growth and induce plants’ systemic resistance to root-knot nematodes by colonizing in their roots. This study aimed to verify the effect of the PC-170 strain on tomato growth and systemic resistance. Split-root experiments were conducted to observe the systemic resistance induced by PC-170. To explore the defense pathway that was excited due to the colonization by PC-170, we tested the expression of marker genes for defense pathways, and used mutant lines to verify the role of plant defense pathways. Our results showed that PC-170 can colonize roots, and promotes growth. We found a role for jasmonic acid (JA) in modulating tomato colonization by PC-170. PC-170 can activate tomato defense responses to reduce susceptibility to infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, and induced resistance to some pathogens in tomatoes. The marker genes of the defense pathway were significantly induced after PC-170 colonization. However, salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defenses in roots were variable with the invasion of different pathogens. Defense pathways play different roles at different points in time. SA- and JA-dependent defense pathways were shown to cross-communicate. Different phytohormones have been involved in tomato plants’ responses against different pathogens. Our study confirmed that adaptive JA signaling is necessary to regulate PC-170 colonization and induce systemic resistance in tomatoes.
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Tsai AYL, Iwamoto Y, Tsumuraya Y, Oota M, Konishi T, Ito S, Kotake T, Ishikawa H, Sawa S. Root-knot nematode chemotaxis is positively regulated by l-galactose sidechains of mucilage carbohydrate rhamnogalacturonan-I. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4182. [PMID: 34215589 PMCID: PMC11060035 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are plant parasites and major agricultural pests. RKNs are thought to locate hosts through chemotaxis by sensing host-secreted chemoattractants; however, the structures and properties of these attractants are not well understood. Here, we describe a previously unknown RKN attractant from flaxseed mucilage that enhances infection of Arabidopsis and tomato, which resembles the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Fucose and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant were found to be required for attractant activity. Furthermore, the disaccharide α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose, which forms the linkage between the RG-I backbone and galactose sidechains of the purified attractant, was sufficient to attract RKN. These results show that the α-l-galactosyl-1,3-l-rhamnose linkage in the purified attractant from flaxseed mucilage is essential for RKN attraction. The present work also suggests that nematodes can detect environmental chemicals with high specificity, such as the presence of chiral centers and hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Morihiro Oota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Ito
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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24
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Simon CS, Stürmer VS, Guizetti J. How Many Is Enough? - Challenges of Multinucleated Cell Division in Malaria Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:658616. [PMID: 34026661 PMCID: PMC8137892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.658616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulating the number of progeny generated by replicative cell cycles is critical for any organism to best adapt to its environment. Classically, the decision whether to divide further is made after cell division is completed by cytokinesis and can be triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Contrarily, cell cycles of some species, such as the malaria-causing parasites, go through multinucleated cell stages. Hence, their number of progeny is determined prior to the completion of cell division. This should fundamentally affect how the process is regulated and raises questions about advantages and challenges of multinucleation in eukaryotes. Throughout their life cycle Plasmodium spp. parasites undergo four phases of extensive proliferation, which differ over three orders of magnitude in the amount of daughter cells that are produced by a single progenitor. Even during the asexual blood stage proliferation parasites can produce very variable numbers of progeny within one replicative cycle. Here, we review the few factors that have been shown to affect those numbers. We further provide a comparative quantification of merozoite numbers in several P. knowlesi and P. falciparum parasite strains, and we discuss the general processes that may regulate progeny number in the context of host-parasite interactions. Finally, we provide a perspective of the critical knowledge gaps hindering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this exciting and atypical mode of parasite multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julien Guizetti
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R. Plants-nematodes-microbes crosstalk within soil: A trade-off among friends or foes. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126755. [PMID: 33845302 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants interact with enormous biotic and abiotic components within ecosystem. For instance, microbes, insects, herbivores, animals, nematodes etc. In general, these interactions are studied independently with plants, that condenses only specific information about the interaction. However, the limitation to study the cross-interactions masks the collaborative role of organisms within ecosystem. Beneficial microbes are most prominent organisms that are needed to be studied due to their bidirectional nature towards plants. Fascinatingly, Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (PPNs) have been profoundly observed to cause mass destruction of agricultural crops worldwide. The huge demand for agriculture for present-day population requires optimization of production potential by curbing the damage caused by PPNs. Chemical nematicides combats their proliferation, but their extended usage has abruptly affected flora, fauna and human populations. Because of consistent pressing issues in regard to environment, the use of biocontrol agents are most favourable alternatives for managing agriculture. However, this association is somehow, tug of war, and understanding of plant-nematode-microbial relation would enable the agriculturists to monitor the overall development of plants along with limiting the use of agrochemicals. Soil microbes are contemporary bio-nematicides emerging in the market, that stimulates the plant growth and impedes PPNs populations. They form natural enemies and trap nematodes, henceforth, it is crucial to understand these interactions for ecological and biotechnological perspectives for commercial use. Moreover, acquiring the diversity of their relationship and molecular-based mechanisms, outlines their cascade of signaling events to serve as biotechnological ecosystem engineers. The omics based mechanisms encompassing hormone gene regulatory pathways and elicitors released by microbes are able to modulate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes within plants. This is achieved via Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) or acquired systemic channels. Taking into account all these validations, the present review mainly advocates the relationship among microbes and nematodes in plants. It is believed that this review will boost zest and zeal within researchers to effectively understand the plant-nematodes-microbes relations and their ecological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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26
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Mejias J, Bazin J, Truong NM, Chen Y, Marteu N, Bouteiller N, Sawa S, Crespi MD, Vaucheret H, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. The root-knot nematode effector MiEFF18 interacts with the plant core spliceosomal protein SmD1 required for giant cell formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3408-3423. [PMID: 33206370 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita secretes specific effectors (MiEFF) and induces the redifferentiation of plant root cells into enlarged multinucleate feeding 'giant cells' essential for nematode development. Immunolocalizations revealed the presence of the MiEFF18 protein in the salivary glands of M. incognita juveniles. In planta, MiEFF18 localizes to the nuclei of giant cells demonstrating its secretion during plant-nematode interactions. A yeast two-hybrid approach identified the nuclear ribonucleoprotein SmD1 as a MiEFF18 partner in tomato and Arabidopsis. SmD1 is an essential component of the spliceosome, a complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing and alternative splicing. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis roots ectopically expressing MiEFF18 or partially impaired in SmD1 function (smd1b mutant) revealed the contribution of the effector and its target to alternative splicing and proteome diversity. The comparison with Arabidopsis galls data showed that MiEFF18 modifies the expression of genes important for giant cell ontogenesis, indicating that MiEFF18 modulates SmD1 functions to facilitate giant cell formation. Finally, Arabidopsis smd1b mutants exhibited less susceptibility to M. incognita infection, and the giant cells formed on these mutants displayed developmental defects, suggesting that SmD1 plays an important role in the formation of giant cells and is required for successful nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Nhat-My Truong
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Yongpan Chen
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Nathalie Bouteiller
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-11 8555, Japan
| | - Martin D Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Universités Paris Saclay - Evry, Université de Paris, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Hervé Vaucheret
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
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27
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Anand PP, Ramani N. Dynamics of limited neoplastic growth on Pongamia pinnata (L.) (Fabaceae) leaf, induced by Aceria pongamiae (Acari: Eriophyidae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:1. [PMID: 33386069 PMCID: PMC7777452 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galls or the neoplastic growth on plants result from a complex type of interaction between the inducers (Acari, Insects, Microbes and Nematodes) and plants. The present study sheds light on the gall inducing habit of a highly host specific eriophyid mite, Aceria pongamiae, on the leaves of Pongamia pinnata leading to the production of abnormal pouch like outgrowths on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the foliage. Each leaf gall is a highly complex, irregular massive structure, and the formation of which often leads to complete destruction of leaves, especially during heavy mite infestation, and thereby adversely affecting the physiology and growth of the host plant. RESULTS The study was carried out by making comparative observations on FE-SEM histological sections of galls representing four different growth stages categorized on the basis of difference in age groups. Apart from variations in cell metaplasia, a dramatic change was observed in the abaxial-adaxial polarity of the laminar surfaces also throughout the developmental sequence of galls, in all the four growth stages. Significant variations could be observed in the anti-oxidative potency as well as elemental composition in the all the four age groups of galls, and also revealed ATR-FTIR pattern of gall formation. CONCLUSION Being the first attempt to unravel the mystery of gall induction by eriophyids in general and by A. pongamiae in particular, on its host plant P.pinnata, by shedding light on the structural and histological alterations taking place during leaf gall formation under the influence of the mite, the current study is to be treated as the model of plant-animal interactive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Anand
- Division of Acarology, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673 635, India.
| | - N Ramani
- Division of Acarology, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673 635, India.
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Truong NM, Chen Y, Mejias J, Soulé S, Mulet K, Jaouannet M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Sawa S, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. The Meloidogyne incognita Nuclear Effector MiEFF1 Interacts With Arabidopsis Cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases to Promote Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641480. [PMID: 33897729 PMCID: PMC8062903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts over a period of several weeks. They induce the differentiation of root cells into specialized multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells known as giant cells. Nematode effectors synthesized in the esophageal glands and injected into the plant tissue through the syringe-like stylet play a key role in giant cell ontogenesis. The Meloidogyne incognita MiEFF1 is one of the rare effectors of phytopathogenic nematodes to have been located in vivo in feeding cells. This effector specifically targets the giant cell nuclei. We investigated the Arabidopsis functions modulated by this effector, by using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify its host targets. We characterized a universal stress protein (USP) and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs) as the targets of MiEFF1. We validated the interaction of MiEFF1 with these host targets in the plant cell nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). A functional analysis with Arabidopsis GUS reporter lines and knockout mutant lines showed that GAPCs were induced in giant cells and that their non-metabolic functions were required for root-knot nematode infection. These susceptibility factors are potentially interesting targets for the development of new root-knot nematode control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat My Truong
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Salomé Soulé
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mulet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maëlle Jaouannet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Pierre Abad
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Michaël Quentin, ; Bruno Favery,
| | - Michaël Quentin
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Michaël Quentin, ; Bruno Favery,
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Zhao J, Mejias J, Quentin M, Chen Y, de Almeida-Engler J, Mao Z, Sun Q, Liu Q, Xie B, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H. The root-knot nematode effector MiPDI1 targets a stress-associated protein (SAP) to establish disease in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1417-1430. [PMID: 32542658 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of effectors are secreted by the oesophageal glands of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their molecular mode of action remains largely unknown. We characterized a Meloidogyne incognita protein disulphide isomerase (PDI)-like effector protein (MiPDI1) that facilitates nematode parasitism. In situ hybridization showed that MiPDI1 was expressed specifically in the subventral glands of M. incognita. It was significantly upregulated during parasitic stages. Immunolocalization demonstrated MiPDI1 secretion in planta during nematode migration and within the feeding cells. Host-induced silencing of the MiPDI1 gene affected the ability of the nematode to infect the host, whereas MiPDI1 expression in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita, providing evidence for a key role of MiPDI1 in M. incognita parasitism. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that MiPDI1 interacted with a tomato stress-associated protein (SlSAP12) orthologous to the redox-regulated AtSAP12, which plays an important role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. SAP12 silencing or knocking out in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to M. incognita. Our results suggest that MiPDI1 acts as a pathogenicity factor promoting disease by fine-tuning SAP-mediated responses at the interface of redox signalling, defence and stress acclimation in Solanaceae and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | | | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sunohara H, Kaida S, Sawa S. A method for evaluating root-knot nematode infection in rice using a transparent paper pouch. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:343-347. [PMID: 33088198 PMCID: PMC7557653 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most economically damaging plant-parasitic nematodes. Molecular studies of the plant-RKN interaction have been vigorously carried out in dicotyledonous model plants, while the host range of M. incognita is wide including monocotyledonous plants. As M. incognita causes quality and yield losses in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in both upland and irrigated systems, we developed a method to examine the plant-RKN interaction in this model monocotyledonous crop plant. Here, we show that a transparent paper pouch could be used to evaluate nematode infection rates in rice with similar results to that of the traditional soil method. The system using a transparent paper pouch can be used to observe the spatial and temporal distribution of developing galls and can save the space of growth chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Sunohara
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Kaida
- Faculty of Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Singh AK, Sirohi A, Subramaniam K, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Conferring root-knot nematode resistance via host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing of four Mi-msp genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110592. [PMID: 32771150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is considered one of the most damaging pests among phytonematodes. The majority of nematode oesophageal gland effector genes are indispensable in facilitating M. incognita parasitization of host plants. We report the effect of host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi) silencing of four selected M. incognita effector genes, namely, Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, which are dorsal gland genes, were found to be maximally expressed in the adult female stage, whereas Mi-msp3, which is a sub-ventral gland gene, was maximally expressed in an earlier stage. In transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, the reduction in the number of galls on roots was 89 %, 78 %, 86 % and 89 % for the Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24 RNAi events, respectively. Moreover, gene transcript abundance was significantly reduced in RKN females feeding on dsRNA-expressing lines by up to 60 %, 84 %, 31 % and 61 % for Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, respectively. Furthermore, the M. incognita reproduction factor was reduced up to 71-, 344-, 107- and 114-fold in Arabidopsis plants expressing Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24 dsRNA constructs, respectively. This study provides a set of potential target genes to curb nematode infestation in economically important crops via the HD-RNAi approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India; Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K Subramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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32
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Favery B, Dubreuil G, Chen MS, Giron D, Abad P. Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:1-22. [PMID: 32853101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, UMR 7261, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, F-06600 Sophia-Antipolis, France;
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Mbaluto CM, Ahmad EM, Fu M, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM. The impact of Spodoptera exigua herbivory on Meloidogyne incognita-induced root responses depends on the nematodes' life cycle stages. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa029. [PMID: 32665829 PMCID: PMC7336558 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced responses to above-ground and below-ground herbivores may interact via systemic signalling in plants. We investigated whether the impact of above-ground herbivory on root-knot nematode-induced responses depends on the nematode's life cycle stages. Tomato plants were infected with the nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for 5, 15 or 30 days before receiving Spodoptera exigua caterpillars above-ground. We collected root materials after 24 h of caterpillar feeding. We investigated phytohormones and α-tomatine levels, and the expression of defence and glycoalkaloid metabolism (GAME) marker genes in tomato roots. Nematode infection alone increased the endogenous root levels of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), α-tomatine and the expression of the GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1 (GAME1) gene mostly at 30 days post-nematode inoculation. Caterpillar feeding alone upregulated Lipoxygenase D and downregulated Basic-β-1-glucanase and GAME1 expression in roots. On nematode-infected plants, caterpillar feeding decreased JA levels, but it increased the expression of Leucine aminopeptidase A. The induction patterns of ABA and SA suggest that caterpillars cause cross-talk between the JA-signalling pathway and the SA and ABA pathways. Our results show that caterpillar feeding attenuated the induction of the JA pathway triggered by nematodes, mostly in the nematodes' reproduction stage. These results generate a better understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying frequent nematode-plant-caterpillar interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Melody Fu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
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Tsai AYL, Oota M, Sawa S. Chemotactic Host-Finding Strategies of Plant Endoparasites and Endophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1167. [PMID: 32849722 PMCID: PMC7411241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with microorganisms in the environment during all stages of their development and in most of their organs. These interactions can be either beneficial or detrimental for the plant and may be transient or long-term. In extreme cases, microorganisms become endoparastic or endophytic and permanently reside within a plant, while the host plant undergoes developmental reprogramming and produces new tissues or organs as a response to the invasion. Events at the cellular and molecular level following infection have been extensively described, however the mechanisms of how these microorganisms locate their plant hosts via chemotaxis remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the signalling molecules that regulate chemotaxis of endoparasitic/endophytic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. In particular, we will focus on the molecules secreted by plants that are most likely to act as guidance cues for microorganisms. These compounds are found in a wide range of plant species and show a variety of secondary effects. Interestingly, these compounds show different attraction potencies depending on the species of the invading organism, suggesting that cues perceived in the soil may be more complex than anticipated. However, what the cognate receptors are for these attractants, as well as the mechanism of how these attractants influence these organisms, remain important outstanding questions. Host-targeting marks the first step of plant-microorganism interactions, therefore understanding the signalling molecules involved in this step plays a key role in understanding these interactions as a whole.
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Nakagami S, Saeki K, Toda K, Ishida T, Sawa S. The atypical E2F transcription factor DEL1 modulates growth-defense tradeoffs of host plants during root-knot nematode infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8836. [PMID: 32483126 PMCID: PMC7264364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, growth-defense tradeoffs are essential for optimizing plant performance and adaptation under stress conditions, such as pathogen attack. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause severe economic losses in many crops worldwide, although little is known about the mechanisms that control plant growth and defense responses during nematode attack. Upon investigation of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with RKN (Meloidogyne incognita), we observed that the atypical transcription factor DP-E2F-like 1 (DEL1) repressed salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in RKN-induced galls. The DEL1-deficient Arabidopsis mutant (del1-1) exhibited excessive SA accumulation in galls and is more resistant to RKN infection. In addition, excessive lignification was observed in galls of del1-1. On the other hand, the root growth of del1-1 is reduced after RKN infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that DEL1 plays an important role in the balance between plant growth and defense responses to RKN infection by controlling SA accumulation and lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakagami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Saeki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Toda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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Portillo Lemus L, Tricard J, Duclercq J, Coulette Q, Giron D, Hano C, Huguet E, Lamblin F, Cherqui A, Sallé A. Salivary proteins of Phloeomyzus passerinii, a plant-manipulating aphid, and their impact on early gene responses of susceptible and resistant poplar genotypes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110468. [PMID: 32234233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant colonization by parasites requires the circumvention of host defenses, and sometimes a reprogramming of host metabolism, mediated by effector molecules delivered into the host. Using transcriptomic and enzymatic approaches, we characterized salivary glands and saliva of Phloeomyzus passerinii, an aphid exhibiting an atypical feeding strategy. Plant responses to salivary extracts of P. passerinii and Myzus persicae were assessed with poplar protoplasts of a susceptible and a resistant genotype, and in a heterologous Arabidopsis system. We predict that P. passerinii secretes a highly peculiar saliva containing effectors potentially interfering with host defenses, biotic stress signaling and plant metabolism, notably phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases which seemed specific to P. passerinii. Gene expression profiles indicated that salivary extracts of M. persicae markedly affected host defenses and biotic stress signaling, while salivary extracts of P. passerinii induced only weak responses. The effector-triggered susceptibility was characterized by downregulations of genes involved in cytokinin signaling and auxin homeostasis. This suggests that P. passerinii induces an intracellular accumulation of auxin in susceptible host genotypes, which is supported by histochemical assays in Arabidopsis. This might in turn affect biotic stress signaling and contribute to host tissue manipulation by the aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Portillo Lemus
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France; Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jessy Tricard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France; Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Duclercq
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Quentin Coulette
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France
| | - Anas Cherqui
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, EDYSAN UMR CNRS-UPJV 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélien Sallé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA, Université d'Orléans, 45067, Orléans, France.
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Lin B, Qing X, Liao J, Zhuo K. Role of Protein Glycosylation in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:E1022. [PMID: 32326128 PMCID: PMC7226260 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are fundamental to our understanding of infectious diseases. Protein glycosylation is one kind of common post-translational modification, forming glycoproteins and modulating numerous important biological processes. It also occurs in host-pathogen interaction, affecting host resistance or pathogen virulence often because glycans regulate protein conformation, activity, and stability, etc. This review summarizes various roles of different glycoproteins during the interaction, which include: host glycoproteins prevent pathogens as barriers; pathogen glycoproteins promote pathogens to attack host proteins as weapons; pathogens glycosylate proteins of the host to enhance virulence; and hosts sense pathogen glycoproteins to induce resistance. In addition, this review also intends to summarize the roles of lectin (a class of protein entangled with glycoprotein) in host-pathogen interactions, including bacterial adhesins, viral lectins or host lectins. Although these studies show the importance of protein glycosylation in host-pathogen interaction, much remains to be discovered about the interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Refik Bozbuga, Dasgan HY, Akhoundnejad Y, Imren M, Günay OC, Toktay H. Effect of Mi Gene and Nematode Resistance on Tomato Genotypes Using Molecular and Screening Assay. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Variations in Growth, Physiology, and Antioxidative Defense Responses of Two Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars after Co-Infection of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) are destructive pathogens that cause substantial yield losses to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops worldwide. The present study sought to elucidate the physiological, biochemical, and cytological responses of tomato cultivars (Gailing maofen 802 and Zhongza 09) by root invasion of Fo (1 × 105 CFUmL−1) and Mi (1500 second-stage juveniles (J2) alone and in combination after 14 days. Results revealed that combined inoculation of Fo and Mi significantly increased disease intensity, electrolyte leakage, and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents; and decreased photosynthetic capacity and enzyme activity in both cultivars as compared to their solo inoculation. Increasing the disease intensity reduced the maximum morphological traits, such as shoot length, total dry weight, and total chlorophyll contents, in G. maofen 802 (by 32%, 54.2%, and 52.3%, respectively) and Zhongza 09 (by 18%, 32%, and 21%, respectively) as compared to the control. Others factors were also reduced in G. maofen 802 and Zhongza 09, such as photosynthetic capacity (by 70% and 57%, respectively), stomatal conductance (by 86% and 70%, respectively), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (YII) (by 36.6% and 29%, respectively), and electron transport rate (by 17.7% and 10%, respectively), after combined inoculation of Fo and Mi. Furthermore, the combined infestation of Fo and Mi resulted in reduced activity of plant-defense-related antioxidants in G. maofen 802 compared with their single application or control. However, these antioxidants were highly up-regulated in Zhongza 09 (by 59%–93%), revealing the induction of tolerance against studied pathogens. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results further demonstrated that root cells of Zhongza 09 had unique tetrahedral crystal-like structures in the membrane close to mitochondria under all treatments except control. Therefore, it is concluded that Mi caused severe root damage, suppressed plant growth, depleted antioxidants, and caused high generation of ROS in the presence of Fo as compared to its solo inoculation. Tolerant cultivars adopted different mechanistic strategies at the structural and cellular levels to tolerate the Mi and Fo stresses.
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Kaloshian I, Teixeira M. Advances in Plant-Nematode Interactions with Emphasis on the Notorious Nematode Genus Meloidogyne. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1988-1996. [PMID: 31613704 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-19-0163-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant infections by plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) continue to be one of the major limitations in agricultural systems. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), belonging to the genus Meloidogyne, are one of the most important groups of PPNs worldwide. Their wide host range combined with ubiquitous presence, continues to provide challenges for their control and breeding for resistance. Although resistance to RKNs has been identified, incorporation of these resistances into crops and durability of the resistance remains challenging. In addition, progress in cloning of RKN resistance genes has been dismal. Recent identification of pattern-triggered immunity in roots against nematodes, an ascaroside as a nematode-associated molecular pattern (NAMP) and the discovery of a NAMP plant receptor, provide tools and opportunities to develop durable host resistance against nematodes including RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Marcella Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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Ferreira BG, Freitas MSC, Bragança GP, Moreira ASFP, Carneiro RGS, Isaias RMS. Enzyme-mediated metabolism in nutritive tissues of galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda: Anguinidae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:1052-1062. [PMID: 31102569 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda) on leaves of Miconia albicans have unique features when compared to other galls. The nematode colonies are surrounded by nutritive tissues with promeristematic cells, capable of originating new emergences facing the larval chamber, and providing indeterminate growth to these galls. Considering enzyme activity as essential for the translocation of energetic molecules from the common storage tissue (CST) to the typical nutritive tissue (TNT), and the major occurrence of carbohydrates in nematode galls, it was expected that hormones would mediate sink strength relationships by activating enzymes in indeterminate growth regions of the galls. Histochemical, immunocytochemical and quantitative analyses were made in order to demonstrate sites of enzyme activity and hormones, and comparative levels of total soluble sugars, water soluble polysaccharides and starch. The source-sink status, via carbohydrate metabolism, is controlled by the major accumulation of cytokinins in totipotent nutritive cells and new emergences. Thus, reducing sugars, such as glucose and fructose, accumulate in the TNT, where they supply the energy for successive cycles of cell division and for nematode feeding. The histochemical detection of phosphorylase and invertase activities indicates the occurrence of starch catabolism and sucrose transformation into reducing sugars, respectively, in the establishment of a gradient from the CST towards the TNT. Reducing sugars in the TNT are important for the production of new cell walls during the indeterminate growth of the galls, which have increased levels of water-soluble polysaccharides that corroborate such a hypothesis. Functional relationship between plant hormone accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism and cell differentiation in D. gallaeformans-induced galls is attested, providing new insights on cell development and plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M S C Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - G P Bragança
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A S F P Moreira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - R G S Carneiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - R M S Isaias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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42
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Zhao J, Li L, Liu Q, Liu P, Li S, Yang D, Chen Y, Pagnotta S, Favery B, Abad P, Jian H. A MIF-like effector suppresses plant immunity and facilitates nematode parasitism by interacting with plant annexins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5943-5958. [PMID: 31365744 PMCID: PMC6812717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete numerous effectors to facilitate parasitism, but detailed functions of nematode effectors and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized four macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) in Meloidogyne incognita resembling the MIFs secreted by human and animal parasites. Transcriptional data showed MiMIFs are up-regulated in parasitism. Immunolocalization provided evidence that MiMIF proteins are secreted from the nematode hypodermis to the parasite surface, detected in plant tissues and giant cells. In planta MiMIFs RNA interference in Arabidopsis decreased infection and nematode reproduction. Transient expression of MiMIF-2 could suppress Bax- and RBP1/Gpa2-induced cell death. MiMIF-2 ectopic expression led to higher levels of Arabidopsis susceptibility, suppressed immune responses triggered by flg22, and impaired [Ca2+]cyt influx induced by H2O2. The immunoprecipitation of MiMIF-2-interacting proteins, followed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation validations, revealed specific interactions between MiMIF-2 and two Arabidopsis annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, involved in the transport of calcium ions, stress responses, and signal transduction. Suppression of expression or overexpression of these annexins modified nematode infection. Our results provide functional evidence that nematode effectors secreted from hypodermis to the parasite cuticle surface target host proteins and M. incognita uses MiMIFs to promote parasitism by interfering with the annexin-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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Mejias J, Truong NM, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. Plant Proteins and Processes Targeted by Parasitic Nematode Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:970. [PMID: 31417587 PMCID: PMC6682612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN; Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. RKN and CN spend most of their life cycle in plant roots, in which they induce the formation of multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells, called "giant cells" and "syncytia," respectively. The giant cells result from nuclear divisions of vascular cells without cytokinesis. They are surrounded by small dividing cells and they form a new organ within the root known as a root knot or gall. CN infection leads to the fusion of several root cells into a unique syncytium. These dramatically modified host cells act as metabolic sinks from which the nematode withdraws nutrients throughout its life, and they are thus essential for nematode development. Both RKN and CN secrete effector proteins that are synthesized in the oesophageal glands and delivered to the appropriate cell in the host plant via a syringe-like stylet, triggering the ontogenesis of the feeding structures. Within the plant cell or in the apoplast, effectors associate with specific host proteins, enabling them to hijack important processes for cell morphogenesis and physiology or immunity. Here, we review recent findings on the identification and functional characterization of plant targets of RKN and CN effectors. A better understanding of the molecular determinants of these biotrophic relationships would enable us to improve the yields of crops infected with parasitic nematodes and to expand our comprehension of root development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michaël Quentin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Harris-Shultz KR, Davis RF, Wallace J, Knoll JE, Wang H. A Novel QTL for Root-Knot Nematode Resistance is Identified from a South African Sweet Sorghum Line. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1011-1017. [PMID: 31050603 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0433-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Southern root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, feed on the underground portions of hundreds of plant species and affect nutrient partitioning and water uptake of the host plants. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is often not significantly damaged by southern root-knot nematodes (RKN) but some sorghum genotypes support greater population densities of RKN than other genotypes. These higher nematode populations increase the risk of damage to subsequently planted susceptible crops. A previous study identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for RKN resistance on sorghum chromosome (chr.) 3. To maintain long-term resistance, multiple resistance genes should be pyramided in a cultivar. In this study, we identified a new source of RKN resistance, created a mapping population, and identified single-nucleotide polymorphism markers using genotyping-by-sequencing of the segregating population. Use of single-marker analysis and composite interval mapping identified a single QTL on chr. 5 that was associated with egg number and egg number per gram of root from the resistant sweet sorghum line PI 144134. This region on chr. 5 and the prior QTL on chr. 3 can be potentially moved from PI 144134 and Honey Drip, respectively, into elite sorghum germplasm via marker-assisted selection for more durable resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Harris-Shultz
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Richard F Davis
- 2 USDA-ARS, Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, 2747 Davis Road, BLDG 1, Tifton, GA 31794
| | - Jason Wallace
- 3 Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Road, Athens 30602
| | - Joseph E Knoll
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, 115 Coastal Way, Tifton, GA 31793
| | - Hongliang Wang
- 4 USDA-ARS, Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research, 4007 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Yang S, Dai Y, Chen Y, Yang J, Yang D, Liu Q, Jian H. A Novel G16B09-Like Effector From Heterodera avenae Suppresses Plant Defenses and Promotes Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30800135 PMCID: PMC6376208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes secrete effectors into host plant tissues to facilitate parasitism. In this study, we identified a G16B09-like effector protein family from the transcriptome of Heterodera avenae, and then verified that most of the members could suppress programmed cell death triggered by BAX in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ha18764, the most homologous to G16B09, was further characterized for its function. Our experimental evidence suggested that Ha18764 was specifically expressed in the dorsal gland and was dramatically upregulated in the J4 stage of nematode development. A Magnaporthe oryzae secretion system in barley showed that the signal peptide of Ha18764 had secretion activity to deliver mCherry into plant cells. Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ha18764 or Hs18764 was more susceptible to Heterodera schachtii. In contrast, BSMV-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting Ha18764 attenuated H. avenae parasitism and its reproduction in wheat plants. Transient expression of Ha18764 suppressed PsojNIP, Avr3a/R3a, RBP-1/Gpa2, and MAPK kinases (MKK1 and NPK1Nt)-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-expression assays indicated that Ha18764 also suppressed cell death triggered by four H. avenae putative cell-death-inducing effectors. Moreover, Ha18764 was also shown strong PTI suppression such as reducing the expression of plant defense-related genes, the burst of reactive oxygen species, and the deposition of cell wall callose. Together, our results indicate that Ha18764 promotes parasitism, probably by suppressing plant PTI and ETI signaling in the parasitic stages of H. avenae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Tsai AYL, Higaki T, Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Favery B, Sawa S. Regulation of Root-Knot Nematode Behavior by Seed-Coat Mucilage-Derived Attractants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:99-112. [PMID: 30503864 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed exudates influence the behavior of soil organisms, but how this occurs remains unclear, particularly for multicellular animals. Here we show that compounds associated with Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage regulate the behavior of soil-borne animals, specifically root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Infective RKN J2 larvae actively travel toward Arabidopsis seeds through chemotaxis. Analysis of Arabidopsis mucilage mutants demonstrated that the attraction of RKNs to Arabidopsis seeds requires the synthesis and extrusion of seed-coat mucilage. Extracted mucilage alone is not sufficient to attract RKNs, but seed-surface carbohydrates and proteins are required for this process. These findings suggest that the RKN chemoattractant is synthesized de novo upon mucilage extrusion but may be highly unstable. RKNs attracted by this mucilage-dependent mechanism can infect the emerging seedling. However, the attraction signal from seedling roots likely acts independently of the seed-coat signal and may mask the attraction to seed-coat mucilage after germination. Multiple RKN species are attracted by Arabidopsis seeds, suggesting that this mechanism is conserved in RKNs. These findings indicate that seed exudate can regulate the behavior of multicellular animals and highlight the potential roles of seed-coat mucilage in biotic interactions with soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Chinnapandi B, Bucki P, Fitoussi N, Kolomiets M, Borrego E, Braun Miyara S. Tomato SlWRKY3 acts as a positive regulator for resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by activating lipids and hormone-mediated defense-signaling pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1601951. [PMID: 31010365 PMCID: PMC6546140 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1601951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes in vegetables, among them Meloidogyne spp. root-knot nematodes (RKNs), lead to extensive yield decline. A molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying plants' innate resistance may enable developing safe alternatives to harmful chemical nematicides in controlling RKNs. A tight relationship has been revealed between the WRKY transcription factors and RKN parasitism on tomato roots. We investigated the function role of tomato SlWRK3 and SlWRKY35 in regulating nematode disease development. Using promoter-GUS reporter gene fusions, we show that both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 are induced within 5 days of infection and through feeding-site development and gall maturation, with a much stronger response of the former vs. the latter to nematode infection. Histological analysis of nematode-feeding sites indicated a high expression of SlWRKY3 in developing and mature feeding cells and associated vasculature cells, whereas SlWRKY35 expression was only observed in mature feeding sites. Both SlWRKY3 and SlWRKY35 promoters were induced by the defense phytohormones salicylic acid and indole-3-butyric acid, with no response to either jasmonic acid or methyl jasmonate. SlWRKY3 overexpression resulted in lower infection of the RKN Meloidogyne javanica, whereas knocking down SlWRKY3 resulted in increased infection. Phytohormone and oxylipin profiles determined by LC-MS/MS showed that the enhanced resistance in the former is coupled with an increased accumulation of defense molecules from the shikimate and oxylipin pathways. Our results pinpoint SlWRKY3 as a positive regulator of induced resistance in response to nematode invasion and infection, mostly during the early stages of nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Chinnapandi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, the Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- CONTACT Sigal Braun Miyara Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Jaubert-Possamai S, Noureddine Y, Favery B. MicroRNAs, New Players in the Plant-Nematode Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1180. [PMID: 31681347 PMCID: PMC6811602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot and cyst nematodes are microscopic worms that cause severe damage to crops and induce major agricultural losses worldwide. These parasites penetrate into host roots and induce the formation of specialized feeding structures, which supply the resources required for nematode development. Root-knot nematodes induce the redifferentiation of five to seven root cells into giant multinucleate feeding cells, whereas cyst nematodes induce the formation of a multinucleate syncytium by targeting a single root cell. Transcriptomic analyses have shown that the induction of these feeding cells by nematodes involves an extensive reprogramming of gene expression within the targeted root cells. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that act as key regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes by inducing the posttranscriptional silencing of protein coding genes, including many genes encoding transcription factors. A number of microRNAs (miRNAs) displaying changes in expression in root cells in response to nematode infection have recently been identified in various plant species. Modules consisting of miRNAs and the transcription factors they target were recently shown to be required for correct feeding site formation. Examples include miR396 and GRF in soybean syncytia and miR159 and MYB33 in Arabidopsis giant cells. Moreover, some conserved miRNA/target modules seem to have similar functions in feeding site formation in different plant species. These miRNAs may be master regulators of the reprogramming of expression occurring during feeding site formation. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of these plant miRNAs in plant-nematode interactions.
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Medina C, da Rocha M, Magliano M, Raptopoulo A, Marteu N, Lebrigand K, Abad P, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. Characterization of siRNAs clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana galls induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:943. [PMID: 30563458 PMCID: PMC6297998 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Root-knot nematodes (RKN), genus Meloidogyne, are plant parasitic worms that have the ability to transform root vascular cylinder cells into hypertrophied, multinucleate and metabolically over-active feeding cells. Redifferentiation into feeding cells is the result of a massive transcriptional reprogramming of root cells targeted by RKN. Since RKN are able to induce similar feeding cells in roots of thousands of plant species, these worms are thought to manipulate essential and conserved plant molecular pathways. Results Small non-coding RNAs of uninfected roots and infected root galls induced by M. incognita from Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced by high throughput sequencing. SiRNA populations were analysed by using the Shortstack algorithm. We identified siRNA clusters that are differentially expressed in infected roots and evidenced an over-representation of the 23–24 nt siRNAs in infected tissue. This size corresponds to heterochromatic siRNAs (hc-siRNAs) which are known to regulate expression of transposons and genes at the transcriptional level, mainly by inducing DNA methylation. Conclusions Correlation of siRNA clusters expression profile with transcriptomic data identified several protein coding genes that are candidates to be regulated by siRNAs at the transcriptional level by RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway either directly or indirectly via silencing of neighbouring transposable elements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5296-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Kevin Lebrigand
- UCA Genomix, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
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Kirwa HK, Murungi LK, Beck JJ, Torto B. Elicitation of Differential Responses in the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita to Tomato Root Exudate Cytokinin, Flavonoids, and Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11291-11300. [PMID: 30346752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates of plants mediate interactions with a variety of organisms in the rhizosphere, including root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) We investigated the responses of the motile stage second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita to non-volatile components identified in the root exudate of tomato. Using stylet thrusting, chemotaxis assays, and chemical analysis, we identified specific metabolites in the root exudate that attract and repel J2s. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive fractions obtained from the root exudate revealed a high diversity of compounds, of which five were identified as the phytohormone zeatin (cytokinin), the flavonoids quercetin and luteolin, and alkaloids solasodine and tomatidine. In stylet thrusting and chemotaxis assays, the five compounds elicited concentration-dependent responses in J2s relative to 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) and methyl salicylate (positive control). These results indicate that J2 herbivory is influenced by root exudate chemistry and concentrations of specific compounds, which may have potential applications in RKN management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K Kirwa
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Department of Horticulture , Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology , Post Office Box 62000, 00200 Nairobi , Kenya
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) , 1700 Southwest 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit , International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) , Post Office Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi , Kenya
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