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Lee Y, Jang TS, Kim JK. Effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Viruses: Changes during the Pandemic. J Glob Infect Dis 2024; 16:27-32. [PMID: 38680753 PMCID: PMC11045149 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_155_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have influenced the prevalence and seasonality of acute respiratory viral infections. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of all viruses causing acute viral respiratory infections before and after social distancing measures were lifted. Methods Cross-sectional study where outpatients and inpatients at Kyunghee University Hospital were examined. From January 2021 to December 2022, respiratory samples were analyzed using multiplex reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Of 3953 samples obtained, 412 (10.42%) were positive for acute respiratory viral infection, and 502 viruses were detected. The number of viral infections increased from 184 in 2021 to 318 in 2022. Human metapneumovirus was detected from August to November 2022. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was frequently detected from April to June 2021; however, in 2022, HBoV was frequently detected from July to October. Human parainfluenza virus 3 was rarely detected after its initial frequent detection from October to December 2021 but was continuously observed after frequent detection in September 2022. Co-infection occurred in 78 (18.9%) cases. The most common combination of simultaneous infections was human rhinovirus-HBoV (n = 30, 38.5%). Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infection decreased significantly but increased in 2022 when measures were lifted. The prevalence and seasonality of respiratory viral infections have changed since the pandemic. Our findings contribute to the prediction of an effective response to changes in the prevalence of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health and Welfare, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Health Administration, Dankook University College of Health and Welfare, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health and Welfare, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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2
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Moreira-Soto A, Bruno A, de Mora D, Paez M, Garces J, Wulf B, Sander AL, Olmedo M, Basantes Mantilla MJ, Gonzalez Gonzalez M, Orlando SA, Salgado Cisneros S, Zevallos JC, Drexler JF. Virological evidence of the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Ecuador, a resource-limited setting. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2259001. [PMID: 37698611 PMCID: PMC10563623 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2259001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecuador had substantial COVID-19-mortality during 2020 despite early implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Resource-limited settings like Ecuador have high proportions of informal labour which entail high human mobility, questioning efficacy of NPIs. We performed a retrospective observational study in Ecuador's national reference laboratory for viral respiratory infections during March 2020-February 2021 using stored respiratory specimens from 1950 patients, corresponding to 2.3% of all samples analysed within the Ecuadorian national surveillance system per week. During 2020, detection of SARS-CoV-2 (Pearson correlation; r = -0.74; p = 0.01) and other respiratory viruses (Pearson correlation; r = -0.68; p = 0.02) by real-time RT-PCR correlated negatively with NPIs stringency. Among respiratory viruses, adenoviruses (Fisher's exact-test; p = 0.026), parainfluenzaviruses (p = 0.04), enteroviruses (p < 0.0001) and metapneumoviruses (p < 0.0001) occurred significantly more frequently during months of absent or non-stringent NPIs (characterized by <55% stringency according to the Oxford stringency index data for Ecuador). Phylogenomic analyses of 632 newly characterized SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed 100 near-parallel SARS-CoV-2 introductions during early 2020 in the absence of NPIs. NPI stringency correlated negatively with the number of circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages during 2020 (r = -0.69; p = 0.02). Phylogeographic reconstructions showed differential SARS-CoV-2 dispersion patterns during 2020, with more short-distance transitions potentially associated with recreational activity during non-stringent NPIs. There were also fewer geographic transitions during strict NPIs (n = 450) than during non-stringent or absent NPIs (n = 580). Virological evidence supports that NPIs had an effect on virus spread and distribution in Ecuador, providing a template for future epidemics in resource-limited settings and contributing to a balanced assessment of societal costs entailed by strict NPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- Tropical Disease Research Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Doménica de Mora
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Paez
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jimmy Garces
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ben Wulf
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maritza Olmedo
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Manuel Gonzalez Gonzalez
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Universidad ECOTEC, Km 13.5 Samborondon, Samborondon, EC092302, Ecuador
| | - Solon Alberto Orlando
- National Institute of Public Health Research (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Health Science Faculty, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Juan Carlos Zevallos
- Health Science Faculty, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Alianza para la Investigación de Enfermedades Emergentes (AIE), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Hong S, Li D, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Cai J, Zheng H, Zhang X, Deng Y, Han D, Wang J, Chen L, Li S, Qiu W, Ren M, Zou L. Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Xiamen, China: A retrospective survey from 2020 to 2022. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22302. [PMID: 38053876 PMCID: PMC10694312 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are caused by respiratory pathogens and range from asymptomatic infections to severe respiratory diseases. These diseases can be life threatening with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Under the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), little has been reported about the pathogen etiologies and epidemiology of patients suffering from ARTI of all age in Xiamen. Region-specific surveillance in individuals with ARTI of all ages was performed in Xiamen from January 2020 to October 2022. Here, we observed the epidemiological characteristics of thirteen pathogens within ARTI patients and further revealed the difference of that between upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). In total 56.36 % (2358/4184) of the ARTI patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Rhinovirus (RVs, 29.22 %), influenza A (FluA, 19.59 %), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 18.36 %), metapneumovirus (MPV, 13.91 %), and adenovirus (ADV, 10.31 %) were the five leading respiratory pathogens. Respiratory pathogens displayed age- and season-specific patterns, even between URTI and LRTI. Compared with other groups, a higher proportion of FluA (52.17 % and 68.75 %, respectively) infection was found in the adult group and the elder group, while the lower proportion of RVs (14.11 % and 11.11 %) infection was also observed in them. Although ARTI cases circulated throughout the year, RVs, FluB, and BoV peaked in autumn, and FluA circulated more in summer. Besides, the co-infectious rate was 8.7 % with the most common for RVs. Logistic regression analyses revealed the correlations between respiratory pathogens and disease types. These results are essential for replenishing epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory pathogens that caused ARTI in Xiamen during the epidemic of COVID-19, and a better understanding of it might optimize the local prevention and clinical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yilin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiading Cai
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province, Dian Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dandan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Weiping Qiu
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liangneng Zou
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Chadha M, Prabhakaran AO, Choudhary ML, Biswas D, Koul P, Kaveri K, Dar L, Mamta CS, Jadhav S, Bhardwaj SD, Laserson K, Saha S, Potdar V. Multisite surveillance for influenza and other respiratory viruses in India: 2016-2018. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001001. [PMID: 36962617 PMCID: PMC10022084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is limited surveillance and laboratory capacity for non-influenza respiratory viruses in India. We leveraged the influenza sentinel surveillance of India to detect other respiratory viruses among patients with acute respiratory infection. Six centers representing different geographic areas of India weekly enrolled a convenience sample of 5-10 patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) between September 2016-December 2018. Staff collected nasal and throat specimens in viral transport medium and tested for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), human meta-pneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (AdV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis of influenza and RSV was done. We enrolled 16,338 including 8,947 ARI and 7,391 SARI cases during the study period. Median age was 14.6 years (IQR:4-32) in ARI cases and 13 years (IQR:1.3-55) in SARI cases. We detected respiratory viruses in 33.3% (2,981) of ARI and 33.4% (2,468) of SARI cases. Multiple viruses were co-detected in 2.8% (458/16,338) specimens. Among ARI cases influenza (15.4%) were the most frequently detected viruses followed by HRV (6.2%), RSV (5%), HMPV (3.4%), PIV (3.3%) and AdV (3.1%),. Similarly among SARI cases, influenza (12.7%) were most frequently detected followed by RSV (8.2%), HRV (6.1%), PIV (4%), HMPV (2.6%) and AdV (2.1%). Our study demonstrated the feasibility of expanding influenza surveillance systems for surveillance of other respiratory viruses in India. Influenza was the most detected virus among ARI and SARI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Chadha
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Dipankar Biswas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Parvaiz Koul
- Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - K. Kaveri
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chawla Sarkar Mamta
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kayla Laserson
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (India Office), New Delhi, India
| | - Siddhartha Saha
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (India Office), New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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5
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Hacker K, Kuan G, Vydiswaran N, Chowell‐Puente G, Patel M, Sanchez N, Lopez R, Ojeda S, Lopez B, Mousa J, Maier HE, Balmaseda A, Gordon A. Pediatric burden and seasonality of human metapneumovirus over 5 years in Managua, Nicaragua. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:1112-1121. [PMID: 35965382 PMCID: PMC9530515 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of pediatric respiratory infection. We leveraged the Nicaraguan Pediatric Influenza Cohort Study (NPICS) to assess the burden and seasonality of symptomatic hMPV infection in children. METHODS NPICS is an ongoing prospective study of children in Managua, Nicaragua. We assessed children for hMPV infection via real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We used classical additive decomposition analysis to assess the temporal trends, and generalized growth models (GGMs) were used to estimate effective reproduction numbers. RESULTS From 2011 to 2016, there were 564 hMPV symptomatic infections, yielding an incidence rate of 5.74 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI 5.3, 6.2). Children experienced 3509 acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs), of which 160 (4.6%) were associated with hMPV infection. Children under the age of one had 55% of all symptomatic hMPV infections (62/112) develop into hMPV-associated ALRIs and were five times as likely as children over one to have an hMPV-associated ALRI (rate ratio 5.5 95% CI 4.1, 7.4 p < 0.001). Additionally, symptomatic reinfection with hMPV was common. In total, 87 (15%) of all observed symptomatic infections were detected reinfections. The seasonality of symptomatic hMPV outbreaks varied considerably. From 2011 to 2016, four epidemic periods were observed, following a biennial seasonal pattern. The mean ascending phase of the epidemic periods were 7.7 weeks, with an overall mean estimated reproductive number of 1.2 (95% CI 1.1, 1.4). CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic hMPV infection was associated with substantial burden among children in the first year of life. Timing and frequency of symptomatic hMPV incidence followed biennial patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hacker
- School of Public Health, Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences InstituteManaguaNicaragua
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores VivasMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
| | - Nivea Vydiswaran
- School of Public Health, Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gerardo Chowell‐Puente
- School of Public Health, Department of Population Health SciencesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Mayuri Patel
- School of Public Health, Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - Roger Lopez
- Sustainable Sciences InstituteManaguaNicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y ReferenciaMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
| | | | | | - Jarrod Mousa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Vaccines and ImmunologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Hannah E. Maier
- School of Public Health, Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences InstituteManaguaNicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y ReferenciaMinistry of HealthManaguaNicaragua
| | - Aubree Gordon
- School of Public Health, Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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6
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Suryadevara M, Fajardo FP, Aponte CC, Carrillo Aponte JL, Prado EO, Hidalgo I, Bonville CA, Torres I, Domachowske JB. Etiologies of outpatient medically attended acute respiratory infections among young Ecuadorian children prior to the start of the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13056. [PMID: 36172889 PMCID: PMC9537809 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation of respiratory virus prevention measures requires detailed understanding of regional epidemiology; however, data from many tropical countries are sparse. We describe etiologies of ambulatory pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in Ecuador immediately preceding the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHODS Children < 5 years presenting to a designated study site with an ARTI were eligible. Informed consent was obtained. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected, processed, and analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for common respiratory pathogens. Rhinovirus/enterovirus positive samples were further characterized by genomic sequencing. RESULTS A total of 820 subjects were enrolled in the study between July 2018 and March 2020. A total of 655 (80%) samples identified at least one pathogen. Rhinoviruses (44%) were most common, followed by enteroviruses (17%), parainfluenza viruses (17%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (15%), and influenza viruses (13%). Enterovirus D68 was the most common enterovirus detected and was among the leading causes of bronchiolitis. Seasonal RSV and influenza virus activity were different along the coast compared with the highlands. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing regional surveillance studies are necessary to optimize available and emerging pathogen-specific preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Suryadevara
- Department of PediatricsSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Cinthya Cueva Aponte
- Research Center at Hospital Teófilo DávilaSUNY Upstate Medical UniversityMachalaEcuador
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7
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Horemheb-Rubio G, Eggeling R, Schmeiβer N, Pfeifer N, Lengauer T, Gärtner BC, Prifert C, Kochanek M, Scheid C, Adams O, Kaiser R. Respiratory viruses dynamics and interactions: ten years of surveillance in central Europe. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1167. [PMID: 35690802 PMCID: PMC9187845 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower respiratory tract infections are among the main causes of death. Although there are many respiratory viruses, diagnostic efforts are focused mainly on influenza. The Respiratory Viruses Network (RespVir) collects infection data, primarily from German university hospitals, for a high diversity of infections by respiratory pathogens. In this study, we computationally analysed a subset of the RespVir database, covering 217,150 samples tested for 17 different viral pathogens in the time span from 2010 to 2019. Methods We calculated the prevalence of 17 respiratory viruses, analysed their seasonality patterns using information-theoretic measures and agglomerative clustering, and analysed their propensity for dual infection using a new metric dubbed average coinfection exclusion score (ACES). Results After initial data pre-processing, we retained 206,814 samples, corresponding to 1,408,657 performed tests. We found that Influenza viruses were reported for almost the half of all infections and that they exhibited the highest degree of seasonality. Coinfections of viruses are frequent; the most prevalent coinfection was rhinovirus/bocavirus and most of the virus pairs had a positive ACES indicating a tendency to exclude each other regarding infection. Conclusions The analysis of respiratory viruses dynamics in monoinfection and coinfection contributes to the prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and development of new therapeutics. Data obtained from multiplex testing is fundamental for this analysis and should be prioritized over single pathogen testing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13555-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Horemheb-Rubio
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,DZIF, Center for Infection Research, partner site Cologne Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Eggeling
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nico Pfeifer
- Methods in Medical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Lengauer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany.,Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Barbara C Gärtner
- Institute of Medicine Microbiology and Hygiene, University of the Saarland Kirrberger Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Prifert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kochanek
- University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Scheid
- University of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ortwin Adams
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany. .,DZIF, Center for Infection Research, partner site Cologne Bonn, Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Caini S, Stolyarov K, Sominina A, Smorodintseva E, Staadegaard L, Paget J, Danilenko D. A comparative analysis of the epidemiology of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in Russia, 2013/14 to 2018/19. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04009. [PMID: 35136600 PMCID: PMC8818296 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. We conducted a comparative analysis of the age distribution and spatiotemporal epidemiology of influenza and RSV in Russia using sentinel surveillance data from 2013-14 to 2018-19 in six cities located in the western, central, and eastern regions of the country. Methods We calculated the positivity rate for influenza and RSV (by month, season, and overall) in each city, separately for patients seen at the primary and secondary care level (out-patients medical centres housing GP practices and infectious diseases hospitals, respectively). We compared the age distribution of patients infected with the different influenza virus (sub)types and RSV. Results A total of 17 551 respiratory specimens were included: the overall positivity rate was 13.5% for influenza and 4.4% for RSV. The A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B virus (sub)types caused 31.3%, 44.0% and, respectively, 24.7% of all influenza cases. The median age was older among influenza (15 years) than among RSV patients (3 years); differences across influenza virus (sub)types were seen only at the primary care level, with influenza A(H3N2) patients being significantly older than A(H1N1)pdm09 or B influenza patients. The timing of influenza epidemics was similar across cities, with the peak typically occurring in February or March. In contrast, the typical peak timing of RSV epidemics varied largely across cities, and the virus was often detected also in spring and summer months (unlike influenza). Conclusions Influenza and RSV epidemiology differed in many regards in Russia, especially in the timing of epidemics and the age distribution of infected subjects. Health policies aimed at containing the burden of diseases of viral respiratory infections in Russia should take these findings into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Caini
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirill Stolyarov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Sominina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Lisa Staadegaard
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daria Danilenko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: New Challenges for Molecular Epidemiology Surveillance and Vaccination Strategy in Patients with ILI/SARI. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111334. [PMID: 34835265 PMCID: PMC8622394 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several respiratory pathogens are responsible for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe respiratory infections (SARI), among which human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) represents one of the most common aetiologies. We analysed the hRSV prevalence among subjects with ILI or SARI during the five influenza seasons before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Sicily (Italy). Respiratory specimens from ILI outpatients and SARI inpatients were collected in the framework of the Italian Network for the Influenza Surveillance and molecularly tested for hRSV-A and hRSV-B. Overall, 8.1% of patients resulted positive for hRSV. Prevalence peaked in the age-groups <5 years old (range: 17.6–19.1%) and ≥50 years old (range: 4.8–5.1%). While the two subgroups co-circulated throughout the study period, hRSV-B was slightly predominant over hRSV-A, except for the season 2019–2020 when hRSV-A strongly prevailed (82.9%). In the community setting, the distribution of hRSV subgroups was balanced (47.8% vs. 49.7% for hRSV-A and hRSV-B, respectively), while most infections identified in the hospital setting were caused by hRSV-B (69.5%); also, this latter one was more represented among hRSV cases with underlying diseases, as well as among those who developed a respiratory complication. The molecular surveillance of hRSV infections may provide a valuable insight into the epidemiological features of ILI/SARI. Our findings add new evidence to the existing knowledge on viral aetiology of ILI and SARI in support of public health strategies and may help to define high-risk categories that could benefit from currently available and future vaccines.
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Azziz-Baumgartner E, Bruno A, Daugherty M, Chico ME, Lopez A, Arriola CS, de Mora D, Ropero AM, Davis WW, McMorrow M, Cooper PJ. Incidence and seasonality of respiratory viruses among medically attended children with acute respiratory infections in an Ecuador birth cohort, 2011-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:24-33. [PMID: 34432362 PMCID: PMC8692806 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ecuador annually has handwashing and respiratory hygiene campaigns and seasonal influenza vaccination to prevent respiratory virus illnesses but has yet to quantify disease burden and determine epidemic timing. Methods To identify respiratory virus burden and assess months with epidemic activity, we followed a birth cohort in northwest Ecuador during 2011–2014. Mothers brought children to the study clinic for routine checkups at ages 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 years or if children experienced any acute respiratory illness symptoms (e.g., cough, fever, or difficulty breathing); clinical care was provided free of charge. Those with medically attended acute respiratory infections (MAARIs) were tested for common respiratory viruses via real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR). Results In 2011, 2376 children aged 1–4 years (median 35 months) were enrolled in the respiratory cohort and monitored for 7017.5 child‐years (cy). The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was 23.9 (95% CI 17.3–30.5), influenza 10.6 (2.4–18.8), adenoviruses 6.7 (4.6–28.0), parainfluenzas 5.0 (2.3–10.5), and rhinoviruses, bocaviruses, human metapneumoviruses, seasonal coronaviruses, and enteroviruses <3/100 cy among children aged 12–23 months and declined with age. Most (75%) influenza detections occurred April–September. Conclusion Cohort children frequently had MAARIs, and while the incidence decreased rapidly among older children, more than one in five children aged 12–23 months tested positive for RSV, and one in 10 tested positive for influenza. Our findings suggest this substantial burden of influenza occurred more commonly during the winter Southern Hemisphere influenza season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- International Epidemiology and Research Team, Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alfredo Bruno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,National Reference Laboratory for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Michael Daugherty
- International Epidemiology and Research Team, Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martha E Chico
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para Investigación en Salud, Quinindé, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Lopez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carmen Sofia Arriola
- International Epidemiology and Research Team, Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenica de Mora
- International Epidemiology and Research Team, Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alba María Ropero
- Immunizations Program, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William W Davis
- International Epidemiology and Research Team, Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Enhanced Surveillance Platforms Team, Division of Viral Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip J Cooper
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
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The epidemiology and etiologies of respiratory tract infection in Northern Taiwan during the early phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 54:801-807. [PMID: 34217634 PMCID: PMC8217336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests symptoms as common etiologies of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). During the pandemic of COVID-19, identifying the etiologies correctly from patients with RTI symptoms was crucial in not only disease control but preventing healthcare system from collapsing. By applying sensitive PCR-based molecular assays, we detected the etiologic agents and delineated the epidemiologic picture of RTIs in the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods From December 2019 to February 2020, we screened patients presented with RTIs using multiplex PCR-based diagnostic assays. Data from pediatric and adult patients were compared with different months and units in the hospital. Results Of all 1631 patients including 1445 adult and 186 pediatric patients screened, 8 viruses and 4 bacteria were identified. Positive rates were 25% in December, 37% in January, and 20% in February, with pediatric patients having higher positive rates than adults (Ps < 0.001). In pediatric patients, RhV/EnV was the most commonly detected, followed by parainfluenza viruses. Most Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection occurred in pediatric patients. RhV/EnV was the most commonly detected agent in pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), while influenza accounted for the majority of adult cases with critical illness. Noticeably, seasonal coronavirus ranked second in both adult and pediatric patients with ICU admission. Conclusion While we focused on the pandemic of COVID-19, common etiologies still accounted for the majority of RTIs and lead to severe diseases, including other seasonal coronaviruses.
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Zhang Y, Qiao L, Yao J, Yu N, Mu X, Huang S, Hu B, Li W, Qiu F, Zeng F, Chen C, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Cai T, Wang W, Wu X, Zhou Y, Wang G, Situ B, Lan S, Li N, Li X, Li Z, Li X, Wang C, Yang C, Feng P, Wang H, Zhu S, Xiong Y, Luo M, Shen W, Hu X, Zheng L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory viruses in 4403 pediatric patients from multiple hospitals in Guangdong, China. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:284. [PMID: 34140022 PMCID: PMC8212487 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARI) cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children. Unfortunately, there are limited multi-center data on common viral respiratory infections in south China. Methods A total of 4403 nasal swabs were collected from children in 10 cities in Guangdong, China in 2019. Seven respiratory viruses, influenza A virus (IFA), influenza B virus (IFB), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses (ADV) and parainfluenza virus types 1–3 (PIV1, PIV2 and PIV3), were detected by direct immunofluorescence antibody assay. The personal information and clinical characteristics were recorded and analyzed. Results The results showed that at least one virus was detected in 1099 (24.96 %) samples. The detection rates of RSV, IFA, ADV, PIV3, PIV1 and PIV2 were 7.13 % (314/4403), 5.31 % (234/4403), 4.02 % (177/4403), 3.04 % (134/4403), 1.70 % (75/4403) and 1.16 % (51/4403), respectively. The detection rate of RSV was highest in 0–6-month-old children at 18.18 % (106/583), while the detection rate of IFA was highest in 12–18-year-old children at 20.48 % (17/83). The total detection rates in winter and spring were 35.67 % (219/614) and 34.56 % (403/1166), higher than those in summer, 17.41 % (284/1631), and autumn, 19.46 % (193/992). Conclusions RSV and IFA were the main respiratory viruses in children. With increasing age the detection rate of RSV decreased in children, but the trends for the detection rates of IFA and IFB were the opposite. This study provided the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients with ARI in Guangdong, China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02759-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiu Yao
- Yangjiang People's Hospital, Yangjiang, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Mu
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Bo Hu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixuan Li
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Fangyin Zeng
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuqiu Zhou
- Zhuhai Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Tian Cai
- Nanhai District People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xianjin Wu
- Central People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guochang Wang
- School of Economics, Jinan University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Situ
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuling Lan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihua Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingfeng Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijing Zhu
- Nanfang College of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiumei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ochoa-Avilés AM, Ochoa-Avilés C, Morillo-Argudo DA, Molina-Cando MJ, Rodas-Espinoza CR, Chis Ster I, Maestre Calderón MP, Maldonado G A, Arteaga Vaca K, Rodriguez A, Cruz AA, Romero-Sandoval N, Cooper PJ. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on asthma symptoms and management: A prospective analysis of asthmatic children in Ecuador. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100551. [PMID: 34141051 PMCID: PMC8190468 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma affects up to 33% of children in Latin American settings. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on access to and use of health services. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on asthma exacerbations, medical facility visits, and use of asthma medications in children. Methods We used data from a prospective cohort of 213 children aged 5–17 years in 3 Ecuadorian cities and analysed the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on asthma. Outcomes (asthma exacerbations, emergency room [ER] visits, planned and unplanned outpatient visits, and use of inhaled corticosteroids and Beta-2 agonists) were analysed using repeated Poisson counts (ie, number of events per participant before and during the COVID-19 lockdown). Results During compared to before lockdown: a) the number of asthma exacerbations remained constant (IRR, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.72–1.05; p = 0.152); b) outpatient visits (IRR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.47, p < 0.001) declined 74% while ER visits declined 89% (IRR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04–0.32, p < 0.001); and c) there was no change in inhaled corticosteroids use (IRR 1.03, 95% CI 0.90–1.16, P = 0.699) while Beta-2 agonist use increased (IRR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10–1.58, P = 0.003). Conclusions In a cohort of Ecuadorian children with asthma, health services attendance decreased dramatically after COVID-19 lockdown, but asthma exacerbations and use of inhaled corticosteroids were unchanged. Future analyses will address the question of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on asthma exacerbations and control in this paediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Ochoa-Avilés
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador.,Instituto de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahía, Brazil
| | | | - María José Molina-Cando
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador.,School of Medicine, International University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | | | - Irina Chis Ster
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Augusto Maldonado G
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito School of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hospital General Docente de Calderón, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | | | - Alejandro Rodriguez
- School of Medicine, International University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Alvaro A Cruz
- Fundação ProAR and Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Philip J Cooper
- School of Medicine, International University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Epidemiology and Seasonality of Childhood Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in the Tropics. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040696. [PMID: 33923823 PMCID: PMC8074094 DOI: 10.3390/v13040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Understanding seasonal patterns of region-specific RSV activity is important to guide resource allocation for existing and future treatment and prevention strategies. The decades of excellent RSV surveillance data that are available from the developed countries of the world are incredibly instructive in advancing public health initiatives in those regions. With few exceptions, these developed nations are positioned geographically across temperate regions of the world. RSV surveillance across tropical regions of the world has improved in recent years, but remains spotty, and where available, still lacks the necessary longitudinal data to determine the amount of seasonal variation expected over time. However, existing and emerging data collected across tropical regions of the world do indicate that patterns of infection are often quite different from those so well described in temperate areas. Here, we provide a brief summary regarding what is known about general patterns of RSV disease activity across tropical Asia, Africa and South America, then offer additional country-specific details using examples where multiple reports and/or more robust surveillance data have become available.
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15
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Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes between respiratory syncytial virus and influenza-related pneumonia in China from 2013 to 2019. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1633-1643. [PMID: 33677754 PMCID: PMC7936870 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare clinical characteristics and severity between adults with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-p) and influenza-related pneumonia (Flu-p). A total of 127 patients with RSV-p, 693 patients with influenza A-related pneumonia (FluA-p), and 386 patients with influenza B-related pneumonia (FluB-p) were retrospectively reviewed from 2013 through 2019 in five teaching hospitals in China. A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that age ≥ 50 years, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, solid malignant tumor, nasal congestion, myalgia, sputum production, respiratory rates ≥ 30 beats/min, lymphocytes < 0.8×109/L, and blood albumin < 35 g/L were predictors that differentiated RSV-p from Flu-p. After adjusting for confounders, a multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that, relative to RSV-p, FluA-p (OR 2.313, 95% CI 1.377–3.885, p = 0.002) incurred an increased risk for severe outcomes, including invasive ventilation, ICU admission, and 30-day mortality; FluB-p (OR 1.630, 95% CI 0.958–2.741, p = 0.071) was not associated with increased risk. Some clinical variables were useful for discriminating RSV-p from Flu-p. The severity of RSV-p was less than that of FluA-p, but was comparable to FluB-p.
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16
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Correia W, Dorta-Guerra R, Sanches M, Almeida Semedo CDJB, Valladares B, de Pina-Araújo IIM, Carmelo E. Study of the Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Under 5 Years at the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital, Praia, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:716351. [PMID: 34650939 PMCID: PMC8505963 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.716351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute respiratory infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years in developing countries and are a challenge for the health system of these countries. In Cabo Verde, despite the lack of recent studies, data indicate that it affects thousands of children, being the fourth leading cause of infant mortality in 2013. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the etiological agents associated with acute respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years old, and their associated risk factors, such as clinical symptoms or socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: Naso-pharyngeal samples were collected from children under 5 years attending at Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital (Praia, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde) with suspected ARI at different time-points during 2019. Samples were analyzed using FilmArray® Respiratory Panel v. 2.0 Plus to identify etiological agents of ARI. A questionnaire with socio-demographic information was also collected for each participant. Data analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS version 25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY) and R 3.5.1 statistical software. Results: A total of 129 naso-pharyngeal samples were included in the study. Seventeen different etiologic agents of respiratory infections were identified. HRV/EV was the most frequent agent detected, followed by FluA H3 and RSV. Coinfection with two or more pathogens was detected in up to 20% of positive samples. The results were analyzed in terms of age-group, sex, period of the year and other social and demographic factors. Conclusion: Viruses are the main causative agents of ARI in children <5 years attending at the pediatrics service at the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital in Praia city, Santiago Island, Cabo Verde. Some factors are described in this study as statistically associated with the presence of an infectious agent, such as having one or more children sharing the bedroom with an adult and the presence of some clinical symptoms. The data addresses the need for studies on respiratory tract infections in Cabo Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Correia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Roberto Dorta-Guerra
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Matemáticas, Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Mitza Sanches
- Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto, Ministry of Health and Social Security of Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Basilio Valladares
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Emma Carmelo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Red de Investigación Colaborativa en Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Gonçalves BC, Lopes Barbosa MG, Silva Olak AP, Belebecha Terezo N, Nishi L, Watanabe MA, Marinello P, Zendrini Rechenchoski D, Dejato Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antiviral therapies: advances and perspectives. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:305-320. [PMID: 33011993 PMCID: PMC7675511 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections cause high morbidity and mortality, threaten public health, and impose a socioeconomic burden. We have seen the recent emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), the causative agent of COVID‐19 that has already infected more than 29 million people, with more than 900 000 deaths since its identification in December 2019. Considering the significant impact of viral infections, research and development of new antivirals and control strategies are essential. In this paper, we summarize 96 antivirals approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1987 and 2019. Of these, 49 (51%) are used in treatments against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), four against human papillomavirus, six against cytomegalovirus, eight against hepatitis B virus, five against influenza, six against herpes simplex virus, 17 against hepatitis C virus and one against respiratory syncytial virus. This review also describes future perspectives for new antiviral therapies such as nanotechnologies, monoclonal antibodies and the CRISPR‐Cas system. These strategies are suggested as inhibitors of viral replication by various means, such as direct binding to the viral particle, blocking the infection, changes in intracellular mechanisms or viral genes, preventing replication and virion formation. We also observed that a large number of viral agents have no therapy available and the majority of those approved in the last 32 years are restricted to some groups, especially anti‐HIV. Additionally, the emergence of new viruses and strains resistant to available antivirals has necessitated the formulation of new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carolina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mário Gabriel Lopes Barbosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Silva Olak
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Belebecha Terezo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leticia Nishi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Angélica Watanabe
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Daniele Zendrini Rechenchoski
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Sergio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Lígia Carla Faccin-Galhardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil
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18
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Pscheidt VM, Gregianini TS, Martins LG, Veiga ABGD. Epidemiology of human adenovirus associated with respiratory infection in southern Brazil. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2189. [PMID: 33156553 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are associated with respiratory infection in the human population worldwide, but HAdV is underreported and less studied than other respiratory viruses. We investigated HAdV in patients with respiratory infection in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, between 2004 and 2018. The frequency and seasonality of HAdV, clinical symptoms and underlying diseases were analysed. Respiratory samples from outpatients with acute respiratory illness (ARI) who attended sentinel units and from inpatients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) were collected for HAdV detection by immunofluorescence assay; demographic and clinical data were analysed. In total, 43,514 cases of respiratory infection were analysed, of which 8,901 were ARI (20.5%), and 34,613 (79.5%) were SARI. Respiratory viruses were detected in 35.8% of the cases. The frequency of HAdV in relation to respiratory viruses was 2.8%. HAdV circulated year-round, with higher frequency during winter and early spring; increases in the average monthly temperature were associated with decreases in HAdV infections (p = 0.013). Most hospitalized patients with HAdV were male (p = 0.003). HAdV infection showed association with age (p < 0.001), and children between 1 and 5 years old accounted for 30.8% of the outpatients, whereas among cases of SARI, 88.2% were paediatric patients. Among inpatients with HAdV, 3% died, and of these, the majority had at least one underlying condition, such as cardiopathy and immunosuppression. HAdV infection of the respiratory tract causes morbidity and mortality, and individuals with heart diseases and the immunocompromised are at higher risk of fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiane Maria Pscheidt
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul-LACEN/CEVS/SES-RS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Letícia Garay Martins
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - CEVS/SES-RS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre-UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Medically Attended Outpatient Coronavirus Infections in Ecuadorean Children During the 20 Months Preceding Countrywide Lockdown Related to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic of 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e291-e296. [PMID: 32773657 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory tract infections during childhood manifesting as common colds, bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia. In temperate geographies, HCoV activity peaks between December and March. The epidemiology and manifestations of HCoV infections have not been previously reported from Ecuador. METHODS Children <5 years who presented with ≥2 symptoms consistent with an acute respiratory tract infection were eligible for enrollment. After obtaining informed consent, demographic data and details regarding the acute illness were recorded. Secretions collected with a nasopharyngeal swab underwent diagnostic testing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 850 subjects were enrolled. A total of 677 (80%) tested positive for at least 1 pathogen, including 49 (7.2%) who tested positive for ≥1 HCoV type. HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent type detected (39%), followed by HCoV-OC43 (27%), 229E (22%) and HKU1 (12%). Nearly all subjects who tested positive for HCoV had nasal congestion or secretions (47/49; 96%). The most frequent syndromic diagnosis was common cold (41%), followed by bronchiolitis (27%). We found no association between the infecting HCoV type and subject's syndromic diagnosis (P > 0.05) or anatomic location of infection (upper vs. lower respiratory tract; P > 0.05). The 2018-2019 peak HCoV activity occurred from October to November; the 2019-2020 peak occurred from January to February. CONCLUSIONS HCoVs were detected in ~7% of outpatient Ecuadorean children <5 years of age with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. The most frequently detected HCoV types, and the period of peak HCoV activity differed for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons.
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Grunberg M, Sno R, Adhin MR. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients with severe acute respiratory infections and influenza-like illness in Suriname. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 15:72-80. [PMID: 32881286 PMCID: PMC7767960 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza has been well studied in developed countries with temperate climates, in contrast to low‐ and middle‐income (LMIC) countries, thus hampering the effort to attain representative global data. Furthermore, data on non‐influenza respiratory infections are also limited. Insight in viral respiratory infections in Suriname, a tropical LMIC in South America, would contribute to improved local preventive measures and a better global understanding of respiratory viruses. Methods From May 2016 through April 2018, all patients (n = 1096) enrolled in the national severe acute respiratory infection and influenza‐like illness surveillance were screened for the presence of 10 respiratory viruses with singleplex RT‐PCR. Results The overall viral‐positive detection rate was 45.3%, specified as RSV (19.4%), influenza (15.5%), hMPV (4.9%), AdV (4.6%), and parainfluenza (3.8%). Co‐infections were detected in 6.2% of the positive cases. Lower overall positivity was observed in the SARI vs ILI surveillance and influenza prevalence was higher in outpatients (45.0% vs 6.7%), while RSV exhibited the reverse (4.8% vs 23.8%). Respiratory infections in general were more common in children than in adults (54.4% vs 29.5%), although children were significantly less affected by influenza (11.5% vs 22.7%). None of the respiratory viruses displayed a clear seasonal pattern, and viral interference was observed between RSV and influenza. Conclusions The comprehensive information presented for Suriname, including first data on non‐influenza respiratory viruses, displayed distinct differences between the viruses, in seasonality, within age groups and between SARI/ILI, accentuating the need, especially for tropical LMIC countries to continue ongoing surveillance and accumulate local data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritha Grunberg
- Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu" Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Rachel Sno
- Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu" Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Malti R Adhin
- Prof. Dr. Paul C. Flu" Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Paramaribo, Suriname.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Nyawanda BO, Otieno NA, Otieno MO, Emukule GO, Bigogo G, Onyango CO, Lidechi S, Nyaundi J, Langley GE, Widdowson MA, Chaves SS. The impact of maternal HIV infection on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus among pregnant women and their infants, western Kenya. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:2097-2105. [PMID: 32777041 PMCID: PMC9200157 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory illness worldwide; however, burden data on mother–infant pairs remain sparse in sub-Saharan Africa, where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is prevalent. We evaluated the impact of maternal HIV infection on the burden of RSV among mothers and their infants in western Kenya. Methods We enrolled pregnant women (≤20 weeks’ gestation) and followed them and their newborns weekly for up to 3–6 months postpartum, to document cases of acute respiratory illness (ARI). Nasal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected and tested for RSV using polymerase chain reaction. Analyses were stratified by maternal HIV status and incidence was computed per 1000 person-months. Results Compared to RSV-negative ARI cases, RSV-positive cases were associated with cough, apnea, and hospitalization among infants. RSV incidence per 1000 person-months among mothers was 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2–4.4), and was twice that among the HIV-infected mothers (8.4 [95% CI, 5.7–12.0]) compared to the HIV-uninfected mothers (3.1 [95% CI, 2.3–4.0]). Among infants, incidence per 1000 person-months was 15.4 (95% CI, 12.5–18.8); incidence did not differ by HIV exposure or prematurity. Conclusions HIV infection may increase the risk of RSV illness among pregnant women. Future maternal RSV vaccines may have added benefit in areas with high HIV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan O Nyawanda
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | - Michael O Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | | | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | | | - Shirley Lidechi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | - Jeremiah Nyaundi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Center for Global Health Research
| | - Gayle E Langley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.,Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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