1
|
Ghosh S, Tamilselvi S, Williams C, Jayaweera SW, Iashchishyn IA, Šulskis D, Gilthorpe JD, Olofsson A, Smirnovas V, Svedružić ŽM, Morozova-Roche LA. ApoE Isoforms Inhibit Amyloid Aggregation of Proinflammatory Protein S100A9. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2114. [PMID: 38396791 PMCID: PMC10889306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the calcium-binding and proinflammatory protein S100A9 is an important player in neuroinflammation-mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amyloid co-aggregation of S100A9 with amyloid-β (Aβ) is an important hallmark of this pathology. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is also known to be one of the important genetic risk factors of AD. ApoE primarily exists in three isoforms, ApoE2 (Cys112/Cys158), ApoE3 (Cys112/Arg158), and ApoE4 (Arg112/Arg158). Even though the difference lies in just two amino acid residues, ApoE isoforms produce differential effects on the neuroinflammation and activation of the microglial state in AD. Here, we aim to understand the effect of the ApoE isoforms on the amyloid aggregation of S100A9. We found that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 suppress the aggregation of S100A9 in a concentration-dependent manner, even at sub-stoichiometric ratios compared to S100A9. These interactions lead to a reduction in the quantity and length of S100A9 fibrils. The inhibitory effect is more pronounced if ApoE isoforms are added in the lipid-free state versus lipidated ApoE. We found that, upon prolonged incubation, S100A9 and ApoE form low molecular weight complexes with stochiometric ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, which remain stable under SDS-gel conditions. These complexes self-assemble also under the native conditions; however, their interactions are transient, as revealed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulation demonstrated that the lipid-binding C-terminal domain of ApoE and the second EF-hand calcium-binding motif of S100A9 are involved in these interactions. We found that amyloids of S100A9 are cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells, and the presence of either ApoE isoforms does not change the level of their cytotoxicity. A significant inhibitory effect produced by both ApoE isoforms on S100A9 amyloid aggregation can modulate the amyloid-neuroinflammatory cascade in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamasree Ghosh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Shanmugam Tamilselvi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Chloe Williams
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (C.W.); (J.D.G.)
| | - Sanduni W. Jayaweera
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.W.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Igor A. Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| | - Darius Šulskis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.Š.); (V.S.)
| | - Jonathan D. Gilthorpe
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (C.W.); (J.D.G.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.W.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Vytautas Smirnovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.Š.); (V.S.)
| | | | - Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; (S.G.); (S.T.); (I.A.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang SM, Kang DW, Um YH, Kim S, Lee CU, Lim HK. Functional Connectivity Change Associated With Apolipoprotein E Allotypes Precedes Structural Connectivity and Neurodegeneration in Cognitive Normal Older Adults Without Cerebral Aβ Deposition. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:1054-1060. [PMID: 37997333 PMCID: PMC10678152 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is known to influence cerebral functional connectivity (FC) in Alzheimer's disease continuum. We investigated association between APOE allotypes and FC, structural connectivity, and cortical thickness in amyloid-PET negative cognitive normal older adults (CN). METHODS A total of 188 CN (37 had ε2/ε2 or ε2/ε3 [ε2 group], 113 had ε3/ε3 [ε3 group], and 38 had ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 [ε4 group]) were recruited. Voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness analysis were used to investigate differences in cortical thickness between three APOE allotypes. To investigate integrity of structural connectivity, we analyzed diffusion weighted imaging using fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. In terms of FC, differences of FC in default mode network (DMN) among APOE allotypes were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, sex, education, cerebral beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition severity, or neuropsychological profiles. No significant differences were found in cortical thickness and structural connectivity among the APOE allotypes. However, FC within the DMN was significantly lower in ε4 and ε2 carriers compared to ε3 homozygotes. CONCLUSION This study suggests that both ε4 and ε2 exhibit APOE-associated DMN FC changes before Aβ deposition, structural changes, and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Min Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Uk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitali C, Pavanello C, Turri M, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Catapano AL, Baragetti A, Norata GD, Veglia F, Calabresi L. Apolipoprotein E isoforms differentially affect LCAT-dependent cholesterol esterification. Atherosclerosis 2023; 382:117266. [PMID: 37725860 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS LCAT esterifies cholesterol in both HDL (α-activity) and apoB-containing lipoproteins (β-activity). The main activator of LCAT β-activity is apoE, which in humans exists in 3 main different isoforms (E2, E3 and E4). Here, to gather insights into the potential role of LCAT in apoB-containing lipoprotein metabolism, we investigated the ability of apoE isoforms to promote LCAT-mediated cholesterol esterification. METHODS We evaluated the plasma cholesterol esterification rate (CER) in 311 individuals who express functional LCAT and either apoE2, apoE3, or apoE4 and in 28 individuals who also carried LCAT mutations causing selective loss of LCAT α-activity (Fish-Eye Disease (FED)-causing mutations). The association of carrier status with CER was determined using an adjusted linear regression model. The kinetic of LCAT activity towards reconstituted HDLs (rHDLs) containing each apoE isoform was determined using the Michaelis-Menten model. RESULTS Plasma CER was ∼20% higher in apoE2 carriers compared to apoE3 carriers, and ∼30% higher in apoE2 carriers compared to apoE4 carriers. After adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL-C, apoA-I, apoB, chronic kidney disease diagnosis, zygosity, and LCAT concentration, CER remained significantly different among carriers of the three apoE isoforms. The same trend was observed in carriers of FED-causing mutations. rHDLs containing apoE2 were associated with a lower affinity but higher maximal esterification rate, compared to particles containing apoE3 or apoE4. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that the apoE2 isoform is associated with a higher LCAT-mediated cholesterol esterification. This observation may contribute to the characterization of the peculiar functional properties of apoE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vitali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sissel Lund-Katz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao T, Zhong T, Zhang M, Xu Y, Zhang M, Chen L. Alzheimer's Disease: Causal Effect between Obesity and APOE Gene Polymorphisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13531. [PMID: 37686334 PMCID: PMC10487910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently studies on the correlation between obesity and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still unclear. In addition, few indicators have been used to evaluate obesity, which has failed to comprehen-sively study the correlations between body fat mass, body fat distribution, and AD. Thus, this study innovatively utilized bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the key targets of obesity-induced AD, and investigate the causal associations between different types of obesity and key targets. The common targets of obesity and AD were screened using the GeneCards database, and functional and pathway annotations were carried out, thereby revealing the key target. MR analysis was conducted between body anthropometric indexes of obesity and the key target using an IVW model. Bioinformatics analysis revealed Apolipoprotein E (APOE) as the key target of obesity-induced AD. MR results showed that body mass index (BMI) had a negative causal association with APOE2, while body fat percentage (BFP) and trunk fat percentage (TFP) had no significant causal association with APOE2; BMI, BFP, and TFP had a negative causal association with APOE3, and none had any significant causal association with APOE4. In conclusion, there is a correlation between obesity and AD, which is mainly due to the polymorphism of the APOE gene rather than adipose tissue distribution. APOE3 carriers may be more susceptible to obesity, while the risk of AD caused by APOE2 and APOE4 may not be induced by obesity. This study sheds new light on current disputes. At the same time, it is suggested to regulate the body fat mass of APOE3 carriers in the early stage, and to reduce the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tangsheng Zhong
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meishuang Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (T.Z.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nemergut M, Marques SM, Uhrik L, Vanova T, Nezvedova M, Gadara DC, Jha D, Tulis J, Novakova V, Planas-Iglesias J, Kunka A, Legrand A, Hribkova H, Pospisilova V, Sedmik J, Raska J, Prokop Z, Damborsky J, Bohaciakova D, Spacil Z, Hernychova L, Bednar D, Marek M. Domino-like effect of C112R mutation on ApoE4 aggregation and its reduction by Alzheimer's Disease drug candidate. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 37280636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 genotype is the most prevalent risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although ApoE4 differs from its non-pathological ApoE3 isoform only by the C112R mutation, the molecular mechanism of its proteinopathy is unknown. METHODS Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism of ApoE4 aggregation using a combination of experimental and computational techniques, including X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), static light scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Treatment of ApoE ε3/ε3 and ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids with tramiprosate was used to compare the effect of tramiprosate on ApoE4 aggregation at the cellular level. RESULTS We found that C112R substitution in ApoE4 induces long-distance (> 15 Å) conformational changes leading to the formation of a V-shaped dimeric unit that is geometrically different and more aggregation-prone than the ApoE3 structure. AD drug candidate tramiprosate and its metabolite 3-sulfopropanoic acid induce ApoE3-like conformational behavior in ApoE4 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Analysis of ApoE ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids treated with tramiprosate revealed its effect on cholesteryl esters, the storage products of excess cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results connect the ApoE4 structure with its aggregation propensity, providing a new druggable target for neurodegeneration and ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nemergut
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Trieda SNP 1, Kosice, 04011, Slovakia
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Uhrik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nezvedova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tulis
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Kunka
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Spacil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Turri M, Conti E, Pavanello C, Gastoldi F, Palumbo M, Bernini F, Aprea V, Re F, Barbiroli A, Emide D, Galimberti D, Tremolizzo L, Zimetti F, Calabresi L. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid cholesterol esterification is hampered in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:95. [PMID: 37210544 PMCID: PMC10199596 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate cholesterol esterification and HDL subclasses in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS The study enrolled 70 AD patients and 74 cognitively normal controls comparable for age and sex. Lipoprotein profile, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were evaluated in plasma and CSF. RESULTS AD patients have normal plasma lipids but significantly reduced unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesterol esterification rate (CER), two measures of the efficiency of the esterification process, were reduced by 29% and 16%, respectively, in the plasma of AD patients. Plasma HDL subclass distribution in AD patients was comparable to that of controls but the content of small discoidal preβ-HDL particles was significantly reduced. In agreement with the reduced preβ-HDL particles, cholesterol efflux capacity mediated by the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 was reduced in AD patients' plasma. The CSF unesterified to total cholesterol ratio was increased in AD patients, and CSF CER and CEC from astrocytes were significantly reduced in AD patients. In the AD group, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasma unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio with Aβ1-42 CSF content. CONCLUSION Taken together our data indicate that cholesterol esterification is hampered in plasma and CSF of AD patients and that plasma cholesterol esterification biomarkers (unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio) are significantly associated to disease biomarkers (i.e., CSF Aβ1-42).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Conti
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Gastoldi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittoria Aprea
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Per Gli Alimenti, La Nutrizione E L'Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Emide
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Per Gli Alimenti, La Nutrizione E L'Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wynne ME, Ogunbona O, Lane AR, Gokhale A, Zlatic SA, Xu C, Wen Z, Duong DM, Rayaprolu S, Ivanova A, Ortlund EA, Dammer EB, Seyfried NT, Roberts BR, Crocker A, Shanbhag V, Petris M, Senoo N, Kandasamy S, Claypool SM, Barrientos A, Wingo A, Wingo TS, Rangaraju S, Levey AI, Werner E, Faundez V. APOE expression and secretion are modulated by mitochondrial dysfunction. eLife 2023; 12:e85779. [PMID: 37171075 PMCID: PMC10231934 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria influence cellular function through both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms, such as production of paracrine and endocrine factors. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial regulation of the secretome is more extensive than previously appreciated, as both genetic and pharmacological disruption of the electron transport chain caused upregulation of the Alzheimer's disease risk factor apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other secretome components. Indirect disruption of the electron transport chain by gene editing of SLC25A mitochondrial membrane transporters as well as direct genetic and pharmacological disruption of either complexes I, III, or the copper-containing complex IV of the electron transport chain elicited upregulation of APOE transcript, protein, and secretion, up to 49-fold. These APOE phenotypes were robustly expressed in diverse cell types and iPSC-derived human astrocytes as part of an inflammatory gene expression program. Moreover, age- and genotype-dependent decline in brain levels of respiratory complex I preceded an increase in APOE in the 5xFAD mouse model. We propose that mitochondria act as novel upstream regulators of APOE-dependent cellular processes in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Wynne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Oluwaseun Ogunbona
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | | | - Blaine R Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Amanda Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury CollegeMiddleburyUnited States
| | - Vinit Shanbhag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Michael Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | | | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of MiamiMiamiUnited States
| | - Aliza Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Erica Werner
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chernyaeva L, Ratti G, Teirilä L, Fudo S, Rankka U, Pelkonen A, Korhonen P, Leskinen K, Keskitalo S, Salokas K, Gkolfinopoulou C, Crompton KE, Javanainen M, Happonen L, Varjosalo M, Malm T, Leinonen V, Chroni A, Saavalainen P, Meri S, Kajander T, Wollman AJ, Nissilä E, Haapasalo K. Reduced binding of apoE4 to complement factor H promotes amyloid-β oligomerization and neuroinflammation. EMBO Rep 2023:e56467. [PMID: 37155564 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 variant of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the most prevalent genetic risk allele associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE interacts with complement regulator factor H (FH), but the role of this interaction in AD pathogenesis is unknown. Here we elucidate the mechanism by which isoform-specific binding of apoE to FH alters Aβ1-42-mediated neurotoxicity and clearance. Flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis reveal that apoE and FH reduce binding of Aβ1-42 to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and subsequent phagocytosis by microglia which alters expression of genes involved in AD. Moreover, FH forms complement-resistant oligomers with apoE/Aβ1-42 complexes and the formation of these complexes is isoform specific with apoE2 and apoE3 showing higher affinity to FH than apoE4. These FH/apoE complexes reduce Aβ1-42 oligomerization and toxicity, and colocalize with complement activator C1q deposited on Aβ plaques in the brain. These findings provide an important mechanistic insight into AD pathogenesis and explain how the strongest genetic risk factor for AD predisposes for neuroinflammation in the early stages of the disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Chernyaeva
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Teirilä
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satoshi Fudo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Uni Rankka
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Pelkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Leskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salla Keskitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Salokas
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Gkolfinopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurosurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Päivi Saavalainen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommi Kajander
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adam Jm Wollman
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Eija Nissilä
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karita Haapasalo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum and Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou G, Xiang T, Xu Y, He B, Wu L, Zhu G, Xie J, Yao L, Xiao Z. Fruquintinib/HMPL-013 ameliorates cognitive impairments and pathology in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 939:175446. [PMID: 36470443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the cerebrovascular amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and always accompanied by Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms revealing CAA pathogenesis are still unclear, and it is challenging to develop an efficient therapeutic strategy for its treatment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors including VEGFR-1,-2,-3 activation are involved in Aβ processing, and modulate numerous cellular events associated with central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In the present study, we attempted to explore the regulatory function of fruquintinib (also named as HMPL-013), a highly selective inhibitor of VEGFR-1,-2,-3 tyrosine kinases, on CAA progression in Tg-SwDI mice. Here, we found that HMPL-013-rich diet consumption for 12 months significantly improved the behavioral performances and cerebral blood flow (CBF) of Tg-SwDI mice compared with the vehicle group. Importantly, HMPL-013 administration considerably reduced Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 burden in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI mice through regulating Aβ metabolism process. Congo red staining confirmed Aβ deposition in vessel walls, reflecting CAA formation, which was, however, strongly ameliorated after HMPL-013 treatment. Neuron death, aberrant glial activation and pro-inflammatory response in brain tissues of Tg-SwDI mice were dramatically alleviated after HMPL-013 consumption. More studies showed that the protective effects of HMPL-013 against CAA might be partially attributed to its regulation on the expression of genes associated with blood vasculature. Intriguingly, VEGF and phosphorylated VEGFR-1,-2 protein expression levels were remarkably decreased by HMPL-013 in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI mice, which were validated in HMPL-013-treated brain vascular endothelial cells (BVECs) under hypoxia. Finally, we found that VEGF-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) proliferation and tube formation were strongly abolished upon HMPL-013 exposure. Collectively, all these findings demonstrated that oral administration of HMPL-013 had therapeutic potential against CAA by reducing Aβ deposition, inflammation and neuron death via suppressing VEGF/VEGFR-1,-2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guanghua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zijian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421099, Hunan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
Collapse
|
11
|
Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li MS, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhou XJ, Zhang H. An Updated Review and Meta Analysis of Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:905007. [PMID: 35602473 PMCID: PMC9120586 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.905007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 cases of lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) have been reported since it was first discovered 30 years ago. Although relatively rare, LPG is clinically an important cause of nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease. Mutations in the APOE gene are the leading cause of LPG. APOE mutations are an important determinant of lipid profiles and cardiovascular health in the population and can precipitate dysbetalipoproteinemia and glomerulopathy. Apolipoprotein E-related glomerular disorders include APOE2 homozygote glomerulopathy and LPG with heterozygous APOE mutations. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of LPG case reports and some progress in research into the mechanism and animal models of LPG. We consequently need to update recent epidemiological studies and the molecular mechanisms of LPG. This endeavor may help us not only to diagnose and treat LPG in a more personized manner but also to better understand the potential relationship between lipids and the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shi Li
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gharibyan AL, Wasana Jayaweera S, Lehmann M, Anan I, Olofsson A. Endogenous Human Proteins Interfering with Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030446. [PMID: 35327638 PMCID: PMC8946693 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation is a pathological process associated with a wide range of degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes mellitus type 2. During disease progression, abnormal accumulation and deposition of proteinaceous material are accompanied by tissue degradation, inflammation, and dysfunction. Agents that can interfere with the process of amyloid formation or target already formed amyloid assemblies are consequently of therapeutic interest. In this context, a few endogenous proteins have been associated with an anti-amyloidogenic activity. Here, we review the properties of transthyretin, apolipoprotein E, clusterin, and BRICHOS protein domain which all effectively interfere with amyloid in vitro, as well as displaying a clinical impact in humans or animal models. Their involvement in the amyloid formation process is discussed, which may aid and inspire new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Intissar Anan
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (I.A.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martens YA, Zhao N, Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Yang AJ, Goate AM, Holtzman DM, Bu G. ApoE Cascade Hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Neuron 2022; 110:1304-1317. [PMID: 35298921 PMCID: PMC9035117 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several other neurodegenerative conditions, including Lewy body dementia (LBD). The three APOE alleles encode protein isoforms that differ from one another only at amino acid positions 112 and 158: apoE2 (C112, C158), apoE3 (C112, R158), and apoE4 (R112, R158). Despite progress, it remains unclear how these small amino acid differences in apoE sequence among the three isoforms lead to profound effects on aging and disease-related pathways. Here, we propose a novel "ApoE Cascade Hypothesis" in AD and age-related cognitive decline, which states that the biochemical and biophysical properties of apoE impact a cascade of events at the cellular and systems levels, ultimately impacting aging-related pathogenic conditions including AD. As such, apoE-targeted therapeutic interventions are predicted to be more effective by addressing the biochemical phase of the cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Austin J Yang
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Perez C, Felty Q. Molecular basis of the association between transcription regulators nuclear respiratory factor 1 and inhibitor of DNA binding protein 3 and the development of microvascular lesions. Microvasc Res 2022; 141:104337. [PMID: 35143811 PMCID: PMC8923910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with microvascular lesions remains poor because vascular remodeling eventually obliterates the lumen. Here we have focused our efforts on vessel dysfunction in two different organs, the lung and brain. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the importance of blood vessel integrity, gaps remain in our knowledge of the underlying molecular factors contributing to vessel injury, including microvascular lesions. Most of the ongoing research on these lesions have focused on oxidative stress but have not found major molecular targets for the discovery of new treatment or early diagnosis. Herein, we have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism(s) based on two new emerging molecules NRF1 and ID3, and how they may contribute to microvascular lesions in the lung and brain. Redox sensitive transcriptional activation of target genes depends on not only NRF1, but the recruitment of co-activators such as ID3 to the target gene promoter. Our review highlights the fact that targeting NRF1 and ID3 could be a promising therapeutic approach as they are major players in influencing cell growth, cell repair, senescence, and apoptotic cell death which contribute to vascular lesions. Knowledge about the molecular biology of these processes will be relevant for future therapeutic approaches to not only PAH but cerebral angiopathy and other vascular disorders. Therapies targeting transcription regulators NRF1 or ID3 have the potential for vascular disease-modification because they will address the root causes such as genomic instability and epigenetic changes in vascular lesions. We hope that our findings will serve as a stimulus for further research towards an effective treatment of microvascular lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Husain MA, Laurent B, Plourde M. APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630502. [PMID: 33679311 PMCID: PMC7925634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intraneuronal tau protein aggregations. One risk factor for developing AD is the APOE gene coding for the apolipoprotein E protein (apoE). Humans have three versions of APOE gene: ε2, ε3, and ε4 allele. Carrying the ε4 allele is an AD risk factor while carrying the ε2 allele is protective. ApoE is a component of lipoprotein particles in the plasma at the periphery, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of brain parenchyma in the central nervous system (CNS). ApoE is a major lipid transporter that plays a pivotal role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the CNS, and that regulates multiple important signaling pathways. This review will focus on the critical role of apoE in AD pathogenesis and some of the currently apoE-based therapeutics developed in the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir Husain
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang A, Kantor B, Chiba-Falek O. APOE: The New Frontier in the Development of a Therapeutic Target towards Precision Medicine in Late-Onset Alzheimer's. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1244. [PMID: 33513969 PMCID: PMC7865856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a critical unmet medical need. The consensus around the amyloid cascade hypothesis has been guiding pre-clinical and clinical research to focus mainly on targeting beta-amyloid for treating AD. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the clinical trials have repeatedly failed, prompting the urgent need to refocus on other targets and shifting the paradigm of AD drug development towards precision medicine. One such emerging target is apolipoprotein E (APOE), identified nearly 30 years ago as one of the strongest and most reproduceable genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). An exploration of APOE as a new therapeutic culprit has produced some very encouraging results, proving that the protein holds promise in the context of LOAD therapies. Here, we review the strategies to target APOE based on state-of-the-art technologies such as antisense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, and gene/base editing. We discuss the potential of these initiatives in advancing the development of novel precision medicine therapies to LOAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yang
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meri S, Haapasalo K. Function and Dysfunction of Complement Factor H During Formation of Lipid-Rich Deposits. Front Immunol 2020; 11:611830. [PMID: 33363547 PMCID: PMC7753009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-mediated inflammation or dysregulation in lipid metabolism are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases. These include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN), dense deposit disease (DDD), atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In all these diseases, formation of characteristic lipid-rich deposits is evident. Here, we will discuss molecular mechanisms whereby dysfunction of complement, and especially of its key regulator factor H, could be involved in lipid accumulation and related inflammation. The genetic associations to factor H polymorphisms, the role of factor H in the resolution of inflammation in lipid-rich deposits, modification of macrophage functions, and complement-mediated clearance of apoptotic and damaged cells indicate that the function of factor H is crucial in limiting inflammation in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karita Haapasalo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gadhave K, Gehi BR, Kumar P, Xue B, Uversky VN, Giri R. The dark side of Alzheimer's disease: unstructured biology of proteins from the amyloid cascade signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4163-4208. [PMID: 31894361 PMCID: PMC11104979 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of age-related dementia worldwide. Despite more than a century of intensive research, we are not anywhere near the discovery of a cure for this disease or a way to prevent its progression. Among the various molecular mechanisms proposed for the description of the pathogenesis and progression of AD, the amyloid cascade hypothesis, according to which accumulation of a product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, induces pathological changes in the brain observed in AD, occupies a unique niche. Although multiple proteins have been implicated in this amyloid cascade signaling pathway, their structure-function relationships are mostly unexplored. However, it is known that two major proteins related to AD pathology, Aβ peptide, and microtubule-associated protein tau belong to the category of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which are the functionally important proteins characterized by a lack of fixed, ordered three-dimensional structure. IDPs and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) play numerous vital roles in various cellular processes, such as signaling, cell cycle regulation, macromolecular recognition, and promiscuous binding. However, the deregulation and misfolding of IDPs may lead to disturbed signaling, interactions, and disease pathogenesis. Often, molecular recognition-related IDPs/IDPRs undergo disorder-to-order transition upon binding to their biological partners and contain specific disorder-based binding motifs, known as molecular recognition features (MoRFs). Knowing the intrinsic disorder status and disorder-based functionality of proteins associated with amyloid cascade signaling pathway may help to untangle the mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and help identify therapeutic targets. In this paper, we have used multiple computational tools to evaluate the presence of intrinsic disorder and MoRFs in 27 proteins potentially relevant to the amyloid cascade signaling pathway. Among these, BIN1, APP, APOE, PICALM, PSEN1 and CD33 were found to be highly disordered. Furthermore, their disorder-based binding regions and associated short linear motifs have also been identified. These findings represent important foundation for the future research, and experimental characterization of disordered regions in these proteins is required to better understand their roles in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | | | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Bin Bashar MF, Zaman S, Begum Y, Bulbul IJ, Islam MS, Sarwar MS, Mathew B, Amran MS, Md Ashraf G, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Targeting APOE4 for Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5086250. [PMID: 32509144 PMCID: PMC7245681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5086250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes chronic cognitive dysfunction. Most of the AD cases are late onset, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform is a key genetic risk factor. The APOE gene has 3 key alleles in humans including APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Among them, APOE4 is the most potent genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), while APOE2 has a defensive effect. Research data suggest that APOE4 leads to the pathogenesis of AD through various processes such as accelerated beta-amyloid aggregations that raised neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebrovascular diseases, aggravated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. However, the precise mode of actions regarding in what way APOE4 leads to AD pathology remains unclear. Since APOE contributes to several pathological pathways of AD, targeting APOE4 might serve as a promising strategy for the development of novel drugs to combat AD. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about APOE4-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been advanced in animal models and are being prepared for use in humans for the management of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fahim Bin Bashar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Zaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yesmin Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md. Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Raman S, Brookhouser N, Brafman DA. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to investigate the mechanisms by which Apolipoprotein E (APOE) contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104788. [PMID: 32032733 PMCID: PMC7098264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the biochemical and pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as axonal transport defects, synaptic loss, and selective neuronal death, are well characterized, the underlying mechanisms that cause AD are largely unknown, thereby making it difficult to design effective therapeutic interventions. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies have identified several factors associated with increased AD risk. Of these genetic factors, polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are the strongest and most prevalent. While it has been established that the ApoE protein modulates the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the precise molecular mechanisms by which various ApoE isoforms enhance or mitigate AD onset and progression in aging adults are yet to be elucidated. Advances in cellular reprogramming to generate disease-in-a-dish models now provide a simplified and accessible system that complements animal and primary cell models to study ApoE in the context of AD. In this review, we will describe the use and manipulation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in dissecting the interaction between ApoE and AD. First, we will provide an overview of the proposed roles that ApoE plays in modulating pathophysiology of AD. Next, we will summarize the recent studies that have employed hiPSCs to model familial and sporadic AD. Lastly, we will speculate on how current advances in genome editing technologies and organoid culture systems can be used to improve hiPSC-based tools to investigate ApoE-dependent modulation of AD onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Raman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America; Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, United States of America
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R. Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the Middle East and its shared pathological mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:736-750. [PMID: 32210695 PMCID: PMC6997863 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially worldwide over the past decade. A growing body of research indicates that AD is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) and suggests that impaired insulin signaling acts as a crucial risk factor in determining the progression of this devastating disease. Many studies suggest people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's dementia or other dementias. Despite nationwide efforts to increase awareness, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen significantly in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region which might be due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of physical activity and rise in obesity. Growing body of evidence indicates that DM and AD are linked because both conditions involve impaired glucose homeostasis and altered brain function. Current theories and hypothesis clearly implicate that defective insulin signaling in the brain contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD. In the periphery, low-grade chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance followed by tissue deterioration. Thus insulin resistance acts as a bridge between DM and AD. There is pressing need to understand on how DM increases the risk of AD as well as the underlying mechanisms, due to the projected increase in age related disorders. Here we aim to review the incidence of AD and DM in the Middle East and the possible link between insulin signaling and ApoE carrier status on Aβ aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. We also critically reviewed mutation studies in Arab population which might influence DM induced AD. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency of anti-diabetic drugs have been reviewed.
Collapse
Key Words
- AAV, Adeno-associated virus
- ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADAMTS9, ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 9
- AGPAT1, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Anti-diabetic drugs
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- Arab population
- Aβ, Amyloid-beta
- BACE1, Beta-secretase 1
- BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier
- BMI, Body mass index
- CALR, calreticulin gene
- CIP2A, Cancerous Inhibitor Of Protein Phosphatase 2A
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- DUSP9, Dual Specificity Phosphatase 9
- Diabetes mellitus
- ECE-1, Endotherin converting enzyme 1
- FDG-PET, Fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography
- FRMD4A, FERM Domain Containing 4A
- FTO, Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
- GLP-1, Glucagon like peptide
- GNPDA2, Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2
- GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- IDE, Insulin degrading enzyme
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IR, Insulin receptor
- IR, Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- LPA, Lipophosphatidic acid
- MC4R, Melanocortin 4 receptor
- MCI, Myocardial infarction
- MENA, Middle East North African
- MG-H1, Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone isomer trifluoroactic acid salt
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NDUFS3, NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NFT, Neurofibrillary tangles
- NOTCH4, Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide-3
- PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2
- PPAR-γ2, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
- Pit-PET, Pittsburgh compound B- positron emission tomography
- RAB1A, Ras-related protein 1A
- SORT, Sortilin
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- T1DM, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- TCF7L2, Transcription Factor 7 Like 2
- TFAP2B, Transcription Factor AP-2 Beta
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gharibyan AL, Islam T, Pettersson N, Golchin SA, Lundgren J, Johansson G, Genot M, Schultz N, Wennström M, Olofsson A. Apolipoprotein E Interferes with IAPP Aggregation and Protects Pericytes from IAPP-Induced Toxicity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010134. [PMID: 31947546 PMCID: PMC7022431 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has become a primary focus of research after the discovery of its strong linkage to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where the ApoE4 variant is the highest genetic risk factor for this disease. ApoE is commonly found in amyloid deposits of different origins, and its interaction with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), the hallmark of AD, is well known. However, studies on the interaction of ApoEs with other amyloid-forming proteins are limited. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is an amyloid-forming peptide linked to the development of type-2 diabetes and has also been shown to be involved in AD pathology and vascular dementia. Here we studied the impact of ApoE on IAPP aggregation and IAPP-induced toxicity on blood vessel pericytes. Using both in vitro and cell-based assays, we show that ApoE efficiently inhibits the amyloid formation of IAPP at highly substoichiometric ratios and that it interferes with both nucleation and elongation. We also show that ApoE protects the pericytes against IAPP-induced toxicity, however, the ApoE4 variant displays the weakest protective potential. Taken together, our results suggest that ApoE has a generic amyloid-interfering property and can be protective against amyloid-induced cytotoxicity, but there is a loss of function for the ApoE4 variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Gharibyan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.); Tel.: +46-73-912-54-94 (A.L.G.); +46-70-354-33-01 (A.O.)
| | - Tohidul Islam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Nina Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Solmaz A. Golchin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Johanna Lundgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Gabriella Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Mélany Genot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
| | - Nina Schultz
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden; (N.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Malin Wennström
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 21428 Malmö, Sweden; (N.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (T.I.); (N.P.); (S.A.G.); (J.L.); (G.J.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.); (A.O.); Tel.: +46-73-912-54-94 (A.L.G.); +46-70-354-33-01 (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
APOE in the normal brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104724. [PMID: 31911114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
Collapse
|
25
|
ApoE4 Alters ABCA1 Membrane Trafficking in Astrocytes. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9611-9622. [PMID: 31641056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1400-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE protein aggregation plays a central role in AD pathology, including the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ). Lipid-poor ApoE4 protein is prone to aggregate and lipidating ApoE4 protects it from aggregation. The mechanisms regulating ApoE4 aggregation in vivo are surprisingly not known. ApoE lipidation is controlled by the activity of the ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). ABCA1 recycling and degradation is regulated by ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6). We found that ApoE4 promoted greater expression of ARF6 compared with ApoE3, trapping ABCA1 in late-endosomes and impairing its recycling to the cell membrane. This was associated with lower ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux activity, a greater percentage of lipid-free ApoE particles, and lower Aβ degradation capacity. Human CSF from APOE ε4/ε4 carriers showed a lower ability to induce ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux activity and greater percentage of aggregated ApoE protein compared with CSF from APOE ε3/ε3 carriers. Enhancing ABCA1 activity rescued impaired Aβ degradation in ApoE4-treated cells and reduced both ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation in the hippocampus of male ApoE4-targeted replacement mice. Together, our data demonstrate that aggregated and lipid-poor ApoE4 increases ABCA1 aggregation and decreases ABCA1 cell membrane recycling. Enhancing ABCA1 activity to reduce ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation is a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of ApoE4 aggregation-driven pathology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ApoE protein plays a key role in the formation of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 is more aggregated and hypolipidated compared with ApoE3, but whether enhancing ApoE lipidation in vivo can reverse ApoE aggregation is not known. ApoE lipidation is controlled by the activity of the ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). In this study, we demonstrated that the greater propensity of lipid-poor ApoE4 to aggregate decreased ABCA1 membrane recycling and its ability to lipidate ApoE. Importantly, enhancing ABCA1 activity to lipidate ApoE reduced ApoE and ABCA1 aggregation. This work provides critical insights into the interactions among ABCA1, ApoE lipidation and aggregation, and underscores the promise of stabilizing ABCA1 activity to prevent ApoE-driven aggregation pathology.
Collapse
|
26
|
Najm R, Jones EA, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4, inhibitory network dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:24. [PMID: 31186040 PMCID: PMC6558779 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk and decreasing age of disease onset. Many studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of apoE4 in varying cellular contexts. However, the underlying mechanisms explaining how apoE4 leads to cognitive decline are not fully understood. Recently, the combination of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) modeling of neurological diseases in vitro and electrophysiological studies in vivo have begun to unravel the intersection between apoE4, neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss, subsequent network deficits, and eventual cognitive decline. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature describing apoE4's detrimental effects in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically focusing on its contribution to neuronal subtype dysfunction or loss. We focus on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-expressing interneurons in the hippocampus, which are selectively vulnerable to apoE4-mediated neurotoxicity. Additionally, we discuss the importance of the GABAergic inhibitory network to proper cognitive function and how dysfunction of this network manifests in AD. Finally, we examine how apoE4-mediated GABAergic interneuron loss can lead to inhibitory network deficits and how this deficit results in cognitive decline. We propose the following working model: Aging and/or stress induces neuronal expression of apoE. GABAergic interneurons are selectively vulnerable to intracellularly produced apoE4, through a tau dependent mechanism, which leads to their dysfunction and eventual death. In turn, GABAergic interneuron loss causes hyperexcitability and dysregulation of neural networks in the hippocampus and cortex. This dysfunction results in learning, memory, and other cognitive deficits that are the central features of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Najm
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hubin E, Verghese PB, van Nuland N, Broersen K. Apolipoprotein E associated with reconstituted high-density lipoprotein-like particles is protected from aggregation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1144-1153. [PMID: 31058310 PMCID: PMC6617784 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype determines Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility, with the APOE ε4 allele being an established risk factor for late‐onset AD. The ApoE lipidation status has been reported to impact amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptide metabolism. The details of how lipidation affects ApoE behavior remain to be elucidated. In this study, we prepared lipid‐free and lipid‐bound ApoE particles, mimicking the high‐density lipoprotein particles found in vivo, for all three isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4) and biophysically characterized them. We find that lipid‐free ApoE in solution has the tendency to aggregate in vitro in an isoform‐dependent manner under near‐physiological conditions and that aggregation is impeded by lipidation of ApoE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hubin
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip B Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nico van Nuland
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.,Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tsiolaki PL, Katsafana AD, Baltoumas FA, Louros NN, Iconomidou VA. Hidden Aggregation Hot-Spots on Human Apolipoprotein E: A Structural Study. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092274. [PMID: 31071995 PMCID: PMC6539603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major component of lipoprotein particles, and under physiological conditions, is involved in plasma cholesterol transport. Human apolipoprotein E found in three isoforms (E2; E3; E4) is a member of a family of apolipoproteins that under pathological conditions are detected in extracellular amyloid depositions in several amyloidoses. Interestingly, the lipid-free apoE form has been shown to be co-localized with the amyloidogenic Aβ peptide in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease, whereas in particular, the apoE4 isoform is a crucial risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Evidence at the experimental level proves that apoE self-assembles into amyloid fibrilsin vitro, although the misfolding mechanism has not been clarified yet. Here, we explored the mechanistic insights of apoE misfolding by testing short apoE stretches predicted as amyloidogenic determinants by AMYLPRED, and we computationally investigated the dynamics of apoE and an apoE–Αβ complex. Our in vitro biophysical results prove that apoE peptide–analogues may act as the driving force needed to trigger apoE aggregation and are supported by the computational apoE outcome. Additional computational work concerning the apoE–Αβ complex also designates apoE amyloidogenic regions as important binding sites for oligomeric Αβ; taking an important step forward in the field of Alzheimer’s anti-aggregation drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi L Tsiolaki
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini D Katsafana
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
| | - Fotis A Baltoumas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos N Louros
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
| | - Vassiliki A Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15701, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang H, Eschweiler J, Cui W, Zhang H, Frieden C, Ruotolo BT, Gross ML. Native Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility, Electron-Capture Dissociation, and Modeling Provide Structural Information for Gas-Phase Apolipoprotein E Oligomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:876-885. [PMID: 30887458 PMCID: PMC6504607 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an essential protein in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Although the three common isoforms in humans differ only at two sites, their consequences in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are dramatically different: only the ε4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The isoforms exist as a mixture of oligomers, primarily tetramer, at low μM concentrations in a lipid-free environment. This self-association is involved in equilibrium with the lipid-free state, and the oligomerization interface overlaps with the lipid-binding region. Elucidation of apoE wild-type (WT) structures at an oligomeric state, however, has not yet been achieved. To address this need, we used native electrospray ionization and mass spectrometry (native MS) coupled with ion mobility (IM) to examine the monomer and tetramer of the three WT isoforms. Although collision-induced unfolding (CIU) cannot distinguish the WT isoforms, the monomeric mutant (MM) of apoE3 shows higher stability when submitted to CIU than the WT monomer. From ion-mobility measurements, we obtained the collision cross section and built a coarse-grained model for the tetramer. Application of electron-capture dissociation (ECD) to the tetramer causes unfolding starting from the C-terminal domain, in good agreement with solution denaturation data, and provides additional support for the C4 symmetry structure of the tetramer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanliu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Joseph Eschweiler
- Drug Product Development, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Weidong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Raulin AC, Kraft L, Al-Hilaly YK, Xue WF, McGeehan JE, Atack JR, Serpell L. The Molecular Basis for Apolipoprotein E4 as the Major Risk Factor for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2248-2265. [PMID: 31051176 PMCID: PMC6556554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is one of three (E2, E3 and E4) human isoforms of an α-helical, 299-amino-acid protein. Homozygosity for the ε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4 differ at amino acid positions 112 and 158, and these sequence variations may confer conformational differences that underlie their participation in the risk of developing AD. Here, we compared the shape, oligomerization state, conformation and stability of ApoE isoforms using a range of complementary biophysical methods including small-angle x-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism, x-ray fiber diffraction and transmission electron microscopy We provide an in-depth and definitive study demonstrating that all three proteins are similar in stability and conformation. However, we show that ApoE4 has a propensity to polymerize to form wavy filaments, which do not share the characteristics of cross-β amyloid fibrils. Moreover, we provide evidence for the inhibition of ApoE4 fibril formation by ApoE3. This study shows that recombinant ApoE isoforms show no significant differences at the structural or conformational level. However, self-assembly of the ApoE4 isoform may play a role in pathogenesis, and these results open opportunities for uncovering new triggers for AD onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Caroline Raulin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Lucas Kraft
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex , BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Youssra K Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK; Chemistry Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Wei-Feng Xue
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, England CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - John E McGeehan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK
| | - John R Atack
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex , BN1 6NN, UK
| | - Louise Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 6NN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Petros AM, Korepanova A, Jakob CG, Qiu W, Panchal SC, Wang J, Dietrich JD, Brewer JT, Pohlki F, Kling A, Wilcox K, Lakics V, Bahnassawy L, Reinhardt P, Partha SK, Bodelle PM, Lake M, Charych EI, Stoll VS, Sun C, Mohler EG. Fragment-Based Discovery of an Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) Stabilizer. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4120-4130. [PMID: 30933499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a 299-residue lipid carrier protein produced in both the liver and the brain. The protein has three major isoforms denoted apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 which differ at positions 112 and 158 and which occur at different frequencies in the human population. Genome-wide association studies indicate that the possession of two apoE4 alleles is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In an attempt to identify a small molecule stabilizer of apoE4 function that may have utility as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease, we carried out an NMR-based fragment screen on the N-terminal domain of apoE4 and identified a benzyl amidine based fragment binder. In addition to NMR, binding was characterized using various other biophysical techniques, and a crystal structure of the bound core was obtained. Core elaboration ultimately yielded a compound that showed activity in an IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Petros
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Alla Korepanova
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Clarissa G Jakob
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Wei Qiu
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Sanjay C Panchal
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jie Wang
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Justin D Dietrich
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Jason T Brewer
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Frauke Pohlki
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Andreas Kling
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Kyle Wilcox
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Viktor Lakics
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Lamiaa Bahnassawy
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Neuroscience Research , AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG , Knollstrasse , 67061 Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Sarathy Karunan Partha
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Pierre M Bodelle
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Marc Lake
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Erik I Charych
- AbbVie Neuroscience Research , 200 Sydney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Vincent S Stoll
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Chaohong Sun
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Eric G Mohler
- Research & Development , AbbVie , 1 North Waukegan Road , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Katsarou M, Stratikos E, Chroni A. Thermodynamic destabilization and aggregation propensity as the mechanism behind the association of apoE3 mutants and lipoprotein glomerulopathy. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2339-2348. [PMID: 30309894 PMCID: PMC6277168 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a rare renal disease, characterized by lipoprotein thrombi in glomerular capillaries. A series of apoE mutations have been associated with LPG development. We previously showed that three mutants based on apoE3 sequence, in which an arginine was substituted by proline, are thermodynamically destabilized and aggregation-prone. To examine whether other LPG-associated apoE3 mutations induce similar effects, we characterized three nonproline LPG-associated apoE3 mutations, namely, R25C (apoEKyoto), R114C (apoETsukuba), and A152D (apoELasVegas). All three apoE3 variants are found to have significantly reduced helical content and to be thermodynamically destabilized, both in lipid-free and lipoprotein-associated form, and to expose a larger portion of hydrophobic surface to the solvent compared with WT apoE3. Furthermore, all three apoE3 variants are aggregation-prone, as shown by dynamic light-scattering measurements and by their enhanced capacity to bind the amyloid probe thioflavin T. Overall, our data suggest that the LPG-associated apoE3 mutations R25C, R114C, and A152D induce protein misfolding, which may contribute to protein aggregation in glomerular capillaries. The similar effects of both LPG-associated proline and nonproline mutations on apoE3 structure suggest that the thermodynamic destabilization and enhanced aggregation of apoE3 may constitute a common underlying mechanism behind the pathogenesis of LPG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsarou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRaSTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dafnis I, Argyri L, Chroni A. Amyloid-peptide β 42 Enhances the Oligomerization and Neurotoxicity of apoE4: The C-terminal Residues Leu279, Lys282 and Gln284 Modulate the Structural and Functional Properties of apoE4. Neuroscience 2018; 394:144-155. [PMID: 30367942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), one of the three apoE isoforms, is the strongest factor for raising the risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been proposed to play a major role in AD pathogenesis. Amyloid-peptide β 42 (Aβ42) has also been proposed to affect neuronal degeneration and AD pathogenesis, possibly by interacting with apoE. Previous studies have shown that the functions of apoE forms can be dictated by their structural and biophysical properties. Here we show that apoE4 can form SDS-stable oligomers, possibly reflecting aggregated forms, which increase following incubation of apoE4 with Aβ42. In addition, extracellular apoE4 is cytotoxic for human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells, while Aβ42 enhances the cytotoxicity of apoE4. Carboxyl-terminal point mutations L279Q, K282A or Q284A reduced the capacity of apoE4 to form SDS-stable oligomers, as well as its cytotoxicity, both in the absence and presence of Aβ42. Structural and thermodynamic analyses showed that all three apoE4 mutants have significantly increased α-helical and decreased β-sheet content, have reduced portion of hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the solvent and have a reduced conformational stability during chemical denaturation. Overall, our data highlight a pathogenic role of apoE4 that could be linked to the capacity of the protein to form oligomeric species especially in the presence of Aβ42 and to induce cytotoxicity. Carboxyl-terminal residues L279, K282 or Q284 appear to be involved in the conformation of apoE4 that may underlie the protein's functional properties related to neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Dafnis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Letta Argyri
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens 15341, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim YK, Nam KI, Song J. The Glymphatic System in Diabetes-Induced Dementia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 30429819 PMCID: PMC6220044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system has emerged as an important player in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, by regulating the vasculature impairment, effectively controlling the clearance of toxic peptides, modulating activity of astrocytes, and being involved in the circulation of neurotransmitters in the brain. Recently, several studies have indicated decreased activity of the glymphatic pathway under diabetes conditions such as in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, diabetes leads to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and decrease of apolipoprotein E (APOE) expression and the secretion of norepinephrine in the brain, involving the impairment of the glymphatic pathway and ultimately resulting in cognitive decline. Considering the increased prevalence of diabetes-induced dementia worldwide, the relationship between the glymphatic pathway and diabetes-induced dementia should be investigated and the mechanisms underlying their relationship should be discussed to promote the development of an effective therapeutic approach in the near future. Here, we have reviewed recent evidence for the relationship between glymphatic pathway dysfunction and diabetes. We highlight that the enhancement of the glymphatic system function during sleep may be beneficial to the attenuation of neuropathology in diabetes-induced dementia. Moreover, we suggest that improving glymphatic system activity may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of diabetes-induced dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kwang Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence Mounts that Targeting APOE4 may Combat Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2450-2465. [PMID: 30032423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an immutable neurodegenerative disease featured by the two hallmark brain pathologies that are the extracellular amyloid ß (Aß) and intraneuronal tau protein. People carrying the APOE4 allele are at high risk of AD concerning the ones carrying the ε3 allele, while the ε2 allele abates risk. ApoE isoforms exert a central role in controlling the transport of brain lipid, neuronal signaling, mitochondrial function, glucose metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Regardless of widespread indispensable studies, the appropriate function of APOE in AD etiology stays ambiguous. Existing proof recommends that the disparate outcomes of ApoE isoforms on Aβ accretion and clearance have a distinct function in AD pathogenesis. ApoE-lipoproteins combine diverse cell-surface receptors to transport lipids and moreover to lipophilic Aβ peptide, that is believed to begin deadly events that generate neurodegeneration in the AD. ApoE has great influence in tau pathogenesis, tau-mediated neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation, as well as α-synucleinopathy, lipid metabolism, and synaptic plasticity despite the presence of Aβ pathology. ApoE4 shows the deleterious effect for AD while the lack of ApoE4 is defensive. Therapeutic strategies primarily depend on APOE suggest to lessen the noxious effects of ApoE4 and reestablish the protective aptitudes of ApoE. This appraisal represents the critical interactions of APOE and AD pathology, existing facts on ApoE levels in the central nervous system (CNS), and the credible active stratagems for AD therapy by aiming ApoE. This review also highlighted utmost ApoE targeting therapeutic tactics that are crucial for controlling Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao N, Liu CC, Qiao W, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E, Receptors, and Modulation of Alzheimer's Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:347-357. [PMID: 28434655 PMCID: PMC5599322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a lipid carrier in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Lipid-loaded apoE lipoprotein particles bind to several cell surface receptors to support membrane homeostasis and injury repair in the brain. Considering prevalence and relative risk magnitude, the ε4 allele of the APOE gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE4 contributes to AD pathogenesis by modulating multiple pathways, including but not limited to the metabolism, aggregation, and toxicity of amyloid-β peptide, tauopathy, synaptic plasticity, lipid transport, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, vascular integrity, and neuroinflammation. Emerging knowledge on apoE-related pathways in the pathophysiology of AD presents new opportunities for AD therapy. We describe the biochemical and biological features of apoE and apoE receptors in the central nervous system. We also discuss the evidence and mechanisms addressing differential effects of apoE isoforms and the role of apoE receptors in AD pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the clinical and preclinical studies related to amyloid-β pathology. Finally, we summarize the current strategies of AD therapy targeting apoE, and postulate that effective strategies require an apoE isoform-specific approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ray A, Ahalawat N, Mondal J. Atomistic Insights into Structural Differences between E3 and E4 Isoforms of Apolipoprotein E. Biophys J 2018; 113:2682-2694. [PMID: 29262361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various isoforms of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the E4 isoform (ApoE4) is considered to be the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, whereas the E3 isoform (ApoE3) is neutral to the disease. Interestingly, the sequence of ApoE4 differs from its wild-type ApoE3 by a single amino acid C112R in the 299-amino-acid-long sequence. Hence, the puzzle remains: how a single-amino-acid difference between the ApoE3 and ApoE4 sequences can give rise to structural dissimilarities between the two isoforms, which can potentially lead to functional differences with significant pathological consequences. The major obstacle in addressing this question has been the lack of a 3D atomistic structure of ApoE4 to date. In this work, we resolve the issue by computationally modeling a plausible atomistic 3D structure of ApoE4. Our microsecond-long atomistic simulations elucidate key structural differences between monomeric ApoE3 and ApoE4, which renders ApoE4 thermodynamically less stable, less structured, and topologically less rigid compared to ApoE3. Consistent with an experimental report of the molten globule state of ApoE4, simulations identify multiple partially folded intermediates for ApoE4, which are implicated in the stronger aggregation propensity of ApoE4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angana Ray
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Navjeet Ahalawat
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jagannath Mondal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu CC, Zhao N, Fu Y, Wang N, Linares C, Tsai CW, Bu G. ApoE4 Accelerates Early Seeding of Amyloid Pathology. Neuron 2017; 96:1024-1032.e3. [PMID: 29216449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is an initiating step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Although there is strong evidence showing that apoE4 enhances amyloid pathology, it is not clear what the critical stage(s) is during amyloid development in which apoE4 has the strongest impact. Using apoE inducible mouse models, we show that increased expression of astrocytic apoE4, but not apoE3, during the seeding stage of amyloid development enhanced amyloid deposition and neuritic dystrophy in amyloid model mice. ApoE4, but not apoE3, significantly increased brain Aβ half-life measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, apoE4 expression increased whereas apoE3 reduced amyloid-related gliosis in the mouse brains. Together, our results demonstrate that apoE4 has the greatest impact on amyloid during the seeding stage, likely by perturbing Aβ clearance and enhancing Aβ aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao N, Liu CC, Van Ingelgom AJ, Martens YA, Linares C, Knight JA, Painter MM, Sullivan PM, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E4 Impairs Neuronal Insulin Signaling by Trapping Insulin Receptor in the Endosomes. Neuron 2017; 96:115-129.e5. [PMID: 28957663 PMCID: PMC5621659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and impaired brain insulin signaling are linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The association between diabetes and AD-associated amyloid pathology is stronger among carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele, the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. Here we report that apoE4 impairs neuronal insulin signaling in human apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice in an age-dependent manner. High-fat diet (HFD) accelerates these effects in apoE4-TR mice at middle age. In primary neurons, apoE4 interacts with insulin receptor and impairs its trafficking by trapping it in the endosomes, leading to impaired insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. In aging brains, the increased apoE4 aggregation and compromised endosomal function further exacerbate the inhibitory effects of apoE4 on insulin signaling and related functions. Together, our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of apoE4 and insulin resistance in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | | | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joshua A Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Departments of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; GRECC, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lane-Donovan C, Herz J. ApoE, ApoE Receptors, and the Synapse in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:273-284. [PMID: 28057414 PMCID: PMC5366078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are becoming a significant burden on patients, their families, and health-care systems. Neurodegenerative processes may start up to 15 years before outward signs and symptoms of AD, as evidenced by data from AD patients and mouse models. A major genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is the ɛ4 isoform of apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which is present in almost 20% of the population. In this review we discuss the contribution of ApoE receptor signaling to the function of each component of the tripartite synapse - the axon terminal, the postsynaptic dendritic spine, and the astrocyte - and examine how these systems fail in the context of ApoE4 and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lane-Donovan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Achariyar TM, Li B, Peng W, Verghese PB, Shi Y, McConnell E, Benraiss A, Kasper T, Song W, Takano T, Holtzman DM, Nedergaard M, Deane R. Glymphatic distribution of CSF-derived apoE into brain is isoform specific and suppressed during sleep deprivation. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:74. [PMID: 27931262 PMCID: PMC5146863 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major carrier of cholesterol and essential for synaptic plasticity. In brain, it’s expressed by many cells but highly expressed by the choroid plexus and the predominant apolipoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The role of apoE in the CSF is unclear. Recently, the glymphatic system was described as a clearance system whereby CSF and ISF (interstitial fluid) is exchanged via the peri-arterial space and convective flow of ISF clearance is mediated by aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel. We reasoned that this system also serves to distribute essential molecules in CSF into brain. The aim was to establish whether apoE in CSF, secreted by the choroid plexus, is distributed into brain, and whether this distribution pattern was altered by sleep deprivation. Methods We used fluorescently labeled lipidated apoE isoforms, lenti-apoE3 delivered to the choroid plexus, immunohistochemistry to map apoE brain distribution, immunolabeled cells and proteins in brain, Western blot analysis and ELISA to determine apoE levels and radiolabeled molecules to quantify CSF inflow into brain and brain clearance in mice. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA or Student’s t- test. Results We show that the glymphatic fluid transporting system contributes to the delivery of choroid plexus/CSF-derived human apoE to neurons. CSF-delivered human apoE entered brain via the perivascular space of penetrating arteries and flows radially around arteries, but not veins, in an isoform specific manner (apoE2 > apoE3 > apoE4). Flow of apoE around arteries was facilitated by AQP4, a characteristic feature of the glymphatic system. ApoE3, delivered by lentivirus to the choroid plexus and ependymal layer but not to the parenchymal cells, was present in the CSF, penetrating arteries and neurons. The inflow of CSF, which contains apoE, into brain and its clearance from the interstitium were severely suppressed by sleep deprivation compared to the sleep state. Conclusions Thus, choroid plexus/CSF provides an additional source of apoE and the glymphatic fluid transporting system delivers it to brain via the periarterial space. By implication, failure in this essential physiological role of the glymphatic fluid flow and ISF clearance may also contribute to apoE isoform-specific disorders in the long term. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0138-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiyagaragan M Achariyar
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Baoman Li
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiguo Peng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Philip B Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and the Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and the Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan McConnell
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Cell and Gene Therapy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Tristan Kasper
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Takahiro Takano
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and the Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Rashid Deane
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yamazaki Y, Painter MM, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Apolipoprotein E as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:773-89. [PMID: 27328687 PMCID: PMC5526196 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive cognitive decline. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and late-onset (>65 years old) making it the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. While both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of late-onset AD (LOAD), APOE polymorphism is a major genetic risk determinant for LOAD. In humans, the APOE gene has three major allelic variants: ε2, ε3, and ε4, of which APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, whereas APOE ε2 is protective. Mounting evidence suggests that APOE ε4 contributes to AD pathogenesis through multiple pathways including facilitated amyloid-β deposition, increased tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, exacerbated neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular defects. Since APOE modulates multiple biological processes through its corresponding protein apolipoprotein E (apoE), APOE gene and apoE properties have been a promising target for therapy and drug development against AD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding how the APOE ε4 allele contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and how relevant therapeutic approaches can be developed to target apoE-mediated pathways in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Petrlova J, Hilt S, Budamagunta M, Domingo-Espín J, Voss JC, Lagerstedt JO. Molecular crowding impacts the structure of apolipoprotein A-I with potential implications on in vivo metabolism and function. Biopolymers 2016; 105:683-92. [PMID: 27122373 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect molecular crowding, defined as the volume exclusion exerted by one soluble inert molecule upon another soluble molecule, has on the structure and self-interaction of lipid-free apoA-I were explored. The influence of molecular crowding on lipid-free apoA-I oligomerization and internal dynamics has been analyzed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy measurements of nitroxide spin label at selected positions throughout the protein sequence and at varying concentrations of the crowding agent Ficoll-70. The targeted positions include sites previously shown to be sensitive for detecting intermolecular interaction via spin-spin coupling. Circular dichroism was used to study secondary structural changes in lipid-free apoA-I imposed by increasing concentrations of the crowding agent. Crosslinking and SDS-PAGE gel analysis was employed to further characterize the role molecular crowding plays in inducing apoA-I oligomerization. It was concluded that the dynamic apoA-I structure and oligomeric state was altered in the presence of the crowding agent. It was also found that the C-terminal was slightly more sensitive to molecular crowding. Finally, the data described the region around residue 217 in the C-terminal domain of apoA-I as the most sensitive reporter of the crowding-induced self-association of apoA-I. The implications of this behavior to in vivo functionality are discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 683-692, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Petrlova
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden
| | - Silvia Hilt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Madhu Budamagunta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Joan Domingo-Espín
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden
| | - John C Voss
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Jens O Lagerstedt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Emamzadeh FN, Aojula H, McHugh PC, Allsop D. Effects of different isoforms of apoE on aggregation of the α-synuclein protein implicated in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:146-151. [PMID: 26921451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive brain disorder due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The accumulation of aggregated forms of α-synuclein protein into Lewy bodies is one of the characteristic features of this disease although the pathological role of any such protein deposits in causing neurodegeneration remains elusive. Here, the effects of different apolipoprotein E isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4) on the aggregation of α-synuclein in vitro were examined using thioflavin T assays and also an immunoassay to detect the formation of multimeric forms. Our results revealed that the aggregation of α-synuclein is influenced by apoE concentration. At low concentrations of apoE (<15nM), all of the isoforms were able to increase the aggregation of α-synuclein (50μM), with apoE4 showing the greatest stimulatory effect. This is in contrast to a higher concentration (>15nM) of these isoforms, where a decrease in the aggregation of α-synuclein was noted. The data show that exceptionally low levels of apoE may seed α-syn aggregation, which could potentially lead to the pathogenesis of α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration. On the other hand, higher levels of apoE could potentially lower the degree of α-synuclein aggregation and confer protection. The differential effects noted with apoE4 could explain why this particular isoform results in an earlier age of onset for Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4AY, UK
| | - Harmesh Aojula
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Patrick C McHugh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - David Allsop
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gottschalk WK, Mihovilovic M, Roses AD, Chiba-Falek O. The Role of Upregulated APOE in Alzheimer's Disease Etiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 27104063 PMCID: PMC4836841 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirta Mihovilovic
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
de Jager M, Drukarch B, Hofstee M, Brevé J, Jongenelen CAM, Bol JGJM, Wilhelmus MMM. Tissue transglutaminase-catalysed cross-linking induces Apolipoprotein E multimers inhibiting Apolipoprotein E's protective effects towards amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1116-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hofstee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Do TD, Chamas A, Zheng X, Barnes A, Chang D, Veldstra T, Takhar H, Dressler N, Trapp B, Miller K, McMahon A, Meredith SC, Shea JE, Lazar Cantrell K, Bowers MT. Elucidation of the Aggregation Pathways of Helix-Turn-Helix Peptides: Stabilization at the Turn Region Is Critical for Fibril Formation. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4050-62. [PMID: 26070092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of proteins to fiberlike aggregates often involves a transformation of native monomers to β-sheet-rich oligomers. This general observation underestimates the importance of α-helical segments in the aggregation cascade. Here, using a combination of experimental techniques and accelerated molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the aggregation of a 43-residue, apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide and its E21Q and D26N mutants. Our study indicates a strong propensity of helical segments not to adopt cross-β-fibrils. The helix-turn-helix monomeric conformation of the peptides is preserved in the mature fibrils. Furthermore, we reveal opposite effects of mutations on and near the turn region in the self-assembly of these peptides. We show that the E21-R24 salt bridge is a major contributor to helix-turn-helix folding, subsequently leading to abundant fibril formation. On the other hand, the K19-D26 interaction is not required to fold the native helix-turn-helix peptide. However, removal of the charged D26 residue decreases the stability of the helix-turn-helix monomer and consequently reduces the level of aggregation. Finally, we provide a more refined assembly model for the helix-turn-helix peptides from apolipoprotein A-I based on the parallel stacking of helix-turn-helix dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron Barnes
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Dayna Chang
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Tjitske Veldstra
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Harmeet Takhar
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Nicolette Dressler
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Benjamin Trapp
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Kylie Miller
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Audrene McMahon
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | | | | | - Kristi Lazar Cantrell
- §Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Deroo S, Stengel F, Mohammadi A, Henry N, Hubin E, Krammer EM, Aebersold R, Raussens V. Chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry maps the amyloid β peptide binding region on both apolipoprotein E domains. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1010-6. [PMID: 25546376 DOI: 10.1021/cb500994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) binds the amyloid β peptide (Aβ), one of the major culprits in Alzheimer's disease development. The formation of apoE:Aβ complexes is implicated in both Aβ clearance and fibrillization. However, the binding interface between apoE and Aβ is poorly defined despite substantial previous research efforts, and the exact role of apoE in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease remains largely elusive. Here, we compared the three main isoforms of apoE (E2, E3, and E4) for their interaction with Aβ1-42 in an early stage of aggregation and at near physiological conditions. Using electron microscopy and Western blots, we showed that all three isoforms are able to prevent Aβ fibrillization and form a noncovalent complex, with one molecule of Aβ bound per apoE. Using chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry, we further examined the interface of interaction between apoE2/3/4 and Aβ. Multiple high-confidence intermolecular apoE2/3/4:Aβ cross-links confirmed that Lys16 is located in the region of Aβ binding to apoE2/3/4. Further, we demonstrated that both N- and C-terminal domains of apoE2/3/4 are interacting with Aβ. The cross-linked sites were mapped onto and evaluated in light of a recent structure of apoE. Our results support binding of the hydrophobic Aβ at the apoE domain-domain interaction interface, which would explain how apoE is able to stabilize Aβ and thereby prevent its subsequent aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Deroo
- †Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Stengel
- ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Azadeh Mohammadi
- †Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Henry
- †Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Hubin
- ∥Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- ⊥Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, and Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva-Maria Krammer
- †Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- ‡Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- §Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Raussens
- †Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hu J, Liu CC, Chen XF, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. Opposing effects of viral mediated brain expression of apolipoprotein E2 (apoE2) and apoE4 on apoE lipidation and Aβ metabolism in apoE4-targeted replacement mice. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:6. [PMID: 25871773 PMCID: PMC4356137 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) exists in three major isoforms: apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. In the brain, apoE is produced mostly by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons via apoE receptors. Among the gene alleles encoding the three isoforms, the APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas APOE2 is protective. ApoE4 confers a gain of toxic function, a loss of neuroprotective function or a combination of both in AD pathogenesis. Given that therapeutic impacts of modulating apoE expression may be isoform-dependent, we sought to investigate the relationship between overexpressing apoE isoform and apoE-related functions in apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice. Specifically, apoE isoform expression driven by the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter was built into an adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) vector and injected into the ventricles of postnatal day 2 (P2) apoE3-TR or apoE4-TR mice. Upon confirmation of apoE isoform expression, effects on apoE lipidation and the levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain were assessed. Results AAV8-GFAP-apoE isoforms were specifically expressed in astrocytes throughout all brain regions, which led to overall increased apoE levels in the brain. Viral mediated overexpression of apoE4 in the apoE4-TR background increased poorly-lipidated apoE lipoprotein particles and decreased apoE-associated cholesterol in apoE4-TR mice. Conversely, apoE2 overexpression in apoE4-TR mice enhanced apoE lipidation and associated cholesterol. Furthermore, overexpression of apoE4 elevated the levels of endogenous Aβ, whereas apoE2 overexpression trended to lower endogenous Aβ. Conclusions Overexpression of apoE isoforms induces differential effects in the apoE4-TR background: apoE4 decreases apoE lipidation and enhances Aβ accumulation, whereas apoE2 has the opposite effects. Our findings suggest that increasing apoE2 in APOE4 carriers is a beneficial strategy to treat AD, whereas increasing apoE4 in APOE4 carriers is likely harmful. We have also established novel methods to express apoE isoforms in mouse brain to study apoE-related pathways in AD and related dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0001-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|