1
|
Moroi AJ, Newman PJ. The LAT Rheostat as a Regulator of Megakaryocyte Activation. Thromb Haemost 2024. [PMID: 38788774 DOI: 10.1055/a-2332-6321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specifically positioned negatively charged residues within the cytoplasmic domain of the adaptor protein, linker for the activation of T cells (LAT), have been shown to be important for efficient phosphorylation of tyrosine residues that function to recruit cytosolic proteins downstream of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) receptor signaling. LAT tyrosine 132-the binding site for PLC-γ2-is a notable exception, preceded instead by a glycine, making it a relatively poor substrate for phosphorylation. Mutating Gly131 to an acidic residue has been shown in T cells to enhance ITAM-linked receptor-mediated signaling. Whether this is generally true in other cell types is not known. METHODS To examine whether LAT Gly131 restricts ITAM signaling in cells of the megakaryocyte lineage, we introduced an aspartic acid at this position in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), differentiated them into megakaryocytes, and examined its functional consequences. RESULTS iPSCs expressing G131D LAT differentiated and matured into megakaryocytes normally, but exhibited markedly enhanced reactivity to glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-agonist stimulation. The rate and extent of LAT Tyr132 and PLC-γ2 phosphorylation, and proplatelet formation on GPVI-reactive substrates, were also enhanced. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that a glycine residue at the -1 position of LAT Tyr132 functions as a kinetic bottleneck to restrain Tyr132 phosphorylation and signaling downstream of ITAM receptor engagement in the megakaryocyte lineage. These findings may have translational applications in the burgeoning field of in vitro platelet bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Moroi
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Peter J Newman
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and, Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cervi G, D'Alessio R, Bindi S, Buffa L, Burocchi A, Canevari G, Modugno M, Motto I, Saturno G, Orsini P. Discovery and optimization of 4-pyrazolyl-2-aminopyrimidine derivatives as potent spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116375. [PMID: 38604095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a key signal transduction mediator of the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal BCR signaling plays a key role in initiation and development of B-cell-derived hematological malignancies, therefore, Syk represents a potential target for inhibiting the BCR signaling resulting in a therapeutic effect in these cancers. Herein, we describe a novel series of SYK inhibitors with 4-(3'-pyrazolyl)-2-amino-pyrimidine scaffold. Extensive study of structure-activity relationships led to the identification of 1 (NMS-0963), a highly potent Syk inhibitor (IC50 = 3 nM) endowed with high selectivity within a panel of tested kinases and high antiproliferative activity in SYK-dependent BaF3-TEL/SYK cells and in other BCR-dependent hematological tumor cell lines. Additionally, 1 effectively inhibited Syk phosphorylation and downstream signaling mediators of the BCR in treated cells. In in vivo pharmacokinetics studies, 1, displayed good pharmacokinetics properties, with linear exposure with dose and excellent oral bioavailability. These findings suggest that 1 is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating BCR-dependent hematological cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cervi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy.
| | - Roberto D'Alessio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Simona Bindi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Buffa
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Michele Modugno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Ilaria Motto
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Grazia Saturno
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Viale Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, MI, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Liang W, Zheng G, Li B. Decoding the deactivation mechanism of R192W mutation of ZAP-70 using molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:371. [PMID: 37953318 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT ZAP-70 (zeta-chain-associated protein of 70 kDa), serving as a critical regulator for T cell antigen receptor signaling, represents an attractive therapeutic target for autoimmunity disease. How the mechanistical mechanism of ZAP-70 to a human autoimmune syndrome-associated R192W mutation remains unclear. The results indicated that the R192W mutation of ZAP-70 clearly affected the conformational flexibility of the N-terminal ITAM-Y2P. Structural analysis unveiled that the R192W mutation of ZAP-70 caused the exposure of the N-terminal ITAM-Y2P to the solvent. MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations exhibited that the R192W mutation decreased the binding affinity of ITAM-Y2P to the ZAP-70 mutant. Residue-based free energy decomposition further revealed that the protein-peptide interaction networks involving electrostatic interactions provide significant contributions for complex formation. The energy unfavorable residues include Arg43, Arg192, Tyr240, and Lys244 from ZAP-70 and Asn301, Leu303, pY304, and pY315 from ITAM-Y2P in the R192W mutant. Our obtained results may help the understanding of the deactivation mechanism of ZAP-70 induced by the R192W mutation. METHODS In the work, multiple replica molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method were performed to reveal the doubly phosphorylated ITAMs (ITAM-Y2P)-mediated deactivation mechanism of ZAP-70 induced by the R192W mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhang
- Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Liang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guodong Zheng
- Department of VIP Clinic, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Bei Li
- Department of VIP Clinic, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dangelmaier CA, Patchin M, Vajipayajula DN, Vari HR, Singh PK, Wright MN, Kostyak JC, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase at Y346 negatively regulates ITAM-mediated signaling and function in platelets. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104865. [PMID: 37268160 PMCID: PMC10320515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is expressed in a variety of hemopoietic cells. Upon phosphorylation of the platelet immunoreceptor-based activation motif of the glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor gamma chain collagen receptor, both the tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of Syk are increased leading to downstream signaling events. Although it has been established that the activity of Syk is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, the specific roles of individual phosphorylation sites remain to be elucidated. We observed that Syk Y346 in mouse platelets was still phosphorylated when GPVI-induced Syk activity was inhibited. We then generated Syk Y346F mice and analyzed the effect this mutation exerts on platelet responses. Syk Y346F mice bred normally, and their blood cell count was unaltered. We did observe potentiation of GPVI-induced platelet aggregation and ATP secretion as well as increased phosphorylation of other tyrosines on Syk in the Syk Y346F mouse platelets when compared to WT littermates. This phenotype was specific for GPVI-dependent activation, since it was not seen when AYPGKF, a PAR4 agonist, or 2-MeSADP, a purinergic receptor agonist, was used to activate platelets. Despite a clear effect of Syk Y346F on GPVI-mediated signaling and cellular responses, there was no effect of this mutation on hemostasis as measured by tail-bleeding times, although the time to thrombus formation determined using the ferric chloride injury model was reduced. Thus, our results indicate a significant effect of Syk Y346F on platelet activation and responses in vitro and reveal its complex nature manifesting itself by the diversified translation of platelet activation into physiological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Dangelmaier
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margaret Patchin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhruv N Vajipayajula
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica N Wright
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C Kostyak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsygankov AY. TULA Proteins in Men, Mice, Hens, and Lice: Welcome to the Family. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119126. [PMID: 37298079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The two members of the UBASH3/STS/TULA protein family have been shown to critically regulate key biological functions, including immunity and hemostasis, in mammalian biological systems. Negative regulation of signaling through immune receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)- and hemITAM-bearing receptors mediated by Syk-family protein tyrosine kinases appears to be a major molecular mechanism of the down-regulatory effect of TULA-family proteins, which possess protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. However, these proteins are likely to carry out some PTP-independent functions as well. Whereas the effects of TULA-family proteins overlap, their characteristics and their individual contributions to cellular regulation also demonstrate clearly distinct features. Protein structure, enzymatic activity, molecular mechanisms of regulation, and biological functions of TULA-family proteins are discussed in this review. In particular, the usefulness of the comparative analysis of TULA proteins in various metazoan taxa, for identifying potential roles of TULA-family proteins outside of their functions already established in mammalian systems, is examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang P, Solari FA, Heemskerk JWM, Kuijpers MJE, Sickmann A, Walter U, Jurk K. Differential Regulation of GPVI-Induced Btk and Syk Activation by PKC, PKA and PP2A in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097776. [PMID: 37175486 PMCID: PMC10178361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) are major signaling proteins in human platelets that are implicated in atherothrombosis and thrombo-inflammation, but the mechanisms controlling their activities are not well understood. Previously, we showed that Syk becomes phosphorylated at S297 in glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-stimulated human platelets, which limits Syk activation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that protein kinases C (PKC) and A (PKA) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) jointly regulate GPVI-induced Btk activation in platelets. The GPVI agonist convulxin caused rapid, transient Btk phosphorylation at S180 (pS180↑), Y223 and Y551, while direct PKC activation strongly increased Btk pS180 and pY551. This increase in Btk pY551 was also Src family kinase (SFK)-dependent, but surprisingly Syk-independent, pointing to an alternative mechanism of Btk phosphorylation and activation. PKC inhibition abolished convulxin-stimulated Btk pS180 and Syk pS297, but markedly increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, Btk and effector phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2). PKA activation increased convulxin-induced Btk activation at Y551 but strongly suppressed Btk pS180 and Syk pS297. PP2A inhibition by okadaic acid only increased Syk pS297. Both platelet aggregation and PLCγ2 phosphorylation with convulxin stimulation were Btk-dependent, as shown by the selective Btk inhibitor acalabrutinib. Together, these results revealed in GPVI-stimulated platelets a transient Syk, Btk and PLCγ2 phosphorylation at multiple sites, which are differentially regulated by PKC, PKA or PP2A. Our work thereby demonstrated the GPVI-Syk-Btk signalosome as a tightly controlled protein kinase network, in agreement with its role in atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhang
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fiorella A Solari
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute Maastricht, 6217 KD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prendecki M, Gulati K, Pisacano N, Pinheiro D, Bhatt T, Mawhin MA, Toulza F, Masuda ES, Cowburn A, Lodge KM, Tam FWK, Roufosse C, Pusey CD, McAdoo SP. Syk Activation in Circulating and Tissue Innate Immune Cells in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:84-97. [PMID: 36428281 PMCID: PMC10099805 DOI: 10.1002/art.42321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Syk is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that plays a role in signaling via B cell and Fc receptors (FcR). FcR engagement and signaling via Syk is thought to be important in antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) IgG-mediated neutrophil activation. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of Syk in ANCA-induced myeloid cell activation and vasculitis pathogenesis. METHODS Phosphorylation of Syk in myeloid cells from healthy controls and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients was analyzed using flow cytometry. The effect of Syk inhibition on myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA IgG activation of cells was investigated using functional assays (interleukin-8 and reactive oxygen species production) and targeted gene analysis with NanoString. Total and phosphorylated Syk at sites of tissue inflammation in patients with AAV was assessed using immunohistochemistry and RNAscope in situ hybridization. RESULTS We identified increased phosphorylated Syk at critical activatory tyrosine residues in blood neutrophils and monocytes from patients with active AAV compared to patients with disease in remission or healthy controls. Syk was phosphorylated in vitro following MPO-ANCA IgG stimulation, and Syk inhibition was able to prevent ANCA-mediated cellular responses. Using targeted gene expression analysis, we identified up-regulation of FcR- and Syk-dependent signaling pathways following MPO-ANCA IgG stimulation. Finally, we showed that Syk is expressed and phosphorylated in tissue leukocytes at sites of organ inflammation in AAV. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Syk plays a critical role in MPO-ANCA IgG-induced myeloid cell responses and that Syk is activated in circulating immune cells and tissue immune cells in AAV; therefore, Syk inhibition may be a potential therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prendecki
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kavita Gulati
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noelle Pisacano
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Damilola Pinheiro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Tejal Bhatt
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Mawhin
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Frederic Toulza
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Cowburn
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Frederick W K Tam
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Candice Roufosse
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephen P McAdoo
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, and Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kunapuli SP, Tsygankov AY. TULA-Family Regulators of Platelet Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314910. [PMID: 36499237 PMCID: PMC9736690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The two members of the UBASH3/TULA/STS-protein family have been shown to critically regulate cellular processes in multiple biological systems. The regulatory function of TULA-2 (also known as UBASH3B or STS-1) in platelets is one of the best examples of the involvement of UBASH3/TULA/STS proteins in cellular regulation. TULA-2 negatively regulates platelet signaling mediated by ITAM- and hemITAM-containing membrane receptors that are dependent on the protein tyrosine kinase Syk, which currently represents the best-known dephosphorylation target of TULA-2. The biological responses of platelets to collagen and other physiological agonists are significantly downregulated as a result. The protein structure, enzymatic activity and regulatory functions of UBASH3/TULA/STS proteins in the context of platelet responses and their regulation are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hao Y, Tang X, Xing J, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. The role of Syk phosphorylation in Fc receptor mediated mIgM + B lymphocyte phagocytosis in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:462-471. [PMID: 36162778 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, and it mediates downstream signaling of FcR-mediated immune responses. Our previous work revealed that the expression of Syk was significantly up-regulated in flounder mIgM+ B lymphocytes after phagocytosis of antiserum-opsonized Edwardsiella tarda, which suggested Syk might be involved in Ig-opsonized phagocytosis. In this paper, phospho-Syk (pSyk) inhibitor was used to investigate the potential role of phosphorylated Syk in FcR-mediated phagocytosis of IgM+ B cells. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting showed that the level of phosphorylated Syk in the mIgM+ B lymphocytes treated with pSyk inhibitor was significantly lower compared to the control group after stimulation with flounder antiserum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that after 3 h incubation with antiserum-opsonized E. tarda, the phagocytosis rates of mIgM+ B lymphocytes from peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney pre-treated with pSyk inhibitor were 48.1%, 40.1% and 43.6% respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the control groups with 58.7%, 53.2% and 57.4%, respectively. And likewise, after pSyk inhibitor treatment, the proportions of mIgM+ B lymphocytes with higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in peripheral blood, spleen and head kidney decreased to 15.2%, 12.0% and 12.1% from the control level of 26.5%, 25.9% and 26.3%, respectively. Moreover, the expression of three genes affected by pSyk, including phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) were found to be significantly down-regulated in pSyk inhibitor-treated mIgM+ B lymphocytes post phagocytosis. These results suggest that pSyk plays a key role in FcR-mediated phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of mIgM+ B lymphocytes, which promotes further understanding of the regulatory role of pSyk in teleost B cells phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hao
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hobbs HT, Shah NH, Shoemaker SR, Amacher JF, Marqusee S, Kuriyan J. Saturation mutagenesis of a predicted ancestral Syk-family kinase. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4411. [PMID: 36173161 PMCID: PMC9601881 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many tyrosine kinases cannot be expressed readily in Escherichia coli, limiting facile production of these proteins for biochemical experiments. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to generate a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) variant that can be expressed in bacteria and purified in soluble form, unlike the human members of this family (Syk and zeta-chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa [ZAP-70]). The catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and regulation by phosphorylation of this Syk variant are similar to the corresponding properties of human Syk and ZAP-70. Taking advantage of the ability to express this novel Syk-family kinase in bacteria, we developed a two-hybrid assay that couples the growth of E. coli in the presence of an antibiotic to successful phosphorylation of a bait peptide by the kinase. Using this assay, we screened a site-saturation mutagenesis library of the kinase domain of this reconstructed Syk-family kinase. Sites of loss-of-function mutations identified in the screen correlate well with residues established previously as critical to function and/or structure in protein kinases. We also identified activating mutations in the regulatory hydrophobic spine and activation loop, which are within key motifs involved in kinase regulation. Strikingly, one mutation in an ancestral Syk-family variant increases the soluble expression of the protein by 75-fold. Thus, through ancestral sequence reconstruction followed by deep mutational scanning, we have generated Syk-family kinase variants that can be expressed in bacteria with very high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen T. Hobbs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Sophie R. Shoemaker
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gangopadhyay K, Roy A, Chandradasan AC, Roy S, Debnath O, SenGupta S, Chowdhury S, Das D, Das R. An evolutionary divergent thermodynamic brake in ZAP-70 fine-tunes the kinetic proofreading in T cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102376. [PMID: 35970395 PMCID: PMC9486129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell signaling starts with assembling several tyrosine kinases and adaptor proteins to the T cell receptor (TCR), following the antigen-binding to the TCR. The stability of the TCR-antigen complex and the delay between the recruitment and activation of each kinase determines the T cell response. Integration of such delays constitutes a kinetic proofreading mechanism to regulate T cell response to the antigen binding. However, the mechanism of these delays is not fully understood. Combining biochemical experiments and kinetic modelling, here we report a thermodynamic brake in the regulatory module of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which determines the ligand selectivity, and may delay the ZAP-70 activation upon antigen binding to TCR. The regulatory module of ZAP-70 comprises of a tandem SH2 (tSH2) domain that binds to its ligand, doubly-phosphorylated ITAM peptide (ITAM-Y2P), in two kinetic steps: a fast step and a slow step. We show the initial encounter complex formation between the ITAM-Y2P and tSH2 domain follows a fast-kinetic step, whereas the conformational transition to the holo-state follows a slow-kinetic step. We further observed a thermodynamic penalty imposed during the second phosphate-binding event reduces the rate of structural transition to the holo-state. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolution of the thermodynamic brake coincides with the divergence of the adaptive immune system to the cell-mediated and humoral responses. In addition, the paralogous kinase Syk expressed in B cells does not possess such a functional thermodynamic brake, which may explain the higher basal activation and lack of ligand selectivity in Syk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Arnab Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Athira C Chandradasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Olivia Debnath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Soumee SenGupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India.
| | - Rahul Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India; Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kostyak JC, Mauri B, Dangelmaier C, Vari HR, Patel A, Wright M, Reddy H, Tsygankov AY, Kunapuli SP. Phosphorylation on Syk Y342 is important for both ITAM and hemITAM signaling in platelets. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102189. [PMID: 35753354 PMCID: PMC9287148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells express receptors bearing an immune tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) containing two YXXL motifs or hemITAMs containing only one YXXL motif. Phosphorylation of the ITAM/hemITAM is mediated by Src family kinases allowing for the binding and activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). It is believed that Syk must be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues for activation, and Tyr342, а conserved tyrosine in the interdomain B region, has been shown to be critical for regulating Syk in FcεR1-activated mast cells. Syk is a key mediator of signaling pathways downstream of several platelet pathways including the ITAM bearing glycoprotein VI (GPVI)/Fc receptor gamma chain collagen receptor and the hemITAM containing C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2). Since platelet activation is a crucial step in both hemostasis and thrombosis, we evaluated the importance of Syk Y342 in these processes by producing an Syk Y342F knock-in mouse. When using a CLEC-2 antibody as an agonist, reduced aggregation and secretion were observed in Syk Y342F mouse platelets when compared with control mouse platelets. Platelet reactivity was also reduced in response to the GPVI agonist collagen-related peptide. Signaling initiated by either GPVI or CLEC-2 was also greatly inhibited, including Syk Y519/520 phosphorylation. Hemostasis, as measured by tail bleeding time, was not altered in Syk Y342F mice, but thrombus formation in response to FeCl3 injury was prolonged in Syk Y342F mice. These data demonstrate that phosphorylation of Y342 on Syk following stimulation of either GPVI or CLEC-2 receptors is important for the ability of Syk to transduce a signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Kostyak
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Mauri
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hymavathi Reddy Vari
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akruti Patel
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Monica Wright
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haritha Reddy
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dephosphorylation accelerates the dissociation of ZAP70 from the T cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116815119. [PMID: 35197288 PMCID: PMC8892339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116815119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are phosphotyrosine binding motifs that play key roles in cellular signaling. There are 110 proteins in the human genome containing SH2 binding domains, of which 10 contain tandem SH2 domains. Tandem domains have been shown to improve avidity and specificity and contribute to allostery. Here, we show that tandem SH2 domains can also exhibit binding lifetimes that are accelerated by the activity of phosphatases. This accelerated unbinding requires tandem SH2 domains to engage their substrates in dynamic binding modes that cycle between single SH2-bound states. We experimentally confirm that this is the case for the well-studied kinase ZAP70 binding the T cell receptor. We suggest that accelerated unbinding is a general feature of signaling networks. Protein–protein binding domains are critical in signaling networks. Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are binding domains that interact with sequences containing phosphorylated tyrosines. A subset of SH2 domain–containing proteins has tandem domains, which are thought to enhance binding affinity and specificity. However, a trade-off exists between long-lived binding and the ability to rapidly reverse signaling, which is a critical requirement of noise-filtering mechanisms such as kinetic proofreading. Here, we use modeling to show that the unbinding rate of tandem, but not single, SH2 domains can be accelerated by phosphatases. Using surface plasmon resonance, we show that the phosphatase CD45 can accelerate the unbinding rate of zeta chain–associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), a tandem SH2 domain–containing kinase, from biphosphorylated peptides from the T cell receptor (TCR). An important functional prediction of accelerated unbinding is that the intracellular ZAP70–TCR half-life in T cells will not be fixed but rather, dependent on the extracellular TCR–antigen half-life, and we show that this is the case in both cell lines and primary T cells. The work highlights that tandem SH2 domains can break the trade-off between signal fidelity (requiring long half-life) and signal reversibility (requiring short half-life), which is a key requirement for T cell antigen discrimination mediated by kinetic proofreading.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou S, Huang G. Some important inhibitors and mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:930-943. [PMID: 34942050 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that seriously affects human health and quality of life, and it is one of the main causes of labor loss and disability. Many countries have listed rheumatoid arthritis as one of the national a key diseases to tackle. The pathogenesis of RA in humans is still unknown, and medical researchers believe that the pathogenesis of RA may be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. RA is an incurable condition that can only be controlled and treated with conventional drugs. In this paper, the pathologic features and pathogenesis of RA were introduced, and the research progress of new anti-rheumatoid arthritis chemical drugs in recent years was reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, 401228, China.,College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hobbs HT, Shah NH, Badroos JM, Gee CL, Marqusee S, Kuriyan J. Differences in the dynamics of the tandem-SH2 modules of the Syk and ZAP-70 tyrosine kinases. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2373-2384. [PMID: 34601763 PMCID: PMC8605373 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of Syk-family tyrosine kinases is regulated by a tandem Src homology 2 module (tSH2 module). In the autoinhibited state, this module adopts a conformation that stabilizes an inactive conformation of the kinase domain. The binding of the tSH2 module to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs necessitates a conformational change, thereby relieving kinase inhibition and promoting activation. We determined the crystal structure of the isolated tSH2 module of Syk and find, in contrast to ZAP-70, that its conformation more closely resembles that of the peptide-bound state, rather than the autoinhibited state. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange by mass spectrometry, as well as molecular dynamics simulations, reveal that the dynamics of the tSH2 modules of Syk and ZAP-70 differ, with most of these differences occurring in the C-terminal SH2 domain. Our data suggest that the conformational landscapes of the tSH2 modules in Syk and ZAP-70 have been tuned differently, such that the autoinhibited conformation of the Syk tSH2 module is less stable. This feature of Syk likely contributes to its ability to more readily escape autoinhibition when compared to ZAP-70, consistent with tighter control of downstream signaling pathways in T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen T. Hobbs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Neel H. Shah
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jean M. Badroos
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christine L. Gee
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shiravand Y, Walter U, Jurk K. Fine-Tuning of Platelet Responses by Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases and Phosphatases-Just the Beginning. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:206-216. [PMID: 34192779 DOI: 10.1055/a-1476-7873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive proteomic analyses of human and murine platelets established an extraordinary intracellular repertoire of signaling components, which control crucial functions. The spectrum of platelet serine/threonine protein kinases (more than 100) includes the AGC family (protein kinase A, G, C [PKA, PKG, PKC]), the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and others. PKA and PKG have multiple significantly overlapping substrates in human platelets, which possibly affect functions with clear "signaling nodes" of regulation by multiple protein kinases/phosphatases. Signaling nodes are intracellular Ca2+ stores, the contractile system (myosin light chains), and other signaling components such as G-proteins, protein kinases, and protein phosphatases. An example for this fine-tuning is the tyrosine kinase Syk, a crucial component of platelet activation, which is controlled by several serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases as well as phosphatases. Other protein kinases including PKA/PKG modulate protein phosphatase 2A, which may be a master regulator of MAPK signaling in human platelets. Protein kinases and in particular MAPKs are targeted by an increasing number of clinically used inhibitors. However, the precise regulation and fine-tuning of these protein kinases and their effects on other signaling components in platelets are only superficially understood-just the beginning. However, promising future approaches are in sight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yavar Shiravand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang L, Aschenbrenner D, Zeng Z, Cao X, Mayr D, Mehta M, Capitani M, Warner N, Pan J, Wang L, Li Q, Zuo T, Cohen-Kedar S, Lu J, Ardy RC, Mulder DJ, Dissanayake D, Peng K, Huang Z, Li X, Wang Y, Wang X, Li S, Bullers S, Gammage AN, Warnatz K, Schiefer AI, Krivan G, Goda V, Kahr WHA, Lemaire M, Lu CY, Siddiqui I, Surette MG, Kotlarz D, Engelhardt KR, Griffin HR, Rottapel R, Decaluwe H, Laxer RM, Proietti M, Hambleton S, Elcombe S, Guo CH, Grimbacher B, Dotan I, Ng SC, Freeman SA, Snapper SB, Klein C, Boztug K, Huang Y, Li D, Uhlig HH, Muise AM. Gain-of-function variants in SYK cause immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation in humans and mice. Nat Genet 2021; 53:500-510. [PMID: 33782605 PMCID: PMC8245161 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a critical immune signaling molecule and therapeutic target. We identified damaging monoallelic SYK variants in six patients with immune deficiency, multi-organ inflammatory disease such as colitis, arthritis and dermatitis, and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. The SYK variants increased phosphorylation and enhanced downstream signaling, indicating gain of function. A knock-in (SYK-Ser544Tyr) mouse model of a patient variant (p.Ser550Tyr) recapitulated aspects of the human disease that could be partially treated with a SYK inhibitor or transplantation of bone marrow from wild-type mice. Our studies demonstrate that SYK gain-of-function variants result in a potentially treatable form of inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhiyang Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiya Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Mayr
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meera Mehta
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Warner
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Pan
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liren Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tao Zuo
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarit Cohen-Kedar
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rico Chandra Ardy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel J Mulder
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dilan Dissanayake
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaiyue Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuesheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Neonate Department, Sanmenxia Central Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Shuchao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Lushi County Renmin Hospital, Sanmenxia, China
| | - Samuel Bullers
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anís N Gammage
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Krivan
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department for Pediatric Hematology and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vera Goda
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Department for Pediatric Hematology and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter H A Kahr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lemaire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chien-Yi Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestion Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen R Griffin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cytokine and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ronald M Laxer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, 100KGP England, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Suzanne Elcombe
- Department of Immunology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Siew C Ng
- Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bakthavatsalam D, Craft JW, Kazansky A, Nguyen N, Bae G, Caivano AR, Gundlach CW, Aslam A, Ali S, Gupta S, Lin SY, Parthiban HD, Vanderslice P, Stephan CC, Woodside DG. Identification of Inhibitors of Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Interactions With Syk. Front Immunol 2021; 11:575085. [PMID: 33488575 PMCID: PMC7819857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte inflammatory responses require integrin cell-adhesion molecule signaling through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a non-receptor kinase that binds directly to integrin β-chain cytoplasmic domains. Here, we developed a high-throughput screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of the Syk-integrin cytoplasmic domain interactions. Screening small molecule compound libraries identified the β-lactam antibiotics cefsulodin and ceftazidime, which inhibited integrin β-subunit cytoplasmic domain binding to the tandem SH2 domains of Syk (IC50 range, 1.02–4.9 µM). Modeling suggested antagonist binding to Syk outside the pITAM binding site. Ceftazidime inhibited integrin signaling via Syk, including inhibition of adhesion-dependent upregulation of interleukin-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but did not inhibit ITAM-dependent phosphorylation of Syk mediated by FcγRI signaling. Our results demonstrate a novel means to target Syk independent of its kinase and pITAM binding sites such that integrin signaling via this kinase is abrogated but ITAM-dependent signaling remains intact. As integrin signaling through Syk is essential for leukocyte activation, this may represent a novel approach to target inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Craft
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anna Kazansky
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Goeun Bae
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy R Caivano
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - C William Gundlach
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Asra Aslam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Safa Ali
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shashikant Gupta
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sophie Y Lin
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hema D Parthiban
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter Vanderslice
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Clifford C Stephan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Darren G Woodside
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Precursor B-ALL Cell Lines Differentially Respond to SYK Inhibition by Entospletinib. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020592. [PMID: 33435587 PMCID: PMC7827334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired B-cell receptor (BCR) function has been associated with the progress of several B-cell malignancies. The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) represents a potential therapeutic target in a subset of B-cell neoplasias. In precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), the pathogenic role and therapeutic potential of SYK is still controversially discussed. We evaluate the application of the SYK inhibitor entospletinib (Ento) in pre- and pro-B-ALL cell lines, characterizing the biologic and molecular effects. METHODS SYK expression was characterized in pre-B-ALL (NALM-6) and pro-B-ALL cell lines (SEM and RS4;11). The cell lines were exposed to different Ento concentrations and the cell biological response analyzed by proliferation, metabolic activity, apoptosis induction, cell-cycle distribution and morphology. BCR pathway gene expression and protein modulations were further characterized. RESULTS Ento significantly induced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in NALM-6 and SEM, while barely affecting RS4;11. Targeted RNAseq revealed pronounced gene expression modulation only in NALM-6, while Western Blot analyses demonstrated that vital downstream effector proteins, such as pAKT, pERK, pGSK3β, p53 and BCL-6, were affected by Ento exposure in the inhibitor-sensitive cell lines. CONCLUSION Different acting modes of Ento, independent of pre-BCR dependency, were characterized, unexpected in SEM. Accordingly, SYK classifies as a potential target structure in a subset of pro-B-ALLs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Makhoul S, Kumm E, Zhang P, Walter U, Jurk K. The Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Regulates Syk Activity in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238939. [PMID: 33255747 PMCID: PMC7728356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct membrane receptors activate platelets by Src-family-kinase (SFK)-, immunoreceptor-tyrosine-based-activation-motif (ITAM)-dependent stimulation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Recently, we reported that platelet activation via glycoprotein (GP) VI or GPIbα stimulated the well-established Syk tyrosine (Y)-phosphorylation, but also stoichiometric, transient protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated Syk serine(S)297 phosphorylation in the regulatory interdomain-B, suggesting possible feedback inhibition. The transient nature of Syk S297 phosphorylation indicated the presence of an unknown Syk pS297 protein phosphatase. In this study, we hypothesize that the S-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is responsible for Syk pS297 dephosphorylation, thereby affecting Syk Y-phosphorylation and activity in human washed platelets. Using immunoblotting, we show that specific inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid (OA) alone leads to stoichiometric Syk S297 phosphorylation, as analyzed by Zn2+-Phos-tag gels, without affecting Syk Y-phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of Syk by PRT060318 or PKC by GF109203X only minimally reduced OA-induced Syk S297 phosphorylation. PP2A inhibition by OA preceding GPVI-mediated platelet activation induced by convulxin extended Syk S297 phosphorylation but inhibited Syk Y-phosphorylation. Our data demonstrate a novel biochemical and functional link between the S-protein phosphatase PP2A and the Y-protein kinase Syk in human platelets, and suggest that PP2A represents a potential enhancer of GPVI-mediated Syk activity caused by Syk pS297 dephosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Makhoul
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Elena Kumm
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (U.W.); (K.J.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.M.); (E.K.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (U.W.); (K.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
An allosteric hot spot in the tandem-SH2 domain of ZAP-70 regulates T-cell signaling. Biochem J 2020; 477:1287-1308. [PMID: 32203568 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is initiated by recruiting ZAP-70 to the cytosolic part of TCR. ZAP-70, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is composed of an N-terminal tandem SH2 (tSH2) domain connected to the C-terminal kinase domain. The ZAP-70 is recruited to the membrane through binding of tSH2 domain and the doubly phosphorylated ITAM motifs of CD3 chains in the TCR complex. Our results show that the tSH2 domain undergoes a biphasic structural transition while binding to the doubly phosphorylated ITAM-ζ1 peptide. The C-terminal SH2 domain binds first to the phosphotyrosine residue of ITAM peptide to form an encounter complex leading to subsequent binding of second phosphotyrosine residue to the N-SH2 domain. We decipher a network of noncovalent interactions that allosterically couple the two SH2 domains during binding to doubly phosphorylated ITAMs. Mutation in the allosteric network residues, for example, W165C, uncouples the formation of encounter complex to the subsequent ITAM binding thus explaining the altered recruitment of ZAP-70 to the plasma membrane causing autoimmune arthritis in mice. The proposed mechanism of allosteric coupling is unique to ZAP-70, which is fundamentally different from Syk, a close homolog of ZAP-70 expressed in B-cells.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, unmet medical needs in some areas still exist. One of the main therapeutic approaches to alleviate dysregulated inflammation has been to target the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators. Small-molecule kinase inhibitors have the potential for broad efficacy, convenience and tissue penetrance, and thus often offer important advantages over biologics. However, designing kinase inhibitors with target selectivity and minimal off-target effects can be challenging. Nevertheless, immense progress has been made in advancing kinase inhibitors with desirable drug-like properties into the clinic, including inhibitors of JAKs, IRAK4, RIPKs, BTK, SYK and TPL2. This Review will address the latest discoveries around kinase inhibitors with an emphasis on clinically validated autoimmunity and inflammatory pathways. Unmet medical needs in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases still exist. This Review discusses the activity of kinases that regulate production of inflammatory mediators and the recent advances in developing inhibitors to target such kinases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Syk Inhibitors: New Computational Insights into Their Intraerythrocytic Action in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197009. [PMID: 32977621 PMCID: PMC7582821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial drugs has spread rapidly over the past few decades. The WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, but unfortunately these approaches are losing their efficacy in large areas of Southeast Asia. In 2016, artemisinin resistance was confirmed in 5 countries of the Greater Mekong subregion. We focused our study on Syk inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. The Syk protein is present in human erythrocytes, and the membrane of protein band 3 is its major target following activation by oxidant stress. Tyr phosphorylation of band 3 occurs during P. falciparum growth, leading to the release of microparticles containing hemicromes and structural weakening of the host cell membrane, simplifying merozoite reinfection. Syk inhibitors block these events by interacting with the Syk protein’s catalytic site. We performed in vitro proteomics and in silico studies and compared the results. In vitro studies were based on treatment of the parasite’s cellular cultures with different concentrations of Syk inhibitors, while proteomics studies were focused on the Tyr phosphorylation of band 3 by Syk protein with the same concentrations of drugs. In silico studies were based on different molecular modeling approaches in order to analyze and optimize the ligand–protein interactions and obtain the highest efficacy in vitro. In the presence of Syk inhibitors, we observed a marked decrease of band 3 Tyr phosphorylation according to the increase of the drug’s concentration. Our studies could be useful for the structural optimization of these compounds and for the design of novel Syk inhibitors in the future.
Collapse
|
24
|
Borna S, Fabisik M, Ilievova K, Dvoracek T, Brdicka T. Mechanisms determining a differential threshold for sensing Src family kinase activity by B and T cell antigen receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12935-12945. [PMID: 32665402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although signal transduction by immunoreceptors such as the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), B cell antigen receptor (BCR), and Fc receptors uses the same schematic and similar molecules, the threshold and the fine-tuning are set differently for each receptor. One manifestation of these differences is that inhibition of Src family kinases (SFK) blocks TCR but not BCR signaling. SFKs are key kinases phosphorylating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) in both these receptors. However, it has been proposed that in B cells, downstream kinase SYK can phosphorylate ITAM sequences independently of SFK, allowing it to compensate for the loss of SFK activity, whereas its T cell paralog ZAP-70 is not capable of this compensation. To test this proposal, we examined signaling in SYK- and ZAP-70-deficient B and T cell lines expressing SYK or ZAP-70. We also analyzed signal transduction in T cells expressing BCR or B cells expressing part of the TCR complex. We show that when compared with ZAP-70, SYK lowered the threshold for SFK activity necessary to initiate antigen receptor signaling in both T and B cells. However, neither SYK nor ZAP-70 were able to initiate signaling independently of SFK. We further found that additional important factors are involved in setting this threshold. These include differences between the antigen receptor complexes themselves and the spatial separation of the key transmembrane adaptor protein LAT from the TCR. Thus, immunoreceptor sensing of SFK activity is a complex process regulated at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borna
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Fabisik
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Ilievova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Dvoracek
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effendi WI, Nagano T, Hasan H, Yudhawati R. Immunoregulatory Property of C-Type Lectin-Like Receptors in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3665. [PMID: 32455964 PMCID: PMC7279300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system identifies exogenous threats or endogenous stress through germline-encoded receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate consecutive downstream signaling pathways to control immune responses. However, the contribution of the immune system and inflammation to fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD) remains poorly understood. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motif-bearing C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) may interact with various immune cells during tissue injury and wound repair processes. Dectin-1 is a CTLR with dominant mechanisms manifested through its intracellular signaling cascades, which regulate fibrosis-promoting properties through gene transcription and cytokine activation. Additionally, immune impairment in ILD facilitates microbiome colonization; hence, Dectin-1 is the master protector in host pulmonary defense against fungal invasion. Recent progress in determining the signaling pathways that control the balance of fibrosis has implicated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motif-bearing CTLRs as being involved, either directly or indirectly, in the pathogenesis of fibrosing ILD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Helmia Hasan
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lamb DJ, Rust A, Rudisch A, Glüxam T, Harrer N, Machat H, Christ I, Colbatzky F, Wernitznig A, Osswald A, Sommergruber W. Inhibition of SYK kinase does not confer a pro-proliferative or pro-invasive phenotype in breast epithelium or breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1257-1272. [PMID: 32292575 PMCID: PMC7147091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SYK has been reported to possess both tumour promotor and repressor activities and deletion has been linked to a pro-proliferative / pro-invasive phenotype in breast tumours. It is unclear whether this is a consequence of protein deletion or loss of kinase activity. The SYK inhibitor, BI 1002494, caused no increase in proliferation in breast cancer cells or primary mammary epithelial cells in 2D or 3D cultures, nor changes in proliferation (CD1/2, CDK4, PCNA, Ki67) or invadopodia markers (MMP14, PARP, phospho-vimentin Ser56). BI 1002494 did not alter SYK protein expression. There was no change in phenotype observed in 3D cultures after addition of BI 1002494. Thirteen weeks of treatment with BI 1002494 resulted in no ductal branching or cellular proliferation in the mammary glands of mice. An in silico genetic analysis in breast tumour samples revealed no evidence that SYK has a typical tumour suppressor gene profile such as focal deletion, inactivating mutations or lower expression levels. Furthermore, SYK mutations were not associated with reduction in survival and disease-free period in breast cancer patients. In conclusion, small molecule inhibition of the kinase function of SYK does not contribute to a typical tumour suppressor profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Lamb
- Immunology & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Aleksander Rust
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Albin Rudisch
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Glüxam
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Nathalie Harrer
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Machat
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Christ
- Immunology & Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- Non-clinical drug safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Andreas Wernitznig
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Osswald
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sommergruber
- Cancer Cell Signalling, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria.,Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feedback Regulation of Syk by Protein Kinase C in Human Platelets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010176. [PMID: 31881809 PMCID: PMC6981976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is essential for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent platelet activation, and it is stimulated by Src-family kinase (SFK)-/Syk-mediated phosphorylation of Y352 (interdomain-B) and Y525/526 (kinase domain). Additional sites for Syk phosphorylation and protein interactions are known but remain elusive. Since Syk S297 phosphorylation (interdomain-B) was detected in platelets, we hypothesized that this phosphorylation site regulates Syk activity via protein kinase C (PKC)-and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent pathways. ADP, the GPVI-agonist convulxin, and the GPIbα-agonist echicetin beads (EB) were used to stimulate human platelets with/without effectors. Platelet aggregation and intracellular messengers were analyzed, along with phosphoproteins, by immunoblotting using phosphosite-specific antibodies or phos-tags. ADP, convulxin, and EB upregulated Syk S297 phosphorylation, which was inhibited by iloprost (cAMP pathway). Convulxin-stimulated Syk S297 phosphorylation was stoichiometric, transient, abolished by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, and mimicked by the PKC activator PDBu. Convulxin/EB stimulated Syk S297, Y352, and Y525/526 phosphorylation, which was inhibited by SFK and Syk inhibitors. GFX and iloprost inhibited convulxin/EB-induced Syk S297 phosphorylation but enhanced Syk tyrosine (Y352/Y525/526) and substrate (linker adaptor for T cells (LAT), phospholipase γ2 (PLC γ2)) phosphorylation. GFX enhanced convulxin/EB-increases of inositol monophosphate/Ca2+. ITAM-activated Syk stimulates PKC-dependent Syk S297 phosphorylation, which is reduced by SFK/Syk/PKC inhibition and cAMP. Inhibition of Syk S297 phosphorylation coincides with enhanced Syk activation, suggesting that S297 phosphorylation represents a mechanism for feedback inhibition in human platelets.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kulathu Y, Zuern C, Yang J, Reth M. Synthetic biology of B cell activation: understanding signal amplification at the B cell antigen receptor using a rebuilding approach. Biol Chem 2019; 400:555-563. [PMID: 30465710 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and the Src family kinase Lyn phosphorylate tyrosines of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) of Igα and Igβ which further serve as binding sites for the SH2 domains of these kinases. Using a synthetic biology approach, we dissect the roles of different ITAM residues of Igα in Syk activation. We found that a leucine to glycine mutation at the Y+3 position after the first ITAM tyrosine prevents Syk binding and activation. However, a pre-activated Syk can still phosphorylate this tyrosine in trans. Our data show that the formation of a Syk/ITAM initiation complex and trans-ITAM phosphorylation is crucial for BCR signal amplification. In contrast, the interaction of Lyn with the first ITAM tyrosine is not altered by the leucine to glycine mutation. In addition, our study suggests that an ITAM-bound Syk phosphorylates the non-ITAM tyrosine Y204 of Igα only in cis. Collectively, our reconstitution experiments suggest a model whereby first trans-phosphorylation amplifies the BCR signal and subsequently cis-phosphorylation couples the receptor to downstream signaling elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kulathu
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christa Zuern
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jianying Yang
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsygankov AY. TULA proteins as signaling regulators. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109424. [PMID: 31639493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two members of the UBASH3/STS/TULA family exhibit a unique protein domain structure, which includes a histidine phosphatase domain, and play a key role in regulating cellular signaling. UBASH3A/STS-2/TULA is mostly a lymphoid protein, while UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2 is expressed ubiquitously. Dephosphorylation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by TULA-2 and, probably to a lesser extent, by TULA critically contribute to the molecular basis of their regulatory effect. The notable differences between the effects of the two family members on cellular signaling and activation are likely to be linked to the difference between their specific enzymatic activities. However, these differences might also be related to the functions of their domains other than the phosphatase domain and independent of their phosphatase activity. The down-regulation of the Syk/Zap-70-mediated signaling, which to-date appears to be the best-studied regulatory effect of TULA family, is discussed in detail in this publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3400 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Makhoul S, Trabold K, Gambaryan S, Tenzer S, Pillitteri D, Walter U, Jurk K. cAMP- and cGMP-elevating agents inhibit GPIbα-mediated aggregation but not GPIbα-stimulated Syk activation in human platelets. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:122. [PMID: 31519182 PMCID: PMC6743169 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex is a unique platelet plasma membrane receptor, which is essential for platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. GPIbα, part of the GPIb-IX-V complex, has several physiological ligands such as von Willebrand factor (vWF), thrombospondin and distinct coagulation factors, which trigger platelet activation. Despite having an important role, intracellular GPIb-IX-V signaling and its regulation by other pathways are not well defined. Our aim was to establish the intracellular signaling response of selective GPIbα activation in human platelets, in particular the role of the tyrosine kinase Syk and its regulation by cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG pathways, respectively. We addressed this using echicetin beads (EB), which selectively bind to GPIbα and induce platelet aggregation. Methods Purified echicetin from snake Echis carinatus venom was validated by mass spectrometry. Washed human platelets were incubated with EB, in the presence or absence of echicetin monomers (EM), Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors, Syk inhibitors and the cAMP- and cGMP-elevating agents iloprost and riociguat, respectively. Platelet aggregation was analyzed by light transmission aggregometry, protein phosphorylation by immunoblotting. Intracellular messengers inositolmonophosphate (InsP1) and Ca2+i were measured by ELISA and Fluo-3 AM/FACS, respectively. Results EB-induced platelet aggregation was dependent on integrin αIIbβ3 and secondary mediators ADP and TxA2, and was antagonized by EM. EB stimulated Syk tyrosine phosphorylation at Y352, which was SFK-dependent and Syk-independent, whereas Y525/526 phosphorylation was SFK-dependent and partially Syk-dependent. Furthermore, phosphorylation of both Syk Y352 and Y525/526 was completely integrin αIIbβ3-independent but, in the case of Y525/526, was partially ADP/TxA2-dependent. Syk activation, observed as Y352/ Y525/Y526 phosphorylation, led to the phosphorylation of direct substrates (LAT Y191, PLCγ2 Y759) and additional targets (Akt S473). PKA/PKG pathways inhibited EB-induced platelet aggregation and Akt phosphorylation but, surprisingly, enhanced Syk and LAT/PLCγ2 tyrosine phosphorylation. A similar PKA/PKG effect was confirmed with convulxin−/GPVI-stimulated platelets. EB-induced InsP1 accumulation/InsP3 production and Ca2+-release were Syk-dependent, but only partially inhibited by PKA/PKG pathways. Conclusion EB and EM are specific agonists and antagonists, respectively, of GPIbα-mediated Syk activation leading to platelet aggregation. The cAMP/PKA and cGMP/PKG pathways do not inhibit but enhance GPIbα−/GPVI-initiated, SFK-dependent Syk activation, but strongly inhibit further downstream responses including aggregation. These data establish an important intracellular regulatory network induced by GPIbα. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0428-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Makhoul
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Trabold
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mansueto MS, Reens A, Rakhilina L, Chi A, Pan BS, Miller JR. A reevaluation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) activation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7658-7668. [PMID: 30923129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a signaling node in many immune pathways and comprises two tandem Src homology (SH) 2 domains, an SH2-kinase linker, and a C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. Two prevalent models of SYK activation exist. The "OR-gate" model contends that SYK can be fully activated by phosphorylation or binding of its SH2 domains to a dual-phosphorylated immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ppITAM). An alternative model proposes that SYK activation requires ppITAM binding and phosphorylation of the SH2-kinase linker by a SRC family kinase such as LYN proto-oncogene, SRC family tyrosine kinase (LYN). To evaluate these two models, we generated directly comparable unphosphorylated (upSYK) and phosphorylated (pSYK) proteins with or without an N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag, resulting in monomeric or obligatory dimeric SYK, respectively. We assessed the ability of a ppITAM peptide and LYN to activate these SYK proteins. The ppITAM peptide strongly activated GST-SYK but was less effective in activating upSYK untagged with GST. LYN alone activated untagged upSYK to a greater extent than did ppITAM, and inclusion of both proteins rapidly and fully activated upSYK. Using immunoblot and phosphoproteomic approaches, we correlated the kinetics and order of site-specific SYK phosphorylation. Our results are consistent with the alternative model, indicating that ppITAM binding primes SYK for rapid LYN-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr-352 and then Tyr-348 of the SH2-kinase linker, which facilitates activation loop phosphorylation and full SYK activation. This gradual activation mechanism may also explain how SYK maintains ligand-independent tonic signaling, important for B-cell development and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arrington J, Xue L, Wang WH, Geahlen RL, Tao WA. Identification of the Direct Substrates of the ABL Kinase via Kinase Assay Linked Phosphoproteomics with Multiple Drug Treatments. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1679-1690. [PMID: 30869898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ableson tyrosine kinase (ABL) plays essential roles in cell differentiation, division, adhesion, and stress response. However, fusion of the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) to ABL produces constitutive kinase activity that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib revolutionized the treatment of CML and other cancers, but acquired resistance to these inhibitors is rising. Thus, careful dissection of ABL signaling pathways is needed to find novel drug targets. Here we present a refined proteomic approach for elucidation of direct kinase substrates called kinase assay linked phosphoproteomics (KALIP). Our strategy integrates in vitro kinase assays at both the peptide and protein levels with quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics in response to treatment by multiple TKIs. Utilizing multiple TKIs permits elimination of off-target effects of these drugs, and overlapping the in vivo and in vitro data sets allows us to define a list of the most probable kinase substrates. Applying our approach produced a list of 60 ABL substrates, including novel and known proteins. We demonstrate that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a novel direct substrate of ABL, and we predict our proteomic strategy may facilitate identification of substrates in other cancers that have disrupted kinase signaling.
Collapse
|
33
|
Expression of Syk and MAP4 proteins in ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:909-919. [PMID: 30737623 PMCID: PMC6435630 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We have previously reported on the prognostic importance of the calpain family of proteins in ovarian cancer, especially calpain-2. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) phosphorylates a variety of cytoskeletal proteins with studies suggesting potential interactions between Syk and conventional calpains. Microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) has been reported to be regulated by Syk. Methods The current study assessed Syk and MAP4 protein expression, by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray comprised of cores from primary ovarian carcinomas (n = 575), to evaluate associations with patient clinical outcomes and other clinicopathological factors and sought to determine whether there were any correlations between the expression of Syk, MAP4 and the calpain system. Results MAP4 expression was significantly associated with ovarian cancer histological subtype (P < 0.001), stage (P = 0.001), grade (P < 0.001) and residual tumour (P = 0.005). Despite this finding, we found no significant association existing between MAP4 expression and overall survival. Syk expression was also found significantly associated with histological subtype (P < 0.001). Syk seems to play a contradictory role with respect to tumour progression: low cytoplasmic Syk expression was significantly associated with low stage (P = 0.013), and low nuclear Syk expression with chemo-resistance in patients treated with taxane-containing therapy (P = 0.006). Interestingly, despite the lack of association in the whole cohort, high nuclear Syk expression was significantly associated with better overall survival in certain subgroups (P = 0.001). Conclusions The current study indicates a lack of correlation between calpain-2 expression and Syk and MAP4. Syk, MAP4 and calpain-1 appeared to significantly correlate with each other in the whole cohort, with calpain-1 being more highly associated with MAP4 and Syk in mucinous carcinomas. Overall, the current results suggest that Syk, MAP4, and calpain-1 expression are correlated with each other and these proteins may be involved in early stages of tumour spread. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-019-02856-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kostyak JC, Mauri BR, Dangelmaier C, Patel A, Zhou Y, Eble JA, Tsygankov AY, McKenzie SE, Kunapuli SP. TULA-2 Deficiency Enhances Platelet Functional Responses to CLEC-2 Agonists. TH OPEN 2018; 2:e411-e419. [PMID: 31249969 PMCID: PMC6524918 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is essential for hemostasis. Central to platelet activation are the signals transmitted through surface receptors such as glycoprotein VI, the protease-activated receptors, and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). CLEC-2 is a HemITAM (hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif)-bearing receptor that binds podoplanin and signals through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). T-cell ubiquitin ligand-2 (TULA-2) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed in platelets and targets phosphorylated Y352 of Syk. We wanted to determine whether TULA-2 regulates Syk phosphorylation and activity downstream of CLEC-2. To that end, we used TULA-2 knockout mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. We found that TULA-2 deficiency enhances the aggregation and secretion response following stimulation with an excitatory CLEC-2 antibody or the CLEC-2 agonist rhodocytin. Consistently, Syk phosphorylation of Y346 is enhanced, as well as phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecule PLCγ2, in TULA-2 knockout platelets treated with either CLEC-2 antibody or rhodocytin, compared with WT control platelets. Furthermore, the kinetics of Syk phosphorylation, as well as that of PLCγ2 and SLP-76, is enhanced in TULA-2 knockout platelets treated with 2.5-μg/mL CLEC-2 antibody compared with WT platelets. Similarly, thromboxane production was enhanced, in both amount and kinetics, in TULA-2
−/−
platelets treated with 2.5-μg/mL CLEC-2 antibody. TULA-2 acts as a negative regulator of CLEC-2 signaling by dephosphorylating Syk on Y346 and restraining subsequent Syk-mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Kostyak
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Benjamin R Mauri
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Akruti Patel
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Munster, Waldeyerstasse, Munster, Germany
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Feng C, Roy A, Post CB. Entropic allostery dominates the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Syk tyrosine kinase release from immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1780-1796. [PMID: 30051939 PMCID: PMC6225982 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an essential player in immune signaling through its ability to couple multiple classes of membrane immunoreceptors to intracellular signaling pathways. Ligand binding leads to the recruitment of Syk to a phosphorylated cytoplasmic region of the receptors called ITAM. Syk binds to ITAM with high-affinity (nanomolar Kd ) via its tandem pair of SH2 domains. The affinity between Syk and ITAM is allosterically regulated by phosphorylation at Y130 in a linker connecting the tandem SH2 domains; when Y130 is phosphorylated, the binding affinity decreases (micromolar Kd ). Previous equilibrium binding studies attribute the increase in the binding free energy to an intra-molecular binding (isomerization) step of the tandem SH2 and ITAM, but a physical basis for the increased free energy is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Y130 phosphorylation imposes an entropy penalty to isomerization, but surprisingly, has negligible effect on the SH2 binding interactions with ITAM and thus on the binding enthalpy. An analysis of NMR chemical shift differences characterized conformational effects of ITAM binding, and binding thermodynamics were measured from isothermal titration calorimetry. Together the data support a previously unknown mechanism for the basis of regulating protein-protein interactions through protein phosphorylation. The decreased affinity for Syk association with immune receptor ITAMs by Y130 phosphorylation is an allosteric mechanism driven by an increased entropy penalty, likely contributed by conformational disorder in the SH2-SH2 inter-domain structure, while SH2-ITAM binding contacts are not affected, and binding enthalpy is unchanged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Amitava Roy
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAIDNational Institutes of HealthHamilton, Montana, 59840
| | - Carol Beth Post
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyMarkey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tsygankov AY. TULA-family proteins: Jacks of many trades and then some. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:274-288. [PMID: 30076707 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UBASH3/STS/TULA is a novel two-member family, which exerts several key regulatory effects in multiple cell types. UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2 is a highly active protein tyrosine phosphatase; its major target appears to be a specific regulatory site of protein tyrosine kinases of the Syk family, dephosphorylation of which inhibits Syk and Zap-70 kinases and suppresses receptor signaling mediated by these kinases. UBASH3A/STS-2/TULA exhibits substantial homology to UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2, but possesses only a small fraction of phosphatase activity of UBASH3B/STS-1/TULA-2, and thus, its regulatory effect may be based also on the phosphatase-independent mechanisms. Critical physiologic effects of these proteins have been demonstrated in T lymphocytes, platelets, stem cells, and other important cell types. These proteins have also been shown to play a key role in such pathologic conditions as autoimmunity, cancer, and thrombosis. The review focuses on the recent studies of this important family of cellular regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ni B, Li S, Liu Y, Huang Y, Li Z. Prognostic value of spleen tyrosine kinase in human solid tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:3377-3384. [PMID: 29922076 PMCID: PMC5996858 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s163136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) was reported to be dysregulated in solid tumors and played an important role in cancer progression. However, the clinical and prognostic values of SYK in solid tumors remain unclear. This meta-analysis investigated the association between SYK expression and clinical outcomes in the patients with solid tumors. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted by screening the online electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The hazard ratio (HR) with its corresponding 95% CI was used to explore the prognostic value of SYK. Results We analyzed a total of 1,075 patients from 10 studies, which met the criteria for this meta-analysis. Our pooled results demonstrated that a low expression of SYK did not correlate significantly with shorter overall survival (OS; HR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.34-1.21, P=0.169) or poorer disease-free survival (HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.13-2.02, P=0.338). However, in a subgroup analysis based on tumor type and test method, under-expression of SYK was positively associated with worse OS in the groups of breast cancer (BC; HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.32-0.80, P=0.003), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; HR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.29-0.69, P<0.001), methylation (HR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.30-0.51, P<0.001), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (HR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.09-0.65, P=0.005). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that under-expression of SYK may serve as a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis in BC and HCC patients. In other solid tumors, the clinical usefulness should be confirmed by large-scale studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ni
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Antenucci L, Hytönen VP, Ylänne J. Phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs and integrin cytoplasmic domains activate spleen tyrosine kinase via distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4591-4602. [PMID: 29440271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is involved in cellular adhesion and also in the activation and development of hematopoietic cells. Syk activation induced by genomic rearrangement has been linked to certain T-cell lymphomas, and Syk inhibitors have been shown to prolong survival of patients with B-cell lineage malignancies. Syk is activated either by its interaction with a double-phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (pITAM), which induces rearrangements in the Syk structure, or by the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues. In addition to its immunoreceptor function, Syk is activated downstream of integrin pathways, and integrins bind to the same region in Syk as does pITAM. However, it is unknown whether integrins and pITAM use the same mechanism to activate Syk. Here, using purified Syk protein and fluorescence-based enzyme assay we investigated whether interaction of the integrin β3 cytoplasmic domain with the Syk regulatory domain causes changes in Syk activity similar to those induced by pITAM peptides. We observed no direct Syk activation by soluble integrin peptide, and integrin did not compete with pITAM-induced activation even though at high concentrations, the integrin cytoplasmic domain peptide competed with Syk's substrate. However, clustered integrin peptides induced Syk activation, presumably via a transphosphorylation mechanism. Moreover, the clustered integrins also activated a Syk variant in which tyrosines were replaced with phenylalanine (Y348F/Y352F), indicating that clustered integrin-induced Syk activation involved other phosphorylation sites. In conclusion, integrin cytoplasmic domains do not directly induce Syk conformational changes and do not activate Syk via the same mechanism as pITAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Antenucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jari Ylänne
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Westbroek ML, Geahlen RL. Modulation of BCR Signaling by the Induced Dimerization of Receptor-Associated SYK. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040023. [PMID: 31548538 PMCID: PMC6698873 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustering of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) by polyvalent antigens is transmitted through the SYK tyrosine kinase to the activation of multiple intracellular pathways that determine the physiological consequences of receptor engagement. To explore factors that modulate the quantity and quality of signals sent by the crosslinked BCR, we developed a novel chemical mediator of dimerization to induce clustering of receptor-associated SYK. To accomplish this, we fused SYK with E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR), which binds the small molecule trimethoprim (TMP) with high affinity and selectivity and synthesized a dimer of TMP with a flexible linker. The TMP dimer is able to induce the aggregation of eDHFR-linked SYK in live cells. The induced dimerization of SYK bound to the BCR differentially regulates the activation of downstream transcription factors, promoting the activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) without affecting the activation of NFκB. The dimerization of SYK enhances the duration but not the amplitude of calcium mobilization by enhancing the extent and duration of its interaction with the crosslinked BCR at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Westbroek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Timescale Separation of Positive and Negative Signaling Creates History-Dependent Responses to IgE Receptor Stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15586. [PMID: 29138425 PMCID: PMC5686181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity receptor for IgE expressed on the surface of mast cells and basophils interacts with antigens, via bound IgE antibody, and triggers secretion of inflammatory mediators that contribute to allergic reactions. To understand how past inputs (memory) influence future inflammatory responses in mast cells, a microfluidic device was used to precisely control exposure of cells to alternating stimulatory and non-stimulatory inputs. We determined that the response to subsequent stimulation depends on the interval of signaling quiescence. For shorter intervals of signaling quiescence, the second response is blunted relative to the first response, whereas longer intervals of quiescence induce an enhanced second response. Through an iterative process of computational modeling and experimental tests, we found that these memory-like phenomena arise from a confluence of rapid, short-lived positive signals driven by the protein tyrosine kinase Syk; slow, long-lived negative signals driven by the lipid phosphatase Ship1; and slower degradation of Ship1 co-factors. This work advances our understanding of mast cell signaling and represents a generalizable approach for investigating the dynamics of signaling systems.
Collapse
|
41
|
Unperturbed Immune Function despite Mutation of C-Terminal Tyrosines in Syk Previously Implicated in Signaling and Activity Regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00216-17. [PMID: 28760774 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00216-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Syk, a central regulator of immune cell differentiation and activation, is a promising drug target for treatment of leukemia and allergic and inflammatory diseases. The clinical failure of Syk inhibitors underscores the importance of understanding the regulation of Syk function and activity. A series of previous studies emphasized the importance of three C-terminal tyrosines in Syk for kinase activity regulation, as docking sites for downstream effector molecules, and for Ca2+ mobilization. Here, we investigated the roles of these C-terminal tyrosines in the mouse. Surprisingly, expression of a triple tyrosine-to-phenylalanine human Syk mutant, SYK(Y3F), was not associated with discernible signaling defects either in reconstituted DT40 cells or in B or mast cells from mice expressing SYK(Y3F) instead of wild-type Syk. Remarkably, lymphocyte differentiation, calcium mobilization, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific immune responses were unperturbed in SYK(Y3F) mice. These results emphasize the capacity of immune cells to compensate for specific molecular defects, likely using redundant intermolecular interactions, and highlight the importance of in vivo analyses for understanding cellular signaling mechanisms.
Collapse
|
42
|
Cottat M, Yasukuni R, Homma Y, Lidgi-Guigui N, Varin-Blank N, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Le Roy C. Phosphorylation impact on Spleen Tyrosine kinase conformation by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39766. [PMID: 28054556 PMCID: PMC5214100 DOI: 10.1038/srep39766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) plays a crucial role in immune cell signalling and its altered expression or activation are involved in several cancers. Syk activity relies on its phosphorylation status and its multiple phosphorylation sites predict several Syk conformations. In this report, we characterized Syk structural changes according to its phosphorylation/activation status by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Unphosphorylated/inactive and phosphorylated/active Syk forms were produced into two expression systems with different phosphorylation capability. Syk forms were then analysed by SERS that was carried out in liquid condition on a lithographically designed gold nanocylinders array. Our study demonstrated that SERS signatures of the two Syk forms were drastically distinct, indicating structural modifications related to their phosphorylation status. By comparison with the atomic structure of the unphosphorylated Syk, the SERS peak assignments of the phosphorylated Syk nearest gold nanostructures revealed a differential interaction with the gold surface. We finally described a model for Syk conformational variations according to its phosphorylation status. In conclusion, SERS is an efficient technical approach for studying in vitro protein conformational changes and might be a powerful tool to determine protein functions in tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Cottat
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Ryohei Yasukuni
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Yo Homma
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Nadine Varin-Blank
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| | - Marc Lamy de la Chapelle
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Le Roy
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire ASIH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017 Bobigny, France.,INSERM U978, Bobigny, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lee SJ, Choi JS, Han BG, Kim HS, Song HJ, Lee J, Nam S, Goh SH, Kim JH, Koh JS, Lee BI. Crystal structures of spleen tyrosine kinase in complex with novel inhibitors: structural insights for design of anticancer drugs. FEBS J 2016; 283:3613-3625. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jae Lee
- Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Korea
| | | | - Byeong-Gu Han
- Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Hyoun Sook Kim
- Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | | | | | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Life Sciences; College of BioNano Technology; Gachon University; Sungnam Korea
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science; Graduate School of Medicine; Gachon University; Incheon Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | | | | | - Byung Il Lee
- Research Institute; National Cancer Center; Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Justa-Schuch D, Silva-Garcia M, Pilla E, Engelke M, Kilisch M, Lenz C, Möller U, Nakamura F, Urlaub H, Geiss-Friedlander R. DPP9 is a novel component of the N-end rule pathway targeting the tyrosine kinase Syk. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27614019 PMCID: PMC5039030 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminopeptidase DPP9 removes dipeptides from N-termini of substrates having a proline or alanine in second position. Although linked to several pathways including cell survival and metabolism, the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes are poorly understood. We identified a novel interaction of DPP9 with Filamin A, which recruits DPP9 to Syk, a central kinase in B-cell signalling. Syk signalling can be terminated by degradation, requiring the ubiquitin E3 ligase Cbl. We show that DPP9 cleaves Syk to produce a neo N-terminus with serine in position 1. Pulse-chases combined with mutagenesis studies reveal that Ser1 strongly influences Syk stability. Furthermore, DPP9 silencing reduces Cbl interaction with Syk, suggesting that DPP9 processing is a prerequisite for Syk ubiquitination. Consistently, DPP9 inhibition stabilizes Syk, thereby modulating Syk signalling. Taken together, we demonstrate DPP9 as a negative regulator of Syk and conclude that DPP9 is a novel integral aminopeptidase of the N-end rule pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Justa-Schuch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maria Silva-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Esther Pilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Engelke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kilisch
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christof Lenz
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Möller
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Geiss-Friedlander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Reppschläger K, Gosselin J, Dangelmaier CA, Thomas DH, Carpino N, McKenzie SE, Kunapuli SP, Tsygankov AY. TULA-2 Protein Phosphatase Suppresses Activation of Syk through the GPVI Platelet Receptor for Collagen by Dephosphorylating Tyr(P)346, a Regulatory Site of Syk. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22427-22441. [PMID: 27609517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase TULA-2 has been shown to regulate receptor signaling in several cell types, including platelets. Platelets are critical for maintaining vascular integrity; this function is mediated by platelet aggregation in response to recognition of the exposed basement membrane collagen by the GPVI receptor, which is non-covalently associated with the signal-transducing FcRγ polypeptide chain. Our previous studies suggested that TULA-2 plays an important role in negatively regulating signaling through GPVI-FcRγ and indicated that the tyrosine-protein kinase Syk is a key target of the regulatory action of TULA-2 in platelets. However, the molecular basis of the down-regulatory effect of TULA-2 on Syk activation via FcRγ remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that suppression of Syk activation by TULA-2 is mediated, to a substantial degree, by dephosphorylation of Tyr(P)346, a regulatory site of Syk, which becomes phosphorylated soon after receptor ligation and plays a critical role in initiating the process that yields fully activated Syk. TULA-2 is capable of dephosphorylating Tyr(P)346 with high efficiency, thus controlling the overall activation of Syk, but is less efficient in dephosphorylating other regulatory sites of this kinase. Therefore, dephosphorylation of Tyr(P)346 may be considered an important "checkpoint" in the regulation of Syk activation process. Putative biological functions of TULA-2-mediated dephosphorylation of Tyr(P)346 may include deactivation of receptor-activated Syk or suppression of Syk activation by suboptimal stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Reppschläger
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jeanne Gosselin
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and.,Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, Ingenieur Genie Biologique, Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne 63178, France, and
| | - Carol A Dangelmaier
- the Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Dafydd H Thomas
- the Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.,PMV Pharmaceuticals, Cranbury Township, New Jersey 08512
| | - Nick Carpino
- the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- the Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- the Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.,Physiology and
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and .,the Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Alternative splicing of spleen tyrosine kinase differentially regulates colorectal cancer progression. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1737-1744. [PMID: 27602108 PMCID: PMC4998349 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has been reported as a potential tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of alternative splicing of SYK in carcinogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, SYK isoforms were overexpressed in the human CRC HCT 116 cell line using lentiviral expression vectors to investigate the biological functions of full length SYK [SYK(L)] and short form SYK [SYK(S)] in CRC. Real-time cellular analysis and the 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine assay were used to detect the effects of SYK(L) and SYK(S) on cell proliferation. Cell cycle progression and migration were assessed via flow cytometry and Transwell assays, respectively. The results revealed that the recombinant lentivirus with SYK(L) overexpression significantly suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells, while SYK(S) overexpression did not. In addition, MTS assays demonstrated that SYK(L) and SYK(S) increased the cellular sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), suggesting that SYK(L) and 5-FU produce a significant synergistic effect on CRC cell proliferation, while SYK(S) has an effect on modulating CRC 5-FU sensitivity. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction results revealed that SYK(L) was downregulated in 69% of 26 pairs of CRC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues, whereas SYK(S) exhibited no significant differences between tumor and normal tissues. Overall, the present data provides evidence that SYK(L) is a tumor suppressor in CRC, and both SYK(L) and SYK(S) may serve as important predictors in the chemotherapeutic treatment of CRC.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fong KP, Zhu H, Span LM, Moore DT, Yoon K, Tamura R, Yin H, DeGrado WF, Bennett JS. Directly Activating the Integrin αIIbβ3 Initiates Outside-In Signaling by Causing αIIbβ3 Clustering. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11706-16. [PMID: 27056329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
αIIbβ3 activation in platelets is followed by activation of the tyrosine kinase c-Src associated with the carboxyl terminus of the β3 cytosolic tail. Exogenous peptides designed to interact with the αIIb transmembrane (TM) domain activate single αIIbβ3 molecules in platelets by binding to the αIIb TM domain and causing separation of the αIIbβ3 TM domain heterodimer. Here we asked whether directly activating single αIIbβ3 molecules in platelets using the designed peptide anti-αIIb TM also initiates αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling by causing activation of β3-associated c-Src. Anti-αIIb TM caused activation of β3-associated c-Src and the kinase Syk, but not the kinase FAK, under conditions that precluded extracellular ligand binding to αIIbβ3. c-Src and Syk are activated by trans-autophosphorylation, suggesting that activation of individual αIIbβ3 molecules can initiate αIIbβ3 clustering in the absence of ligand binding. Consistent with this possibility, incubating platelets with anti-αIIb TM resulted in the redistribution of αIIbβ3 from a homogenous ring located at the periphery of discoid platelets into nodular densities consistent with clustered αIIbβ3. Thus, these studies indicate that not only is resting αIIbβ3 poised to undergo a conformational change that exposes its ligand-binding site, but it is poised to rapidly assemble into intracellular signal-generating complexes as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Fong
- From the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Hua Zhu
- From the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Lisa M Span
- From the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - David T Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kyungchul Yoon
- From the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Ryo Tamura
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80030, and
| | - Hang Yin
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80030, and
| | - William F DeGrado
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
| | - Joel S Bennett
- From the Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, and
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lamb DJ, Wollin SL, Schnapp A, Bischoff D, Erb KJ, Bouyssou T, Guilliard B, Strasser C, Wex E, Blum S, Thaler E, Nickel H, Radmacher O, Haas H, Swantek JL, Souza D, Canfield M, White D, Panzenbeck M, Kashem MA, Sanville-Ross M, Kono T, Sewald K, Braun A, Obernolte H, Danov O, Schaenzle G, Rast G, Maier GM, Hoffmann M. BI 1002494, a Novel Potent and Selective Oral Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Displays Differential Potency in Human Basophils and B Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 357:554-61. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
49
|
Grebner C, Iegre J, Ulander J, Edman K, Hogner A, Tyrchan C. Binding Mode and Induced Fit Predictions for Prospective Computational Drug Design. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:774-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grebner
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jessica Iegre
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Ulander
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Hogner
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- CVMD Innovative Medicine, ‡RIA Innovative Medicine, and §Discovery Science, AstraZeneca R&D, 43283 Mölndal, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deng GM, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Targeting Syk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:78. [PMID: 27014261 PMCID: PMC4779881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a member of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which associates directly with surface receptors, including B-cell receptor and Fcγ receptor, and is involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases in which autoantibodies, immune complexes, and autoreactive T cells account for the expression of tissue inflammation and damage. Syk inhibitors efficiently suppress RA in patients albeit in the expression of unwanted side effects, including gastrointestinal effects, hypertension, and neutropenia. Syk inhibitors also inhibit clinical manifestations in lupus-prone mice. Here, we review the evidence that supports the use of Syk inhibitors to treat rheumatic and other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Deng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|