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Bashiardes S, Christodoulou C. Orally Administered Drugs and Their Complicated Relationship with Our Gastrointestinal Tract. Microorganisms 2024; 12:242. [PMID: 38399646 PMCID: PMC10893523 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Orally administered compounds represent the great majority of all pharmaceutical compounds produced for human use and are the most popular among patients since they are practical and easy to self-administer. Following ingestion, orally administered drugs begin a "perilous" journey down the gastrointestinal tract and their bioavailability is modulated by numerous factors. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract anatomy can modulate drug bioavailability and accounts for interpatient drug response heterogeneity. Furthermore, host genetics is a contributor to drug bioavailability modulation. Importantly, a component of the GI tract that has been gaining notoriety with regard to drug treatment interactions is the gut microbiota, which shares a two-way interaction with pharmaceutical compounds in that they can be influenced by and are able to influence administered drugs. Overall, orally administered drugs are a patient-friendly treatment option. However, during their journey down the GI tract, there are numerous host factors that can modulate drug bioavailability in a patient-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Bashiardes
- Molecular Virology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Nicosia 2371, Cyprus;
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2
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Reino-Gelardo S, Palop-Cervera M, Aparisi-Valero N, Espinosa-San Miguel I, Lozano-Rodríguez N, Llop-Furquet G, Sanchis-Artero L, Cortés-Castell E, Rizo-Baeza M, Cortés-Rizo X. Effect of an Immune-Boosting, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Food Supplement in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071736. [PMID: 37049576 PMCID: PMC10096722 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 disease is a serious global health problem. Few treatments have been shown to reduce mortality and accelerate time to recovery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of a food supplement (probiotics, prebiotics, vitamin D, zinc and selenium) in patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods: A prospective randomized non-blinded clinical trial was conducted in a sample of 162 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 recruited over eight months. All patients received standard treatment, but the intervention group (n = 67) was given one food supplement stick daily during their admission. After collecting the study variables, a statistical analysis was performed comparing the intervention and control groups and a multivariate analysis controlling for variables that could act as confounding factors. Results: ROC curve analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.840 (p < 0.001; 95%CI: 0.741–0.939) of the food supplement administration vs. recovery indicated good predictive ability. Moreover, the intervention group had a shorter duration of digestive symptoms compared with the control group: 2.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 2.2 days (p = 0.001); patients with non-severe disease on chest X-ray had shorter hospital stays: 8.1 ± 3.9 vs. 11.6 ± 7.4 days (p = 0.007). Conclusions: In this trial, the administration of a food supplement (Gasteel Plus®) was shown to be a protective factor in the group of patients with severe COVID-19 and allowed early recovery from digestive symptoms and a shorter hospital stay in patients with a normal–mild–moderate chest X-ray at admission (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04666116).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nieves Aparisi-Valero
- Clinical Analysis and Microbiology Service, Hospital of Sagunto, 46520 Sagunto, Spain
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Llop-Furquet
- Clinical Analysis and Microbiology Service, Hospital of Sagunto, 46520 Sagunto, Spain
| | | | - Ernesto Cortés-Castell
- Department of Pharmacology, Pediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Cortés-Rizo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Sagunto, 46520 Sagunto, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46520 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Sawane K, Nagatake T, Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Anti-allergic property of dietary phytoestrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside through microbial and β-glucuronidase-mediated metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109219. [PMID: 36375731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens play pivotal roles in controlling not only the endocrine system but also inflammatory metabolic disorders. However, the effects of dietary phytoestrogens on allergic diseases and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we revealed the unique metabolic conversion of phytoestrogen to exert anti-allergic properties, using an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. We found that dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a phytoestrogen abundantly present in flaxseed, alleviated allergic rhinitis by the microbial conversion to enterodiol (ED). We also found that ED circulated mainly in the glucuronide form (EDGlu) in blood, and deconjugation of EDGlu to ED aglycone occurred in the nasal passage; this activity was enhanced after the induction of allergic rhinitis, which was mediated by β-glucuronidase. We further found that IgE-mediated degranulation was inhibited by ED aglycone, but not by EDGlu, in a G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30)-dependent manner. These results provide new insights into the anti-allergic properties of phytoestrogens and their metabolism in vivo for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sawane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative Research Center for Health and Medicine, NIBIOHN; Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Science and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Physical Activity, Gut Microbiota, and Genetic Background for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121834. [PMID: 36553278 PMCID: PMC9777368 DOI: 10.3390/children9121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that one in 100 children worldwide has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children with ASD frequently suffer from gut dysbiosis and gastrointestinal issues, findings which possibly play a role in the pathogenesis and/or severity of their condition. Physical activity may have a positive effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of healthy adults. However, the effect of exercise both on the gastrointestinal problems and intestinal microbiota (and thus possibly on ASD) itself in affected children is unknown. In terms of understanding the physiopathology and manifestations of ASD, analysis of the gut-brain axis holds some promise. Here, we discuss the physiopathology of ASD in terms of genetics and microbiota composition, and how physical activity may be a promising non-pharmaceutical approach to improve ASD-related symptoms.
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5
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Shoemaker R, Kim J. Urobiome: An outlook on the metagenome of urological diseases. Investig Clin Urol 2021; 62:611-622. [PMID: 34729961 PMCID: PMC8566783 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20210312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract likely plays a role in the development of various urinary diseases due to the recently recognized notion that urine is not sterile. In this mini review, we summarize the current literature regarding the urinary microbiome and mycobiome and its relationship to various urinary diseases. It has been recently discovered that the healthy urinary tract contains a host of microorganisms, creating a urinary microbiome. The relative abundance and type of bacteria varies, but generally, deviations in the standard microbiome are observed in individuals with urologic diseases, such as bladder cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urgency urinary incontinence, overactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, and urinary tract infections. However, whether this change is causative, or correlative has yet to be determined. In summary, the urinary tract hosts a complex microbiome. Changes in this microbiome may be indicative of urologic diseases and can be tracked to predict, prevent, and treat them in individuals. However, current analytical and sampling collection methods may present limitations to the development in the understanding of the urinary microbiome and its relationship with various urinary diseases. Further research on the differences between healthy and diseased microbiomes, the long-term effects of antibiotic treatments on the urobiome, and the effect of the urinary mycobiome on general health will be important in developing a comprehensive understanding of the urinary microbiome and its relationship to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shoemaker
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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Losso JN, Losso MN, Toc M, Inungu JN, Finley JW. The Young Age and Plant-Based Diet Hypothesis for Low SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 76:270-280. [PMID: 34169470 PMCID: PMC8225309 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-021-00907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), in December 2019, the infection has spread around the globe. Some of the risk factors include social distancing, mask wearing, hand washing with soap, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and dysbiosis. Evidence has shown the incidence of total infection and death rates to be lower in sub-Saharan Africa when compared with North Africa, Europe and North America and many other parts of the world. The higher the metabolic syndrome rate, the higher the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Africa has a lower rate of metabolic syndrome risk than many other continents. This paradox has puzzled several in the biomedical and scientific communities. Published results of research have demonstrated the exciting correlation that the combination of young age of the population coupled with their native plant-based diet has lowered their risk factors. The plant-based diet include whole grains (millet, sorghum), legumes (black-eye peas, dry beans, soybean), vegetables, potato, sweet potato, yams, squash, banana, pumpkin seeds, and moringa leaves, and lower consumption of meat. The plant-based diet results in a different gut microbiota than of most of the rest of the world. This has a significant impact on the survival rate of other populations. The "plant-based diet" results in lower rates of obesity, diabetes and dysbiosis, which could contribute to lower and less severe infections. However, these hypotheses need to be supported by more clinical and biostatistics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - MerryJean N Losso
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marco Toc
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Joseph N Inungu
- School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - John W Finley
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Montes-Carreto LM, Aguirre-Noyola JL, Solís-García IA, Ortega J, Martinez-Romero E, Guerrero JA. Diverse methanogens, bacteria and tannase genes in the feces of the endangered volcano rabbit ( Romerolagus diazi). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11942. [PMID: 34458021 PMCID: PMC8378336 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The volcano rabbit is the smallest lagomorph in Mexico, it is monotypic and endemic to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is classified as endangered by Mexican legislation and as critically endangered by the IUCN, in the Red List. Romerolagus diazi consumes large amounts of grasses, seedlings, shrubs, and trees. Pines and oaks contain tannins that can be toxic to the organisms which consume them. The volcano rabbit microbiota may be rich in bacteria capable of degrading fiber and phenolic compounds. Methods We obtained the fecal microbiome of three adults and one young rabbit collected in Coajomulco, Morelos, Mexico. Taxonomic assignments and gene annotation revealed the possible roles of different bacteria in the rabbit gut. We searched for sequences encoding tannase enzymes and enzymes associated with digestion of plant fibers such as cellulose and hemicellulose. Results The most representative phyla within the Bacteria domain were: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria for the young rabbit sample (S1) and adult rabbit sample (S2), which was the only sample not confirmed by sequencing to correspond to the volcano rabbit. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were found in adult rabbit samples S3 and S4. The most abundant phylum within the Archaea domain was Euryarchaeota. The most abundant genera of the Bacteria domain were Lachnoclostridium (Firmicutes) and Acinetobacter (Proteobacteria), while Methanosarcina predominated from the Archaea. In addition, the potential functions of metagenomic sequences were identified, which include carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. We obtained genes encoding enzymes for plant fiber degradation such as endo 1,4 β-xylanases, arabinofuranosidases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidases. We also found 18 bacterial tannase sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Montes-Carreto
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - José Luis Aguirre-Noyola
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Itzel A Solís-García
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - José Antonio Guerrero
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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8
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[Characteristics of gut microbiota and its association with the activity of β-glucuronidase in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23. [PMID: 34266523 PMCID: PMC8292660 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the characteristics of gut microbiota and its association with the activity of β-glucuronidase (β-GD) in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS A total of 50 neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted in January to December, 2018, were enrolled as the hyperbilirubinemia group, and 30 neonates without hyperbilirubinemia were enrolled as the control group. The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing method was used to compare gut microbiota between the two groups. The phenolphthalein-glucuronic acid substrate method was used to measure the activity of β-GD in the intestinal tract of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia before and after treatment. RESULTS The comparison of the distribution of gut microbiota at the genus level showed a significant difference in the abundance of 52 bacteria between the hyperbilirubinemia and control groups before treatment (P < 0.05), as well as a significant difference in the abundance of 42 bacteria between the hyperbilirubinemia group on day 3 after treatment and the control group on day 3 after enrollment (P < 0.05). After treatment, the hyperbilirubinemia group had significant reductions in the content of Escherichia and Staphylococcus in the intestinal tract (P < 0.05) and the activity of β-GD in feces (P < 0.05). The activity of β-GD in feces was positively correlated with the abundance of Staphylococcus and Escherichia before and after treatment in the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (rs=0.5948-0.7245, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS There are differences in gut microbiota between the neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and those without hyperbilirubinemia. The activity of β-GD in feces is positively correlated with the abundance of Staphylococcus and Escherichia in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Gut microbiota may affect the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia by regulating the activity of β-GD. The determination and analysis of gut microbiota and β-GD activity may have certain clinical significance for the early assessment of the development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
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Infection-Associated Mechanisms of Neuro-Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115699. [PMID: 34071807 PMCID: PMC8197882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive airway diseases are characterized by airflow obstruction and airflow limitation as well as chronic airway inflammation. Especially bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, can be difficult to treat, and ultimately lack cures. While there are substantial knowledge gaps with respect to disease pathophysiology, our awareness of the role of neurological and neuro-immunological processes in the development of symptoms, the progression, and the outcome of these chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, is growing. Likewise, the role of pathogenic and colonizing microorganisms of the respiratory tract in the development and manifestation of asthma and COPD is increasingly appreciated. However, their role remains poorly understood with respect to the underlying mechanisms. Common bacteria and viruses causing respiratory infections and exacerbations of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases have also been implicated to affect the local neuro-immune crosstalk. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described neuro-immune interactions in asthma, COPD, and respiratory infections that support the hypothesis of a neuro-immunological component in the interplay between chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and respiratory microbial colonization.
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10
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Preclinical models and technologies to advance nanovaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:148-182. [PMID: 33711401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of targeted immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. However, tumor heterogeneity and low immunogenicity, in addition to several tumor-associated immunosuppression mechanisms are among the major factors that have precluded the success of cancer vaccines as targeted cancer immunotherapies. The exciting outcomes obtained in patients upon the injection of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants intratumorally, reinvigorated interest in the use of nanotechnology to foster the delivery of vaccines to address cancer unmet needs. Thus, bridging nano-based vaccine platform development and predicted clinical outcomes the selection of the proper preclinical model will be fundamental. Preclinical models have revealed promising outcomes for cancer vaccines. However, only few cases were associated with clinical responses. This review addresses the major challenges related to the translation of cancer nano-based vaccines to the clinic, discussing the requirements for ex vivo and in vivo models of cancer to ensure the translation of preclinical success to patients.
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Toro F, Alarcón J, Márquez S, Capella J, Bahamonde P, Esperón F, Moreno-Switt A, Castro-Nallar E. Composition and structure of the skin microbiota of rorquals off the Eastern South Pacific. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6179854. [PMID: 33749784 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing have enabled the large-scale interrogation of microbiota in the most diverse environments, including host-associated microbiota. This has led to the recognition that the skin microbiota of rorquals is specific and structurally different from that of the ocean. This study reveals the skin microbiome of 85 wild individuals along the Chilean coast belonging to Megaptera novaeangliae, Balaenoptera musculus and Balaenoptera physalus. Alpha diversity analysis revealed significant differences in richness and phylogenetic diversity, particularly among humpback whales from different locations and between blue and humpback whales. Beta diversity was partially explained by host and location but only accounting for up to 17% of microbiota variability (adjusted VPA). Overall, we found that microbiota composition was dominated by bacterial genera such as Cardiobacter, Moraxella, Tenacibaculum, Stenotrophomonas, Flavobacteria and Pseudomonas. We also found that no ASVs were associated with the three rorqual species. Up to four ASVs were specific of a location, indicating a great variability in the microbiota. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the composition and structure of the skin microbiota of whales off the coast of Chile, providing a foundational dataset to understand the microbiota's role in rorquals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Toro
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Avenida Republica 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile.,Doctorate in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Departamento de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Avenida Republica 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile.,Panthalassa, Red de Estudios de Vertebrados Marinos de Chile Toesca 2002 P6, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Santo Tomás, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Avenida Limonares 190, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jaime Alarcón
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Avenida Republica 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Sebastián Márquez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Avenida Republica 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Juan Capella
- Whalesound Ltda., Lautaro Navarro 1163, 2do piso. Punta Arenas, Chile.,Fundación Yubarta, Apartado Aéreo 33141, Cali, Colombia
| | - Paulina Bahamonde
- Melimoyu Ecosystem Research Institute, Avenida Kennedy 5682, Vitacura, Chile.,Universidad de Playa Ancha, HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA - Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Playa Ancha 850, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Animal Health Research Center, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8,1, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Avenida Las Condes 12.461, torre 3, oficina 205. Las Condes, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Avenida Republica 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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Wu VM, Huynh E, Tang S, Uskoković V. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as intrinsic inorganic antimicrobials: mechanism of action. Biomed Mater 2020; 16:015018. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aba281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dekaboruah E, Suryavanshi MV, Chettri D, Verma AK. Human microbiome: an academic update on human body site specific surveillance and its possible role. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2147-2167. [PMID: 32524177 PMCID: PMC7284171 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human body is inhabited by vast number of microorganisms which form a complex ecological community and influence the human physiology, in the aspect of both health and diseases. These microbes show a relationship with the human immune system based on coevolution and, therefore, have a tremendous potential to contribute to the metabolic function, protection against the pathogen and in providing nutrients and energy. However, of these microbes, many carry out some functions that play a crucial role in the host physiology and may even cause diseases. The introduction of new molecular technologies such as transcriptomics, metagenomics and metabolomics has contributed to the upliftment on the findings of the microbiome linked to the humans in the recent past. These rapidly developing technologies are boosting our capacity to understand about the human body-associated microbiome and its association with the human health. The highlights of this review are inclusion of how to derive microbiome data and the interaction between human and associated microbiome to provide an insight on the role played by the microbiome in biological processes of the human body as well as the development of major human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elakshi Dekaboruah
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | | | - Dixita Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India.
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Welp AL, Bomberger JM. Bacterial Community Interactions During Chronic Respiratory Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:213. [PMID: 32477966 PMCID: PMC7240048 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases including chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, asthma, cystic fibrosis, non-CF bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are a major public health burden. Patients suffering from chronic respiratory disease are prone to persistent, debilitating respiratory infections due to the decreased ability to clear pathogens from the respiratory tract. Such infections often develop into chronic, life-long complications that are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to the formation of recalcitrant biofilms. The microbial communities present in the upper and lower respiratory tracts change as these respiratory diseases progress, often becoming less diverse and dysbiotic, correlating with worsening patient morbidity. Those with chronic respiratory disease are commonly infected with a shared group of respiratory pathogens including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Moraxella catarrhalis, among others. In order to understand the microbial landscape of the respiratory tract during chronic disease, we review the known inter-species interactions among these organisms and other common respiratory flora. We consider both the balance between cooperative and competitive interactions in relation to microbial community structure. By reviewing the major causes of chronic respiratory disease, we identify common features across disease states and signals that might contribute to community shifts. As microbiome shifts have been associated with respiratory disease progression, worsening morbidity, and increased mortality, these underlying community interactions likely have an impact on respiratory disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Welp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092115. [PMID: 31035684 PMCID: PMC6539237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New research points to a possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the gut microbiota as many autistic children have co-occurring gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on specific alterations of gut microbiota mostly observed in autistic patients. Particularly, the mechanisms through which such alterations may trigger the production of the bacterial metabolites, or leaky gut in autistic people are described. Various altered metabolite levels were observed in the blood and urine of autistic children, many of which were of bacterial origin such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A less integrative gut-blood-barrier is abundant in autistic individuals. This explains the leakage of bacterial metabolites into the patients, triggering new body responses or an altered metabolism. Some other co-occurring symptoms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress in cells, altered tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier and structural changes in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum were also detected. Moreover, this paper suggests that ASD is associated with an unbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between ASD and gut microbiota is not yet well established, the consumption of specific probiotics may represent a side-effect free tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of bacterial-derived compounds as new possible biomarkers, associated with perturbation in the phenylalanine metabolism, as well as potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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16
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Roig-Molina E, Domenech M, Retamosa MDG, Nácher-Vázquez M, Rivas L, Maestro B, García P, García E, Sanz JM. Widening the antimicrobial spectrum of esters of bicyclic amines: In vitro effect on gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae and gram-negative non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1863:96-104. [PMID: 30292448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global current threat of increasing importance. Moreover, biofilms represent a medical challenge since the inherent antibiotic resistance of their producers demands the use of high doses of antibiotics over prolonged periods. Frequently, these therapeutic measures fail, contributing to bacterial persistence, therefore demanding the development of novel antimicrobials. Esters of bicyclic amines (EBAs), which are strong inhibitors of Streptococcus pneumoniae growth, were initially designed as inhibitors of pneumococcal choline-binding proteins on the basis of their structural analogy to the choline residues in the cell wall. However, instead of mimicking the characteristic cell chaining phenotype caused by exogenously added choline on planktonic cultures of pneumococcal cells, EBAs showed an unexpected lytic activity. In this work we demonstrate that EBAs display a second, and even more important, function as cell membrane destabilizers. We then assayed the inhibitory and disintegrating activity of these molecules on pneumococcal biofilms. The selected compound (EBA 31) produced the highest effect on S. pneumoniae (encapsulated and non-encapsulated) biofilms at very low concentrations. EBA 31 was also effective on mixed biofilms of non-encapsulated S. pneumoniae plus non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, two pathogens frequently forming a self-produced biofilm in the human nasopharynx. These results support the role of EBAs as a promising alternative for the development of novel, broad-range antimicrobial drugs encompassing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Roig-Molina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Mirian Domenech
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Gracia Retamosa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maestro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Pedro García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Sanz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda Universidad s/n, Elche 03202, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Sherman SB, Sarsour N, Salehi M, Schroering A, Mell B, Joe B, Hill JW. Prenatal androgen exposure causes hypertension and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:400-421. [PMID: 29469650 PMCID: PMC6219642 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1441664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditions of excess androgen in women, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), often exhibit intergenerational transmission. One way in which the risk for PCOS may be increased in daughters of affected women is through exposure to elevated androgens in utero. Hyperandrogenemic conditions have serious health consequences, including increased risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Recently, gut dysbiosis has been found to induce hypertension in rats, such that blood pressure can be normalized through fecal microbial transplant. Therefore, we hypothesized that the hypertension seen in PCOS has early origins in gut dysbiosis caused by in utero exposure to excess androgen. We investigated this hypothesis with a model of prenatal androgen (PNA) exposure and maternal hyperandrogenemia by single-injection of testosterone cypionate or sesame oil vehicle (VEH) to pregnant dams in late gestation. We then completed a gut microbiota and cardiometabolic profile of the adult female offspring. RESULTS The metabolic assessment revealed that adult PNA rats had increased body weight and increased mRNA expression of adipokines: adipocyte binding protein 2, adiponectin, and leptin in inguinal white adipose tissue. Radiotelemetry analysis revealed hypertension with decreased heart rate in PNA animals. The fecal microbiota profile of PNA animals contained higher relative abundance of bacteria associated with steroid hormone synthesis, Nocardiaceae and Clostridiaceae, and lower abundance of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridium. The PNA animals also had an increased relative abundance of bacteria associated with biosynthesis and elongation of unsaturated short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). CONCLUSIONS We found that prenatal exposure to excess androgen negatively impacted cardiovascular function by increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreasing heart rate. Prenatal androgen was also associated with gut microbial dysbiosis and altered abundance of bacteria involved in metabolite production of short chain fatty acids. These results suggest that early-life exposure to hyperandrogenemia in daughters of women with PCOS may lead to long-term alterations in gut microbiota and cardiometabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shermel B. Sherman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Nadeen Sarsour
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Marziyeh Salehi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Allen Schroering
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Blair Mell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH,Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH,Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Jennifer W. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH,CONTACT Jennifer W. Hill, PhD Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Mail Stop 1008, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo OH 43614
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is well known for its ability to cause life-threatening infections. On the other hand, this bacterium can thrive as a commensal on and in human tissues without causing much problems. How big a threat is S. aureus actually? Furthermore, commensalism is associated with biofilms, where can we find them, and which natural and artificial components activate biofilm formation? RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings on S. aureus carriage on skin, mucosa, and in wounds indicate the presence of large numbers of S. aureus, yet its abundance can be without major implications for the host. S. aureus is often present in biofilms, together with other microorganisms, which can stimulate biofilm formation of S. aureus, in addition medicine including antibiotics can do the same. SUMMARY S. aureus can cause devastating infections, but when we take into consideration the ubiquitous presence of S. aureus, the risk seems to be relatively low. S. aureus forms biofilms in response to the 'hazards' on the human body, and signal to do so can come from various sources. All this has to be taken into consideration when we treat a patient as this might have enormous impact on the outcome.
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19
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Pollet RM, D'Agostino EH, Walton WG, Xu Y, Little MS, Biernat KA, Pellock SJ, Patterson LM, Creekmore BC, Isenberg HN, Bahethi RR, Bhatt AP, Liu J, Gharaibeh RZ, Redinbo MR. An Atlas of β-Glucuronidases in the Human Intestinal Microbiome. Structure 2017; 25:967-977.e5. [PMID: 28578872 PMCID: PMC5533298 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome-encoded β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes play important roles in human health by metabolizing drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The numbers, types, and diversity of these proteins in the human GI microbiome, however, remain undefined. We present an atlas of GUS enzymes comprehensive for the Human Microbiome Project GI database. We identify 3,013 total and 279 unique microbiome-encoded GUS proteins clustered into six unique structural categories. We assign their taxonomy, assess cellular localization, reveal the inter-individual variability within the 139 individuals sampled, and discover 112 novel microbial GUS enzymes. A representative in vitro panel of the most common GUS proteins by read abundances highlights structural and functional variabilities within the family, including their differential processing of smaller glucuronides and larger carbohydrates. These data provide a sequencing-to-molecular roadmap for examining microbiome-encoded enzymes essential to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Pollet
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael S Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen A Biernat
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel J Pellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Loraine M Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin C Creekmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hanna N Isenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rohini R Bahethi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aadra P Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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20
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Dorn ES, Tress B, Suchodolski JS, Nisar T, Ravindran P, Weber K, Hartmann K, Schulz BS. Bacterial microbiome in the nose of healthy cats and in cats with nasal disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180299. [PMID: 28662139 PMCID: PMC5491177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditionally, changes in the microbial population of the nose have been assessed using conventional culture techniques. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that the human nose is inhabited by a rich and diverse bacterial microbiome that cannot be detected using culture-based methods. The goal of this study was to describe the nasal microbiome of healthy cats, cats with nasal neoplasia, and cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD). Methodology/Principal findings DNA was extracted from nasal swabs of healthy cats (n = 28), cats with nasal neoplasia (n = 16), and cats with FURTD (n = 15), and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. High species richness was observed in all samples. Rarefaction analysis revealed that healthy cats living indoors had greater species richness (observed species p = 0.042) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.003) compared with healthy cats living outdoors. Higher species richness (observed species p = 0.001) and Shannon diversity (p<0.001) were found in middle-aged cats in comparison to healthy cats in different age groups. Principal coordinate analysis revealed separate clustering based on similarities in bacterial molecular phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA genes for indoor and outdoor cats. In all groups examined, the most abundant phyla identified were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, 375 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. In healthy cats and cats with FURTD, Moraxella spp. was the most common genus, while it was unclassified Bradyrhizobiaceae in cats with nasal neoplasia. High individual variability was observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the nose of cats is inhabited by much more variable and diverse microbial communities than previously shown. Future research in this field might help to develop new diagnostic tools to easily identify nasal microbial changes, relate them to certain disease processes, and help clinicians in the decision process of antibiotic selection for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S. Dorn
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Tress
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tariq Nisar
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prajesh Ravindran
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka S. Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Remote Sensing between Liver and Intestine: Importance of Microbial Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:101-113. [PMID: 28983453 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements including metagenomics sequencing and metabolomics have allowed the discovery of critical functions of gut microbiota in obesity, malnutrition, neurological disorders, asthma, and xenobiotic metabolism. Classification of the human gut microbiome into distinct "enterotypes" has been proposed to serve as a new paradigm for understanding the interplay between microbial variation and human disease phenotypes, as many organs are affected by gut microbiota modifications during the pathogenesis of diseases. Gut microbiota remotely interacts with liver and other metabolic organs of the host through various microbial metabolites that are absorbed into the systemic circulation. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes recent literature regarding the importance of gut microbiota in modulating the physiological and pathological responses of various host organs, and describes the functions of the known microbial metabolites that are involved in this remote sensing process, with a primary focus on the gut microbiota-liver axis. RECENT FINDINGS Under physiological conditions, gut microbiota modulates the hepatic transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, most notably down-regulating cytochrome P450 3a mediated xenobiotic metabolism. Gut microbiome also modulates the rhythmicity in liver gene expression, likely through microbial metabolites, such as butyrate and propionate that serve as epigenetic modifiers. Additionally, the production of host hormones such as primary bile acids and glucagon like peptide 1 is altered by gut microbiota to modify intermediary metabolism of the host. SUMMARY Dysregulation of gut microbiota is implicated in various liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, cholangitis, and liver cancer. Gut microbiota modifiers such as probiotics and prebiotics are increasingly recognized as novel therapeutic modalities for liver and other types of human diseases.
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22
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Xu M, Zhong F, Zhu J. Evaluating metabolic response to light exposure in Lactobacillus species via targeted metabolic profiling. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 133:14-19. [PMID: 27974228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study reported metabolic profiles of three representative strains from Lactobacillus species, and explored their metabolic response to visible light exposure. We utilized strains from three Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii as our model bacteria and applied mass spectrometry base targeted metabolomics to specifically investigate 221 metabolites within multiple metabolic pathways. Similar and diverse metabolome from three tested strains were discovered. Furthermore, all three Lactobacillus strains demonstrated different metabolic profiles in comparison between light expose verse control. In all three strains, 12 metabolites were detected to have significant differences (p-value<0.01) in light exposure culture compared to the control samples (culture grown without light exposure). Principal components analysis using these significantly changed metabolites clearly separated the exposure and control groups in all three studied Lactobacillus strains. Additionally, metabolic pathway impact analysis indicated that several commonly impacted pathways can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Fanyi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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23
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Lan F, Zhang N, Gevaert E, Zhang L, Bachert C. Viruses and bacteria in Th2-biased allergic airway disease. Allergy 2016; 71:1381-92. [PMID: 27188632 DOI: 10.1111/all.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway diseases are typically characterized by a type 2-biased inflammation. Multiple distinct viruses and bacteria have been detected in the airways. Recently, it has been confirmed that the microbiome of allergic individuals differs from that of healthy subjects, showing a close relationship with the type 2 response in allergic airway disease. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the prevalence of viruses and bacteria in type 2-biased airway diseases and on the mechanisms employed by viruses and bacteria in propagating type 2 responses. The understanding of the microbial composition and postinfectious immune programming is critical for the reconstruction of the normal microflora and immune status in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Lan
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - E. Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Beijing Tongren Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory; ENT Department; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
- Division of ENT Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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24
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Roser E, Gründemann C, Engels I, Huber R. Antibacterial in vitro effects of preparations from Anthroposophical Medicine. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:372. [PMID: 27660088 PMCID: PMC5034436 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Medications from Anthroposophical Medicine (AM) are clinically used for the treatment of infections within a whole medical system but have not yet been evaluated regarding antibacterial effects. The aims of this study was to investigate antibacterial activity of AM medications in cell culture. Methods Screening of AM drug registers for preparations used to treat any kind of infection and being available in dilutions ≤ D2 and without alcoholic content. Selected medications were screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar diffusion method. For antimicrobial active preparations growth kinetics (drop plate method) and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC, macrodilution method) were determined. Results Thirty-three preparations matched the selection criteria and were chosen for own experiments. One of them (Berberis Decoctum D2) exhibited bactericidal activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant strains. The MIC could be determined as 5 mg/ml. The effects could be related to the content of berberine in the extract. No activity towards gram-negative bacteria was found. The other tested extracts had no antibacterial effects. Conclusion Berberis Decoctum D2 which is used in AM to treat infections exhibits bactericidal effects on Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant strains.
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25
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Kandouz S, Mohamed AS, Zheng Y, Sandeman S, Davenport A. Reduced protein bound uraemic toxins in vegetarian kidney failure patients treated by haemodiafiltration. Hemodial Int 2016; 20:610-617. [DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Kandouz
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School; London UK
| | - Ali Shendi Mohamed
- ISN/UKRA fellow, UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School; London UK
- Zagazig University, Markaz El-Zakazik; Ash Sharqia Governorate 44516 Egypt
| | - Yishan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences; Brighton University; Brighton UK
| | - Susan Sandeman
- Department of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences; Brighton University; Brighton UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- UCL Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School; London UK
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26
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Governa P, Miraldi E, De Fina G, Biagi M. Effectiveness of 5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic Acid and Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Association against Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Strains. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is an ongoing challenge for pharmacotherapy and pharmaceutical chemistry. Staphylococcus aureus is the bacterial species which makes it most difficult to treat skin and soft tissue infections and it is seen in thousands of hospitalization cases each year. Severe but often underrated infectious diseases, such as complicated nasal infections, are primarily caused by MRSA and S. epidermidis too. With the aim of studying new drugs with antimicrobial activity and effectiveness on drug resistant Staphylococcus strains, our attention in this study was drawn on the activity of a new association between two natural products: 5-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid (PCA), naturally produced by certain Lactobacillus species, and copper sulfate pentahydrate (CS). The antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted taking into account 12 different Staphylococcus strains, comprising 6 clinical isolates and 6 resistant strains. PCA 4%, w/w, and CS 0.002%, w/w, association in distilled water solution was found to have bactericidal activity against all tested strains. Antimicrobial kinetics highlighted that PCA 4%, w/w, and CS 0.002% association could reduce by 5 log10 viable bacterial counts of MRSA and oxacillin resistant S. epidermidis in less than 5 and 3 minutes respectively. Microscopic investigations suggest a cell wall targeting mechanism of action. Being very safe and highly tolerated, the natural product PCA and CS association proved to be a promising antimicrobial agent to treat Staphylococcus related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Governa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy SIFITLab, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Miraldi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianna De Fina
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy SIFITLab, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Italian Society of Phytotherapy SIFITLab, Via Laterina, 8, 53100 Siena, Italy
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27
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Khedoe PPSJ, Rensen PCN, Berbée JFP, Hiemstra PS. Murine models of cardiovascular comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1011-27. [PMID: 26993520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00013.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently, COPD patients with atherosclerosis (i.e., the most important underlying cause of CVD) receive COPD therapy complemented with standard CVD therapy. This may, however, not be the most optimal treatment. To investigate the link between COPD and atherosclerosis and to develop specific therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with atherosclerosis, a substantial number of preclinical studies using murine models have been performed. In this review, we summarize the currently used murine models of COPD and atherosclerosis, both individually and combined, and discuss the relevance of these models for studying the pathogenesis and development of new treatments for COPD patients with atherosclerosis. Murine and clinical studies have provided complementary information showing a prominent role for systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the link between COPD and atherosclerosis. These and other studies showed that murine models for COPD and atherosclerosis are useful tools and can provide important insights relevant to understanding the link between COPD and CVD. More importantly, murine studies provide good platforms for studying the potential of promising (new) therapeutic strategies for COPD patients with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Padmini S J Khedoe
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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28
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Castelli M, Lanzoni O, Rossi L, Potekhin A, Schrallhammer M, Petroni G. Evaluation of Enrichment Protocols for Bacterial Endosymbionts of Ciliates by Real-Time PCR. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:723-32. [PMID: 26894821 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale studies on obligate bacterial endosymbionts may frequently require preliminary purification and enrichment protocols, which are often elaborate to set up and to evaluate, especially if the host organism is a protist. The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time PCR-based strategy and employ it for assessing two of such enrichment protocols for Holospora caryophila, hosted by the ciliate Paramecium. Four SSU rRNA gene-targeted real-time PCR assays were designed, which allowed to compare the amount of H. caryophila to other organisms, namely the host, its food bacterium (Raoultella planticola), and free-living bacteria present in the culture medium. By the use of the real-time PCR assays in combination, it was possible to conclude that the "cell fractionation" protocol was quite successful in the enrichment of the symbiont, while the "Percoll gradient" protocol will need further refinements to be fully repeatable. The proposed approach has the potential to facilitate and encourage future studies on the yet underexplored field of bacterial endosymbionts of ciliates and other protists. It can also find valuable applications for experimental questions other than those tested, such as fast and precise assessment of symbiont abundance in natural populations and comparison among multiple coexisting symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lanzoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexey Potekhin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Martina Schrallhammer
- Microbiology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giulio Petroni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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29
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Catecholamine-Directed Epithelial Cell Interactions with Bacteria in the Intestinal Mucosa. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 874:79-99. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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McDermott FD, Folan DMA, Winter DC, Folan MA, Baird AW. Gnotobiotic Human Colon Ex Vivo. Gastroenterology Res 2015; 8:247-252. [PMID: 27785304 PMCID: PMC5051042 DOI: 10.14740/gr675w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A novel emulsion with efficacy as an agent for eliminating biofilms was selected. The aim of this study was to examine efficacy and effect of a formulation of ML:8 against commensal bacteria harvested from ex vivo human colonic tissues. Methods Mucosal sheets, obtained at the time of surgery, were exposed for 2 minutes to one of four solutions: Krebs-Hensleit (KH) solution, saline (NaCl; 0.9%), povidone iodine (1%), or ML:8 (2%); n = 4. Lumenal surfaces were swabbed for culture under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Following treatment, each sheet was mounted in Ussing chambers and voltage clamped. Tissues were challenged with carbachol. Permeability coefficient (Papp) was determined using mannitol fluxes. At the end of each experiment, tissues were examined histologically. Results Similar colony forming units grew in aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both control and NaCl treated tissues. Iodine reduced and ML:8 virtually abolished viable bacteria. Basal electrophysiological parameters were not different between treatments. Transepithelial electrical resistance values did not differ between groups. All tissues responded to carbachol, although this was attenuated in iodine treated tissue. Papp values were slightly elevated in all treated tissues but this did not reach significance. Histopathological assessment revealed no overt damage to tissues. Conclusion Brief exposure to ML:8 reduced culturable bacterial burden from human intestinal tissues harvested at the time of surgical resection. Such gnotobiotic tissues retain structural and functional integrity. This is a novel approach to reduce bacterial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D McDermott
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - David M A Folan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; These authors contributed equally to the study
| | - Des C Winter
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael A Folan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alan W Baird
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine & Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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31
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Wallace BD, Roberts AB, Pollet RM, Ingle JD, Biernat KA, Pellock SJ, Venkatesh MK, Guthrie L, O'Neal SK, Robinson SJ, Dollinger M, Figueroa E, McShane SR, Cohen RD, Jin J, Frye SV, Zamboni WC, Pepe-Ranney C, Mani S, Kelly L, Redinbo MR. Structure and Inhibition of Microbiome β-Glucuronidases Essential to the Alleviation of Cancer Drug Toxicity. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2015; 22:1238-49. [PMID: 26364932 PMCID: PMC4575908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The selective inhibition of bacterial β-glucuronidases was recently shown to alleviate drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in mice, including the damage caused by the widely used anticancer drug irinotecan. Here, we report crystal structures of representative β-glucuronidases from the Firmicutes Streptococcus agalactiae and Clostridium perfringens and the Proteobacterium Escherichia coli, and the characterization of a β-glucuronidase from the Bacteroidetes Bacteroides fragilis. While largely similar in structure, these enzymes exhibit marked differences in catalytic properties and propensities for inhibition, indicating that the microbiome maintains functional diversity in orthologous enzymes. Small changes in the structure of designed inhibitors can induce significant conformational changes in the β-glucuronidase active site. Finally, we establish that β-glucuronidase inhibition does not alter the serum pharmacokinetics of irinotecan or its metabolites in mice. Together, the data presented advance our in vitro and in vivo understanding of the microbial β-glucuronidases, a promising new set of targets for controlling drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Adam B Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Rebecca M Pollet
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - James D Ingle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Kristen A Biernat
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Samuel J Pellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | | | - Leah Guthrie
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sara K O'Neal
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sara J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Makani Dollinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Esteban Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Sarah R McShane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Rachel D Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Stephen V Frye
- Department of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - William C Zamboni
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Charles Pepe-Ranney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Libusha Kelly
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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32
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Voss JD, Leon JC, Dhurandhar NV, Robb FT. Pawnobiome: manipulation of the hologenome within one host generation and beyond. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:697. [PMID: 26300848 PMCID: PMC4524101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jameson D Voss
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | - Juan C Leon
- United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, Wright Patterson AFB OH, USA
| | | | - Frank T Robb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Earl CS, An SQ, Ryan RP. The changing face of asthma and its relation with microbes. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:408-18. [PMID: 25840766 PMCID: PMC4710578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past 50 years, the prevalence of asthma has increased and this has coincided with our changing relation with microorganisms. Asthma is a complex disease associated with local tissue inflammation of the airway that is determined by environmental, immunological, and host genetic factors. In a subgroup of sufferers, respiratory infections are associated with the development of chronic disease and more frequent inflammatory exacerbations. Recent studies suggest that these infections are polymicrobial in nature. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that the recently discovered asthma airway microbiota may play a critical role in pathophysiological processes associated with the disease. Here, we discuss the current data regarding a possible role for infection in chronic asthma with a particular focus on the role bacteria may play. We discuss recent advances that are beginning to elucidate the complex relations between the microbiota and the immune response in asthma patients. We also highlight the clinical implications of these recent findings in regards to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Earl
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Shi-qi An
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert P Ryan
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Leal-Lopes C, Velloso FJ, Campopiano JC, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:284680. [PMID: 26347203 PMCID: PMC4544440 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas plays a central role in metabolism, allowing ingested food to be converted and used as fuel by the cells throughout the body. On the other hand, the pancreas may be affected by devastating diseases, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), and diabetes mellitus (DM), which generally results in a wide metabolic imbalance. The causes for the development and progression of these diseases are still controversial; therefore it is essential to better understand the underlying mechanisms which compromise the pancreatic homeostasis. The interest in the study of the commensal microbiome increased extensively in recent years, when many discoveries have illustrated its central role in both human physiology and maintenance of homeostasis. Further understanding of the involvement of the microbiome during the development of pathological conditions is critical for the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the behavior and functions played by the microbiota in major pancreatic diseases and provide further insights into its potential roles in the maintenance of pancreatic steady-state activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leal-Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando J. Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia C. Campopiano
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari C. Sogayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *Ricardo G. Correa:
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