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Ibrahim A, Jiang Z, Shirvani K, Dalili A, Abdel Hamid Z. A Novel Viscoelastic Deformation Mechanism Uncovered during Vickers Hardness Study of Bone. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:87. [PMID: 38667544 PMCID: PMC11051036 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the viscoelastic deformation mechanisms of bone as a response to Vickers hardness indentation. We utilized advanced high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate a distinct deformation pattern that originates from the indentation site within the bone matrix. The focus of our research was to analyze a unique deformation mechanism observed in bone tissue, which has been colloquially termed as "screw-like" due to its resemblance to a screw thread when viewed under an optical microscope. The primary goals of this research are to investigate the distinctive characteristics of the "screw-like" deformation pattern and to determine how the microstructure of bone influences the initiation and control of this mechanism. These patterns, emerging during the dwell period of indentation, underscore the viscoelastic nature of bone, indicating its propensity for energy dissipation and microstructural reconfiguration under load. This study uncovered a direct correlation between the length of the "screw-like" deformation and the duration of the indentation dwell time, providing quantifiable evidence of the bone's viscoelastic behavior. This finding is pivotal in understanding the mechanical properties of bone, including its fracture toughness, as it relates to the complex interplay of factors such as energy dissipation, microstructural reinforcement, and stress distribution. Furthermore, this study discusses the implications of viscoelastic properties on the bone's ability to resist mechanical challenges, underscoring the significance of viscoelasticity in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA; (K.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Zhenting Jiang
- The Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Khosro Shirvani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA; (K.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Alireza Dalili
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA; (K.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Z. Abdel Hamid
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan 11421, Egypt;
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Tian R, Zhou S, Meng Y, Liu C, Ge Z. Material and Device Design of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells for Next-Generation Power Supplies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311473. [PMID: 38224961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This review outlines the rapid evolution of flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) to address the urgent need for alternative energy sources, highlighting their impressive power conversion efficiency, which increases from 2.62% to over 24% within a decade. The unique optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials and their inherent mechanical flexibilities instrumental in the development of f-PSCs are examined. Various strategies proposed for material modification and device optimization significantly enhance efficiency and bending durability. The transition from small-scale devices to large-area photovoltaic modules for diverse applications is discussed in addition to the challenges and innovative solutions related to film uniformity and environmental stability. This review provides succinct yet comprehensive insights into the development of f-PSCs, paving the way for their integration into various applications and highlighting their potential in the renewable energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Shujing Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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Li X, Yu H, Liu Z, Huang J, Ma X, Liu Y, Sun Q, Dai L, Ahmad S, Shen Y, Wang M. Progress and Challenges Toward Effective Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:206. [PMID: 37651002 PMCID: PMC10471566 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy systems based on flexible photovoltaic technology such as perovskite embedded with exceptional flexibility and a superior power-to-mass ratio is enormous. The photoactive layer, i.e., the perovskite thin film, as a critical component of flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs), still faces long-term stability issues when deformation occurs due to encountering temperature changes that also affect intrinsic rigidity. This literature investigation summarizes the main factors responsible for the rapid destruction of F-PSCs. We focus on long-term mechanical stability of F-PSCs together with the recent research protocols for improving this performance. Furthermore, we specify the progress in F-PSCs concerning precise design strategies of the functional layer to enhance the flexural endurance of perovskite films, such as internal stress engineering, grain boundary modification, self-healing strategy, and crystallization regulation. The existing challenges of oxygen-moisture stability and advanced encapsulation technologies of F-PSCs are also discussed. As concluding remarks, we propose our viewpoints on the large-scale commercial application of F-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixuan Yu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Dai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahzada Ahmad
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, University of Basque Country Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Yan Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Miura S, Shinya A, Ishida Y, Fujisawa M. Mechanical and surface properties of additive manufactured zirconia under the different building directions. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:410-417. [PMID: 36403961 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the mechanical and surface properties of zirconia manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) technology and the effect of the building direction on the mechanical and surface properties. METHODS Specimens were prepared using ZrO2 paste (3DMix ZrO2; 3DCeram) and a three-dimensional printing system (CeraMaker 900; 3DCeram) based on the principles of stereolithography (SLA). The mechanical properties (flexural strength, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio) and surface properties (chemical composition and surface observation) were evaluated for three building directions (parallel, diagonal, and perpendicular) to investigate the relationship between the building directions and the anisotropy of the mechanical and surface properties of SLA-manufactured zirconia. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference test. RESULTS The highest flexural strength was obtained for a perpendicular building direction. The flexural strength was significantly higher in the perpendicular direction than in the parallel and diagonal directions; it was also significantly higher in the diagonal direction than in the parallel direction (P<0.05). The Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and chemical composition did not differ significantly. Microstructural observations revealed that the layers, large crystals, and pores were more prominent in the parallel direction. CONCLUSIONS The flexural strength and surface structure of the tested SLA-manufactured zirconia were influenced by the building direction; however, other mechanical properties remained unaffected. The layer boundaries affected the anisotropic behavior of the builds to a certain extent, owing to the layer-by-layer production method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Miura
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative & Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Akikazu Shinya
- Department of Dental Materials Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Japan
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Yoshiki Ishida
- Department of Dental Materials Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Japan
| | - Masanori Fujisawa
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative & Biomaterials Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Fernández MP, Schwiedrzik J, Bürki A, Peyrin F, Michler J, Zysset PK, Wolfram U. In situ synchrotron radiation μCT indentation of cortical bone: Anisotropic crack propagation, local deformation, and fracture. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00237-4. [PMID: 37127075 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of treatment strategies for skeletal diseases relies on the understanding of bone mechanical properties in relation to its structure at different length scales. At the microscale, indention techniques can be used to evaluate the elastic, plastic, and fracture behaviour of bone tissue. Here, we combined in situ high-resolution SRμCT indentation testing and digital volume correlation to elucidate the anisotropic crack propagation, deformation, and fracture of ovine cortical bone under Berkovich and spherical tips. Independently of the indenter type we observed significant dependence of the crack development due to the anisotropy ahead of the tip, with lower strains and smaller crack systems developing in samples indented in the transverse material direction, where the fibrillar bone ultrastructure is largely aligned perpendicular to the indentation direction. Such alignment allows to accommodate the strain energy, inhibiting crack propagation. Higher tensile hoop strains generally correlated with regions that display significant cracking radial to the indenter, indicating a predominant Mode I fracture. This was confirmed by the three-dimensional analysis of crack opening displacements and stress intensity factors along the crack front obtained for the first time from full displacement fields in bone tissue. The X-ray beam significantly influenced the relaxation behaviour independent of the tip. Raman analyses did not show significant changes in specimen composition after irradiation compared to non-irradiated tissue, suggesting an embrittlement process that may be linked to damage of the non-fibrillar organic matrix. This study highlights the importance of three-dimensional investigation of bone deformation and fracture behaviour to explore the mechanisms of bone failure in relation to structural changes due to aging or disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Characterising the three-dimensional deformation and fracture behaviour of bone remains essential to decipher the interplay between structure, function, and composition with the aim to improve fracture prevention strategies. The experimental methodology presented here, combining high-resolution imaging, indentation testing and digital volume correlation, allows us to quantify the local deformation, crack propagation, and fracture modes of cortical bone tissue. Our results highlight the anisotropic behaviour of osteonal bone and the complex crack propagation patterns and fracture modes initiating by the intricate stress states beneath the indenter tip. This is of wide interest not only for the understanding of bone fracture but also to understand other architectured (bio)structures providing an effective way to quantify their toughening mechanisms in relation to their main mechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peña Fernández
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Schwiedrzik
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bürki
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1294, CREATIS, Lyon, France
| | - Johann Michler
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Xing ZG, He LX, Liang SX, Chang LB, Xiao ZX, Xing WL, Shen HB, Cao JJ, Liu HJ. Process Optimization of Dual-Liquid Casting and Interfacial Strength-Toughness of the Produced LAS/HCCI Bimetal. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16052008. [PMID: 36903133 PMCID: PMC10004552 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pouring time interval is the decisive factor of dual-liquid casting for bimetallic productions. Traditionally, the pouring time interval is fully determined by the operator's experience and on-site observation. Thus, the quality of bimetallic castings is unstable. In this work, the pouring time interval of dual-liquid casting for producing low alloy steel/high chromium cast iron (LAS/HCCI) bimetallic hammerheads is optimized via theoretical simulation and experimental verification. The relevancies of interfacial width and bonding strength to pouring time interval are, respectively, established. The results of bonding stress and interfacial microstructure indicate that 40 s is the optimum pouring time interval. The effects of interfacial protective agent on interfacial strength-toughness are also investigated. The addition of the interfacial protective agent yields an increase of 41.5% in interfacial bonding strength and 15.6% in toughness. The optimum dual-liquid casting process is used to produce LAS/HCCI bimetallic hammerheads. Samples cut from these hammerheads show excellent strength-toughness (1188 Mpa for bonding strength and 17 J/cm2 for toughness). The findings could be a reference for dual-liquid casting technology. They are also helpful for understanding the formation theory of the bimetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Guo Xing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Handan Huiqiao Compound Material Technology Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Li-Xin He
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Shun-Xing Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Handan Huiqiao Compound Material Technology Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Lian-Bo Chang
- Handan Huiqiao Compound Material Technology Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wan-Li Xing
- Handan Huiqiao Compound Material Technology Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Hai-Bin Shen
- Handan Huiqiao Compound Material Technology Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Jing-Jing Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- College of Mechanical and Equipment Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Hong-Ji Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wear-Resistant Metallic Materials with High Strength and Toughness, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
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Polychronis G, Papageorgiou SN, Riollo CS, Panayi N, Zinelis S, Eliades T. Fracture toughness and hardness of in-office, 3D-printed ceramic brackets. Orthod Craniofac Res 2023. [PMID: 36648375 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is a promising manufacturing technique for fabricating ceramic brackets. The aim of this research was to assess fundamental mechanical properties of in-office, 3D printed ceramic brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D-printed zirconia brackets, commercially available polycrystalline alumina ceramic brackets (Clarity, 3 M St. Paul, MN) and 3D-printed customized polycrystalline alumina ceramic ones (LightForce™, Burlington, Massachusetts) were included in this study. Seven 3D printed zirconia brackets and equal number of ceramic ones from each manufacturer underwent metallographic grinding and polishing followed by Vickers indentation testing. Hardness (HV) and fracture toughness (K1c) were estimated by measuring impression average diagonal length and crack length, respectively. After descriptive statistics calculation, group differences were analysed with 1 Way ANOVA and Holm Sidak post hoc multiple comparison test at significance level α = .05. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found among the materials tested with respect to hardness and fracture toughness. The 3D-printed zirconia proved to be less hard (1261 ± 39 vs 2000 ± 49 vs 1840 ± 38) but more resistant to crack propagation (K1c = 6.62 ± 0.61 vs 5.30 ± 0.48 vs 4.44 ± 0.30 MPa m1/2 ) than the alumina brackets (Clarity and Light Force respectivelty). Significant differences were observed between the 3D printed and the commercially available polycrystalline alumina ceramic brackets but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS Under the limitations of this study, the 3D printed zirconia bracket tested is characterized by mechanical properties associated with advantageous orthodontic fixed appliances traits regarding clinically relevant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Polychronis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher S Riollo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nearchos Panayi
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pei S, Zhou Y, Li Y, Azar T, Wang W, Kim DG, Liu XS. Instrumented nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:38-51. [PMID: 35660010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and muscle, are natural composite materials that are constructed with a hierarchical structure ranging from the cell to tissue level. The component differences and structural complexity, together, require comprehensive multiscale mechanical characterization. In this review, we focus on nanoindentation testing, which is used for nanometer to sub-micrometer length scale mechanical characterization. In the following context, we will summarize studies of nanoindentation in musculoskeletal research, examine the critical factors that affect nanoindentation testing results, and briefly summarize other commonly used techniques that can be conjoined with nanoindentation for synchronized imaging and colocalized characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yilu Zhou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Tala Azar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Wenzheng Wang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Marsico C, Carpenter I, Kutsch J, Fehrenbacher L, Arola D. Additive manufacturing of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by vat polymerization for dental appliances. Dent Mater 2022; 38:2030-2040. [PMID: 36424203 PMCID: PMC9722593 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mechanical properties of lithium disilicate components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) and to assess the effect of build orientation on the resistance to fracture. METHODS Oversized bars were printed with a glass-filled photoactive resin using a digital light processing technique. After sintering and post-processing, flexure and chevron notch fracture toughness bars were obtained in three principal orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) with respect to the build direction. Mechanical properties were obtained according to the relevant ASTM standards. The hardness, indentation fracture resistance, and elastic modulus were measured for each orientation, and a Weibull analysis was conducted with the flexure responses. Fractography of the fracture surfaces was performed to identify the failure origins. RESULTS The 0° orientation exhibited characteristic strength, Weibull modulus, and elastic modulus of 313 MPa, 4.42, and 168 ± 3 GPa, respectively, which are comparable to lithium disilicate materials from traditional processes. However, build orientation contributed significantly to the flexure strength, elastic modulus, and Weibull modulus; the characteristic strengths for the 45° and 90° build orientations were 86 MPa and 177 MPa, respectively. The primary contribution to the orientation dependence was the number of residual build layer-related flaws from incomplete union between printed layers. Of note, hardness and the fracture toughness were not dependent on build orientation. SIGNIFICANCE AM of lithium disilicate materials can achieve the mechanical properties of materials produced by traditionally processing. Thus, while further process development is warranted, the outlook for dentistry is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli Marsico
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Izabela Carpenter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeff Kutsch
- Technology Assessment & Transfer, Inc., Millersville, MD, USA
| | | | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Prediction of Fracture Toughness of Intermediate Layer of Asphalt Pavements Using Artificial Neural Network. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the sustainable management of pavements, predicting the condition of the pavement structure using a consistent and accurate method is necessary. The intermediate layer situated immediately below the surface layer has the greatest effect on the condition of the pavement structure. As a result, to accurately predict the condition of a pavement structure, the mechanistic properties of the intermediate layer are very important. Fracture toughness (FT)—a mechanistic property of the intermediate layer—is an important factor in predicting the distress that develops on the pavement surface. However, measuring FT consistently is practically impossible by coring asphalt pavement over the entire pavement section. Therefore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model—developed by using pavement surface conditions and traffic volume—can predict the FT of the intermediate layer of expressway asphalt pavements. Several ANN models have been developed by applying various optimizers, ANN structures, and preprocessing methods. The optimal model was selected by analyzing the predictive performance, error stability, and distribution of the developed models. The final selected model showed small stable errors, and the distributions of the predicted and measured FTs were similar. Furthermore, FT limits were set with outliers. Future asphalt pavement conditions can be predicted throughout the expressway network by using the proposed model without coring samples.
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Mechanical Properties of Differently Nanostructured and High-Pressure Compressed Hydroxyapatite-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Regeneration. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has long been considered the gold standard in the biomedical field, considering its composition and close resemblance to human bone. However, the brittle nature of hydroxyapatite (HAp) biomaterial, constrained by its low fracture toughness (of up to 1.2 vs. 2–12 MPa m1/2 of human bone), remains one of the significant factors impairing its use in bone regeneration. In the present study, HAp nanoparticles synthesized by the solid-state (SHAp) and sonochemical (EHAp) approaches using eggshell-derived calcium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate as precursors are compared with those synthesized using commercially available calcium hydroxide and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate as precursors (CHAp) employing sonochemical method. The HAp samples were then compressed into compact materials using a uniaxial high-pressure compression technique at a preoptimized load and subsequently characterized for mechanical properties using the Vickers indentation method and compressive strength testing. The analysis revealed that the material with smaller particle size (30–40 nm) and crystalline nature (EHAp and CHAp) resulted in mechanically robust materials (σm = 54.53 MPa and 47.72 MPa) with high elastic modulus (E = 4011.1 MPa and 2750.25 MPa) and density/hardness-dependent fracture toughness (σf = 4.34 MPa m1/2and 6.57 MPa m1/2) than SHAp (σm =28.40 MPa, E = 2116.75 MPa, σf = 5.39 MPa m1/2). The CHAp material was found to be the most suitable for applications in bone regeneration.
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Renteria C, Fernández-Arteaga JM, Grimm J, Ossa EA, Arola D. Mammalian enamel: A universal tissue and diverse source of inspiration. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:402-411. [PMID: 34536604 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural armors and weapons of the animal kingdom are serving as inspiration in the development of next-generation engineering materials. In this pursuit, seldom considered are the variations in properties across taxa that have evolved to meet their unique functional demands. Here, teeth from six different mammalian species were acquired and categorized according to their bite force quotient (BFQ), which accounts for the allometric scaling between bite force and body size. Selected chemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of the enamel were quantified across the enamel thickness using spectroscopy and indentation techniques. Results showed that the chemical composition of enamel was significantly (P < 0.05) different between the Low and High BFQ groups, whereas the apatite crystallinity was not. The enamel of all animals exhibited a spatial gradient in mechanical properties that was consistent when evaluated using a normalized framework. Although the elastic modulus, hardness and indentation brittleness were significantly lower in the High BFQ group, the fracture resistance of enamel was significantly higher in this group, potentially reflective of bite force requirements related to diet and predation. Enamel rod decussation was present in all teeth, but there were differences in specific microstructural features. Overall, these results highlight that the diversity of tooth enamel across species should be considered in the pursuit of nature-inspired structural materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Natural weapons are serving as inspiration in the development of next-generation engineering materials. Tooth enamel is a viable candidate, but variations in the structure and properties of enamel across taxa have not been explored. Here, teeth from six different mammalian species were categorized according to their bite force quotient (BFQ), and the enamel was compared in terms of selected chemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties. We show that specific aspects of the chemical composition and properties of the Low and High BFQ groups are unique, which appears reflective of bite forces associated with diet and predation. Overall, the results highlight that the diversity of tooth enamel across species should be considered in the pursuit of nature-inspired structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Renteria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - J Grimm
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - E A Ossa
- School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - D Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA.
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Kang TY, Seo JY, Ryu JH, Kim KM, Kwon JS. Improvement of the mechanical and biological properties of bioactive glasses by the addition of zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) as a synthetic bone graft substitute. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:1196-1208. [PMID: 33012133 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, mechanical properties of bioactive glass (BAG) synthetic bone graft substitute was improved by containing ZrO2 (ZrO2 -BAG), while maintaining advantageous biological properties of BAG such as osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The ZrO2 -BAG was produced by adding ZrO2 in the following proportions to replace Na2 O in 45S5 BAG: 1% (Zr1-BAG), 3% (Zr3-BAG), 6% (Zr6-BAG), and 12% (Zr12-BAG). Properties including XRD, XPS, SEM, DSC, fracture toughness, and Vickers microhardness were evaluated. To assess the biological properties, Ca/P apatite formation, ion release, degradation rate, cell proliferation, ALP activity (ALP), and alizarin red S staining assay (ARS) were evaluated. Also, expression of osteogenic differentiation markers, Osteopontin (OPN), confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. Finally, an in vivo test was carried out to by implanting ZrO2 -BAG into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. The results of each test were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc statistical test. Amorphous ZrO2 -BAG was successfully produced with increased mechanical properties as the ZrO2 content was increased. Additionally, ZrO2 -BAG exhibited a slower ion release and degradation rate compare to BAG without ZrO2 . Bioactivity of ZrO2 -BAG was confirmed with apatite layer formed on the surface, significantly higher proliferation rate and significantly enhanced ALP and the degree of ARS of the cells compare to respective controls. The tissue reactions observed in the in vivo study showed neo-formed vessels after implantation of ZrO2 -BAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yun Kang
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Ryu
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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Fracture toughness of bone at the microscale. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:475-483. [PMID: 33307248 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone's hierarchical arrangement of collagen and mineral generates a confluence of toughening mechanisms acting at every length scale from the molecular to the macroscopic level. Molecular defects, disease, and age alter bone structure at different levels and diminish its fracture resistance. However, the inability to isolate and quantify the influence of specific features hampers our understanding and the development of new therapies. Here, we combine in situ micromechanical testing, transmission electron microscopy and phase-field modelling to quantify intrinsic deformation and toughening at the fibrillar level and unveil the critical role of fibril orientation on crack deflection. At this level dry bone is highly anisotropic, with fracture energies ranging between 5 and 30 J/m2 depending on the direction of crack propagation. These values are lower than previously calculated for dehydrated samples from large-scale tests. However, they still suggest a significant amount of energy dissipation. This approach provides a new tool to uncouple and quantify, from the bottom up, the roles played by the structural features and constituents of bone on fracture and how can they be affected by different pathologies. The methodology can be extended to support the rational development of new structural composites.
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Pramanick A, Dey PP, Das PK, Bhukhanwala NP. Wire electrical discharge machining and microstructural analysis of hot-pressed boron carbide. Micron 2020; 141:102991. [PMID: 33321425 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Boron carbide powder was hot-pressed at 2070 °C with 30 MPa uniaxial pressure and 90 min soaking. The mechanical, microstructure and other related properties were evaluated. XRD of the boron carbide powder and sintered samples, shows the presence of B13C2 phase of high electrical conductivity. Crystal lattice parameters, space group, cell angle, cell parameters, etc. were found from Rietveld refinement. The micro Vicker's hardness was 26.98 ± 0.98 GPa at 4.9 N load, fracture toughness 3.54 ± 0.26 MPa m and Young's modulus 461.50 ± 4.5 GPa. The hot-pressed boron carbide was found to be electrically conducting, which can be machined using a wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Pramanick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Sikkim, Ravangla, Sikkim, India.
| | - Partha Pratim Dey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Probal Kr Das
- CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Marsico C, Øilo M, Kutsch J, Kauf M, Arola D. Vat Polymerization-Printed Partially Stabilized Zirconia: Mechanical Properties, Reliability and Structural defects. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2020; 36:101450. [PMID: 32793425 PMCID: PMC7418863 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramics, particularly of zirconia, is becoming of increasing interest due to the substantial freedom available in the design and fabrication process. However, due to the novelty of the field and the challenges associated with printing dense bulk ceramics suitable for structural applications, thorough investigations that explore the effects of printing on the mechanical performance are limited. Previous work has identified anisotropy in the mechanical properties and attributed it to the layer-by-layer deposition. However, substantiated fractographic evidence detailing the origins and effects of layer lines on the probability of failure are limited. This study investigates the mechanical properties of a dense (>99 %TD), partially stabilized zirconia fabricated by a digital light projection printing method following ASTM standards. Hardness and strength evaluations were conducted, followed by a Weibull analysis and fractography. The investigation entailed five unique build directions and a conventionally manufactured reference material that was used as a control. Although the strengths were comparable to the reference material for some orientations, fracture frequently initiated at layer lines and related defects in all orientations. The findings indicate that if the layer lines can be prevented or engineered, the strength of vat printed ceramics can be improved substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli Marsico
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marit Øilo
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeff Kutsch
- Technology Assessment & Transfer, Inc., Millersville, MD, USA
| | - Mark Kauf
- Technology Assessment & Transfer, Inc., Millersville, MD, USA
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, University of Washington Seattle, WA USA
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17
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Whyne CM, Ferguson D, Clement A, Rangrez M, Hardisty M. Biomechanical Properties of Metastatically Involved Osteolytic Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:705-715. [PMID: 33074529 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal metastasis involves the uncoupling of physiologic bone remodeling resulting in abnormal bone turnover and radical changes in bony architecture, density, and quality. Bone strength assessment and fracture risk prediction are critical in clinical treatment decision-making. This review focuses on bone tissue and structural mechanisms altered by osteolytic metastasis and the resulting changes to its material and mechanical behavior. RECENT FINDINGS Both organic and mineral phases of bone tissue are altered by osteolytic metastatic disease, with diminished bone quality evident at multiple length-scales. The mechanical performance of bone with osteolytic lesions is influenced by a combination of tissue-level and structural changes. This review considers the effects of osteolytic metastasis on bone biomechanics demonstrating its negative impact at tissue and structural levels. Future studies need to assess the cumulative impact of cancer treatments on metastatically involved bone quality, and its utility in directing multimodal treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari M Whyne
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Dallis Ferguson
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allison Clement
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammedayaz Rangrez
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Hardisty
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Lab, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Ibrahim A, Magliulo N, Groben J, Padilla A, Akbik F, Abdel Hamid Z. Hardness, an Important Indicator of Bone Quality, and the Role of Collagen in Bone Hardness. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11040085. [PMID: 33271801 PMCID: PMC7712352 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a nanocomposite material where the hard inorganic (hydroxyapatite crystallites) and organic (collagen fibrils) components are hierarchically arranged in the nanometer scale. Bone quality is dependent on the spatial distributions in the shape, size and composition of bone constituents (mineral, collagen and water). Bone hardness is an important property of bone, which includes both elastic and plastic deformation. In this study, a microhardness test was performed on a deer bone samples. The deer tibia shaft (diaphysis) was divided into several cross-sections of equal thickness; samples were prepared in untreated, boiled water treatment (100 °C for 30 min) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment conditions. Microhardness tests were performed on various regions of the tibial diaphysis to study the heterogeneous characteristics of bone microhardness and highlight the role of the organic matrix in bone hardness. The results indicated that boiled water treatment has a strong negative correlation with bone hardness. The untreated bone was significantly (+20%) harder than the boiled-water-treated bone. In general, the hardness values near the periosteal surface was significantly (23 to 45%) higher than the ones near the endosteal surface. Samples treated with NaOCl showed a significant reduction in hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York, NY 11735, USA; (N.M.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole Magliulo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York, NY 11735, USA; (N.M.); (J.G.)
| | - James Groben
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York, NY 11735, USA; (N.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Ashley Padilla
- Biology Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York, NY 11735, USA;
| | - Firas Akbik
- Chemistry Department, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA;
| | - Z. Abdel Hamid
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan 11421, Egypt;
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19
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Han Q, Qu Z, Wang P, Bi G, Qu G. Applications of Micro-Indentation Technology to Estimate Fracture Toughness of Shale. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13184208. [PMID: 32971848 PMCID: PMC7560459 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fracture toughness of shale is a basic parameter that can provide effective theoretical support for wellbore stability and hydraulic fracturing of a shale reservoir. Due to the composition and microstructure, there are many problems in evaluating the mechanical properties of shale in a macroscopic test. In this paper, the composition and pore distribution of shale were studied by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the pore structure. The setting of experimental parameters and the selection of the indenter were discussed. Micro-indentation technique was proposed and applied to fracture toughness analysis of shale. The results show that Berkovich indenter is more suitable for shale indentation test than Vickers indenter. Fracture toughness of shale indentation is obviously affected by surface roughness and indentation position. Fracture toughness of shale decreases slightly with the increase of the indentation load. The energy analysis result presents that the effect of cracking on the ratio of total/unloading work is minimal when there is no significant stripping on the shale surface. Compared with the experimental method, energy methods can obtain all the analysis parameters from a single indentation test. The results of comparative analysis with macroscopic experiments display that micro-indentation test can effectively predict the macroscopic fracture toughness of shale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Han
- College of petroleum engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.Q.); (P.W.); (G.B.); (G.Q.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhan Qu
- College of petroleum engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.Q.); (P.W.); (G.B.); (G.Q.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of petroleum engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.Q.); (P.W.); (G.B.); (G.Q.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Gang Bi
- College of petroleum engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.Q.); (P.W.); (G.B.); (G.Q.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- College of petroleum engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (Z.Q.); (P.W.); (G.B.); (G.Q.)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Well Stability and Fluid & Rock Mechanics in Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
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Mechanical properties of the hydroxyapatite and magnetic nanocomposite of hydroxyapatite adsorbents. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Singh J, Sharma NK, Sarker MD, Naghieh S, Sehgal SS, Chen DXB. Assessment of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Behavior of Cortical Bone Using a Small Punch Testing Technique. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:011001. [PMID: 31141595 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The fracture properties of cortical bone are directly coupled to its complex hierarchical structure. The limited availability of bone material from many anatomic locations creates challenges for assessing the effect of bone heterogeneity and anisotropy on fracture properties. The small punch technique was employed to examine the fracture behavior of cortical bone in terms of area under the curve values obtained from load-load point displacement behavior. Fracture toughness of cortical bone was also determined in terms of J-toughness values obtained using a compact tension (CT) test. Area under the curve values obtained from the small punch test were correlated with the J-toughness values of cortical bone. The effects of bone density and compositional parameters on area under the curve and Jtoughness values were also analyzed using linear and multiple regression analysis. Area under the curve and J-toughness values are strongly and positively correlated. Bone density and %mineral content are positively correlated with both area under the curve and J-toughness values. The multiple regression analysis outcomes support these results. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that area under the curve values obtained from small punch tests can be used to assess the fracture behavior of cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - N K Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C5, Canada
| | - M D Sarker
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C5, Canada
| | - Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C5, Canada
| | - Satbir S Sehgal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Daniel X B Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C5, Canada; Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C5, Canada
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Nobile S, Nobile L. Assessment of Fracture Toughness in Bone Tissue Engineering. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nobile
- Maternal and Child DepartmentOspedali Riuniti di Ancona via F. Corridoni 11 60123 Ancona Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public HealthDivision of Neonatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Largo A. Gemelli 8 00168 Rome Italy
| | - Lucio Nobile
- Department DICAMUniversity of Bologna‐Campus of Cesena Via Pavese 50 47522 Cesena Italy
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Finite elements based approaches for the modelling of radial crack formation upon Vickers indentation in silicon nitride ceramics. Ann Ital Chir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Anisotropic crack propagation and deformation in dentin observed by four-dimensional X-ray nano-computed tomography. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:400-411. [PMID: 31254684 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cracking behaviour of biological composite materials is of practical importance. This paper presents the first study to track the interplay between crack initiation, microfracture and plastic deformation in three dimensions (3D) as a function of tubule and collagen fibril arrangement in elephant dentin using in situ X-ray nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). A nano-indenter with a conical tip has been used to incrementally indent three test-pieces oriented at 0°, 45° and 70° to the long axis of the tubules (i.e. radial to the tusk). For the 0° sample two significant cracks formed, one of which linked up with microcracks in the axial-radial plane of the tusk originating from the tubules and the other one occurred as a consequence of shear deformation at the tubules. The 70° test-piece was able to bear the greatest loads despite many small cracks forming around the indenter. These were diverted by the microstructure and did not propagate significantly. The 45° test-piece showed intermediate behaviour. In all cases strains obtained by digital volume correlation were well in excess of the yield strain (0.9%), indeed some plastic deformation could even be seen through bending of the tubules. The hoop strains around the conical indenter were anisotropic with the smallest strains correlating with the primary collagen orientation (axial to the tusk) and the largest strains aligned with the hoop direction of the tusk. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents the first comprehensive study of the anisotropic nature of microfracture, crack propagation and deformation in elephant dentin using time-lapse X-ray nano-computed tomography. To unravel the interplay of collagen fibrils and local deformation, digital volume correlation (DVC) has been applied to map the local strain field while the crack initiation and propagation is tracked in real time. Our results highlight the intrinsic and extrinsic shielding mechanisms and correlate the crack growth behavior in nature to the service requirement of dentin to resist catastrophic fracture. This is of wide interest not just in terms of understanding dentin fracture but also can extend beyond dentin to other anisotropic structural composite biomaterials such as bone, antler and chitin.
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Khayyeri H, Isaksson H. Crack propagation in cortical bone is affected by the characteristics of the cement line: a parameter study using an XFEM interface damage model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:1247-1261. [PMID: 30963356 PMCID: PMC6647448 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bulk properties of cortical bone have been well characterized experimentally, and potent toughening mechanisms, e.g., crack deflections, have been identified at the microscale. However, it is currently difficult to experimentally measure local damage properties and isolate their effect on the tissue fracture resistance. Instead, computer models can be used to analyze the impact of local characteristics and structures, but material parameters required in computer models are not well established. The aim of this study was therefore to identify the material parameters that are important for crack propagation in cortical bone and to elucidate what parameters need to be better defined experimentally. A comprehensive material parameter study was performed using an XFEM interface damage model in 2D to simulate crack propagation around an osteon at the microscale. The importance of 14 factors (material parameters) on four different outcome criteria (maximum force, fracture energy, crack length and crack trajectory) was evaluated using ANOVA for three different osteon orientations. The results identified factors related to the cement line to influence the crack propagation, where the interface strength was important for the ability to deflect cracks. Crack deflection was also favored by low interface stiffness. However, the cement line properties are not well determined experimentally and need to be better characterized. The matrix and osteon stiffness had no or low impact on the crack pattern. Furthermore, the results illustrated how reduced matrix toughness promoted crack penetration of the cement line. This effect is highly relevant for the understanding of the influence of aging on crack propagation and fracture resistance in cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathias Wallin
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Baino F. Quantifying the Adhesion of Silicate Glass-Ceramic Coatings onto Alumina for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12111754. [PMID: 31151146 PMCID: PMC6600681 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of bioactive glass or ceramic coatings on the outer surface of joint prostheses is a valuable strategy to improve the osteointegration of implants and is typically produced using biocompatible but non-bioactive materials. Quantifying the coating–implant adhesion in terms of bonding strength and toughness is still a challenge to biomaterials scientists. In this work, wollastonite (CaSiO3)-containing glass–ceramic coatings were manufactured on alumina tiles by sinter-crystallization of SiO2–CaO–Na2O–Al2O3 glass powder, and it was observed that the bonding strength decreased from 34 to 10 MPa as the coating thickness increased from 50 to 300 µm. From the viewpoint of bonding strength, the coatings with thickness below 250 µm were considered suitable for biomedical applications according to current international standards. A mechanical model based on quantized fracture mechanics allowed estimating the fracture toughness of the coating on the basis of the experimental data from tensile tests. The critical strain energy release rate was also found to decrease from 1.86 to 0.10 J/m2 with the increase of coating thickness, which therefore plays a key role in determining the mechanical properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
- Interuniversity Center for the promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy.
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Hallmann L, Ulmer P, Gerngross MD, Jetter J, Mintrone M, Lehmann F, Kern M. Properties of hot-pressed lithium silicate glass-ceramics. Dent Mater 2019; 35:713-729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yin B, Guo JL, Wang JZ, Li S, Liu YK, Zhang YZ. Bone Material Properties of Human Phalanges Using Vickers Indentation. Orthop Surg 2019; 11:487-492. [PMID: 31037844 PMCID: PMC6595111 DOI: 10.1111/os.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the microhardness distribution throughout the human hand phalanges using the Vickers method, which can be used to directly evaluate the bone mechanical properties at tissue level and provide an alternative means to investigate bone quality. Methods The phalanges bones involved in this study were collected from three healthy donors; fresh‐frozen right limbs were used. The phalanges bones were dissected and cut into 3‐mm thick slices perpendicular to the long axis in the phalanges base, the phalanges shaft, and the phalanges head with a low‐speed saw and then the slices were polished with sandpaper. A microindenter fitted with a Vickers indenter point was used to measure the Vickers hardness in the plantar, dorsal, medial, and lateral sites of cortical bone in metatarsal shaft and trabecular bone in the metatarsal base and head. The indentation load and dwell time was set to 50 g and 12 s for both the cortical and cancellous tissues in this study. For each site or region, five valid values were recorded and averaged as the Vickers hardness for the site or region. Results In total, 96 bone slices were harvested from the base, shaft, and head of the 15 phalanges and 1920 indentations were performed. In general, the Vickers hardness in phalanges was 34.11 ± 7.95 HV. For the 5 phalanges, the 3rd phalanx showed the highest hardness (36.74 ± 7.10 HV), closely followed by the 1st (36.46 ± 5.96 HV) and 2nd (35.28 ± 6.52 HV) phalanx. The hardness in the 4th (31.90 ± 9.15 HV) and 5th (31.19 ± 8.22 HV) phalanx were significantly lower than in the other 3 phalanges. The hardness in the phalanx shaft (38.52 ± 6.67 HV) was significantly higher than that in both the base (30.73 ± 7.46 HV) and head (30.64 ± 6.81 HV) of the phalanx (F = 300.7, P = 0.000); no statistic difference existed between the base and head of the phalanx (P = 0.996). The Vickers hardness in the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx showed statistical difference in Vickers hardness (F = 19.278, P = 0.000). The proximal phalanx showed higher Vickers hardness than the middle phalanx in the 2nd to 5th phalanges (P = 0.002). Conclusion This study reported on the Vickers hardness distribution of the human phalanges bone and provides the theoretical basis of differences in hardness, which will benefit the placement of plates and screws in orthopaedic surgery and contribute to the research on ideal artificial bones and 3D‐printed orthopaedic implants with inner gradient distribution of hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Zhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Ke Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, China
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Tang T, Wagermaier W, Schuetz R, Wang Q, Eltit F, Fratzl P, Wang R. Hypermineralization in the femoral neck of the elderly. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:330-342. [PMID: 30872111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hip fragility depends on the decline in bone mass as well as changes in bone microstructure and the properties of bone mineral and organic matrix. Although it is well-established that low bone mass or osteoporosis is a key factor in hip fracture risk, it is striking to observe that 92% of 24 patients who have sustained an intracapsular hip fracture showed hypermineralization at the superior-anterior quadrant, a critical region associated with increased hip fracture risk. In-depth material studies on a total of 12 human cadaver femurs revealed increased degree of mineralization in the hypermineralized tissue: calcium weight percentage as measured by quantitative backscattered electron imaging increased by approximately 15% compared with lamellar bone; mineral-to-matrix ratio obtained by Raman microspectroscopy imaging also increased. Immunohistochemistry revealed localized type II collagen in the hypermineralized region, implying its cartilaginous nature. At the ultrastructural level, X-ray scattering revealed significantly smaller (on average 2.3 nm thick and 15.6 nm long) and less ordered bone minerals in the hypermineralized tissue. Finally, the hypermineralized tissue was more brittle than lamellar bone under hydrated state - cracks propagated easily in the hypermineralized region but stopped at the lamellar boundary. This study demonstrates that hypermineralization of femoral neck cortical bone is a source of bone fragility which is worth considering in future fracture risk assessment when the origin of hip fracture is unclear based on current evaluation standards. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hypermineralization of femoral cortical bone in older adults might occur in many more hip fracture cases than presently known. Yet, this tissue remains largely unknown to the orthopedic community possibly due to coarse resolution of clinical imaging. The current study showed the hypermineralized tissue had reduced fracture resistance which could be attributed to the material changes in mineral content, organic matrix, and mineral platelets properties. It thus could be a source for fracture initiation. Consequently, we believe hypermineralization of femoral neck cortical bone should be considered in hip fragility assessment, especially when low bone mass cannot be identified as a primary contributor to hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Tang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Roman Schuetz
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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An interface damage model that captures crack propagation at the microscale in cortical bone using XFEM. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:556-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Lowe T, Avcu E, Bousser E, Sellers W, Withers PJ. 3D Imaging of Indentation Damage in Bone. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2533. [PMID: 30551563 PMCID: PMC6316674 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex material comprising high stiffness, but brittle, crystalline bio-apatite combined with compliant, but tough, collagen fibres. It can accommodate significant deformation, and the bone microstructure inhibits crack propagation such that micro-cracks can be quickly repaired. Catastrophic failure (bone fracture) is a major cause of morbidity, particularly in aging populations, either through a succession of small fractures or because a traumatic event is sufficiently large to overcome the individual crack blunting/shielding mechanisms. Indentation methods provide a convenient way of characterising the mechanical properties of bone. It is important to be able to visualise the interactions between the bone microstructure and the damage events in three dimensions (3D) to better understand the nature of the damage processes that occur in bone and the relevance of indentation tests in evaluating bone resilience and strength. For the first time, time-lapse laboratory X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been used to establish a time-evolving picture of bone deformation/plasticity and cracking. The sites of both crack initiation and termination as well as the interconnectivity of cracks and pores have been visualised and identified in 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Lowe
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Henry Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Egemen Avcu
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Henry Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Ford Otosan Ihsaniye Automotive Vocational School, Machine and Metal Technologies, Kocaeli University, 41680 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Etienne Bousser
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Henry Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal H3T1J4, QC, Canada.
| | - William Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Philip J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Henry Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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32
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Qian L, Zhao H. Nanoindentation of Soft Biological Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E654. [PMID: 30544918 PMCID: PMC6316095 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation techniques, with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity, have recently been moved into the center of the spotlight for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials, especially bridging the scales from the molecular via the cellular and tissue all the way to the organ level, whereas characterizing soft biomaterials, especially down to biomolecules, is fraught with more pitfalls compared with the hard biomaterials. In this review we detail the constitutive behavior of soft biomaterials under nanoindentation (including AFM) and present the characteristics of experimental aspects in detail, such as the adaption of instrumentation and indentation response of soft biomaterials. We further show some applications, and discuss the challenges and perspectives related to nanoindentation of soft biomaterials, a technique that can pinpoint the mechanical properties of soft biomaterials for the scale-span is far-reaching for understanding biomechanics and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Qian
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
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Liu Z, Weng Z, Zhai ZF, Huang N, Zhang ZJ, Tan J, Jiang C, Jiao D, Tan G, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang Z, Ritchie RO. Hydration-induced nano- to micro-scale self-recovery of the tooth enamel of the giant panda. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:267-277. [PMID: 30273740 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tooth enamel of vertebrates comprises a hyper-mineralized bioceramic, but is distinguished by an exceptional durability to resist impact and wear throughout the lifetime of organisms; however, enamels exhibit a low resistance to the initiation of large-scale cracks comparable to that of geological minerals based on fracture mechanics. Here we reveal that the tooth enamel, specifically from the giant panda, is capable of developing durability through counteracting the early stage of damage by partially recovering its innate geometry and structure at nano- to micro- length-scales autonomously. Such an attribute results essentially from the unique architecture of tooth enamel, specifically the vertical alignment of nano-scale mineral fibers and micro-scale prisms within a water-responsive organic-rich matrix, and can lead to a decrease in the dimension of indent damage in enamel introduced by indentation. Hydration plays an effective role in promoting the recovery process and improving the indentation fracture toughness of enamel (by ∼73%), at a minor cost of micro-hardness (by ∼5%), as compared to the dehydrated state. The nano-scale mechanisms that are responsible for the recovery deformation, specifically the reorientation and rearrangement of mineral fragments and the inter- and intra-prismatic sliding between constituents that are closely related to the viscoelasticity of organic matrix, are examined and analyzed with respect to the structure of tooth enamel. Our study sheds new light on the strategies underlying Nature's design of durable ceramics which could be translated into man-made systems in developing high-performance ceramic materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tooth enamel plays a critical role in the function of teeth by providing a hard surface layer to resist wear/impact throughout the lifetime of organisms; however, such enamel exhibits a remarkably low resistance to the initiation of large-scale cracks, of hundreds of micrometers or more, comparable to that of geological minerals. Here we reveal that tooth enamel, specifically that of the giant panda, is capable of partially recovering its geometry and structure to counteract the early stages of damage at nano- to micro-scale dimensions autonomously. Such an attribute results essentially from the architecture of enamel but is markedly enhanced by hydration. Our work discerns a series of mechanisms that lead to the deformation and recovery of enamel and identifies a unique source of durability in the enamel to accomplish this function. The ingenious design of tooth enamel may inspire the development of new durable ceramic materials in man-made systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqian Liu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Weng
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Zhai
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chuanbin Jiang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Da Jiao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guoqi Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Non-ferrous Materials, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhefeng Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Correlations between nanostructure and micromechanical properties of healing bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:258-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Belli R, Wendler M, Zorzin JI, Lohbauer U. Practical and theoretical considerations on the fracture toughness testing of dental restorative materials. Dent Mater 2017; 34:97-119. [PMID: 29203072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important tool in materials research, development and characterization regarding mechanical performance is the testing of fracture toughness. A high level of accuracy in executing this sort of test is necessary, with strict requirements given in extensive testing standard documents. Proficiency in quality specimen fabrication and test requires practice and a solid theoretical background, oftentimes overlooked in the dental community. AIMS In this review we go through some fundamentals of the fracture mechanics concepts that are relevant to the understanding of fracture toughness testing, and draw attention to critical aspects of practical nature that must be fulfilled for validity and accuracy in results. We describe our experience with some testing methodologies for CAD/CAM materials and discuss advantages and shortcomings of different tests in terms of errors in testing the applicability of the concept of fracture toughness as a single-value material-specific property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Belli
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Wendler
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José I Zorzin
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lohbauer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Zahnklinik 1 - Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Forschungslabor für dentale Biomaterialien, Glueckstrasse 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Miyazaki H, Yoshizawa Y. A reinvestigation of the validity of the indentation fracture (IF) method as applied to ceramics. Ann Ital Chir 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Jenkins T, Katsamenis OL, Andriotis OG, Coutts LV, Carter B, Dunlop DG, Oreffo ROC, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Thurner PJ, The OStEO Group. The inferomedial femoral neck is compromised by age but not disease: Fracture toughness and the multifactorial mechanisms comprising reference point microindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:399-412. [PMID: 28803114 PMCID: PMC5619645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence of ageing on the fracture mechanics of cortical bone tissue is well documented, though little is known about if and how related material properties are further affected in two of the most prominent musculoskeletal diseases, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (OA). The femoral neck, in close proximity to the most pertinent osteoporotic fracture site and near the hip joint affected by osteoarthritis, is a site of particular interest for investigation. We have recently shown that Reference Point micro-Indentation (RPI) detects differences between cortical bone from the femoral neck of healthy, osteoporotic fractured and osteoarthritic hip replacement patients. RPI is a new technique with potential for in vivo bone quality assessment. However, interpretation of RPI results is limited because the specific changes in bone properties with pathology are not well understood and, further, because it is not conclusive what properties are being assessed by RPI. Here, we investigate whether the differences previously detected between healthy and diseased cortical bone from the femoral neck might reflect changes in fracture toughness. Together with this, we investigate which additional properties are reflected in RPI measures. RPI (using the Biodent device) and fracture toughness tests were conducted on samples from the inferomedial neck of bone resected from donors with: OA (41 samples from 15 donors), osteoporosis (48 samples from 14 donors) and non age-matched cadaveric controls (37 samples from 10 donoros) with no history of bone disease. Further, a subset of indented samples were imaged using micro-computed tomography (3 osteoporotic and 4 control samples each from different donors) as well as fluorescence microscopy in combination with serial sectioning after basic fuchsin staining (7 osteoporotic and 5 control samples from 5 osteoporotic and 5 control donors). In this study, the bulk indentation and fracture resistance properties of the inferomedial femoral neck in osteoporotic fracture, severe OA and control bone were comparable (p > 0.05 for fracture properties and <10% difference for indentation) but fracture toughness reduced with advancing age (7.0% per decade, r = -0.36, p = 0.029). Further, RPI properties (in particular, the indentation distance increase, IDI) showed partial correlation with fracture toughness (r = -0.40, p = 0.023) or derived elastic modulus (r = -0.40, p = 0.023). Multimodal indent imaging revealed evidence of toughening mechanisms (i.e. crack deflection, bridging and microcracking), elastoplastic response (in terms of the non-conical imprint shape and presence of pile-up) and correlation of RPI with damage extent (up to r = 0.79, p = 0.034) and indent size (up to r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Therefore, crack resistance, deformation resistance and, additionally, micro-structure (porosity: r = 0.93, p = 0.002 as well as pore proximity: r = -0.55, p = 0.027 for correlation with IDI) are all contributory to RPI. Consequently, it becomes clear that RPI measures represent a multitude of properties, various aspects of bone quality, but are not necessarily strongly correlated to a single mechanical property. In addition, osteoporosis or osteoarthritis do not seem to further influence fracture toughness of the inferomedial femoral neck beyond natural ageing. Since bone is highly heterogeneous, whether this finding can be extended to the whole femoral neck or whether it also holds true for other femoral neck quadrants or other material properties remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jenkins
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Gait Laboratory, Queen Mary's Hospital, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - O L Katsamenis
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - O G Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - L V Coutts
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - B Carter
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D G Dunlop
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - R O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute for Development Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - N C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - P J Thurner
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - The OStEO Group
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK; University College London, London, UK
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Progress in Indentation Study of Materials via Both Experimental and Numerical Methods. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Arnold M, Zhao S, Ma S, Giuliani F, Hansen U, Cobb JP, Abel RL, Boughton O. Microindentation - a tool for measuring cortical bone stiffness? A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:542-549. [PMID: 28924020 PMCID: PMC5631024 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.69.bjr-2016-0317.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Microindentation has the potential to measure the stiffness of an individual patient’s bone. Bone stiffness plays a crucial role in the press-fit stability of orthopaedic implants. Arming surgeons with accurate bone stiffness information may reduce surgical complications including periprosthetic fractures. The question addressed with this systematic review is whether microindentation can accurately measure cortical bone stiffness. Methods A systematic review of all English language articles using a keyword search was undertaken using Medline, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Studies that only used nanoindentation, cancellous bone or animal tissue were excluded. Results A total of 1094 abstracts were retrieved and 32 papers were included in the analysis, 20 of which used reference point indentation, and 12 of which used traditional depth-sensing indentation. There are several factors that must be considered when using microindentation, such as tip size, depth and method of analysis. Only two studies validated microindentation against traditional mechanical testing techniques. Both studies used reference point indentation (RPI), with one showing that RPI parameters correlate well with mechanical testing, but the other suggested that they do not. Conclusion Microindentation has been used in various studies to assess bone stiffness, but only two studies with conflicting results compared microindentation with traditional mechanical testing techniques. Further research, including more studies comparing microindentation with other mechanical testing methods, is needed before microindentation can be used reliably to calculate cortical bone stiffness. Cite this article: M. Arnold, S. Zhao, S. Ma, F. Giuliani, U. Hansen, J. P. Cobb, R. L. Abel, O. Boughton. Microindentation – a tool for measuring cortical bone stiffness? A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:542–549. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.69.BJR-2016-0317.R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arnold
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - S Zhao
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - S Ma
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - F Giuliani
- Imperial College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - U Hansen
- Imperial College London, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J P Cobb
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - R L Abel
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - O Boughton
- Imperial College London, The MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
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Matinmanesh A, Li Y, Clarkin O, Zalzal P, Schemitsch EH, Towler MR, Papini M. Quantifying the mode II critical strain energy release rate of borate bioactive glass coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 75:212-221. [PMID: 28756281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses have been used as coatings for biomedical implants because they can be formulated to promote osseointegration, antibacterial behavior, bone formation, and tissue healing through the incorporation and subsequent release of certain ions. However, shear loading on coated implants has been reported to cause the delamination and loosening of such coatings. This work uses a recently developed fracture mechanics testing methodology to quantify the critical strain energy release rate under nearly pure mode II conditions, GIIC, of a series of borate-based glass coating/Ti6Al4V alloy substrate systems. Incorporating increasing amounts of SrCO3 in the glass composition was found to increase the GIIC almost twofold, from 25.3 to 46.9J/m2. The magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in the coating were quantified, and it was found that the residual stresses in all cases distributed uniformly over the cross section of the coating. The crack was driven towards, but not into, the glass/Ti6Al4V substrate interface due to the shear loading. This implied that the interface had a higher fracture toughness than the coating itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matinmanesh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8
| | - Y Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8
| | - O Clarkin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Zalzal
- Oakville Trafalgar Memorial Hospital, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 3L7
| | - E H Schemitsch
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8
| | - M R Towler
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Papini
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3.
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Effect of intra-oral aging on t→m phase transformation, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 72:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Labonte D, Lenz AK, Oyen ML. On the relationship between indentation hardness and modulus, and the damage resistance of biological materials. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:373-383. [PMID: 28546134 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable mechanical performance of biological materials is based on intricate structure-function relationships. Nanoindentation has become the primary tool for characterising biological materials, as it allows to relate structural changes to variations in mechanical properties on small scales. However, the respective theoretical background and associated interpretation of the parameters measured via indentation derives largely from research on 'traditional' engineering materials such as metals or ceramics. Here, we discuss the functional relevance of indentation hardness in biological materials by presenting a meta-analysis of its relationship with indentation modulus. Across seven orders of magnitude, indentation hardness was directly proportional to indentation modulus. Using a lumped parameter model to deconvolute indentation hardness into components arising from reversible and irreversible deformation, we establish criteria which allow to interpret differences in indentation hardness across or within biological materials. The ratio between hardness and modulus arises as a key parameter, which is related to the ratio between irreversible and reversible deformation during indentation, the material's yield strength, and the resistance to irreversible deformation, a material property which represents the energy required to create a unit volume of purely irreversible deformation. Indentation hardness generally increases upon material dehydration, however to a larger extent than expected from accompanying changes in indentation modulus, indicating that water acts as a 'plasticiser'. A detailed discussion of the role of indentation hardness, modulus and toughness in damage control during sharp or blunt indentation yields comprehensive guidelines for a performance-based ranking of biological materials, and suggests that quasi-plastic deformation is a frequent yet poorly understood damage mode, highlighting an important area of future research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Instrumented indentation is a widespread tool for characterising the mechanical properties of biological materials. Here, we show that the ratio between indentation hardness and modulus is approximately constant in biological materials. A simple elastic-plastic series deformation model is employed to rationalise part of this correlation, and criteria for a meaningful comparison of indentation hardness across biological materials are proposed. The ratio between indentation hardness and modulus emerges as the key parameter characterising the relative amount of irreversible deformation during indentation. Despite their comparatively high hardness to modulus ratio, biological materials are susceptible to quasiplastic deformation, due to their high toughness: quasi-plastic deformation is hence hypothesised to be a frequent yet poorly understood phenomenon, highlighting an important area of future research.
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Kaya S, Basta-Pljakic J, Seref-Ferlengez Z, Majeska RJ, Cardoso L, Bromage T, Zhang Q, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R, Yakar S, Fritton SP, Schaffler MB. Lactation-Induced Changes in the Volume of Osteocyte Lacunar-Canalicular Space Alter Mechanical Properties in Cortical Bone Tissue. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:688-697. [PMID: 27859586 PMCID: PMC5395324 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes can remove and remodel small amounts of their surrounding bone matrix through osteocytic osteolysis, which results in increased volume occupied by lacunar and canalicular space (LCS). It is well established that cortical bone stiffness and strength are strongly and inversely correlated with vascular porosity, but whether changes in LCS volume caused by osteocytic osteolysis are large enough to affect bone mechanical properties is not known. In the current studies we tested the hypotheses that (1) lactation and postlactation recovery in mice alter the elastic modulus of bone tissue, and (2) such local changes in mechanical properties are related predominantly to alterations in lacunar and canalicular volume rather than bone matrix composition. Mechanical testing was performed using microindentation to measure modulus in regions containing solely osteocytes and no vascular porosity. Lactation caused a significant (∼13%) reduction in bone tissue-level elastic modulus (p < 0.001). After 1 week postweaning (recovery), bone modulus levels returned to control levels and did not change further after 4 weeks of recovery. LCS porosity tracked inversely with changes in cortical bone modulus. Lacunar and canalicular void space increased 7% and 15% with lactation, respectively (p < 0.05), then returned to control levels at 1 week after weaning. Neither bone mineralization (assessed by high-resolution backscattered scanning electron microscopy) nor mineral/matrix ratio or crystallinity (assessed by Raman microspectroscopy) changed with lactation. Thus, changes in bone mechanical properties induced by lactation and recovery appear to depend predominantly on changes in osteocyte LCS dimensions. Moreover, this study demonstrates that tissue-level cortical bone mechanical properties are rapidly and reversibly modulated by osteocytes in response to physiological challenge. These data point to a hitherto unappreciated role for osteocytes in modulating and maintaining local bone mechanical properties. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Kaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jelena Basta-Pljakic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Cardoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy Bromage
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carol R Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susannah P Fritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Sarraf M, Razak BA, Nasiri-Tabrizi B, Dabbagh A, Kasim NHA, Basirun WJ, Bin Sulaiman E. Nanomechanical properties, wear resistance and in-vitro characterization of Ta2O5 nanotubes coating on biomedical grade Ti–6Al–4V. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 66:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Weng Z, Liu Z, Ritchie R, Jiao D, Li D, Wu H, Deng L, Zhang Z. Giant panda׳s tooth enamel: Structure, mechanical behavior and toughening mechanisms under indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 64:125-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zheng J, Zeng Y, Wen J, Zheng L, Zhou Z. Impact wear behavior of human tooth enamel under simulated chewing conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 62:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yahyazadehfar M, Zhang D, Arola D. On the importance of aging to the crack growth resistance of human enamel. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:264-274. [PMID: 26747980 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With improvements in oral health and an overall increase in quality of life, the percentage of fully or largely dentate seniors is increasing. Understanding the effects of aging on the mechanical properties of teeth is essential to the maintenance of lifelong oral health. In this investigation the effects of aging on the fracture toughness of human enamel were evaluated from incremental crack growth experiments performed on tissue of donor teeth representing "young" (17 ⩽ age ⩽ 25) and "old" (age ⩾ 55) age groups. Results showed that the old enamel exhibited significantly lower resistance to fracture than that of the young tissue in two orthogonal directions of crack growth. For crack growth transverse to the enamel rods, the fracture toughness of the old enamel (0.37 ± 0.15 MPa m(0.5)) was nearly 70% lower than that of tissue from the young teeth (1.23 ± 0.20 MPa m(0.5)). Based on results from a mechanistic analysis of crack growth, the reduction in fracture resistance is attributed to a decrease in the degree of extrinsic toughening. The practice of restorative dentistry should account for these changes in tooth tissues in the treatment of senior patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical behavior of enamel has been studied for over 3 decades. Due to the limited volume of tissue available for evaluation, past work has been largely based on indentation methods. In this investigation we have evaluated the resistance to fracture of human enamel using a conventional fracture mechanics approach and incremental crack growth. We compared the fracture resistance of cuspal enamel obtained from the teeth of representative "young" and "old" donor groups. Our results show that there is a substantial reduction in the resistance to fracture with age, that it is anisotropic, and that the degradation is more severe than that which occurs to dentin. As such, we feel this work is a significant contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Yahyazadehfar
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Application of reference point indentation for micro-mechanical surface characterization of calcium silicate based dental materials. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Pezzotti G, Enomoto Y, Zhu W, Boffelli M, Marin E, McEntire BJ. Surface toughness of silicon nitride bioceramics: I, Raman spectroscopy-assisted micromechanics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 54:328-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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