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Lyte JM, Martinez DA, Robinson K, Donoghue AM, Daniels KM, Lyte M. A neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101671. [PMID: 35066383 PMCID: PMC8783147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of neurochemical-based interkingdom signaling and its impact on host-microbe interaction is called microbial endocrinology. Neurochemicals play a recognized role in determining bacterial colonization and interaction with the gut epithelium. While much attention has been devoted to the determination of neurochemical concentrations in the mammalian gut to better understand tissue and region-specific microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms of host-microbe interaction, little is known regarding the biogeography of neurochemicals in the avian gut. Greater resolution of avian gut neurochemical concentrations is needed especially as recent microbial endocrinology-based investigations into bacterial foodborne pathogen colonization of the chicken gut have demonstrated neurochemicals to affect Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. in vivo and in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of stress-related neurochemicals in the tissue and luminal content of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon of the broiler intestinal tract, and to investigate if this biogeography changes with age of the bird. While all neurochemicals measured were detected in the intestinal tract, many displayed differences in regional concentrations. Whereas the catecholamine norepinephrine was detected in each region of the intestinal tract, epinephrine was present only in the cecum and colon. Likewise, dopamine, and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were found in the greatest quantities in the cecum and colon. Serotonin and histamine were identified in each gut region. Region-specific age-related changes were observed (P < 0.05) for serotonin, its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid as well as for histamine. Several neurochemicals, including norepinephrine, were found in the contents of each gut region. Epinephrine was not detected in the gut content of any region. Salsolinol, a microbial-produced neuroactive compound was detected in the gut content but not in tissue. Together, our data establish a neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. By providing researchers with a region-by-region map of in vivo gut neurochemical concentrations of a modern broiler chicken breed, this neurochemical map is expected to inform future investigations that seek to utilize avian enteric neurochemistry.
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Matisz C, Gruber A. Neuroinflammatory remodeling of the anterior cingulate cortex as a key driver of mood disorders in gastrointestinal disease and disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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Schiller M, Azulay-Debby H, Boshnak N, Elyahu Y, Korin B, Ben-Shaanan TL, Koren T, Krot M, Hakim F, Rolls A. Optogenetic activation of local colonic sympathetic innervations attenuates colitis by limiting immune cell extravasation. Immunity 2021; 54:1022-1036.e8. [PMID: 33932356 PMCID: PMC8116309 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is composed of an endocrine arm, regulating blood adrenaline and noradrenaline, and a local arm, a network of fibers innervating immune organs. Here, we investigated the impact of the local arm of the SNS in an inflammatory response in the colon. Intra-rectal insertion of an optogenetic probe in mice engineered to express channelrhodopsin-2 in tyrosine hydroxylase cells activated colonic sympathetic fibers. In contrast to systemic application of noradrenaline, local activation of sympathetic fibers attenuated experimental colitis and reduced immune cell abundance. Gene expression profiling showed decreased endothelial expression of the adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 upon optogenetic stimulation; this decrease was sensitive to adrenergic blockers and 6-hydroxydopamine. Antibody blockade of MAdCAM-1 abrogated the optogenetic effect on immune cell extravasation into the colon and the pathology. Thus, sympathetic fibers control colonic inflammation by regulating immune cell extravasation from circulation, a mechanism likely relevant in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Schiller
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilla Azulay-Debby
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nadia Boshnak
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehezqel Elyahu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ben Korin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar L Ben-Shaanan
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Koren
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Krot
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fahed Hakim
- Cancer Research Center, EMMS Nazareth, 16100, Nazareth, Israel; Azrieli faculty of medicine, Bar-Ilan university, 1311502, Safad, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel; The Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3525422, Haifa, Israel.
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Lyte JM, Keane J, Eckenberger J, Anthony N, Shrestha S, Marasini D, Daniels KM, Caputi V, Donoghue AM, Lyte M. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a novel model to study the relationship between the avian microbiome and microbial endocrinology-based host-microbe interactions. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 33531080 PMCID: PMC7856774 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial endocrinology, which is the study of neuroendocrine-based interkingdom signaling, provides a causal mechanistic framework for understanding the bi-directional crosstalk between the host and microbiome, especially as regards the effect of stress on health and disease. The importance of the cecal microbiome in avian health is well-recognized, yet little is understood regarding the mechanisms underpinning the avian host-microbiome relationship. Neuroendocrine plasticity of avian tissues that are focal points of host-microbiome interaction, such as the gut and lung, has likewise received limited attention. Avian in vivo models that enable the study of the neuroendocrine dynamic between host and microbiome are needed. As such, we utilized Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that diverge in corticosterone response to stress to examine the relationship between stress-related neurochemical concentrations at sites of host-microbe interaction, such as the gut, and the cecal microbiome. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that birds which contrast in corticosterone response to stress show profound separation in cecal microbial community structure as well as exhibit differences in tissue neurochemical concentrations and structural morphologies of the gut. Changes in neurochemicals known to be affected by the microbiome were also identified in tissues outside of the gut, suggesting a potential relationship in birds between the cecal microbiome and overall avian physiology. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first evidence that the structure of the avian cecal microbial community is shaped by selection pressure on the bird for neuroendocrine response to stress. Identification of unique region-dependent neurochemical changes in the intestinal tract following stress highlights environmental stressors as potential drivers of microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms of avian host-microbiome dialogue. Together, these results demonstrate that tissue neurochemical concentrations in the avian gut may be related to the cecal microbiome and reveal the Japanese quail as a novel avian model in which to further examine the mechanisms underpinning these relationships. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - James Keane
- Department of Computer Science, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julia Eckenberger
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Sandip Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Daya Marasini
- Weems Design Studio Inc., Suwanee, Georgia, USA/ Contractor to Centers for Disease control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Karrie M. Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | | | - Annie M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Intensive Running Enhances NF-κB Activity in the Mice Liver and the Intervention Effects of Quercetin. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092770. [PMID: 32932805 PMCID: PMC7551556 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence has supported that intensive exercise induces weakened performance and immune and metabolic disorders. We systematically evaluated the effects of quercetin against hepatic inflammatory damage caused by repeated intensive exercise and explored the potential mechanism. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were administered quercetin (100 mg/kg BW) for four weeks, and performed a treadmill running protocol of 28 m/min, 5° slope, 90 min/day concurrently for the last seven days. Results: Quercetin administration reduced the leakage of aspartic acid and alanine aminotransferase and improved ultrastructural abnormalities such as swelling, and degeneration caused by high-intensity running in mice. Quercetin significantly decreased the hepatic and plasmatic levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1—provoked by over-exercise. Furthermore, diminished activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were found after quercetin treatment through inhibiting IKKα and Iκbα phosphorylation of intensive running mice. Conclusion: Quercetin offers protection for mouse livers against intensive sports-induced inflammatory injury, and the suppression of the NF-κB signal transduction pathway may play a role in its anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings broaden our understanding of natural phytochemicals as a promising strategy to prevent excessive exercise damage.
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Lyte JM, Lyte M. Review: Microbial endocrinology: intersection of microbiology and neurobiology matters to swine health from infection to behavior. Animal 2019; 13:2689-2698. [PMID: 30806347 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From birth to slaughter, pigs are in constant interaction with microorganisms. Exposure of the skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and other systems allows microorganisms to affect the developmental trajectory and function of porcine physiology as well as impact behavior. These routes of communication are bi-directional, allowing the swine host to likewise influence microbial survival, function and community composition. Microbial endocrinology is the study of the bi-directional dialogue between host and microbe. Indeed, the landmark discovery of host neuroendocrine systems as hubs of host-microbe communication revealed neurochemicals act as an inter-kingdom evolutionary-based language between microorganism and host. Several such neurochemicals are stress catecholamines, which have been shown to drastically increase host susceptibility to infection and augment virulence of important swine pathogens, including Clostridium perfringens. Catecholamines, the production of which increase in response to stress, reach the epithelium of multiple tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract and lung, where they initiate diverse responses by members of the microbiome as well as transient microorganisms, including pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. Multiple laboratories have confirmed the evolutionary role of microbial endocrinology in infectious disease pathogenesis extending from animals to even plants. More recent investigations have now shown that microbial endocrinology also plays a role in animal behavior through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. As stress and disease are ever-present, intersecting concerns during each stage of swine production, novel strategies utilizing a microbial endocrinology-based approach will likely prove invaluable to the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lyte
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - M Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gonzalez‐Lopez E, Vrana KE. Dopamine beta‐hydroxylase and its genetic variants in human health and disease. J Neurochem 2019; 152:157-181. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology Penn State College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Quercetin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation after Intense Exercise in Mice through Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8696587. [PMID: 27504150 PMCID: PMC4967689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8696587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying intense exercise-induced liver damage and its potential treatments remain unclear. We explored the hepatoprotection and mechanisms of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in strenuous exercise-derived endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammation. Intense exercise (28 m/min at a 5° slope for 90 min) resulted in the leakage of aminotransferases in the BALB/C mice. The hepatic ultrastructural malformations and oxidative stress levels were attenuated by quercetin (100 mg/kg·bw). Intense exercise and thapsigargin- (Tg-) induced ERS (glucose-regulated protein 78, GRP78) and inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) were decreased with quercetin. Furthermore, quercetin resulted in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) induction, Ca2+ restoration, and blockade of the activities of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and especially NF-κB (p65 and p50 nuclear translocation). A PI3K inhibitor abrogated the protection of quercetin on ERS and inflammation of mouse hepatocytes. SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), AEBSF (ATF6 inhibitor), and especially PDTC (NF-κB inhibitor) enhanced the quercetin-induced protection against Tg stimulation. Collectively, intense exercise-induced ERS and inflammation were attenuated by quercetin. PI3K/Akt activation and JNK, ATF6, and especially NF-κB suppression were involved in the protection. Our results highlight a novel preventive strategy for treating ERS and inflammation-mediated liver damage induced by intense exercise using natural phytochemicals.
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Sympathetic stimulation facilitates thrombopoiesis by promoting megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation. Blood 2016; 127:1024-35. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-660746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
NE and EPI promote megakaryocyte adhesion, migration, and proplatelet formation via α2-adrenoceptor-ERK1/2 signaling. Sympathetic stimulation enhances platelet production, which may facilitate recovery of thrombocytopenia or aggravate atherosclerosis.
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Mracsko E, Liesz A, Karcher S, Zorn M, Bari F, Veltkamp R. Differential effects of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on systemic immune cells after severe experimental stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:200-9. [PMID: 24886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications are the leading cause of death in the post-acute phase of stroke. Post-stroke immunodeficiency is believed to result from neurohormonal dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, the differential effects of these neuroendocrine systems on the peripheral immune cells are only partially understood. Here, we determined the impact of the hormones of the SNS and HPA on distinct immune cell populations and characterized their interactions after stroke. At various time points after cortical or extensive hemispheric cerebral ischemia, plasma cortisone, corticosterone, metanephrine and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were measured in mice. Leukocyte subpopulations were flow cytometrically analyzed in spleen and blood. To investigate their differential sensitivity to stress hormones, splenocytes were incubated in vitro with prednisolone, epinephrine and their respective receptor blockers. Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) and beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) on leukocyte subpopulations were quantified by flow cytometry. In vivo effects of GCR and selective β2-AR blockade, respectively, were defined on serum hormone concentrations, lymphopenia and interferon-γ production after severe ischemia. We found elevated cortisone, corticosterone and metanephrine levels and associated lymphocytopenia only after extensive brain infarction. Prednisolone resulted in a 5 times higher cell death rate of splenocytes than epinephrine in vitro. Prednisolone and epinephrine-induced leukocyte cell death was prevented by GCR and β2-AR blockade, respectively. In vivo, only GCR blockade prevented post ischemic lymphopenia whereas β2-AR preserved interferon-γ secretion by lymphocytes. GCR blockade increased metanephrine levels in vivo and prednisolone, in turn, decreased β2-AR expression on lymphocytes. In conclusion, mediators of the SNS and the HPA axis differentially affect the systemic immune system after stroke. Moreover, our findings suggest a negative-feedback of corticosteroids on the sympathetic axis which may control the post-stroke stress-reaction. This complex interplay between the HPA and the SNS after stroke has to be considered when targeting the neurohormonal systems in the post acute phase of severe stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mracsko
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital Munich, Max-Lebsche-Platz 30, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Karcher
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Zorn
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Bari
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Gao C, Chen X, Li J, Li Y, Tang Y, Liu L, Chen S, Yu H, Liu L, Yao P. Myocardial mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in intense exercise: regulatory effects of quercetin. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:695-705. [PMID: 24368555 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the intense exercise-induced myocardium injury, and mitochondrial compartment is presumed as the main source and susceptible target of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoids possessing antioxidant effect on repeated intense exercise-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction. METHODS Adult male BALB/C mice were treated by quercetin (100 mg/kg bw) for 4 weeks and subjected to the exercise protocol on a treadmill (28 m/min at 5° slope for 90 min) for seven consecutive days concurrently at the fourth week. RESULTS Intense exercise in mice resulted in the leakage of creatine kinase-MB (increased from 221.5 ± 33.8 to 151.1 ± 19.1 U/l, P < 0.01) and ultrastructural malformation mainly evidenced by disrupted myofibrils and swollen mitochondria, which was overtly attenuated by quercetin prophylaxis. Quercetin pretreatment evidently alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress by inhibiting glutathione depletion and aconitase inactivation, ROS over-generation, and lipid peroxidation in cardiac mitochondria of intense exercise mice. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction manifested by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (68.6 ± 7.6 versus 100.0 ± 7.7 %, P < 0.01) and respiratory control ratio (5.03 ± 0.55 versus 7.48 ± 0.71, P < 0.01) induced as a consequence of acute exercise was markedly mitigated by quercetin precondition. CONCLUSION Quercetin protects mouse myocardium against intense exercise injury, especially ultrastructural damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, probably through its beneficial antioxidative effect, highlighting a promising strategy for over-training injury by naturally occurring phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment, and Health (Wuhan) and State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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Zamora-González EO, Santerre A, Palomera-Avalos V, Morales-Villagrán A. A chronic combinatory stress model that activates the HPA axis and avoids habituation in BALB/C mice. J Neurosci Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Godínez-Victoria M, Drago-Serrano ME, Reyna-Garfias H, Viloria M, Lara-Padilla E, Resendiz-Albor AA, Sánchez-Torres LE, Cruz-Hernández TR, Campos-Rodriguez R. Effects on secretory IgA levels in small intestine of mice that underwent moderate exercise training followed by a bout of strenuous swimming exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1300-9. [PMID: 22884415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis effectors, secretory IgA (SIgA) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), have been evaluated in proximal and distal small intestine with moderate-exercise training but not with strenuous exercise or a combination of these two protocols. Therefore, two groups of mice (n=6-8) were submitted to strenuous exercise, one with and one without previous training. The control group had no exercise protocol. Assessment was made of intestinal SIgA and plasma adrenal hormones (by immunoenzymatic assay), alpha-chain and pIgR proteins in intestinal mucosa (by Western blot), lamina propria IgA plasma-cells (by cytofluorometry), mRNA expression (by real-time PCR) for pIgR, alpha- and J-chains in liver and intestinal mucosa, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mucosa samples. Compared to other exercise protocols, training plus strenuous exercise elicited: (1) higher levels of SIgA and pIgR in the proximal intestine (probably by hepatobiliary contribution); (2) higher levels of SIgA in the distal segment; (3) lower mRNA expression of some SIgA- and most pro-inflammatory pIgR-producing cytokines. SIgA and pIgR in both segments were derived from an existing pool of their corresponding producing cells. The apparent decreased translation of mRNA transcripts underlies lower levels of SIgA and pIgR in distal than proximal small intestine. There was no significant difference in the relatively high adrenal hormone levels found in both exercised groups. Further study is required about the effects of training plus strenuous exercise on pool-derived SIgA levels and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory pIgR-producing cytokines. These results could have important implications for intestinal disorders involving inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340 México, D.F., Mexico
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15
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Takayanagi Y, Osawa S, Ikuma M, Takagaki K, Zhang J, Hamaya Y, Yamada T, Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Miyajima H, Sugimoto K. Norepinephrine suppresses IFN-γ and TNF-α production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via the β₁ adrenoceptor. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 245:66-74. [PMID: 22398028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether norepinephrine (NE) had direct effects on cytokine production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), compared with splenocytes. CD3⁺ IELs and CD3⁺ splenocytes expressed α(1B), α(1D), α(2C), β₁, β₂, and β₃ adrenoceptors (ARs). NE significantly suppressed IFN-γ and TNF-α production by IELs and splenocytes ex vivo. The suppressive effects of NE in IELs were reversed by β₁ AR antagonist CGP-20712A, whereas those in splenocytes were reversed by β₂ AR antagonist ICI118,551. In IELs, β₁ AR agonist xamoterol mimicked the suppressive effects of NE. These results indicated NE regulates intestinal mucosal immune responses mediated by IELs via β₁ AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takayanagi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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16
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Viloria M, Lara-Padilla E, Campos-Rodríguez R, Jarillo-Luna A, Reyna-Garfias H, López-Sánchez P, Rivera-Aguilar V, Salas-Casas A, Berral de la Rosa FJ, García-Latorre E. Effect of moderate exercise on IgA levels and lymphocyte count in mouse intestine. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:640-56. [PMID: 21554181 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.575425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of moderate exercise on the production and secretion of IgA in mouse duodenum, on lymphocyte levels in the lamina propria, and on gene expression encoding for cytokines that regulate the synthesis of α-chain of IgA and the expression of pIgR in the lamina propria. Two groups of young Balb/c mice were fed ad libitum, one sedentary and the other with an exercise program (swimming) for 16 weeks. IgA levels in the duodenum were quantified by ELISA; the number of IgA containing cells as well as B cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the duodenal mucosa was determined by immunohistochemistry; gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the expression of proteins by Western blotting. Because of physical training, in the duodenum there was a decrease in the number of IgA producing cells, but an increase in the levels of IgA. Additionally, exercise increased the expression of the genes encoding for IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF β, cytokines that regulate the synthesis of IgA and pIgR, the inflammatory response, and the immune response in the intestine. Thus, the increased IgA found in the duodenal lumen is probably due to the increased production of IgA in the LP and the increased transport of the pIgA-pIgR complex across epithelial cells. Possibly the increased S-IgA levels in the bile also contribute to the change in IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Viloria
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, CP 11340, DF México
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17
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Hoffman-Goetz L, Pervaiz N, Packer N, Guan J. Freewheel training decreases pro- and increases anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse intestinal lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1105-15. [PMID: 20510350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) may occur due to imbalances in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Long-term exercise reduces the risk for IBD. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term wheel running in healthy mice on intestinal lymphocyte (IL) expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine proteins. In addition, pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and the percentage of early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and dead IL were measured with wheel running and following acute aerobic exercise. Female C57BL/6 mice were given 16 weeks of wheel running (WR) or a control condition (No WR) and at the end of training were assigned to a single acute treadmill exercise session with sacrifice immediately, 2h after, or 24h after completion of exercise, or were not run (sedentary) with respect to the acute treadmill exercise. Intestinal lymphocytes were assessed for pro-(TNF-α, IL-17) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory, and pleiotropic (IL-6) cytokines, and pro-(caspase 3 and 7, AIF) and anti-(Bcl-2) apoptotic protein expression. The percent of early (Annexin(+)) and late (Annexin(+)PI(+)) apoptotic, and dead (PI(+)) IL was determined. WR mice had lower TNF-α and caspase 7, and higher IL-10 and IL-6 expression in IL than No WR mice. A single exposure to intense aerobic treadmill exercise increased pro-(TNF-α) and anti-(IL-10) inflammatory cytokine and pro-apoptotic protein (caspase 3) expression in IL. The percent of early and late apoptotic, and dead IL were higher after acute exercise. Although long-term voluntary wheel running did not protect against acute exercise-induced changes in IL cytokine expression or apoptosis, there was an overall 'anti-inflammatory' effect observed as a result of wheel running in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hoffman-Goetz
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Danese S. Nonimmune cells in inflammatory bowel disease: from victim to villain. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:555-64. [PMID: 18838297 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonimmune cells have traditionally been viewed as target cells of the aberrant inflammatory process present in chronic immune-mediated conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the discovery that many of the functions traditionally attributed to immune cells are also performed by nonimmune cells has caused a shift to a multidirectional hypothesis in which nonimmune cells and acellular elements play active roles. Many types of interactions occur within this multidirectional system, and the difficulties associated with modeling these complex interactions currently limit our understanding of the cellular network that occurs in IBD. I describe the current knowledge of the roles played by nonimmune cells in the pathogenesis of IBD, as they emerge as crucial alternative targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Danese
- Division of Gastroenterology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS in Gastroenterology, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
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19
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The Pivotal Role of Beta-adrenoreceptors in Critical Illness Pathophysiology. Intensive Care Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-92278-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Martìnez-Carrillo BE, Barbosa-Cabrera E, Garfias HR, Campos-Rodríguez R. Effect of restraint stress on the population of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:265-75. [PMID: 17900858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of restraint stress on the intestinal immune system, particularly on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL), has not been described in detail. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of restraint stress, including those produced by increases in glucocorticoids and catecholamines, on the population of i-IEL. Mice were exposed to 1 or 4h restraint stress for 4 day, and the number of IEL in the mucosa of the proximal small intestine was determined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of restraint were also analyzed in mice submitted to different procedures: adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy, and treatment with a glucocorticoid antagonist (RU486), dexamethasone, and epinephrine. The main findings were that: (1) chronic restraint-stress reduced the i-IEl population in the small intestine; (2) adrenalectomy, treatment with RU-486 and chemical sympathectomy decreased the number of gammadelta, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in non-stressed groups; (3) dexamethasone reduced the number of gammadelta and CD8+ T cells, and (4) epinephrine reduced the number of gammadelta, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrated that restraint stress decreased the number of i-IEL in the proximal small intestine of mice, mainly by the combined action of higher concentrations of catecholamines and glucocorticoids, and that lower concentrations of glucocorticoids and catecholamines in unstressed mice preserved the population of i-IEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, CP. 11340 México, DF, Mexico
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21
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Jiang JL, Peng YP, Qiu YH, Wang JJ. Effect of endogenous catecholamines on apoptosis of Con A-activated lymphocytes of rats. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Timmons BW, Bar-Or O, Riddell MC. Energy substrate utilization during prolonged exercise with and without carbohydrate intake in preadolescent and adolescent girls. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:995-1000. [PMID: 17615283 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00018.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on energy metabolism during exercise in girls, particularly the contribution of exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo). The purpose of this study was to determine substrate utilization during exercise with and without CHOexo intake in healthy girls. Twelve-yr-old preadolescent (YG; n = 12) and 14-yr-old adolescent (OG; n = 10) girls consumed flavored water (WT) or 13C-enriched 6% CHO (CT) while cycling for 60 min at ∼70% maximal aerobic power (V̇o2max). Substrate utilization was calculated for the final 15 min of exercise. CHOexo decreased fat oxidation by ∼50% in YG but not in OG ( P < 0.001) and decreased endogenous CHO oxidation by ∼15% in OG but not in YG ( P = 0.006). Endogenous CHO oxidation was lower in YG than in OG regardless of trial ( P ≤ 0.01), whereas fat oxidation was higher in YG only during WT ( P < 0.001). CHOexo oxidation rate was similar between YG and OG (7.1 ± 0.5 and 6.8 ± 0.4 mg·kg−1·min−1, respectively, P = 0.67), contributing ∼19% to total energy expenditure. Serum estradiol levels in all girls correlated with fat ( r = −0.50 to −0.59, P = 0.03 to 0.005) and endogenous CHO oxidation ( r = 0.50 to 0.63, P = 0.03 to 0.005) but not with CHOexo oxidation ( r = −0.09, P = 0.71). We conclude that CHOexo influences endogenous substrate utilization in an age-dependent manner in healthy girls but that total CHOexo oxidation during exercise is not different between YG and OG. Our results also point to potential sex-related differences in energy substrate utilization even during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Timmons
- Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Timmons BW, Bar-Or O. Evidence of sex-based differences in natural killer cell responses to exercise and carbohydrate intake in children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 101:233-40. [PMID: 17551749 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Distinct natural killer (NK) cell subsets (CD56bright and CD56dim) are mobilized with exercise and these cells may serve adaptive functions. We determined the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) intake in young girls and compared these responses with previous findings in young boys of the same age. Twelve girls (12 years old) cycled for 60 min at 70% VO2max while drinking 6% CHO or flavoured water. Blood was collected at rest, during (30 and 60 min) and following (30 and 60 min) exercise to identify NK cells as CD3-CD56bright or CD3-CD56dim. CD69 expression on total CD3-CD56+ cells was also determined. A trend (P=0.07) was found for a trial x time interaction in CD56dim cell counts, with values lower with CHO than with water. CHO intake did not influence CD56bright responses (P>or=0.39). The CD56bright:CD56dim ratio increased during recovery from exercise (P<0.001), compared to rest, with no effect of CHO intake (P=0.48). CD69 expression was not different between exercise or recovery and rest. Like young boys, girls experience an elevated CD56bright:CD56dim ratio during recovery from exercise and CHO intake attenuates the exercise-induced CD56dim but not CD56bright cell response. Unlike young boys, girls do not experience a CHO-induced increase in the CD56bright:CD56dim ratio during recovery and CD69 expression does not increase on CD3-CD56+ cells during recovery. We conclude that even in young children sex-based differences exist in the NK cell response to exercise and CHO intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Timmons
- Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre, Departments of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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24
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Timmons BW, Tarnopolsky MA, Snider DP, Bar-Or O. Puberty effects on NK cell responses to exercise and carbohydrate intake in boys. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:864-74. [PMID: 16672839 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000218124.87917.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous research has demonstrated that younger versus older animals and humans experience smaller perturbations in natural killer (NK) cells in response to physiological stress. PURPOSE To determine whether the smaller perturbations in NK cells induced by strenuous exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) intake, previously reported in children, are influenced by puberty. METHODS Twenty 12-yr-old boys, distinguished as prepubertal (Tanner (T) 1, N = 7), early pubertal (T2, N = 7), or pubertal (T3-5, N = 6), cycled for 60 min at 70% VO(2max) while drinking 6% CHO (CT) or flavored water (WT). Blood was collected at rest and during (30 and 60 min) and following (30 and 60 min) exercise to identify NK cells as CD3(-)CD56(dim) or CD3(-)CD56(dim). CD69 expression on CD3(-)CD56(+) cells was also determined. RESULTS A puberty x CHO x exercise interaction was found for the proportion, but not number, of CD56(dim) cells (P = 0.06). CD56(dim) cell counts were lower in CT versus WT (P < 0.001). Responses of CD56(bright) proportions (P = 0.007) and counts (P = 0.03) depended on pubertal status, but not CHO. The CD56(bright):CD56(dim) ratio remained stable during exercise, but during recovery was higher in T1 and T3-5 versus T2 (P = 0.08) and in CT versus WT (P = 0.04). During recovery, CD3(-)CD56(+) cells expressed higher levels of CD69 (P = 0.01), with no change in the proportion of CD69(+) cells. CONCLUSION These results confirm the influence of puberty on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and CHO intake. Increased CD69 expression suggests that NK cells increase activation status during recovery from physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Timmons
- Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Timmons BW, Tarnopolsky MA, Bar-Or O. Sex-based effects on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate intake in adolescents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1513-9. [PMID: 16410379 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01125.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation and female sex independently influence the natural killer (NK) cell response to acute exercise. Consequently, this study sought to elucidate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets (i.e., CD56dimand CD56bright) in response to exercise and CHO intake. Twenty-two healthy 14-yr-old girls ( n = 11) and boys ( n = 11) cycled for 60 min at 70% maximal oxygen consumption while drinking 6% CHO (CT) or flavored water (WT). Blood was collected at rest, during exercise (30 and 60 min), and during recovery (30 and 60 min) to identify CD3−CD56dimand CD3−CD56brightNK cells. The activation marker CD69 was also determined on CD3−CD56+cells. CD56dimresponses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were greater ( P ≤ 0.01) in girls by 67 and 105%, respectively. CD56brightcell counts ( P = 0.006), but not CD56brightproportions ( P = 0.89), were greater in girls by 82%. Both CD56dimand CD56brightsubset responses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were lower ( P ≤ 0.01) in CT vs. WT by 33–36%. The CD56bright-to-CD56dimratio decreased at 30 min of exercise but increased during recovery ( P < 0.001), with no effect of sex or CHO. Regardless of trial, CD3−CD56+cells expressed ∼18% higher levels of CD69 during recovery in girls but not boys ( P = 0.03), despite similar proportions and counts of CD69+cells. These results demonstrate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets and activation status in response to exercise, but not CHO intake, and further support the need to control for sex in exercise immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Timmons
- Children's Exercise and Nutritional Centre, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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26
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Kacem K, Sercombe R. Differing influence of sympathectomy on smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in cerebral and peripheral muscular arteries. Auton Neurosci 2006; 124:38-48. [PMID: 16426901 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of sympathectomy on the distribution and the relative expression of cytoskeletal proteins used as markers of phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and myofibroblasts (MFBs) in rabbit femoral (FA) and basilar (BA) arteries. Adult rabbits were treated either with repeated 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) for sympathectomy or with vehicle for control. Cross sections taken from sympathectomized and control arteries 79 days later were immunolabelled for vimentin, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM actin), beta-isoform of actin and h-caldesmon. The distribution of these proteins and the intensity of fluorescent labelled SMCs were examined under a confocal microscope. In the sympathectomized BA, there was no change for desmin, vimentin and h-caldesmon expression, but the expression of both alpha-SM actin and the beta-isoform was significantly higher (+19% and +30%, respectively). In the sympathectomized FA, the expression of the alpha- and beta-isoforms of actin remained unchanged, whereas those of desmin and vimentin were significantly higher (+35% and 17%, respectively) and h-caldesmon expression was lowered by 13%. In contrast to intact FAs, the external layers of sympathectomized FAs revealed migration of fibroblasts from the adventitia and death of SMCs. These results strongly suggest that sympathetic nerves intervene in the cytoskeletal protein remodelling through phenotypic modulation of both SMCs and MFBs during post-natal development, and in pathologies involving similar phenomena, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kacem
- Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
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Kohut ML, Martin AE, Senchina DS, Lee W. Glucocorticoids produced during exercise may be necessary for optimal virus-induced IL-2 and cell proliferation whereas both catecholamines and glucocorticoids may be required for adequate immune defense to viral infection. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19:423-35. [PMID: 15935613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged, exhaustive exercise has been associated with impaired immune responsiveness and increased susceptibility to infection. We have shown that one bout of exercise to fatigue followed by viral challenge increases mortality. Stress hormones such as corticosteroids and catecholamines have been suggested as potential mediators of exhaustive exercise-induced immunosuppression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of pharmacological agents to block the effect of catecholamines or corticosteroids would minimize the immunosuppression associated with this type of exercise. Mice either exercised to fatigue or were exposed to control conditions, and mice received an i.p. injection of either nadolol (beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist), RU486 (glucocorticoid type II receptor antagonist), or vehicle. Fifteen minutes post-exercise, mice were exposed to viral infection (Herpes simplex virus; HSV) via an intranasal route, and cells were collected 3 days post-infection. The results showed that exercise suppressed HSV-specific cell proliferation, HSV-specific IL-2, and IFN-gamma, but did not alter these same immune parameters when the mitogen ConA was used to stimulate cells. In addition, exercise reduced NK cell cytotoxicity, alveolar cell TNFalpha, and peritoneal IL-1beta, but did not affect IL-10. The pharmacological blockade did not attenuate the exercise-associated immunosuppression. In fact, RU486 treatment exacerbated the exercise-induced decline in HSV-induced IL-2 production and cell proliferation. RU486 and nadolol treatment also tended to decrease IL-10, IFN-gamma, TNFalpha (nadolol only), and IL-1beta (RU486 only) in both exercise and control mice, suggesting that stress hormones may be necessary during infection for optimal responsiveness. These findings suggest that suppression of immune defenses during viral infection persists for at least 3 days post-exercise, and stress hormones may be essential for optimal immune defense to viral challenge, rather than detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kohut
- Immunobiology Program, Department of Health and Human Performance, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011-1160, USA.
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