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Grigorev IP, Korzhevskii DE. Mast Cells in the Vertebrate Brain:
Localization and Functions. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roubalová R, Procházková P, Papežová H, Smitka K, Bilej M, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Anorexia nervosa: Gut microbiota-immune-brain interactions. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:676-684. [PMID: 30952533 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder defined by an extremely low body weight, a devastating fear of weight gain, and body image disturbance, however the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of the article is to provide a comprehensive review on the potential role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Recent advances in sequencing techniques used for microbial detection revealed that this disease is associated with disruption of the composition of normal gut microbiota (dysbiosis), manifested by low microbial diversity and taxonomic differences as compared to healthy individuals. Microorganisms present in the gut represent a part of the so called "microbiota-gut-brain" axis that affect the central nervous system and thus human behavior via the production of various neuroactive compounds. In addition, cells of the immune system are equipped with receptors for these neuroactive substances. Microbiota of the intestinal system also represent a very important antigenic source. These antigens can mimic some host neuropeptides and neurohormones and thus trigger the production of autoantibodies which cross-react with these compounds. The levels and affinities of these antibodies are thought to be associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, and eating and sleep disorders. The study of microbiota function in diseases could bring new insights to the pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Roubalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Procházková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Papežová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kvido Smitka
- The Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bilej
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Valle-Dorado MG, Santana-Gómez CE, Orozco-Suárez SA, Rocha L. Sodium cromoglycate reduces short- and long-term consequences of status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:200-206. [PMID: 30115604 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that sodium cromoglycate (CG) induces neuroprotective effects in acute neurological conditions. The present study focused on investigating if the use of CG in rats during the post-status epilepticus (post-SE) period reduces the acute and long-term consequences of seizure activity. Our results revealed that animals that received a single dose of CG (50 mg/kg s.c.: subcutaneously) during the post-SE period showed a lower number of neurons in the process of dying in the dentate gyrus, hilus, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus than the rats that received the vehicle. However, this effect was not evident in layers V-VI of the sensorimotor cortex or the lateral-posterior thalamic nucleus. A second experiment showed that animals that received CG subchronically (50 mg/kg s.c. every 12 h for 5 days followed by 24 mg/kg/day s.c. for 14 days using osmotic minipumps) after SE presented fewer generalized convulsive seizures and less neuronal damage in the lateral-posterior thalamic nucleus but not in the hippocampus or cortex. Our data indicate that CG can be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce short- and long-term neuronal damage in the hippocampus and thalamus, respectively. The data also indicate that CG can reduce the expression of generalized convulsive spontaneous seizures when it is given during the latent period of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center of Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Atiakshin D, Buchwalow I, Samoilova V, Tiemann M. Tryptase as a polyfunctional component of mast cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29532158 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are haematopoietic cells that arise from pluripotent precursors of the bone marrow. They play immunomodulatory roles in both health and disease. When appropriately activated, mast cells undergo degranulation, and preformed granule compounds are rapidly released into the surroundings. In many cases, the effects that mast cells have on various inflammatory settings are closely associated with the enzymatic characteristics of tryptase, the main granule compound of mast cells. Tryptase degranulation is often linked with the development of an immune response, allergy, inflammation, and remodelling of tissue architecture. Tryptase also represents an informative diagnostic marker of certain diseases and a prospective target for pharmacotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about mast cell tryptase as one of the mast cell secretome proteases. The main points of the reviewed publications are highlighted with our microscopic images of mast cell tryptases visualized using immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Voronezh N. N. Burdenko State Medical University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547, Hamburg, Germany
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Fitzpatrick CJ, Morrow JD. Thalamic mast cell activity is associated with sign-tracking behavior in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:222-229. [PMID: 28487202 PMCID: PMC5537013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are resident immune cells in the thalamus that can degranulate and release hundreds of signaling molecules (i.e., monoamines, growth factors, and cytokines) both basally and in response to environmental stimuli. Interestingly, mast cell numbers in the brain show immense individual variation in both rodents and humans. We used a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure to examine whether mast cells are associated with individual variation in the attribution of incentive-motivational value to reward-related cues. During the PCA procedure, a lever response-independently predicts the delivery of a food pellet into a magazine, and over training sessions three conditioned responses (CRs) develop: sign-tracking (lever-directed CRs), goal-tracking (magazine-directed CRs), and an intermediate response (both CRs). In Experiment 1, we measured thalamic mast cell number/activation using toluidine blue and demonstrated that sign-trackers have increased degranulated (activated) but not granulated (inactive) mast cells. In Experiment 2, we infused the mast cell inhibitor, cromolyn (200µg/rat; i.c.v.), immediately before five daily PCA training sessions and demonstrated that mast cell inhibition selectively impairs the acquisition of sign-tracking behavior. Taken together, these results demonstrate that thalamic mast cells contribute to the attribution of incentive-motivational value to reward-related cues and suggest that mast cell inhibition may be a novel target for addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Morrow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, 204 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kissel CL, Kovács KJ, Larson AA. Evidence for the modulation of nociception in mice by central mast cells. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1743-1755. [PMID: 28722336 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperalgesia that develops following nerve ligation corresponds temporally and in magnitude with the number of thalamic mast cells located contralateral to the ligature. We tested the possibility that mast cells modulate nociception centrally, similar to their role in the periphery. METHODS We examined the central effect of two hyperalgesic compounds that induce mast cell degranulation and of stabilized mast cells using cromolyn. RESULTS Thermal hyperalgesia (tail flick) induced by nerve growth factor (NGF, a neurotrophic compound) and mechanical hyperalgesia (von Frey) induced by dynorphin A (1-17) (opioid compound) each correlated with the per cent of thalamic mast cells that were degranulated. Degranulation of these mast cells by the central injection of compound 48/80, devoid of neurotrophic or opioid activity, was sufficient to recapitulate thermal hyperalgesia. Stabilization of mast cells by central injections of cromolyn produced no analgesic effect on baseline tail flick or von Frey fibre sensitivity, but inhibited thermal hyperalgesia produced by compound 48/80 and tactile hyperalgesia induced by dynorphin and by Freund's complete adjuvant. Finally, chemical nociception produced by the direct activation of nociceptors by formalin (phase I) was not inhibited by centrally injected cromolyn whereas chemical nociception dependent on central sensitization (formalin-phase II and acetic acid-induced abdominal stretches) was. CONCLUSIONS These convergent lines of evidence suggest that degranulation of centrally located mast cells sensitizes central nociceptive pathways leading to hyperalgesia and tonic chemical sensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE Hyperalgesia induced by spinal nerve ligation corresponds temporally and in magnitude with degranulation of thalamic mast cells. Here, we provide evidence that hyperalgesia induced by NGF, formalin and dynorphin also may depend on mast cell degranulation in the CNS whereas cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer, blocks these effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Kissel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - K J Kovács
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A A Larson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Zouikr I, Karshikoff B. Lifetime Modulation of the Pain System via Neuroimmune and Neuroendocrine Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 28348566 PMCID: PMC5347117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that still is challenging both clinicians and researchers. Despite intense research, it is still not clear why some individuals develop chronic pain while others do not or how to heal this disease. In this review, we argue for a multisystem approach to understand chronic pain. Pain is not only to be viewed simply as a result of aberrant neuronal activity but also as a result of adverse early-life experiences that impact an individual's endocrine, immune, and nervous systems and changes which in turn program the pain system. First, we give an overview of the ontogeny of the central nervous system, endocrine, and immune systems and their windows of vulnerability. Thereafter, we summarize human and animal findings from our laboratories and others that point to an important role of the endocrine and immune systems in modulating pain sensitivity. Taking "early-life history" into account, together with the past and current immunological and endocrine status of chronic pain patients, is a necessary step to understand chronic pain pathophysiology and assist clinicians in tailoring the best therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Zouikr
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, RIKEN BSI , Wako , Japan
| | - Bianka Karshikoff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division for Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Li N, Zhang X, Dong H, Hu Y, Qian Y. Bidirectional relationship of mast cells-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:60-69. [PMID: 28082194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been hypothesized to be mediated by surgery-induced neuroinflammation, which is also a key element in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and neuropsychiatric disorders. There is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammation resulting from activation of the innate immune system cells in the periphery can impact central nervous system behaviors, such as cognitive performance. Mast cells (MCs), as the"first responders" in the CNS, can initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. In addition, MCs and their secreted mediators modulate inflammatory processes in multiple CNS pathologies and can thereby either contribute to neurological damage or confer neuroprotection. Neuroinflammation has been considered to be linked to neurovascular dysfunction in several neurological disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the bidirectional relationship of MCs-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD, providing a new and unique therapeutic target for the adjuvant treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China.
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Evidencing different neurochemical profiles between thalamic nuclei using high resolution 2D-PRESS semi-LASER (1)H-MRSI at 7 T. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 29:491-501. [PMID: 27059982 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that high resolution (1)H semi-LASER MRSI acquired at 7 T permits discrimination of metabolic patterns of different thalamic nuclei. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen right-handed healthy volunteers were explored at 7 T using a high-resolution 2D-semi-LASER (1)H-MRSI sequence to determine the relative levels of N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and creatine-phosphocreatine (Cr) in eight VOIs (volume <0.3 ml) centered on four different thalamic nuclei located on the Oxford thalamic connectivity atlas. Post-processing was done using the CSIAPO software. Chemical shift displacement of metabolites was evaluated on a phantom and correction factors were applied to in vivo data. RESULTS The global assessment (ANOVA p < 0.05) of the neurochemical profiles (NAA, Cho and Cr levels) with thalamic nuclei and hemispheres as factors showed a significant global effect (F = 11.98, p < 0.0001), with significant effect of nucleus type (p < 0.0001) and hemisphere (p < 0.0001). Post hoc analyses showed differences in neurochemical profiles between the left and the right hemisphere (p < 0.05), and differences in neurochemical profiles between nuclei within each hemisphere (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION For the first time, using high resolution 2D-PRESS semi-LASER (1)H-MRSI acquired at 7 T, we demonstrated that the neurochemical profiles were different between thalamic nuclei, and that these profiles were dependent on the brain hemisphere.
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Mast cell activation disease: An underappreciated cause of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms and diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:314-321. [PMID: 26162709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologists and psychiatrists frequently encounter patients whose central and/or peripheral neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms (NPS) are accompanied by other symptoms for which investigation finds no unifying cause and for which empiric therapy often provides little to no benefit. Systemic mast cell activation disease (MCAD) has rarely been considered in the differential diagnosis in such situations. Traditionally, MCAD has been considered as just one rare (neoplastic) disease, mastocytosis, generally focusing on the mast cell (MC) mediators tryptase and histamine and the suggestive, blatant symptoms of flushing and anaphylaxis. Recently another form of MCAD, MC activation syndrome (MC), has been recognized, featuring inappropriate MC activation with little to no neoplasia and likely much more heterogeneously clonal and far more prevalent than mastocytosis. There also has developed greater appreciation for the truly very large menagerie of MC mediators and their complex patterns of release, engendering complex, nebulous presentations of chronic and acute illness best characterized as multisystem polymorbidity of generally inflammatory ± allergic themes--including very wide arrays of central and peripheral NPS. Significantly helpful treatment--including for neuropsychiatric issues--usually can be identified once MCAD is accurately diagnosed. We describe MCAD's pathogenesis, presentation (focusing on NPS), and therapy, especially vis-à-vis neuropsychotropes. Since MCAD patients often present NPS, neurologists and psychiatrists have the opportunity, in recognizing the diagnostic possibility of MCAD, to short-circuit the often decades-long delay in establishing the correct diagnosis required to identify optimal therapy.
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Zouikr I, Ahmed AF, Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Clifton VL, Ray A, Thorne RF, Jarnicki AG, Hansbro PM, Hodgson DM. Programming of formalin-induced nociception by neonatal LPS exposure: Maintenance by peripheral and central neuroimmune activity. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:235-46. [PMID: 25449583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nociceptive systems are shaped during the neonatal period where they undergo fine-tuning and maturation. Painful experiences during this sensitive period of development are known to produce long-lasting effects on the immune and nociceptive responses. It is less clear, however, whether inflammatory pain responses are primed by neonatal exposure to mild immunological stimuli, such as with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we examine the impact of neonatal LPS exposure on inflammatory pain responses, peripheral and hippocampal interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as mast cell number and degranulation in preadolescent and adult rats. Wistar rats were injected with LPS (0.05mg/kg IP, Salmonella enteritidis) or saline on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5 and later subjected to the formalin test at PNDs 22 and 80-97. At both time-points, and one-hour after formalin injection, blood and hippocampus were collected for measuring circulating and central IL-1β levels using ELISA and Western blot, respectively. Paw tissue was also isolated to assess mast cell number and degree of degranulation using Toluidine Blue staining. Behavioural analyses indicate that at PND 22, LPS-challenged rats displayed enhanced flinching (p<.01) and licking (p<.01) in response to formalin injection. At PNDs 80-97, LPS-challenged rats exhibited increased flinching (p<.05), an effect observed in males only. Furthermore, neonatal LPS exposure enhanced circulating IL-1β and mast cell degranulation in preadolescent but not adult rats following formalin injection. Hippocampal IL-1β levels were increased in LPS-treated adult but not preadolescent rats in response to formalin injection. These data suggest neonatal LPS exposure produces developmentally regulated changes in formalin-induced behavioural responses, peripheral and central IL-1β levels, as well as mast cell degranulation following noxious stimulation later in life. These findings highlight the importance of immune activation during the neonatal period in shaping immune response and pain sensitivity later in life. This is of clinical relevance given the high prevalence of bacterial infection during the neonatal period, particularly in the vulnerable population of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Zouikr
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Abdulrzag F Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allyson Ray
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G Jarnicki
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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A focus on mast cells and pain. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:1-7. [PMID: 24125568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immunocytes with secretory functions that act locally in peripheral tissues to modulate local hemodynamics, nociceptor activation and pain. They are also able to infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), especially the spinal cord and the thalamus, but their cerebral function remains an enigma. A role in regulating the opening of the blood-brain barrier has been proposed. Paracrine-like action of MCs on synaptic transmission might also signal a modulation of the nervous system by the immune system. In this review, we examine the link between MCs and nociceptive process, at the periphery as well as in the CNS.
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Schemann M, Kugler EM, Buhner S, Eastwood C, Donovan J, Jiang W, Grundy D. The mast cell degranulator compound 48/80 directly activates neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52104. [PMID: 23272218 PMCID: PMC3525567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compound 48/80 is widely used in animal and tissue models as a “selective” mast cell activator. With this study we demonstrate that compound 48/80 also directly activates enteric neurons and visceral afferents. Methodology/Principal Findings We used in vivo recordings from extrinsic intestinal afferents together with Ca++ imaging from primary cultures of DRG and nodose neurons. Enteric neuronal activation was examined by Ca++ and voltage sensitive dye imaging in isolated gut preparations and primary cultures of enteric neurons. Intraluminal application of compound 48/80 evoked marked afferent firing which desensitized on subsequent administration. In egg albumen-sensitized animals, intraluminal antigen evoked a similar pattern of afferent activation which also desensitized on subsequent exposure to antigen. In cross-desensitization experiments prior administration of compound 48/80 failed to influence the mast cell mediated response. Application of 1 and 10 µg/ml compound 48/80 evoked spike discharge and Ca++ transients in enteric neurons. The same nerve activating effect was observed in primary cultures of DRG and nodose ganglion cells. Enteric neuron cultures were devoid of mast cells confirmed by negative staining for c-kit or toluidine blue. In addition, in cultured enteric neurons the excitatory action of compound 48/80 was preserved in the presence of histamine H1 and H2 antagonists. The mast cell stabilizer cromolyn attenuated compound 48/80 and nicotine evoked Ca++ transients in mast cell-free enteric neuron cultures. Conclusions/Significance The results showed direct excitatory action of compound 48/80 on enteric neurons and visceral afferents. Therefore, functional changes measured in tissue or animal models may involve a mast cell independent effect of compound 48/80 and cromolyn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Dubayle D, Héron A. Decrease of cerebral mast cell degranulation after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1295-7. [PMID: 23080081 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mast cell is an immunocyte, but its functions in the brain remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a rat model of weak inflammation, we analyzed the effect of a gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection (100 μg/kg) on thalamic mast cell (MC) population. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a significant decrease of their degranulation, which suggests the implication of MC in preventing sepsis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dubayle
- Laboratory of Neurophysics and Physiology, CNRS UMR 8119, Paris Descartes University, 45 Rue Des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris, France
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Anand P, Singh B, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Mast cells: an expanding pathophysiological role from allergy to other disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:657-70. [PMID: 22562473 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mast cells are multi-effector cells with wide distribution in the different body parts and traditionally their role has been well-defined in the development of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions including bronchial asthma. Due to the availability of genetically modified mast cell-deficient mice, the broadened pathophysiological role of mast cells in diverse diseases has been revealed. Mast cells exert different physiological and pathophysiological roles by secreting their granular contents, including vasoactive amines, cytokines and chemokines, and various proteases, including tryptase and chymase. Furthermore, mast cells also synthesize plasma membrane-derived lipid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, to produce diverse biological actions. The present review discusses the pathophysiological role of mast cells in different diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion injury, male infertility, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis), anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, nociception, obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preet Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Weng Z, Zhang B, Asadi S, Sismanopoulos N, Butcher A, Fu X, Katsarou-Katsari A, Antoniou C, Theoharides TC. Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokine release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33805. [PMID: 22470478 PMCID: PMC3314669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells critical in the pathogenesis of allergic, but also inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through release of many pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF. Contact dermatitis and photosensitivity are skin conditions that involve non-immune triggers such as substance P (SP), and do not respond to conventional treatment. Inhibition of mast cell cytokine release could be effective therapy for such diseases. Unfortunately, disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn), the only compound marketed as a mast cell "stabilizer", is not particularly effective in blocking human mast cells. Instead, flavonoids are potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds with mast cell inhibitory actions. Here, we first compared the flavonoid quercetin (Que) and cromolyn on cultured human mast cells. Que and cromolyn (100 µM) can effectively inhibit secretion of histamine and PGD(2). Que and cromolyn also inhibit histamine, leukotrienes and PGD(2) from primary human cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMCs) stimulated by IgE/Anti-IgE. However, Que is more effective than cromolyn in inhibiting IL-8 and TNF release from LAD2 mast cells stimulated by SP. Moreover, Que reduces IL-6 release from hCBMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Que inhibits cytosolic calcium level increase and NF-kappa B activation. Interestingly, Que is effective prophylactically, while cromolyn must be added together with the trigger or it rapidly loses its effect. In two pilot, open-label, clinical trials, Que significantly decreased contact dermatitis and photosensitivity, skin conditions that do not respond to conventional treatment. In summary, Que is a promising candidate as an effective mast cell inhibitor for allergic and inflammatory diseases, especially in formulations that permit more sufficient oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyi Weng
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bodi Zhang
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shahrzad Asadi
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Sismanopoulos
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan Butcher
- Thorne Research, Inc., Sandpoint, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Vitamin K Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Christina Antoniou
- First Department of Dermatology, A. Sygros Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Xanthos DN, Gaderer S, Drdla R, Nuro E, Abramova A, Ellmeier W, Sandkühler J. Central nervous system mast cells in peripheral inflammatory nociception. Mol Pain 2011; 7:42. [PMID: 21639869 PMCID: PMC3123586 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional aspects of mast cell-neuronal interactions remain poorly understood. Mast cell activation and degranulation can result in the release of powerful pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine and cytokines. Cerebral dural mast cells have been proposed to modulate meningeal nociceptor activity and be involved in migraine pathophysiology. Little is known about the functional role of spinal cord dural mast cells. In this study, we examine their potential involvement in nociception and synaptic plasticity in superficial spinal dorsal horn. Changes of lower spinal cord dura mast cells and their contribution to hyperalgesia are examined in animal models of peripheral neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammation. RESULTS Spinal application of supernatant from activated cultured mast cells induces significant mechanical hyperalgesia and long-term potentiation (LTP) at spinal synapses of C-fibers. Lumbar, thoracic and thalamic preparations are then examined for mast cell number and degranulation status after intraplantar capsaicin and carrageenan. Intradermal capsaicin induces a significant percent increase of lumbar dural mast cells at 3 hours post-administration. Peripheral carrageenan in female rats significantly increases mast cell density in the lumbar dura, but not in thoracic dura or thalamus. Intrathecal administration of the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromoglycate or the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor BAY-613606 reduce the increased percent degranulation and degranulated cell density of lumbar dural mast cells after capsaicin and carrageenan respectively, without affecting hyperalgesia. CONCLUSION The results suggest that lumbar dural mast cells may be sufficient but are not necessary for capsaicin or carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris N Xanthos
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Gaderer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Drdla
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erin Nuro
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Abramova
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Sandkühler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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P2 receptor-mediated signaling in mast cell biology. Purinergic Signal 2009; 6:3-17. [PMID: 19921464 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are widely recognized as effector cells of allergic inflammatory reactions. They contribute to the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases, wound healing, fibrosis, thrombosis/fibrinolysis, and anti-tumor immune responses. In this paper, we summarized the role of P2X and P2Y receptors in mast cell activation and effector functions. Mast cells are an abundant source of ATP which is stored in their granules and secreted upon activation. We discuss the contribution of mast cells to the extracellular ATP release and to the maintenance of extracellular nucleotides pool. Recent publications highlight the importance of purinergic signaling for the pathogenesis of chronic airway inflammation. Therefore, the role of ATP and P2 receptors in allergic inflammation with focus on mast cells was analyzed. Finally, ATP functions as mast cell autocrine/paracrine factor and as messenger in intercellular communication between mast cells, nerves, and glia in the central nervous system.
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Abstract
Mast cells are resident in the brain and contain numerous mediators, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines, that are released in response to a variety of natural and pharmacological triggers. The number of mast cells in the brain fluctuates with stress and various behavioral and endocrine states. These properties suggest that mast cells are poised to influence neural systems underlying behavior. Using genetic and pharmacological loss-of-function models we performed a behavioral screen for arousal responses including emotionality, locomotor, and sensory components. We found that mast cell deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) (sash(-/-)) mice had a greater anxiety-like phenotype than WT and heterozygote littermate control animals in the open field arena and elevated plus maze. Second, we show that blockade of brain, but not peripheral, mast cell activation increased anxiety-like behavior. Taken together, the data implicate brain mast cells in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and provide evidence for the behavioral importance of neuroimmune links.
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20
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Hudson CA, Christophi GP, Gruber RC, Wilmore JR, Lawrence DA, Massa PT. Induction of IL-33 expression and activity in central nervous system glia. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:631-43. [PMID: 18552204 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is a novel member of the IL-1 cytokine family and a potent inducer of type 2 immunity, as mast cells and Th2 CD4+ T cells respond to IL-33 with the induction of type 2 cytokines such as IL-13. IL-33 mRNA levels are extremely high in the CNS, and CNS glia possess both subunits of the IL-33R, yet whether IL-33 is produced by and affects CNS glia has not been studied. Here, we demonstrate that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) significantly increase IL-33 mRNA and protein expression in CNS glia. Interestingly, IL-33 was localized to the nucleus of astrocytes. Further, CNS glial and astrocyte-enriched cultures treated with a PAMP followed by an ATP pulse had significantly higher levels of supernatant IL-1beta and IL-33 than cultures receiving any single treatment (PAMP or ATP). Supernatants from PAMP + ATP-treated glia induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-13, and MCP-1 from the MC/9 mast cell line in a manner similar to exogenous recombinant IL-33. Further, IL-33 levels and activity were increased in the brains of mice infected with the neurotropic virus Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. IL-33 also had direct effects on CNS glia, as IL-33 induced various innate immune effectors in CNS glia, and this induction was greatly amplified by IL-33-stimulated mast cells. In conclusion, these results implicate IL-33-producing astrocytes as a potentially critical regulator of innate immune responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Hudson
- Department of Neurology and Interest Group in Neuro-Immune Interactions, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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21
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Nordlind K, Azmitia EC, Slominski A. The skin as a mirror of the soul: exploring the possible roles of serotonin. Exp Dermatol 2007; 17:301-11. [PMID: 18177349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is an important mediator of bidirectional interactions between the neuroendocrine system and the skin. The rate of synthesis of 5-HT from l-tryptophan can be enhanced by brain-derived neuronal growth factor, cytokines, exposure to ultraviolet light and steroids. The major source of 5-HT in the skin are platelets, which, upon aggregation, release this biogenic amine. Moreover, the epidermal and dermal skin express the enzymes required for the transformation of tryptophan to 5-HT, and certain skin cells, such as melanocytes, have been demonstrated to produce 5-HT. In addition, rodent mast cells produce 5-HT, but human mast cells have not yet been fully examined in this respect. Skin cells express functionally active, membrane-bound receptors for 5-HT, as well as proteins that transport 5-HT. The interactions of 5-HT with these various proteins determines the nature, magnitude and duration of serotonergic responses. The immune and vasculature systems in the skin are traditional targets for bioregulation by 5-HT. Moreover, recent findings indicate that keratinocytes, melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts also respond to this amine in various ways. Thus, mammalian skin is both a site for the production of and a target for bioregulation by 5-HT. This indicates that agonists and antagonists directed towards specific 5-HT receptors could be useful in connection with treatment of skin diseases. Based on our increasing knowledge concerning these receptors and their plasticity, future research will focus on the development of serotonergic drugs that exert metabotrophic effects on the cells of the skin without affecting the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Nordlind
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Dubayle D, Servière J, Menétrey D. The effects of viscero-somatic interactions on thalamic mast cell recruitment in cystitic rats. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:18-27. [PMID: 17716748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells accessing the brain parenchyma through the blood-brain barrier in healthy animals are limited to pre-cortical sensory relays - the olfactory bulb and the thalamus. We have demonstrated that unilateral repetitive stimulation of the abdominal wall generates asymmetry in midline thalamic mast cell (TMC) distribution in cyclophosphamide-injected rats, consisting of contralateral side-prevalence with respect to the abdominal wall stimulation. TMC asymmetry 1) was generated in strict relation with cystitis, and was absent in disease-free and mesna-treated animals, 2) was restricted to the anterior portion of the paraventricular pars anterior and reuniens nuclei subregion, i.e., the rostralmost part of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the only thalamic area associated with viscero-vagal and somatic inputs, via the nucleus of the solitary tract, and via the medial contingent of the spinothalamic tract, respectively, and 3) originated from somatic tissues, i.e., the abdominal wall where bladder inflammation generates secondary somatic hyperesthesia leading to referred pain in humans. Present data suggest that TMCs may be involved in thalamic sensory processes, including some aspects of visceral pain and abnormal visceral/somatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dubayle
- CNRS UMR 8119, Neurophysique et Physiologie Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Koza A, Wilhelm M, Hiripi L, Elekes K, Csoknya M. Embryogenesis of the serotonergic system in the earthwormEisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:451-67. [PMID: 16736470 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organization of the serotonergic system and changes of the serotonin (5-HT) content were studied during the embryogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, using immunocytochemistry and HPLC. A gradual emergence of 5-HT immunoreactive (IR) cells and their axon projections in the several ganglia of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system are described in the context of a staged time-scale of development. The first 5-HT-IR neurons appear in the subesophageal ganglion at an early embryonic stage (E2), followed by neurons in some rostrally located ventral ganglia. In the cerebral ganglion, 5-HT-IR cells can be detected only from stage E5. The number of labeled cells in each ganglion of the embryo increases until hatching, when it is still considerably lower than that observed in adults. This shows that the development of the 5-HTergic system is far from complete by the end of embryogenesis. Organization of 5-HT-IR innervation of the body wall starts by stages E3 to E4. In the stomatogastric nervous system the first 5-HT-IR fibers can be detected by stage E5. By stage E9 5-HT immunopositive neurons can be observed in both the stomatogastric ganglia and the enteric plexus. Both 5-HT levels and the numbers of the labeled cells show a significant increase before hatching, which indicate a functional maturation of the 5-HTergic system. Based on the early appearance of 5-HT, we suppose that it may play a regulatory role in both the gangliogenesis and the maturation of peripheral functions necessary during postembryonic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koza
- MTA-PTE Adaptation Biology Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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