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Elieh Ali Komi D, Wöhrl S, Bielory L. Mast Cell Biology at Molecular Level: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:342-365. [PMID: 31828527 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08769-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are portions of the innate and adaptive immune system derived from bone marrow (BM) progenitors that are rich in cytoplasmic granules. MC maturation, phenotype, and function are determined by their microenvironment. MCs accumulate at inflammatory sites associated with atopy, wound healing, and malignancies. They interact with the external environment and are predominantly located in close proximity of blood vessels and sensory nerves. MCs are key initiators and modulators of allergic, anaphylactic, and other inflammatory reactions, by induction of vasodilation, promoting of vascular permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells, facilitation of adaptive immune responses, and modulation of angiogenesis, and fibrosis. They express a wide range of receptors, e.g., for IgE (FcεRI), IgG (FcγR), stem cell factor (SCF) (KIT receptor or CD117), complement (including C5aR), and cytokines, that upon activation trigger various signaling pathways. The final consequence of such ligand receptor-based activation of MCs is the release of a broad array of mediators which are classified in three categories. While some mediators are preformed and remain stored in granules such as heparin, histamine, and enzymes mainly chymase and tryptase, others are de novo synthesized only after activation including LTB4, LTD4, PDG2, and PAF, and the cytokines IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3, IL-1, GM-CSF, TGF-β, VEGF, and TNF-α. Depending on the stimulus, MCs calibrate their pattern of mediator release, modulate the amplification of allergic inflammation, and are involved in the resolution of the immune responses. Here, we review recent findings and reports that help to understand the MC biology, pathology, and physiology of diseases with MC involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Stefan Wöhrl
- Floridsdorf Allergy Center (FAZ), Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonard Bielory
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, 400 Mountain Avenue, Springfield, NJ, 07081-2515, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson Universi ty Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Rutgers University Center of Environmental Prediction, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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2
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Song Y, Lu M, Yuan H, Chen T, Han X. Mast cell-mediated neuroinflammation may have a role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:714-726. [PMID: 32742317 PMCID: PMC7388140 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorder with a serious negative impact on the quality of life from childhood until adulthood, which may cause academic failure, family disharmony and even social unrest. The pathogenesis of ADHD has remained to be fully elucidated, leading to difficulties in the treatment of this disease. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of ADHD development. Certain studies indicated that ADHD has high comorbidity with allergic and autoimmune diseases, with various patients with ADHD having a high inflammatory status. Increasing evidence indicated that mast cells (MCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of brain inflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders. MCs may cause or aggravate neuroinflammation via the selective release of inflammatory factors, interaction with glial cells and neurons, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis or disruption of the blood-brain barrier integrity. In the present review, the notion that MC activation may be involved in the occurrence and development of ADHD through a number of ways is discussed based on previously published studies. The association between MCs and ADHD appears to lack sufficient evidence at present and this hypothesis is considered to be worthy of further study, providing a novel perspective for the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Manqi Lu
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Yuan
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Han
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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3
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Borelli V, Martinelli M, Luppi S, Vita F, Romano F, Fanfani F, Trevisan E, Celsi F, Zabucchi G, Zanconati F, Bottin C, Ricci G. Mast Cells in Peritoneal Fluid From Women With Endometriosis and Their Possible Role in Modulating Sperm Function. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1543. [PMID: 31998139 PMCID: PMC6964357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a local pelvic inflammatory process, frequently associated with infertility, with altered function of immune-related cells in the peritoneal environment. Mast cells are known to be key players of the immune system and have been recently involved in endometriosis and in infertility, with their mediators directly suppressing sperm motility. In this study, we evaluated the mast cell population and their mediators in the peritoneal fluid of infertile patients with endometriosis and their impact on human sperm motility. Peritoneal fluids, collected by laparoscopy from 11 infertile patients with endometriosis and 9 fertile controls were evaluated for the presence of mast cells, tryptase levels and their effect on sperm motility. Furthermore, an in vitro model of mast cells-sperm interaction in peritoneal fluid was set up, using LAD2 cell line as a mast cell model, and analyzed from a functional as well as a morphological point of view. Mast cell peritoneal fluid population and its main mediator, tryptase, is more represented in endometriosis confirming an involvement of these cells in this disease. Anyway it appears unlikely that tryptase enriched peritoneal fluid, which fails to inhibit sperm motility, could contribute to endometriosis associated infertility. Despite of this, sperm interaction with the mast cell surface (LAD2) induced a significantly mast cell-degranulation response in the peritoneal fluid from endometriosis which could directly modulate sperm function other than motility. This evidence lead us to suppose that there is, between these elements, an interrelationship which deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Borelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Martinelli
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Luppi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Vita
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Romano
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Fanfani
- UOC di Ginecologia Oncologica, Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Trevisan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio Celsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Bottin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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4
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Sharma P, Puri N. A new role for mast cells as scavengers for clearance of erythrocytes damaged due to oxidative stress. Immunol Lett 2018; 199:23-35. [PMID: 29635001 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress are interconnected. Erythrocytes are continuously exposed to oxidative stress, normally and during inflammatory diseases. Systemic mastocytosis and genetic depletion of mast cells affect anemia. In the present study, a direct role for mast cells in clearance of erythrocytes was explored. We show, for the first time, direct phagocytosis of opsonized as well as oxidatively damaged erythrocytes in vitro by mast cell lines, bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) and in vivo by murine peritoneal mast cells. Also, activated mast cells, as may be present in inflammatory conditions, showed a significantly higher uptake of oxidatively damaged erythrocytes than resting mast cells. This suggests the involvement of mast cells in erythrocyte clearance during oxidative stress or inflammatory disorders. Partial inhibition of phagocytosis by various inhibitors indicated that this process may be controlled by several pathways. Our study provides important evidence for a scavenging role for mast cells in anemia due to inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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5
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Genomic and transcriptomic comparison of allergen and silver nanoparticle-induced mast cell degranulation reveals novel non-immunoglobulin E mediated mechanisms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193499. [PMID: 29566008 PMCID: PMC5863960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells represent a crucial cell type in host defense; however, maladaptive responses are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) results in mast cell degranulation via a non-immunoglobulin E (IgE) mechanism. In this study, we utilized a systems biology approach to identify novel genetic factors playing a role in AgNP-induced mast cell degranulation compared to the classical activation by antigen-mediated FcεRI crosslinking. Mast cell degranulation was assessed in bone marrow-derived mast cells isolated from 23 strains of mice following exposure to AgNPs or FcεRI crosslinking with dinitrophenyl (DNP). Utilizing strain-dependent mast cell degranulation, an association mapping study identified 3 chromosomal regions that were significantly associated with mast cell degranulation by AgNP and one non-overlapping region associated with DNP-mediated degranulation. Two of the AgNP-associated regions correspond to genes previously reported to be associated with allergic disorders (Trac2 on chromosome 1 and Traf6 on chromosome 2) and an uncharacterized gene identified on chromosome 1 (Fam126b). In conjunction, RNA-sequencing performed on mast cells from the high and low responder strains revealed 3754 and 34 differentially expressed genes that were unique to DNP and AgNP exposures, respectively. Select candidate genes include Ptger4, a gene encoding a G-protein coupled receptor in addition to a multifunctional adaptor protein, Txnip, that may be driving mast cell degranulation by AgNP. Taken together, we identified novel genes that have not been previously shown to play a role in nanoparticle-mediated mast cell activation. With further functional evaluation in the future, these genes may be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of non-IgE mediated mast cell-linked disorders.
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Zusso M, Giusti P. An Inflammation-Centric View of Neurological Disease: Beyond the Neuron. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:72. [PMID: 29618972 PMCID: PMC5871676 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a normally beneficial acute inflammatory response, chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and ultimately its destruction, and often results from an inappropriate immune response. Inflammation in the nervous system (“neuroinflammation”), especially when prolonged, can be particularly injurious. While inflammation per se may not cause disease, it contributes importantly to disease pathogenesis across both the peripheral (neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia) and central [e.g., Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, ischemia and traumatic brain injury, depression, and autism spectrum disorder] nervous systems. The existence of extensive lines of communication between the nervous system and immune system represents a fundamental principle underlying neuroinflammation. Immune cell-derived inflammatory molecules are critical for regulation of host responses to inflammation. Although these mediators can originate from various non-neuronal cells, important sources in the above neuropathologies appear to be microglia and mast cells, together with astrocytes and possibly also oligodendrocytes. Understanding neuroinflammation also requires an appreciation that non-neuronal cell—cell interactions, between both glia and mast cells and glia themselves, are an integral part of the inflammation process. Within this context the mast cell occupies a key niche in orchestrating the inflammatory process, from initiation to prolongation. This review will describe the current state of knowledge concerning the biology of neuroinflammation, emphasizing mast cell-glia and glia-glia interactions, then conclude with a consideration of how a cell's endogenous mechanisms might be leveraged to provide a therapeutic strategy to target neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Facci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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7
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Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Cao Y. Role of Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 52:436-445. [PMID: 28025778 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammatory demyelination and consequent axonal deterioration. The hallmark of the disease is the demyelinated plaque, a hypocellular area characterized by formation of astrocytic scars and infiltration of mononuclear cells. Recent studies have revealed that both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of MS and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Mast cells may act at the early stage that promote demyelination through interactions among mast cells, neurons, and other immune cells to mediate neuroinflammation. Studies from EAE model suggest that mast cells regulate adaptive autoimmune responses, present myelin antigens to T cells, disrupt the blood-brain barrier, and permit the entry of inflammatory cells and mediators into the CNS. Depletion or limiting mast cells could be a new promising therapeutic target for MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh-Ali-Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, and Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yonghao Cao
- Center for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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8
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The Secretory Response of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells on Exposure to Mineral Fibers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010104. [PMID: 29320402 PMCID: PMC5800203 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to mineral fibers is of substantial relevance to human health. A key event in exposure is the interaction with inflammatory cells and the subsequent generation of pro-inflammatory factors. Mast cells (MCs) have been shown to interact with titanium oxide (TiO₂) and asbestos fibers. In this study, we compared the response of rat peritoneal MCs challenged with the asbestos crocidolite and nanowires of TiO₂ to that induced by wollastonite employed as a control fiber. METHODS Rat peritoneal MCs (RPMCs), isolated from peritoneal lavage, were incubated in the presence of mineral fibers. The quantities of secreted enzymes were evaluated together with the activity of fiber-associated enzymes. The ultrastructural morphology of fiber-interacting RPMCs was analyzed with electron microscopy. RESULTS Asbestos and TiO₂ stimulate MC secretion. Secreted enzymes bind to fibers and exhibit higher activity. TiO₂ and wollastonite bind and improve enzyme activity, but to a lesser degree than crocidolite. CONCLUSIONS (1) Mineral fibers are able to stimulate the mast cell secretory process by both active (during membrane interaction) and/or passive (during membrane penetration) interaction; (2) fibers can be found to be associated with secreted enzymes-this process appears to create long-lasting pro-inflammatory environments and may represent the active contribution of MCs in maintaining the inflammatory process; (3) MCs and their enzymes should be considered as a therapeutic target in the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced lung inflammation; and (4) MCs can contribute to the inflammatory effect associated with selected engineered nanomaterials, such as TiO₂ nanoparticles.
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9
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Johnson MM, Mendoza R, Raghavendra AJ, Podila R, Brown JM. Contribution of engineered nanomaterials physicochemical properties to mast cell degranulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43570. [PMID: 28262689 PMCID: PMC5337938 DOI: 10.1038/srep43570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has grown dramatically in the last decade, with increased use in consumer products, industrial materials, and nanomedicines. However, due to increased manufacturing, there is concern that human and environmental exposures may lead to adverse immune outcomes. Mast cells, central to the innate immune response, are one of the earliest sensors of environmental insult and have been shown to play a role in ENM-mediated immune responses. Our laboratory previously determined that mast cells are activated via a non-FcεRI mediated response following silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) exposure, which was dependent upon key physicochemical properties. Using bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), we tested the hypothesis that ENM physicochemical properties influence mast cell degranulation. Exposure to 13 physicochemically distinct ENMs caused a range of mast degranulation responses, with smaller sized Ag NPs (5 nm and 20 nm) causing the most dramatic response. Mast cell responses were dependent on ENMs physicochemical properties such as size, apparent surface area, and zeta potential. Surprisingly, minimal ENM cellular association by mast cells was not correlated with mast cell degranulation. This study suggests that a subset of ENMs may elicit an allergic response and contribute to the exacerbation of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Achyut J Raghavendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.,Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 296225, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.,Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 296225, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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10
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Zusso M, Giusti P. Neuroinflammation, Mast Cells, and Glia: Dangerous Liaisons. Neuroscientist 2017; 23:478-498. [PMID: 29283023 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416687249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The perspective of neuroinflammation as an epiphenomenon following neuron damage is being replaced by the awareness of glia and their importance in neural functions and disorders. Systemic inflammation generates signals that communicate with the brain and leads to changes in metabolism and behavior, with microglia assuming a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Identification of potential peripheral-to-central cellular links is thus a critical step in designing effective therapeutics. Mast cells may fulfill such a role. These resident immune cells are found close to and within peripheral nerves and in brain parenchyma/meninges, where they exercise a key role in orchestrating the inflammatory process from initiation through chronic activation. Mast cells and glia engage in crosstalk that contributes to accelerate disease progression; such interactions become exaggerated with aging and increased cell sensitivity to stress. Emerging evidence for oligodendrocytes, independent of myelin and support of axonal integrity, points to their having strong immune functions, innate immune receptor expression, and production/response to chemokines and cytokines that modulate immune responses in the central nervous system while engaging in crosstalk with microglia and astrocytes. In this review, we summarize the findings related to our understanding of the biology and cellular signaling mechanisms of neuroinflammation, with emphasis on mast cell-glia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Facci
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
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11
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Li N, Zhang X, Dong H, Hu Y, Qian Y. Bidirectional relationship of mast cells-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD. Behav Brain Res 2017; 322:60-69. [PMID: 28082194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been hypothesized to be mediated by surgery-induced neuroinflammation, which is also a key element in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and neuropsychiatric disorders. There is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammation resulting from activation of the innate immune system cells in the periphery can impact central nervous system behaviors, such as cognitive performance. Mast cells (MCs), as the"first responders" in the CNS, can initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. In addition, MCs and their secreted mediators modulate inflammatory processes in multiple CNS pathologies and can thereby either contribute to neurological damage or confer neuroprotection. Neuroinflammation has been considered to be linked to neurovascular dysfunction in several neurological disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the bidirectional relationship of MCs-neurovascular unit communication in neuroinflammation and its involvement in POCD, providing a new and unique therapeutic target for the adjuvant treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Hongquan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Youli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China.
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12
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Maturana CJ, Aguirre A, Sáez JC. High glucocorticoid levels during gestation activate the inflammasome in hippocampal oligodendrocytes of the offspring. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:625-642. [PMID: 27314460 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) during early life induces long-lasting neuroinflammation. GCs induce rapid degranulation of mast cells, which release proinflammatory molecules promoting activation of microglia and astrocytes. The possible involvement of oligodendrocytes, however, remains poorly understood. It was studied whether high GC levels during gestation activates the inflammasome in hippocampal oligodendrocytes of mouse offspring. Oligodendrocytes of control pups showed expression of inflammasome components (NLRP3, ACS, and caspase-1) and their levels were increased by prenatal administration of dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic GC. These cells also showed high levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, revealing activation of the inflammasome. Moreover, they showed increased levels of the P2X7 receptor and pannexin1, which are associated to inflammasome activation. However, levels of connexins either were not affected (Cx29) or reduced (Cx32 and Cx47). Nonetheless, the functional states of pannexin1 and connexin hemichannels were elevated and directly associated to functional P2X7 receptors. As observed in DEX-treated brain slices, hemichannel activity first increased in hippocampal mast cells and later in microglia and macroglia. DEX-induced oligodendrocyte hemichannel activity was mimicked by urocortin-II, which is a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRHR) agonist. Response to DEX and urocortin-II was inhibited by antalarmin (a CRHR blocker) or by mast cells or microglia inhibitors. The increase in hemichannel activity persisted for several weeks after birth and cross-fostering with a control mother did not reverse this condition. It is proposed that activation of the oligodendrocyte inflammasome might be relevant in demyelinating diseases associated with early life exposure to high GC levels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 625-642, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola J Maturana
- Departamento De Fisiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto Milenio, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Adam Aguirre
- Departamento De Fisiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento De Fisiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Instituto Milenio, Valparaíso, Chile
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13
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NOD1 and NOD2 Interact with the Phagosome Cargo in Mast Cells: A Detailed Morphological Evidence. Inflammation 2016; 38:1113-25. [PMID: 25502289 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) play a key role in triggering the inflammatory process and share some functions with professional phagocytes. It is not clear whether or not the phagocytic process in MC follows the same route and has the same meaning of that of professional phagocytes. Herein we analyze in detail the structure of the phagosome in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC). The ultrastructural analysis of the phagosome, containing either model particles or bacteria, reveals that these vacuoles are very tight, and in several areas, their membrane seems to have dissolved. RPMC express NOD1 and NOD2 proteins whose role is to recognize intracellular foreign components and induce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Following Escherichia coli ingestion, both these molecules are found on the phagosome membrane and on ingested pathogens, together with phagosome maturation markers. These findings suggest that in RPMC the ingested cargo can, through interruptions of the phagosome membrane, interact directly with NODs, which act as switches in the process of cytokine production.
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14
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Conti P, Kempuraj D. Important role of mast cells in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 5:77-80. [PMID: 26856948 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a disease that occurs when the body tissue is attacked by its own immune system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness which triggers neurological progressive and persistent functions. MS is associated with an abnormal B-cell response and upregulation of T-cell reactivity against a multitude of antigens. Mast cells are the first line of the innate immune system and act by degranulating and secreting chemical mediators and cytokines. Their participation on the central nervous system has been recognized since the beginning of the last century. They have an important role in autoimmune disease, including MS where they mediate inflammation and demyelinization by presenting myelin antigens to T cells or disrupting the blood-brain barrier and permitting entry of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The participation of mast cells in MS is demonstrated by gene overexpression of chemical mediators and inflammatory cytokines. Here we report the relationship and involvement between mast cells and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Conti
- Postgraduate, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - D Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA, USA.
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15
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Shannahan JH, Bai W, Brown JM. Implications of scavenger receptors in the safe development of nanotherapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:e811. [PMID: 26005702 DOI: 10.14800/rci.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are being utilized in a variety of biomedical applications including drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic targeting. These applications are made possible due to the unique physicochemical properties that are exhibited at the nanoscale. To ensure safe development of NMs for clinical use, it is necessary to understand their interactions with cells and specifically cell surface receptors, which will facilitate either their toxicity and/or clinical function. Recently our research and others have investigated the role of scavenger receptors in mediating NM-cell interactions and responses. Scavenger receptors are expressed by a variety of cell types that are first to encounter NMs during clinical use such as macrophages and endothelial cells. Scavenger receptors are recognized to facilitate uptake of a wide variety of ligands ranging from foreign substances to endogenous lipids/proteins. While interaction of NMs with scavenger receptors may allow therapeutic targeting in some instances, it also presents a challenge for the stealth delivery of NMs and avoidance of the scavenging capability of this class of receptors. Due to their role in facilitating immune responses, scavenger receptor-mediated inflammation is also of concern following NM delivery. The research highlighted in this brief review intends to summarize our current understanding regarding the consequences of NM-scavenger receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
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16
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Aldossari AA, Shannahan JH, Podila R, Brown JM. Influence of physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles on mast cell activation and degranulation. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:195-203. [PMID: 25458489 PMCID: PMC4294974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly being incorporated into products for their antimicrobial properties. This has resulted in increased human exposures and the possibility of adverse health effects. Mast cells orchestrate allergic immune responses through degranulation and release of pre-formed mediators. Little data exists on understanding interactions of AgNPs with mast cells and the properties that influence activation and degranulation. Using bone marrow-derived mast cells and AgNPs of varying physicochemical properties we tested the hypothesis that AgNP physicochemical properties influence mast cell degranulation and osteopontin production. AgNPs evaluated included spherical 20 nm and 110 nm suspended in either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or citrate, Ag plates suspended in PVP of diameters between 40–60 nm or 100–130 nm, and Ag nanowires suspended in PVP with thicknesses <100 nm and length up to 2 μm. Mast cell responses were found to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the AgNP. Further, we determined a role for scavenger receptor B1 in AgNP-induced mast cell responses. Mast cell degranulation was not dependent on AgNP dissolution but was prevented by tyrosine kinase inhibitor pretreatment. This study suggests that exposure to AgNPs may elicit adverse mast cell responses that could contribute to the initiation or exacerbation of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Aldossari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Shannahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
- Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina, 29625, USA
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
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17
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Russi AE, Brown MA. The meninges: new therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Transl Res 2015; 165:255-69. [PMID: 25241937 PMCID: PMC4424790 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) largely comprises nonregenerating cells, including neurons and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, which are particularly vulnerable to immune cell-mediated damage. To protect the CNS, mechanisms exist that normally restrict the transit of peripheral immune cells into the brain and spinal cord, conferring an "immune-specialized" status. Thus, there has been a long-standing debate as to how these restrictions are overcome in several inflammatory diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we highlight the role of the meninges, tissues that surround and protect the CNS and enclose the cerebral spinal fluid, in promoting chronic inflammation that leads to neuronal damage. Although the meninges have traditionally been considered structures that provide physical protection for the brain and spinal cord, new data have established these tissues as sites of active immunity. It has been hypothesized that the meninges are important players in normal immunosurveillance of the CNS but also serve as initial sites of anti-myelin immune responses. The resulting robust meningeal inflammation elicits loss of localized blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and facilitates a large-scale influx of immune cells into the CNS parenchyma. We propose that targeting the cells and molecules mediating these inflammatory responses within the meninges offers promising therapies for MS that are free from the constraints imposed by the BBB. Importantly, such therapies may avoid the systemic immunosuppression often associated with the existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Russi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Melissa A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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18
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Mast Cells Kill Candida albicans in the Extracellular Environment but Spare Ingested Fungi from Death. Inflammation 2014; 37:2174-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Initial immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: innate immune response. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:413465. [PMID: 24174969 PMCID: PMC3794540 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which consists of a well-demarcated hypocellular area characterized by the loss of myelin, the formation of astrocytic scars, and the mononuclear cell infiltrates concentrated in perivascular spaces composed of T cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Activation of resident cells initiates an inflammatory cascade, leading to tissue destruction, demyelination, and neurological deficit. The immunological phenomena that lead to the activation of autoreactive T cells to myelin sheath components are the result of multiple and complex interactions between environment and genetic background conferring individual susceptibility. Within the CNS, an increase of TLR expression during MS is observed, even in the absence of any apparent microbial involvement. In the present review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system, the first line of defense of the organism, as promoter and mediator of cross reactions that generate molecular mimicry triggering the inflammatory response through an adaptive cytotoxic response in MS.
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20
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Silver R, Curley JP. Mast cells on the mind: new insights and opportunities. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:513-21. [PMID: 23845731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are both sensors and effectors in communication among nervous, vascular, and immune systems. In the brain, they reside on the brain side of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and interact with neurons, glia, blood vessels, and other hematopoietic cells via their neuroactive prestored and newly synthesized chemicals. They are first responders, acting as catalysts and recruiters to initiate, amplify, and prolong other immune and nervous responses upon activation. MCs both promote deleterious outcomes in brain function and contribute to normative behavioral functioning, particularly cognition and emotionality. New experimental tools enabling isolation of brain MCs, manipulation of MCs or their products, and measurement of MC products in very small brain volumes present unprecedented opportunities for examining these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Giusti P. Glia and mast cells as targets for palmitoylethanolamide, an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective lipid mediator. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:340-52. [PMID: 23813098 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glia are key players in a number of nervous system disorders. Besides releasing glial and neuronal signaling molecules directed to cellular homeostasis, glia respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from immune-related cells, with the mast cell being of particular interest. A proposed mast cell-glia communication may open new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization-both peripherally and centrally. Mast cells and glia possess endogenous homeostatic mechanisms/molecules that can be upregulated as a result of tissue damage or stimulation of inflammatory responses. Such molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, whose principal family members are the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), and its congeners N-stearoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA). A key role of PEA may be to maintain cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation: PEA is produced and hydrolyzed by microglia, it downmodulates mast cell activation, it increases in glutamate-treated neocortical neurons ex vivo and in injured cortex, and PEA levels increase in the spinal cord of mice with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Applied exogenously, PEA has proven efficacious in mast cell-mediated experimental models of acute and neurogenic inflammation. This fatty acid amide possesses also neuroprotective effects, for example, in a model of spinal cord trauma, in a delayed post-glutamate paradigm of excitotoxic death, and against amyloid β-peptide-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. These actions may be mediated by PEA acting through "receptor pleiotropism," i.e., both direct and indirect interactions of PEA with different receptor targets, e.g., cannabinoid CB2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padova, Italy,
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22
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Skaper SD, Facci L. Mast cell-glia axis in neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of the anandamide congener palmitoylethanolamide. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3312-25. [PMID: 23108549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the immune and nervous systems depends a great deal on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both astroglia and microglia, in particular, constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in central nervous system (CNS) disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Glial cells respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin. In this context, mast cells are of particular relevance. These immune-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are able to cross a compromised blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barrier in cases of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communication, and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization-both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of glia, neuro-immune interactions involving mast cells and the possibility that glia-mast cell interactions contribute to exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerated disease progression, as well as promotion of pain transmission pathways. Using this background as a starting point for discussion, we will consider the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring fatty acid ethanolamides, such as palmitoylethanolamide in treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signalling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo 'Egidio Meneghetti' 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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23
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Christy AL, Walker ME, Hessner MJ, Brown MA. Mast cell activation and neutrophil recruitment promotes early and robust inflammation in the meninges in EAE. J Autoimmun 2012; 42:50-61. [PMID: 23267561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The meninges are often considered inert tissues that house the CSF and provide protection for the brain and spinal cord. Yet emerging data demonstrates that they are also active sites of immune responses. Furthermore, the blood-CSF barrier surrounding meningeal blood vessels, together with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is postulated to serve as a gateway for the pathological infiltration of immune cells into the CNS in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies using mast cell-deficient (Kit(W/Wv)) mice demonstrated that mast cells resident in the dura mater and pia mater exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of MS, by facilitating CNS inflammatory cell influx. Here we examined the underlying mechanisms that mediate these effects. We demonstrate that there are dramatic alterations in immune associated gene expression in the meninges in pre-clinical disease, including those associated with mast cell and neutrophil function. Meningeal mast cells are activated within 24 h of disease induction, but do not directly compromise CNS vascular integrity. Rather, through production of TNF, mast cells elicit an early influx of neutrophils, cells known to alter vascular permeability, into the meninges. These data add to the growing evidence that inflammation in the meninges precedes CNS immune cell infiltration and establish that mast cells are among the earliest participants in these disease-initiating events. We hypothesize that mast cell-dependent neutrophil recruitment and activation in the meninges promotes early breakdown of the local BBB and CSF-blood barrier allowing initial immune cell access to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Christy
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Costanza M, Colombo MP, Pedotti R. Mast cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203114 PMCID: PMC3509630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are best known as key immune players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent allergic reactions. In recent years, several lines of evidence have suggested that MCs might play an important role in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Since their first description in MS plaques in the late 1800s, much effort has been put into elucidating the contribution of MCs to the development of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Mouse models of MC-deficiency have provided a valuable experimental tool for dissecting MC involvement in MS and EAE. However, to date there is still major controversy concerning the function of MCs in these diseases. Indeed, although MCs have been classically proposed as having a detrimental and pro-inflammatory role, recent literature has questioned and resized the contribution of MCs to the pathology of MS and EAE. In this review, we will present the main evidence obtained in MS and EAE on this topic, and discuss the critical and controversial aspects of such evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costanza
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Disorder Unit, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS C. Besta, via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-02-23944654; Fax: +39-02-23944708
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25
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Pathogen recognition and activation of the innate immune response in zebrafish. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:159807. [PMID: 22811714 PMCID: PMC3395205 DOI: 10.1155/2012/159807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has proven itself as an excellent model to study vertebrate innate immunity. It presents us with possibilities for in vivo imaging of host-pathogen interactions which are unparalleled in mammalian model systems. In addition, its suitability for genetic approaches is providing new insights on the mechanisms underlying the innate immune response. Here, we review the pattern recognition receptors that identify invading microbes, as well as the innate immune effector mechanisms that they activate in zebrafish embryos. We compare the current knowledge about these processes in mammalian models and zebrafish and discuss recent studies using zebrafish infection models that have advanced our general understanding of the innate immune system. Furthermore, we use transcriptome analysis of zebrafish infected with E. tarda, S. typhimurium, and M. marinum to visualize the gene expression profiles resulting from these infections. Our data illustrate that the two acute disease-causing pathogens, E. tarda and S. typhimurium, elicit a highly similar proinflammatory gene induction profile, while the chronic disease-causing pathogen, M. marinum, induces a weaker and delayed innate immune response.
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26
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Skaper SD, Giusti P, Facci L. Microglia and mast cells: two tracks on the road to neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2012; 26:3103-17. [PMID: 22516295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the more important recent advances in neuroscience research is the understanding that there is extensive communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Proinflammatory cytokines play a key role in this communication. The emerging realization is that glia and microglia, in particular, (which are the brain's resident macrophages), constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in CNS disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia respond also to proinflammatory signals released from other non-neuronal cells, principally those of immune origin. Mast cells are of particular relevance in this context. These immunity-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are capable of migrating across the blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barriers in situations where the barrier is compromised as a result of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communications and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization, both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of microglia, neuroimmune interactions involving mast cells, in particular, and the possibility that mast cell-microglia crosstalk may contribute to the exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerate disease progression, as well as promote pain transmission pathways. We conclude by considering the therapeutic potential of treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signaling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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27
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Sayed BA, Christy AL, Walker ME, Brown MA. Meningeal mast cells affect early T cell central nervous system infiltration and blood-brain barrier integrity through TNF: a role for neutrophil recruitment? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6891-900. [PMID: 20488789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a rodent model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Yet their site and mode of action is unknown. In both diseases, myelin-specific T cells are initially activated in peripheral lymphoid organs. However, for disease to occur, these cells must enter the immunologically privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable blood-brain barrier. In this study, we demonstrate that a dense population of resident mast cells in the meninges, structures surrounding the brain and spinal cord, regulate basal CNS barrier function, facilitating initial T cell CNS entry. Through the expression of TNF, mast cells recruit an early wave of neutrophils to the CNS. We propose that neutrophils in turn promote the blood-brain barrier breach and together with T cells lead to further inflammatory cell influx and myelin damage. These findings provide specific targets for intervention in multiple sclerosis as well as other immune-mediated CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blayne A Sayed
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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28
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Role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:7-14. [PMID: 19931190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with heterogeneous clinical presentations and course. MS is considered to be a T cell mediated disease but in recent years contribution of innate immune cells in mediating MS pathogenesis is being appreciated. In this review, we have discussed the role of various innate immune cells in mediating MS. In particular, we have provided an overview of potential anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory function of DCs, microglial Cells, NK cells, NK-T cells and gamma delta T cells along with their interaction among themselves and with myelin. Given the understanding of the role of the innate immune cells in MS, it is possible that immunotherapeutic intervention targeting these cells may provide a better and effective treatment.
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29
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Novel approaches for scanning near-field optical microscopy imaging of oligodendrocytes in culture. Neuroimage 2010; 49:517-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Medic N, Lorenzon P, Vita F, Trevisan E, Marchioli A, Soranzo MR, Fabbretti E, Zabucchi G. Mast cell adhesion induces cytoskeletal modifications and programmed cell death in oligodendrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 218:57-66. [PMID: 19906445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we show that rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) adhere to rat oligodendrocytes (ODC) in culture and switch on a bi-directional signal affecting both adhering cell and its target. Following heterotypic interaction, RPMC release granule content and ODC show morphological changes and enter the apoptotic programme. Altogether, these findings indicate that the interaction of MC with ODC could play a role in the mechanism of CNS damage induced by the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Medic
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio, 28, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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31
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Seo JY, Kim DY, Lee YS, Ro JY. Cytokine production through PKC/p38 signaling pathways, not through JAK/STAT1 pathway, in mast cells stimulated with IFNgamma. Cytokine 2009; 46:51-60. [PMID: 19231233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IFNgamma is strongly related to mast cell-associated diseases. There are many reports that IFNgamma inhibits mast cell degranulation. However, inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells stimulated with IFNgamma has not yet been clearly investigated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the signaling pathways of cytokine production in mast cells stimulated with IFNgamma. Human mast cell line (HMC)-1 or mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were stimulated with IFNgamma (100 units) for time periods indicated. Expressions of proteins and mRNAs of cytokines were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively, activities of MAP kinases, PKC, JAK1/2, and STAT1 on tyrosine 701 and serine 727 by immunoblotting, the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factors by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. IFNgamma-stimulated mast cells showed increase in expressions of proteins and mRNAs of inflammatory cytokines, phosphorylations of MAP kinases, PKCalpha and betaI, JAK1/2, and STAT1 on tyrosine 701 and serine 727. JAK inhibitor or PKC inhibitors inhibited the phosphorylations of p38 kinase, STAT1 on serine 727, and activities of NF-kappaB and AP-1 compared to IFNgamma stimulation alone. These data suggest that IFNgamma-stimulated mast cells induce productions of inflammatory cytokines through PKC/p38/NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways, not through classical JAK/STAT1 pathway, in both mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Youn Seo
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 300 Chunchun-dong Jangan-ku, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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