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Álvarez-López AI, Álvarez-Sánchez N, Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Ponce-España E, Bejarano I, Lardone PJ, Carrillo-Vico A. Melatonin synergistically potentiates the effect of methylprednisolone on reducing neuroinflammation in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2024; 148:103298. [PMID: 39067314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology characterized by infiltration of encephalitogenic cells in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in the presence of multifocal areas of demyelination leading to neurodegeneration. The infiltrated immune cells population is composed mainly of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that secrete pro-inflammatory factors that eventually damage myelin leading to axonal damage. The most common clinical form of MS is relapsing-remitting (RR), characterized by neuroinflammatory episodes followed by partial or total recovery of neurological deficits. The first-line treatment for RRMS relapses is a high dose of glucocorticoids, especially methylprednisolone, for three to five consecutive days. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of melatonin in the context of neuroinflammation associated with MS or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the preclinical model for MS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combined treatment of melatonin and methylprednisolone on the neuroinflammatory response associated with the EAE development. This study shows for the first time the protective synergistic effect of co-treatment with melatonin and methylprednisolone on reducing the severity of EAE by decreasing CD4 lymphocytes, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in the CNS, as well as modulating the population of infiltrated T and B cells toward regulatory phenotypes to the detriment of pro-inflammatory effector functions. In addition to the potentiation of the protective role of methylprednisolone, treatment with melatonin from the clinical onset of EAE improves the natural course of the EAE and the response to a subsequent treatment with methylprednisolone in a later relapse of the disease, pointing melatonin as potential therapeutic tool in combination with methylprednisolone for the treatment of relapses in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Álvarez-López
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain
| | - Nuria Álvarez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ponce-España
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bejarano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain
| | - Patricia Judith Lardone
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain.
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41013, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41009, Spain.
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Liu PJ, Yang TT, Fan ZX, Yuan GB, Ma L, Wang ZY, Lu JF, Yuan BY, Zou WL, Zhang XH, Liu GZ. Characterization of antigen-specific CD8+ memory T cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110672. [PMID: 37215118 PMCID: PMC10192904 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates the importance of CD8+ T cells in autoimmune attack against CNS myelin and axon in multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous research has also discovered that myelin-reactive T cells have memory phenotype functions in MS patients. However, limited evidence is available regarding the role of CD8+ memory T cell subsets in MS. This study aimed to explore potential antigen-specific memory T cell-related biomarkers and their association with disease activity. Methods The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific CD8+ memory T cell subsets and their related cytokines (perforin, granzyme B, interferon (IFN)-γ) and negative co-stimulatory molecules (programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T- cell Ig and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3)) were analyzed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR in peripheral blood of patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Results We found that MS patients had elevated frequency of MOG-specific CD8+ T cells, MOG-specific central memory T cells (TCM), MOG-specific CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM), and MOG-specific CD8+ terminally differentiated cells (TEMRA); elevated granzyme B expression on MOG-specific CD8+ TCM; and, on MOG-specific CD8+ TEM, elevated granzyme B and reduced PD-1 expression. The Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS) in MS patients was correlated with the frequency of MOG-specific CD8+ TCM, granzyme B expression in CD8+ TCM, and granzyme B and perforin expression on CD8+ TEM, but with reduced PD-1 expression on CD8+ TEM. Conclusion The dysregulation of antigen-specific CD8+ memory T cell subsets, along with the abnormal expression of their related cytokines and negative co-stimulatory molecules, may reflect an excessive or persistent inflammatory response induced during early stages of the illness. Our findings strongly suggest positive regulatory roles for memory T cell populations in MS pathogenesis, probably via molecular mimicry to trigger or promote abnormal peripheral immune responses. Furthermore, downregulated PD-1 expression may stimulate a positive feedback effect, promoting MS-related inflammatory responses via the interaction of PD-1 ligands. Therefore, these parameters are potential serological biomarkers for predicting disease development in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Ju Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Long Zou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Hu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Aiello A, Coppola A, Ruggieri S, Farroni C, Altera AMG, Salmi A, Vanini V, Cuzzi G, Petrone L, Meschi S, Lapa D, Bettini A, Haggiag S, Prosperini L, Galgani S, Quartuccio ME, Bevilacqua N, Garbuglia AR, Agrati C, Puro V, Tortorella C, Gasperini C, Nicastri E, Goletti D. Longitudinal characterisation of B and T-cell immune responses after the booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA-vaccine in people with multiple sclerosis using different disease-modifying therapies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:290-299. [PMID: 36522154 PMCID: PMC10086471 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline of humoral response to COVID-19 vaccine led to authorise a booster dose. Here, we characterised the kinetics of B-cell and T-cell immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose. METHODS We enrolled 22 PwMS and 40 healthcare workers (HCWs) after 4-6 weeks from the booster dose (T3). Thirty HCWs and 19 PwMS were also recruited 6 months (T2) after the first dose. Antibody response was measured by anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD)-IgG detection, cell-mediated response by an interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (IGRA), Th1 cytokines and T-cell memory profile by flow cytometry. RESULTS Booster dose increased anti-RBD-IgG titers in fingolimod-treated, cladribine-treated and IFN-β-treated patients, but not in ocrelizumab-treated patients, although antibody titres were lower than HCWs. A higher number of fingolimod-treated patients seroconverted at T3. Differently, T-cell response evaluated by IGRA remained stable in PwMS independently of therapy. Spike-specific Th1-cytokine response was mainly CD4+ T-cell-mediated, and in PwMS was significantly reduced (p<0.0001) with impaired IL-2 production compared with HCWs at T3. In PwMS, total Th1 and IFN-γ CD4+ T-cell responders to spike protein were increased from T2 to T3.Compared with HCWs, PwMS presented a higher frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ terminally differentiated effector memory cells and of CD4+ effector memory (TEM) cells, independently of the stimulus suggesting the association of this phenotype with MS status. CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cell frequency was further increased at T3 compared with T2. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccine booster strengthens humoral and Th1-cell responses and increases TEM cells in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aiello
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppola
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Farroni
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gerarda Altera
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Salmi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy.,Unità Operativa Semplice (UOS) Professioni Sanitarie Tecniche, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Shalom Haggiag
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Galgani
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nazario Bevilacqua
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- UOC Emerging Infections and Centro di Riferimento AIDS (CRAIDS), National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Rome, Italy
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Hayashi Y, Kimura S, Yano E, Yoshimoto S, Saeki A, Yasukochi A, Hatakeyama Y, Moriyama M, Nakamura S, Jimi E, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T. Id4 modulates salivary gland homeostasis and its expression is downregulated in IgG4-related disease via miR-486-5p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119404. [PMID: 36535369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary glands are physiologically orchestrated by the coordinated balance between cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and interactions between epithelial, mesenchymal endothelial, and neuronal cells, and they are frequent sites of manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). However, little is known about salivary gland homeostasis and its involvement in those diseases. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 4 (Id4) is an Id protein involved in the transcriptional control of many biological events, including differentiation. Studies of Id4-deficient mice revealed that Id4-deficient submandibular glands were smaller and exhibited accelerated differentiation, compared with those from wild-type littermates. In addition, dry mouth symptoms and Th17 expansion in splenocytes were also observed in the absence of Id4. Furthermore, Id4 levels in the salivary glands of patients with IgG4-RD, but not SS, were significantly decreased compared with those of healthy controls. miRNA-mRNA integrated analysis demonstrated that miR-486-5p was upregulated in IgG4-RD patients and that it might regulate Id4 in the lesion sites. Together, these results provide evidence for the inhibitory role of Id4 in salivary differentiation, and a critical association between Id4 downregulation and IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Hayashi
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Soi Kimura
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ena Yano
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshimoto
- Section of Pathology, Department of Morphological Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan; Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saeki
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yasukochi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Hatakeyama
- Division of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kawakubo-Yasukochi
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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People with Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Have a Lower Number of Central Memory T Cells and HLA-DR + Tregs. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030439. [PMID: 36766781 PMCID: PMC9913799 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of circulating immune cells to primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) pathophysiology is still controversial because most immunotherapies were shown to be ineffective in treating people with PPMS (pwPPMS). Yet, although controversial, data exist describing peripheral immune system alterations in pwPPMS. This study aims to investigate which alterations might be present in pwPPMS free of disease-modifying drugs (DMD) in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. A multicentric cross-sectional study was performed using 23 pwPPMS and 23 healthy controls. The phenotype of conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), B cells, natural killer (NK) T cells and NK cells was assessed. Lower numbers of central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and activated HLA-DR+ Tregs were observed in pwPPMS. Regarding NK and NKT cells, pwPPMS presented higher percentages of CD56dimCD57+ NK cells expressing NKp46 and of NKT cells expressing KIR2DL2/3 and NKp30. Higher disease severity scores and an increasing time since diagnosis was correlated with lower numbers of inhibitory NK cells subsets. Our findings contribute to reinforcing the hypotheses that alterations in peripheral immune cells are present in pwPPMS and that changes in NK cell populations are the strongest correlate of disease severity.
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Increased Expression of CD95 in CD4 + Effector Memory T Cells Promotes Th17 Response in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:437-452. [PMID: 34716498 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data have revealed that CD95 can evoke non-apoptotic signals, thereby promoting pro-inflammatory functions that link to the severity of autoimmune disorders. Here, we reported that the expression of CD95 in CD4+ effector memory T (CD4+ TEM) cells was increased in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. We also found increased expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells from MG patients correlated positively with clinical severity scores (QMGs), serum IL-17 levels and plasma cells (PCs) frequencies. Conventional treatment, such as glucocorticoid, could down-regulate the expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells, QMGs, serum IL-17 levels and PCs frequencies from MG patients. In vitro, low-dose of agonistic anti-CD95 mAb could promote Th17 cell development. This effect was reversed by CD95 siRNA. Moverover, CD95 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of p38 and Erk1/2 and Th17 cell differentiation, and p38 specific inhibitor SB203580 or Erk1/2 specific inhibitor PD98059 could induce opposite changes. However, SB203580 or PD98059 do not abrogate the increase of CCR6+IL-17A+ cells, ROR-γt and IL-17 expression induced by CD95 triggering relatively to each corresponding control. This suggests that p38 and Erk1/2 MAPK pathway plays a role in expression of CCR6+IL-17A+ cells, ROR-γt and IL-17, but not in their increase induced by CD95 triggering. Taken together, this study revealed that increased expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells promotes Th17 response under the microenvironment of MG.
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Citrullination: A modification important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Perdaens O, van Pesch V. Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosenescene and Inflammaging: Relevance to the Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:811518. [PMID: 35281989 PMCID: PMC8913495 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.811518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized, amongst other features, by a complex process of cellular senescence involving both innate and adaptive immunity, called immunosenescence and associated to inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation. Both processes fuel each other and partially explain increasing incidence of cancers, infections, age-related autoimmunity, and vascular disease as well as a reduced response to vaccination. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a lifelong disease, for which considerable progress in disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and management has improved long-term survival. However, disability progression, increasing with age and disease duration, remains. Neurologists are now involved in caring for elderly MS patients, with increasing comorbidities. Aging of the immune system therefore has relevant implications for MS pathogenesis, response to DMTs and the risks mediated by these treatments. We propose to review current evidence regarding markers and molecular mechanisms of immunosenescence and their relevance to understanding MS pathogenesis. We will focus on age-related changes in the innate and adaptive immune system in MS and other auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The consequences of these immune changes on MS pathology, in interaction with the intrinsic aging process of central nervous system resident cells will be discussed. Finally, the impact of immunosenescence on disease evolution and on the safety and efficacy of current DMTs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Vincent van Pesch
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B cell depletion changes the immune cell profile in multiple sclerosis patients: One-year report. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577676. [PMID: 34364105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
B cell depletion therapy has been shown to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism by which B cell depletion mediates its beneficial effects in MS is still unclear. To better understand how B cell depletion may benefit patients with a disease previously thought to be primarily mediated by CD4 T cells, immune profiles were monitored in 48 patients in a phase II trial of ublituximab, a glycoengineered CD20 monoclonal antibody, at 18 time points over a year. As we previously described there was a significant shift in the percentages of T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells following the initial dose of ublituximab, but this shift normalized within a week and these populations remained stable for the duration of the study. However, T cell subsets changed with an increase in the percentage of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and a decline in memory T cells. Importantly, the percentage of Th1 and CD4+GM-CSF+ T cells decreased, while the percentage of Tregs continued to increase over the year. Ublituximab not only depleted CD20+ B cells, but also CD20+ T cells. The favorable changes in the T cell subsets may contribute to the beneficial effects of B cell depletion therapy.
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Rioseras B, Moro-García MA, García-Torre A, Bueno-García E, López-Martínez R, Iglesias-Escudero M, Diaz-Peña R, Castro-Santos P, Arias-Guillén M, Alonso-Arias R. Acquisition of New Migratory Properties by Highly Differentiated CD4+CD28 null T Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070594. [PMID: 34202487 PMCID: PMC8306508 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes are found in the tissues and peripheral blood of patients with many autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These highly differentiated cells present potent inflammatory activity and capability to induce tissue destruction, which has been suggested to predispose to the development of more aggressive disease. In fact, preferential migration to inflammatory sites has been proposed to be a contributing factor in the progression of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases frequently found in these patients. The functional activity of CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes is largely dependent on interleukin 15 (IL-15), and this cytokine may also act as a selective attractor of these cells to local inflammatory infiltrates in damaged tissues. We have analysed, in RA patients, the migratory properties and transcriptional motility profile of CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes compared to their counterparts CD28+ T lymphocytes and the enhancing role of IL-15. Identification of the pathways involved in this process will allow us to design strategies directed to block effector functions that CD4+CD28null T lymphocytes have in the target tissue, which may represent therapeutic approaches in this immune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rioseras
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Marco Antonio Moro-García
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Torre
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Eva Bueno-García
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Rocio López-Martínez
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
| | | | - Roberto Diaz-Peña
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Patricia Castro-Santos
- Inmunologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Miguel Arias-Guillén
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- CIBER—Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Immunology Department, Medicine Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (B.R.); (A.G.-T.); (E.B.-G.); rociolopez-@hotmail.com (R.L.-M.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias—ISPA, 33011 Oviedo, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Natalizumab differentially affects plasmablasts and B cells in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 52:102987. [PMID: 33984651 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab treatment increases the frequencies of B cells in blood but reduces IgG in blood and CSF. Plasmablasts are important in the production of IgG, and the development of plasmablasts is CD49d dependent. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that natalizumab treatment affects the development of plasmablasts. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed frequencies and absolute counts of B cell subsets by flow cytometry from a longitudinal cohort of 9 progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with natalizumab for 60 weeks, and a cross-sectional relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) cohort with 17 untreated and 37 treated with natalizumab (17 stable and 20 unstable patients with relapse activity). Additionally, CD49d expression on B cell subsets was examined in 10 healthy controls, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) frequencies of B cell subsets were quantified in untreated and natalizumab treated RRMS patients. RESULTS In progressive MS, levels of IgG decreased in plasma (p<0.001) from baseline to 60 weeks follow-up. In the progressive MS and RRMS cohorts we observed that natalizumab treatment significantly increased the frequency of B cells (p=0.004; p<0.0001) and several B cell subsets, most pronounced for memory B cell subsets (p=0.0001; p<0.0001), while there was a decrease in plasmablast frequency (p=0.008; p=0.008). In both progressive MS and RRMS the absolute cell counts of B cells increased (p=0.004; p<0.001), which was explained by a significant increase in all subsets, except for plasmablasts. Furthermore, we found decreased memory B cell counts in unstable compared to stable natalizumab-treated patients (p=0.02). The expression of CD49d was higher on plasmablasts compared to other B cell subsets (p<0.0001). In CSF, plasmablasts could not be detected in patients treated with natalizumab, in contrast to an increased frequency in untreated RRMS patients. CONCLUSION We confirm previous studies showing that natalizumab increases circulating number of B cells, particularly memory cells, concomitant with a decrease in plasma IgG concentrations. Moreover, we demonstrate in two separate cohorts that natalizumab treatment markedly decreases frequencies of plasmablasts while the absolute number is stable. Additionally, plasmablasts have high expression of CD49d, and plasmablasts could not be detected in the CSF of natalizumab-treated patients. Finally, memory B cells were found to be reduced in unstable natalizumab-treated patients, which could possibly indicate increased recruitment to the CNS.
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Ye N, Cruz J, Peng X, Ma J, Zhang A, Cheng X. Remyelination is enhanced by Astragalus polysaccharides through inducing the differentiation of oligodendrocytes from neural stem cells in cuprizone model of demyelination. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147459. [PMID: 33794147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Demyelination is the hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Promoting remyelination is an important strategy to treat MS. Our previous study showed that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the main bioactive component of Astragalus membranaceus, could prevent demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. To investigate the effects of APS on remyelination and the underlying mechanisms, in this study we set up a cuprizone-induced demyelination model in mice and treated them with APS. It was found that APS relieved the neurobehavioral dysfunctions caused by demyelination, and efficaciously facilitated remyelination in vivo. In order to determine whether the mechanism of enhancing remyelination was associated with the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), biomarkers of NSCs, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons were measured in the corpus callosum tissues of mice through Real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. Data revealed that APS suppressed the stemness of NSCs, reduced the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes, and promoted the differentiation into oligodendrocytes and neurons. This phenomenon was confirmed in the differentiation model of C17.2 NSCs cultured in vitro. Since Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway has been proven to be crucial to the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes, we examined expression levels of the key molecules in this pathway in vivo and in vitro, and eventually found APS activated this signaling pathway. Together, our results demonstrated that APS probably activated Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway first, then induced NSCs to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and promoted remyelination, which suggested that APS might be a potential candidate in treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Jennifer Cruz
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China; Doctoral Program of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine, The Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine, FL 33301, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ma
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Aiming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Min-Hang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Yue-Yang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, PR China.
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Rossi B, Santos-Lima B, Terrabuio E, Zenaro E, Constantin G. Common Peripheral Immunity Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639369. [PMID: 33679799 PMCID: PMC7933037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to inflammatory and autoimmune events, suggesting that the dysregulation of the immune system is a key pathological factor. Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by infiltrating immune cells, activated microglia, astrocyte proliferation, and neuronal damage. Moreover, MS and AD share a common pro-inflammatory signature, characterized by peripheral leukocyte activation and transmigration to the central nervous system (CNS). MS and AD are both characterized by the accumulation of activated neutrophils in the blood, leading to progressive impairment of the blood–brain barrier. Having migrated to the CNS during the early phases of MS and AD, neutrophils promote local inflammation that contributes to pathogenesis and clinical progression. The role of circulating T cells in MS is well-established, whereas the contribution of adaptive immunity to AD pathogenesis and progression is a more recent discovery. Even so, blocking the transmigration of T cells to the CNS can benefit both MS and AD patients, suggesting that common adaptive immunity mechanisms play a detrimental role in each disease. There is also growing evidence that regulatory T cells are beneficial during the initial stages of MS and AD, supporting the link between the modulatory immune compartments and these neurodegenerative disorders. The number of resting regulatory T cells declines in both diseases, indicating a common pathogenic mechanism involving the dysregulation of these cells, although their precise role in the control of neuroinflammation remains unclear. The modulation of leukocyte functions can benefit MS patients, so more insight into the role of peripheral immune cells may reveal new targets for pharmacological intervention in other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rossi
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bruno Santos-Lima
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Terrabuio
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Hawke S, Zinger A, Juillard PG, Holdaway K, Byrne SN, Grau GE. Selective modulation of trans-endothelial migration of lymphocyte subsets in multiple sclerosis patients under fingolimod treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577392. [PMID: 33007647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where auto-aggressive T cells target the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. The trans-endothelial migration of leucocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the earliest CNS events in MS pathogenesis. We examined the effect of the disease state and treatment with fingolimod on the transmigration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in an in vitro BBB model. Patients' leucocyte numbers, subsets and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. As expected, fingolimod treatment induced a significant reduction in T cell and B cell numbers compared to untreated MS patients and healthy controls. Interestingly fingolimod led to a marked reduction of CD4+ and a significant increase in CD8+ cell numbers. In migrated cells, only CD3+ cell numbers were reduced in fingolimod-treated, compared to untreated patients; it had no effect on B cell or monocyte transmigration. T cells were then differentiated into naïve, effector and memory subsets based on their expression of CCR7. This showed that MS patients had increased numbers of effector memory CD4+ cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) and a decrease in central memory (CM) CD8+ cells. The former was corrected by fingolimod, while the latter was not. CM CD4+ and CD8+ cells migrated across BBB more efficiently in fingolimod-treated patients. We found that while fingolimod reduced the proportions of naïve CD19+ B cells, it significantly increased the proportions of these cells which migrated. When B cells were further stratified based on CD24, CD27 and CD38 expression, the only effect of fingolimod was an enhancement of CD24hiCD27+ B cell migration, compared to untreated MS patients. The migratory capacities of CD8hi Natural Killer (NK), CD8dim NK and NK-T cells were also reduced by fingolimod. While the disease-modifying effects of fingolimod are currently explained by its effect on reducing circulating auto-aggressive lymphocytes, our data suggests that fingolimod may also have a direct though differential effect on the trans-endothelial migration of circulating lymphocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hawke
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anna Zinger
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Pierre-Georges Juillard
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | | | - Scott N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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16
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Gliwiński M, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Wołoszyn-Durkiewicz A, Tarnowska M, Żalińska M, Hennig M, Zielińska H, Dukat-Mazurek A, Zielkowska-Dębska J, Zieliński M, Jaźwińska-Curyłło A, Owczuk R, Jarosz-Chobot P, Bossowski A, Szadkowska A, Młynarski W, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Moszkowska G, Siebert J, Myśliwiec M, Trzonkowski P. Proinsulin-specific T regulatory cells may control immune responses in type 1 diabetes: implications for adoptive therapy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000873. [PMID: 32098895 PMCID: PMC7206972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here we looked for possible mechanisms regulating the progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this disease, autoaggressive T cells (T conventional cells, Tconvs) not properly controlled by T regulatory cells (Tregs) destroy pancreatic islets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We compared the T-cell compartment of patients with newly diagnosed T1DM (NDT1DM) with long-duration T1DM (LDT1DM) ones. The third group consisted of patients with LDT1DM treated previously with polyclonal Tregs (LDT1DM with Tregs). We have also looked if the differences might be dependent on the antigen specificity of Tregs expanded for clinical use and autologous sentinel Tconvs. RESULTS Patients with LDT1DM were characterized by T-cell immunosenescence-like changes and expansion of similar vβ/T-cell receptor (TCR) clones in Tconvs and Tregs. The treatment with Tregs was associated with some inhibition of these effects. Patients with LDT1DM possessed an increased percentage of various proinsulin-specific T cells but not GAD65-specific ones. The percentages of all antigen-specific subsets were higher in the expansion cultures than in the peripheral blood. The proliferation was more intense in proinsulin-specific Tconvs than in specific Tregs but the levels of some proinsulin-specific Tregs were exceptionally high at baseline and remained higher in the expanded clinical product than the levels of respective Tconvs in sentinel cultures. CONCLUSIONS T1DM is associated with immunosenescence-like changes and reduced diversity of T-cell clones. Preferential expansion of the same TCR families in both Tconvs and Tregs suggests a common trigger/autoantigen responsible. Interestingly, the therapy with polyclonal Tregs was associated with some inhibition of these effects. Proinsulin-specific Tregs appeared to be dominant in the immune responses in patients with T1DM and probably associated with better control over respective autoimmune Tconvs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EudraCT 2014-004319-35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Anna Wołoszyn-Durkiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Tarnowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żalińska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Matylda Hennig
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Zielińska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Dukat-Mazurek
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Zieliński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Owczuk
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Peadiatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szadkowska
- Department of Paediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Paediatrics, Oncology, and Haematology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- Department of Family Medicine, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Moszkowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Siebert
- Department of Family Medicine, Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Department of Pediatric Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Poltreg S.A, Gdańsk, Poland
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang N, Feng M, Liang Z, Zhao X, Gao C, Qin Y, Wu Y, Liu G, Zhao J, Guo H, Luo J. Reduced activated regulatory T cells and imbalance of Th17/activated Treg cells marks renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:19-29. [PMID: 31837507 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) in the control of the immune tolerance of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) has not been well defined. Therefore, we separate the phenotypically heterogeneous Treg cells into different subsets based on the expression of FOXP3 and CD45RA during AAV pathogenesis. Fifty-four AAV patients (38 patients with renal involvement) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. Levels of CD4+T cell subsets and cytokines were detected by flow cytometry. Treg immunesuppression capacity was measured in co-culture experiments. The diagnostic value for Treg subsets was evaluated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Patients with AAV had lower percentages and numbers of activated Treg cells (aTreg, P = 0.044, P = 0.002), while higher levels of total Treg cells (P = 0.001, P = 0.026) with diminished immunosuppression capacity. The proportions of effector memory T-cell subpopulation (P < 0.001) were increased in AAV patients. Interestingly, the AUC of the aTreg improved significantly the diagnostic potential of AAV. Furthermore, the ratio of Th17/aTreg was significantly increased in active and renal vasculitis patient and positive correlation between Th17/Treg subset ratio and creatinine or BUN. In addition, we found that cytokine IL-2 and IL-4 exhibited a downward while IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A trend upward in AAV patients. Increase in total Treg levels, along with functional deficiency, and decrease in aTreg cells constitute potential novel biomarkers for AAV. And the ratio of Th17/aTreg might serve as an important tool to recognize and monitor AAV patients with renal involvement and disease remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Min Feng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yanyao Wu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Guangying Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Baoan Shiyan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518005, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Short and Long Term Clinical and Immunologic Follow up after Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis-A Phase I Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122102. [PMID: 31810187 PMCID: PMC6947442 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have emerged as a possible new therapy for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), however studies regarding efficacy and in vivo immune response have been limited and inconclusive. We conducted a phase I clinical study assessing safety and clinical and peripheral immune responses after MSC therapy in MS. Seven patients with progressive MS were intravenously infused with a single dose of autologous MSC (1–2 × 106 MSCs/kg body weight). The infusions were safe and well tolerated when given during clinical remission. Five out of seven patients completed the follow up of 48 weeks post-infusion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the absence of new T2 lesions at 12 weeks in 5/6 patients, while 3/5 had accumulated new T2 lesions at 48 weeks. Patient expanded disability status scales (EDSS) were stable in 6/6 at 12 weeks but declined in 3/5 patients at 48 weeks. Early changes of circulating microRNA levels (2 h) and increased proportion of FOXP3+ Tregs were detected at 7 days post-infusion compared to baseline levels. In conclusion, MSC therapy was safe and well tolerated and is associated with possible transient beneficial clinical and peripheral immunotolerogenic effects.
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Anti-CD20 therapy depletes activated myelin-specific CD8 + T cells in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25800-25807. [PMID: 31748274 PMCID: PMC6926057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. CD8+ T cells have been strongly implicated in MS pathogenesis, but it is unclear whether myelin is a CD8+ T cell autoantigenic target in MS. This study demonstrated that while myelin-specific CD8+ T cells are present at similar frequencies in untreated MS patients and healthy subjects, the proportion of memory and CD20-expressing myelin-specific CD8+ T cells was increased in MS patients, suggesting prior antigen encounter. This activated phenotype was reversible as the memory and CD20-expressing populations of certain myelin-specific CD8+ T cells were reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. CD8+ T cells are believed to play an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet their role in MS pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Although myelin proteins are considered potential autoantigenic targets, prior studies of myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS have relied on in vitro stimulation, thereby limiting accurate measurement of their ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes. Peptide:MHC I tetramers were used to identify and validate 5 myelin CD8+ T cell epitopes, including 2 newly described determinants in humans. The validated tetramers were used to measure the ex vivo precursor frequencies and phenotypes of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of untreated MS patients and HLA allele-matched healthy controls. In parallel, CD8+ T cell responses against immunodominant influenza epitopes were also measured. There were no differences in ex vivo frequencies of tetramer-positive myelin-specific CD8+ T cells between MS patients and control subjects. An increased proportion of myelin-specific CD8+ T cells in MS patients exhibited a memory phenotype and expressed CD20 compared to control subjects, while there were no phenotypic differences observed among influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. Longitudinal assessments were also measured in a subset of MS patients subsequently treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. The proportion of memory and CD20+ CD8+ T cells specific for certain myelin but not influenza epitopes was significantly reduced following anti-CD20 treatment. This study, representing a characterization of unmanipulated myelin-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS, indicates these cells may be attractive targets in MS therapy.
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JC Virus-DNA Detection Is Associated with CD8 Effector Accumulation in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis under Natalizumab Treatment, Independently from JC Virus Serostatus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5297980. [PMID: 29682547 PMCID: PMC5848061 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5297980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although natalizumab (anti-α4 integrin) represents an effective therapy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), it is associated with an increased risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), caused by the polyomavirus JC (JCV). The aim of this study was to explore natalizumab-induced phenotypic changes in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and their relationship with JCV reactivation. Forty-four patients affected by RRMS were enrolled. Blood and urine samples were classified according to natalizumab infusion number: 0 (N0), 1–12 (N12), 13–24 (N24), 25–36 (N36), and over 36 (N > 36) infusions. JCV-DNA was detected in plasma and urine. T-lymphocyte phenotype was evaluated with flow cytometry. JCV serostatus was assessed. Ten healthy donors (HD), whose ages and sexes matched with the RRMS patients of the N0 group, were enrolled. CD8 effector (CD8 E) percentages were increased in natalizumab treated patients with detectable JCV-DNA in plasma or urine compared to JCV-DNA negative patients (JCV−) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, resp.). Patients with CD8 E percentages above 10.4% tended to show detectable JCV-DNA in plasma and/or urine (ROC curve p = 0.001). The CD8 E was increased when JCV-DNA was detectable in plasma or urine, independently from JCV serology, for N12 and N24 groups (p < 0.01). As long as PML can affect RRMS patients under natalizumab treatment with a negative JCV serology, the assessment of CD8 E could help in the evaluation of JCV reactivation.
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Won T, Gao Z, Wu X, Lu L. Characterization of CD45RO + memory T lymphocytes in keloid disease. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:940-950. [PMID: 29194570 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells, a highly effective subset of T lymphocytes, have been reported to be involved in many inflammatory skin disorders. However, the potential role of memory T cells in keloid disease (KD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVES Due to their important role in regulating inflammation, we investigated the characteristics of CD45RO+ memory T cells in KD. METHODS Primary cutaneous cells were isolated from keloid scars and normal skin by enzymic digestion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from a related blood sample, and flow cytometry was applied to identify the phenotypic and functional abnormalities of memory T cells in KD. RESULTS We observed that the majority of T lymphocytes in keloid scars had the memory phenotype, and a greater number of the CD8+ memory T cells in keloid scars produced lower levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This abnormal cytokine production was even more distinct in Forkhead box (FOX)P3- CD8- memory T cells, with lower TNF-α production and enhanced interferon-γ production. Furthermore, FOXP3+ CD8- memory T cells in keloid scars were abnormal, including showing reduced CD25 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 expression and interleukin-10 production. In addition, a significant decrease in the number of CD4+ CD25high FOXP3+ regulatory T cells was identified in patients with multiple keloid scars. We also found that there was significantly increased infiltration of CD103+ CD8+ memory T cells in keloid scars. CONCLUSIONS Our findings preliminarily elucidate the abnormalities of CD45RO+ memory T cells in keloid scars and provide early evidence that a disrupted T-cell response contributes to the progression of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - L Zhou
- Research Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Won
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Z Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - X Wu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - L Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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