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Khan Z, Mehan S, Gupta GD, Narula AS. Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Neuroscience 2024; 548:9-26. [PMID: 38692349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a prevalent neurological disorder, predominantly affects young adults and is characterized by chronic autoimmune activity. The study explores the immune system dysregulation in MS, highlighting the crucial roles of immune and non-neuronal cells in the disease's progression. This review examines the dual role of cytokines, with some like IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) promoting inflammation and CNS tissue injury, and others such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-37, and TGF-β fostering remyelination and protecting against MS. Elevated chemokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, CXCL13, and fractalkine, are analyzed for their role in facilitating immune cell migration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), worsening inflammation and neurodegeneration. The study also delves into the impact of auto-antibodies targeting myelin components like MOG and AQP4, which activate complement cascades leading to further myelin destruction. The article discusses how compromised BBB integrity allows immune cells and inflammatory mediators to infiltrate the CNS, intensifying MS symptoms. It also examines the involvement of astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the disease's progression. Additionally, the effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs such as IFN-β and CD20-targeting monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab) in modulating immune responses is reviewed, highlighting their potential to reduce relapse rates and delaying MS progression. These insights emphasize the importance of immune system dysfunction in MS development and progression, guiding the development of new therapeutic strategies. The study underscores recent advancements in understanding MS's molecular pathways, opening avenues for more targeted and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144603, India), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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2
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Marglous S, Brown CE, Padler-Karavani V, Cummings RD, Gildersleeve JC. Serum antibody screening using glycan arrays. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2603-2642. [PMID: 38305761 PMCID: PMC7616341 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Humans and other animals produce a diverse collection of antibodies, many of which bind to carbohydrate chains, referred to as glycans. These anti-glycan antibodies are a critical part of our immune systems' defenses. Whether induced by vaccination or natural exposure to a pathogen, anti-glycan antibodies can provide protection against infections and cancers. Alternatively, when an immune response goes awry, antibodies that recognize self-glycans can mediate autoimmune diseases. In any case, serum anti-glycan antibodies provide a rich source of information about a patient's overall health, vaccination history, and disease status. Glycan microarrays provide a high-throughput platform to rapidly interrogate serum anti-glycan antibodies and identify new biomarkers for a variety of conditions. In addition, glycan microarrays enable detailed analysis of the immune system's response to vaccines and other treatments. Herein we review applications of glycan microarray technology for serum anti-glycan antibody profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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3
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Alves I, Fernandes Â, Santos-Pereira B, Azevedo CM, Pinho SS. Glycans as a key factor in self and non-self discrimination: Impact on the breach of immune tolerance. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1485-1502. [PMID: 35383918 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycans are carbohydrates that are made by all organisms and covalently conjugated to other biomolecules. Glycans cover the surface of both human cells and pathogens and are fundamental to defining the identity of a cell or an organism, thereby contributing to discriminating self from non-self. As such, glycans are a class of "Self-Associated Molecular Patterns" that can fine-tune host inflammatory processes. In fact, glycans can be sensed and recognized by a variety of glycan-binding proteins (GBP) expressed by immune cells, such as galectins, siglecs and C-type lectins, which recognize changes in the cellular glycosylation, instructing both pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. In this review, we introduce glycans as cell-identification structures, discussing how glycans modulate host-pathogen interactions and how they can fine-tune inflammatory processes associated with infection, inflammation and autoimmunity. Finally, from the clinical standpoint, we discuss how glycoscience research can benefit life sciences and clinical medicine by providing a source of valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Alves
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Santos-Pereira
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina M Azevedo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
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4
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Anti-glycan antibodies: roles in human disease. Biochem J 2021; 478:1485-1509. [PMID: 33881487 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies play diverse and critical roles in human health. Endogenous carbohydrate-binding antibodies that recognize bacterial, fungal, and other microbial carbohydrates prevent systemic infections and help maintain microbiome homeostasis. Anti-glycan antibodies can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. For example, alloantibodies to ABO blood group carbohydrates can help reduce the spread of some infectious diseases, but they also impose limitations for blood transfusions. Antibodies that recognize self-glycans can contribute to autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition to endogenous antibodies that arise through natural processes, a variety of vaccines induce anti-glycan antibodies as a primary mechanism of protection. Some examples of approved carbohydrate-based vaccines that have had a major impact on human health are against pneumococcus, Haemophilus influeanza type b, and Neisseria meningitidis. Monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting pathogen associated or tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are used clinically for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to highlight some of the well-studied and critically important applications of anti-carbohydrate antibodies.
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5
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Kappler K, Hennet T. Emergence and significance of carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Genes Immun 2020; 21:224-239. [PMID: 32753697 PMCID: PMC7449879 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are widespread among all classes of immunoglobulins. Despite their broad occurrence, little is known about their formation and biological significance. Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are often classified as natural antibodies under the assumption that they arise without prior exposure to exogenous antigens. On the other hand, various carbohydrate-specific antibodies, including antibodies to ABO blood group antigens, emerge after the contact of immune cells with the intestinal microbiota, which expresses a vast diversity of carbohydrate antigens. Here we explore the development of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in humans, addressing the definition of natural antibodies and the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies upon antigen stimulation. We focus on the significance of the intestinal microbiota in shaping carbohydrate-specific antibodies not just in the gut, but also in the blood circulation. The structural similarity between bacterial carbohydrate antigens and surface glycoconjugates of protists, fungi and animals leads to the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies protective against a broad range of pathogens. Mimicry between bacterial and human glycoconjugates, however, can also lead to the generation of carbohydrate-specific antibodies that cross-react with human antigens, thereby contributing to the development of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Petit B, Mitaine-Offer AC, Fernández FR, Papini AM, Delaude C, Miyamoto T, Tanaka C, Rovero P, Lacaille-Dubois MA. Triterpene glycosides from Blighia welwitschii and evaluation of their antibody recognition capacity in multiple sclerosis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 176:112392. [PMID: 32512361 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) in a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which reliable biomarkers are needed for therapeutic monitoring and diagnosis. Autoantibodies (autoAbs) are known biomarker candidates although their detection in biological fluids requires a thorough characterization of their associated antigens. Over the past twenty years, a reverse chemical-based approach aiming to screen putative autoantigens has underlined the role of glycans, in particular glucose, in MS. Despite the progress achieved, a lack of consensus regarding the nature of innate antigens as well as difficulties proposing new synthetic glucose-based structures have proved to be obstacles. Here is proposed a strategy to extend the current methodology to the field of natural glycosides, in order to dramatically increase the diversity of glycans that could be tested. Triterpene saponins from the Sapindaceace family represent an optimal starting material as their abundant description in the literature has revealed a prevalence of glucose-based oligosaccharides. Blighia welwitschii (Sapindaceae) was thus selected as a case study and twelve triterpene saponins were isolated and characterized. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR as well as mass spectrometry, revealing seven undescribed compounds. A selection of natural glycosides exhibiting various oligosaccharide moieties were then tested as antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to recognize IgM antibodies (Abs) in MS patients' sera. Immunoassay results indicated a correlation between the glycan structures and their antibody recognition capacity, allowing the determination of structure-activity relationships that were coherent with previous studies. This approach might help to identify sugar epitopes putatively involved in MS pathogenesis, which remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Petit
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France.
| | - Feliciana Real Fernández
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NeuroFarBa Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, EA 4505 PeptLab@UCP, University of Cergy Pontoise, 95031, Cergy, Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - Clément Delaude
- Centre de Recherche Phytochimique, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie-B6, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège I, Belgium
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NeuroFarBa Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marie-Aleth Lacaille-Dubois
- PEPITE EA 4267, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, BP 87900, 21079, Dijon, Cedex, France
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7
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Kappler K, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Opitz L, Hennet T. Increased Antibody Response to Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Fucose-Carrying Bacteroides Species in Crohn's Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1553. [PMID: 32765449 PMCID: PMC7381230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and with elevated antibody production toward microbial epitopes. The underlying processes linking the gut microbiota with inflammation are still unclear. Considering the constant induction of antibodies by gut microbial glycans, the aim of this study was to address whether the repertoire of carbohydrate-specific antibodies is altered in Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. IgG and IgM reactivities to oligosaccharides representative of mucosal glycans were tested in blood serum from 20 healthy control subjects, 17 ulcerative colitis patients, and 23 Crohn's disease patients using glycan arrays. An increased IgG and IgM reactivity toward fucosylated oligosaccharides was detected in Crohn's disease but not in ulcerative colitis. To address the antibody reactivity to the gut microbiota, IgG binding to members of a complex intestinal microbiota was measured and observed to be increased in sera of patients with Crohn's disease. Based on the elevated reactivity to fucosylated oligosaccharides, gut bacteria were tested for recognition by the fucose-binding Aleuria aurantia lectin. Bacteroides stercoris was detected in IgG- and lectin-positive fractions and reactivity of A. aurantia lectin was demonstrated for additional Bacteroides species. IgG reactivity to these Bacteroides species was significantly increased in inflammatory bowel disease patients, indicating that the increased reactivity to fucosylated oligosaccharides detected in Crohn's disease may be induced by fucose-carrying intestinal bacteria. Enhanced antibody response to fucosylated epitopes may have systemic effects by altering the binding of circulating antibodies to endogenous glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David F. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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New JS, Dizon BLP, Fucile CF, Rosenberg AF, Kearney JF, King RG. Neonatal Exposure to Commensal-Bacteria-Derived Antigens Directs Polysaccharide-Specific B-1 B Cell Repertoire Development. Immunity 2020; 53:172-186.e6. [PMID: 32610078 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-1 B cells derive from a developmental program distinct from that of conventional B cells, through B cell receptor (BCR)-dependent positive selection of fetally derived precursors. Here, we used direct labeling of B cells reactive with the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-containing Lancefield group A carbohydrate of Streptococcus pyogenes to study the effects of bacterial antigens on the emergent B-1 B cell clonal repertoire. The number, phenotype, and BCR clonotypes of GlcNAc-reactive B-1 B cells were modulated by neonatal exposure to heat-killed S. pyogenes bacteria. GlcNAc-reactive B-1 clonotypes and serum antibodies were reduced in germ-free mice compared with conventionally raised mice. Colonization of germ-free mice with a conventional microbiota promoted GlcNAc-reactive B-1 B cell development and concomitantly elicited clonally related IgA+ plasma cells in the small intestine. Thus, exposure to microbial antigens in early life determines the clonality of the mature B-1 B cell repertoire and ensuing antibody responses, with implications for vaccination approaches and schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brian L P Dizon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher F Fucile
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Carbohydrates or glycans and their conjugates are involved in a wide range of biological processes and play an important role in various diseases, including inflammation, viral and bacterial infections, and tumor progression and metastasis. Studying the biological significances of carbohydrates has been challenging due in part to their structural diversity and the limited access to complex carbohydrate-containing molecules. Conventional methods such as isothermal titration calorimetry and enzyme-linked lectin assay can be laborious and require significant amounts of time and materials. The emerging of glycan microarrays as high-throughput technology for studying carbohydrate interactions has overcome some of these challenges, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of the biological roles of carbohydrates and their glycoconjugates. In addition, glycan microarrays offer new applications in biomedical research, drug discovery and development. This chapter will focus on the biomedical applications of glycan microarrays and their potential role in drug discovery and development.
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10
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Naeli P, Pourhanifeh MH, Karimzadeh MR, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Tarrahimofrad H, Mirzaei HR, Bafrani HH, Savardashtaki A, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Circular RNAs and gastrointestinal cancers: Epigenetic regulators with a prognostic and therapeutic role. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 145:102854. [PMID: 31877535 PMCID: PMC6982584 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal cancer. Covalent closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) are produced by a mechanism called "back-splicing" from mRNAs. They are highly stable and show cell and tissue specific expression patterns. Although some functions such as "microRNA sponge" and "RNA binding protein sponge" have been reported for a small number of circRNAs, the function of thousands of other circRNAs is still unknown. Dysregulation of circRNAs has been reported in many GI cancers and are involved in metastasis and invasion. CircRNAs have been reported to be useful as prognostic markers and targets for developing new treatments. We first describe the properties and biogenesis of circRNAs. We then summarize recent reports about circRNA functions, expression status, and their potential to be used as biomarkers in GI cancers including, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallbladder cancer and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Naeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, School of Basic Sciences, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hassani Bafrani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Adaptive antibody responses provide a crucial means of host defense against viral infections by mediating the neutralization and killing infectious pathogens. At the forefront of humoral defense against viruses lie a subset of innate-like serum antibodies known as natural antibodies (NAbs). NAbs serve multifaceted functions in host defense and play an essential role in early immune responses against viruses. However, there remain many unanswered questions with regard to both the breadth of viral antigens recognized by NAbs, and how B cell ontology and individual antigenic histories intersect to control the development and function of antiviral human NAbs. In the following article we briefly review the current understanding of the functions and source of NAbs in the immune repertoire, their role during antiviral immune responses, the factors influencing the maturation of the NAb repertoire, and finally, the gaps and future research needed to advance our understanding of innate-like B cell biology for the purpose of harnessing NAbs for host defense against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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12
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Braganza CD, Santoso KT, Dangerfield EM, La Flamme AC, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. Evaluation of anti α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:28086-28093. [PMID: 35542693 PMCID: PMC9084297 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04897e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains challenging due to the complex pathophysiological and clinical characteristics of the disease. Consequently, there has been immense interest in finding a non-invasive diagnostic test for MS. Recent studies found that serum anti-α-d-Glcp-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp (GAGA4) IgM antibodies were upregulated in MS patients, and this finding led to the development of a commercial diagnostic test (gMS® Dx test), although the test has poor selectivity and has not been independently validated. Herein, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the use and reliability of several anti-glucose IgM antibodies, including those against GAGA4, as diagnostic biomarkers for MS. In contrast to previous studies, our results show that serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibody levels are not significantly higher in MS patients, which could potentially explain the poor selectivity of the commercial test. Anti-glucose IgM antibodies are not upregulated in RRMS patients and thus are not a suitable biomarker for MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriselle D. Braganza
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Kristiana T. Santoso
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Anne C. La Flamme
- Centre for Biodiscovery
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
| | - Bridget L. Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- Wellington 6140
- New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery
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13
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by loss of motor and sensory function that results from immune-mediated inflammation, demyelination, and subsequent axonal damage. Clinically, most MS patients experience recurrent episodes (relapses) of neurological impairment, but in most cases (60–80%) the course of the disease eventually becomes chronic and progressive, leading to cumulative motor, sensory, and visual disability, and cognitive deficits. The course of the disease is largely unpredictable and its clinical presentation is variable, but its predilection for certain parts of the CNS, which includes the optic nerves, the brain stem, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord, provides a characteristic constellation of signs and symptoms. Several variants of MS have been nowadays defined with variable immunopathogenesis, course and prognosis. Many new treatments targeting the immune system have shown efficacy in preventing the relapses of MS and have been introduced to its management during the last decade.
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14
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Factors Affecting Anti-Glycan IgG and IgM Repertoires in Human Serum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19509. [PMID: 26781493 PMCID: PMC4726023 DOI: 10.1038/srep19509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum anti-glycan antibodies play important roles in many immune processes and are of particular interest as biomarkers for many diseases. Changes in anti-glycan antibodies can occur with the onset of disease or in response to stimuli such as pathogens and vaccination. Understanding relationships between anti-glycan antibody repertoires and genetic and environment factors is critical for basic research and clinical applications, but little information is available. In this study we evaluated the effects of age, race, gender, and blood type on anti-glycan antibody profiles in the serum of 135 healthy subjects. As expected, IgG and IgM antibody signals to blood group antigens correlated strongly with blood type. Interestingly, antibodies to other non-ABH glycans, such as the alpha-Gal antigen, also correlated with blood type. A statistically significant decline in IgM signals with age was observed for many antibody subpopulations, but not for IgG. Moreover, statistically significant correlations between race and IgG levels to certain LacNAc-containing glycans were observed. The results have important implications for designing studies and interpreting results in the area of biomarker discovery and for the development of vaccines. The study also highlights the importance of collecting and reporting patient information that could affect serum anti-glycan antibody levels.
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Restuccia A, Fettis MM, Hudalla GA. Glycomaterials for immunomodulation, immunotherapy, and infection prophylaxis. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1569-1585. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic carbohydrate-modified materials that can engage the innate and adaptive immune systems are receiving increasing interest to confer protection against onset of future disease, such as pathogen infection, as well as to treat established diseases, such as autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Restuccia
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Margaret M. Fettis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Gregory A. Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
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16
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D'Ambrosio A, Pontecorvo S, Colasanti T, Zamboni S, Francia A, Margutti P. Peripheral blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1097-110. [PMID: 26226413 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heterogeneity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpredictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers in biological fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the difficulties in obtaining spinal fluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced, the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However, currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkers could radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for intervention strategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview of this research field and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pontecorvo
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francia
- Multiple Sclerosis Center of Department of Neurology and Psychiatry of "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Muthana SM, Xia L, Campbell CT, Zhang Y, Gildersleeve JC. Competition between serum IgG, IgM, and IgA anti-glycan antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119298. [PMID: 25807519 PMCID: PMC4373866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-glycan antibodies are an abundant subpopulation of serum antibodies with critical functions in many immune processes. Changes in the levels of these antibodies can occur with the onset of disease, exposure to pathogens, or vaccination. As a result, there has been significant interest in exploiting anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for many diseases. Serum contains a mixture of anti-glycan antibodies that can recognize the same antigen, and competition for binding can potentially influence the detection of antibody subpopulations that are more relevant to disease processes. The most abundant antibody isotypes in serum are IgG, IgM, and IgA, but little is known regarding how these different isotypes compete for the same glycan antigen. In this study, we developed a multiplexed glycan microarray assay and applied it to evaluate how different isotypes of anti-glycan antibodies (IgA, IgG, and IgM) compete for printed glycan antigens. While IgG and IgA antibodies typically outcompete IgM for peptide or protein antigens, we found that IgM outcompete IgG and IgA for many glycan antigens. To illustrate the importance of this effect, we provide evidence that IgM competition can account for the unexpected observation that IgG of certain antigen specificities appear to be preferentially transported from mothers to fetuses. We demonstrate that IgM in maternal sera compete with IgG resulting in lower than expected IgG signals. Since cord blood contains very low levels of IgM, competition only affects maternal IgG signals, making it appear as though certain IgG antibodies are higher in cord blood than matched maternal blood. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of competition for studies involving anti-glycan antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam M. Muthana
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Li Xia
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Campbell
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Yalong Zhang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 376 Boyles St., Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
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18
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Iwanowski P, Losy J. Immunological differences between classical phenothypes of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2015; 349:10-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pal Z, Tóthfalusi L, Lörincz Z, György B, Molnar MJ, Falus A, Buzás EI. Immunosuppressants increase the levels of natural autoantibodies reactive with glycosaminoglycans in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:224-8. [PMID: 25139014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing number of evidences support the role of glycosylation in the evolution of autoimmunity. We examined carbohydrate-reactive natural autoantibodies systematically for the first time in patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Antibodies reactive to glycosaminoglycans were measured with CovaLink ELISA in the sera of 59 myasthenia patients as well as in 54 healthy controls. We used the GlycoChip carbohydrate array to characterize individual carbohydrate recognition patterns. Chondroitin-sulphate C and anti-α-mannose-specific IgG levels were significantly elevated in myasthenia patients. Unexpectedly, we found that immunosuppressants increased the levels of the protective IgM glycosaminoglycan-reactive natural antibodies demonstrating a new role for these agents in immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Pal
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Balassa u.6, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tóthfalusi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lörincz
- Institute of Enzymology Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Karolina u 29, Budapest H-1518, Hungary
| | - Bence György
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1083 Tömő u.18, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Falus
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Fraussen J, Claes N, de Bock L, Somers V. Targets of the humoral autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1126-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wang D, Bhat R, Sobel RA, Huang W, Wang LX, Olsson T, Steinman L. Uncovering cryptic glycan markers in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:172-88. [PMID: 24648292 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Using an integrated antigen microarray approach, we observed epitope-spreading of autoantibody responses to a variety of antigenic structures in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the serum of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). These included previously described protein- and lipid-based antigenic targets and newly discovered autoimmunogenic sugar moieties, notably, autoantibodies specific for the oligomannoses in both MS patient CSF and the sera of mice with EAE. These glycans are often masked by other sugar moieties and belong to a class of cryptic autoantigens. We further determined that these targets are highly expressed on multiple cell types in MS and EAE lesions. Co-immunization of SJL/J mice with a Man9-KLH conjugate at the time of EAE induction elicited highly significant levels of anti-Man9-cluster autoantibodies. Nevertheless, this anti-glycan autoantibody response was associated with a significantly reduced clinical severity of EAE. The potential of these cryptic glycan markers and targeting antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of neurological disorders has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denong Wang
- Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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22
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Karussis D. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2014; 48-49:134-42. [PMID: 24524923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by loss of motor and sensory function, that results from immune-mediated inflammation, demyelination and subsequent axonal damage. MS is one of the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults. Several variants of MS (and CNS demyelinating syndromes in general) have been nowadays defined in an effort to increase the diagnostic accuracy, to identify the unique immunopathogenic profile and to tailor treatment in each individual patient. These include the initial events of demyelination defined as clinically or radiologically isolated syndromes (CIS and RIS respectively), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and its variants (acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis-AHL, Marburg variant, and Balo's concentric sclerosis), Schilder's sclerosis, transverse myelitis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO and NMO spectrum of diseases), recurrent isolated optic neuritis and tumefactive demyelination. The differentiation between them is not only a terminological matter but has important implications on their management. For instance, certain patients with MS and prominent immunopathogenetic involvement of B cells and autoantibodies, or with the neuromyelitic variants of demyelination, may not only not respond well but even deteriorate under some of the first-line treatments for MS. The unique clinical and neuroradiological features, along with the immunological biomarkers help to distinguish these cases from classical MS. The use of such immunological and imaging biomarkers, will not only improve the accuracy of diagnosis but also contribute to the identification of the patients with CIS or RIS who, are at greater risk for disability progression (worse prognosis) or, on the contrary, will have a more benign course. This review summarizes in a critical way, the diagnostic criteria (historical and updated) and the definitions/characteristics of MS of the various variants/subtypes of CNS demyelinating syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karussis
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem, Israel.
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Lolli F, Rovero P, Chelli M, Papini AM. Toward biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: new advances. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:781-94. [PMID: 16734525 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.5.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that commonly affects young adults. If initially characterized by acute relapses, it is later followed by only incomplete remission. Over years, progressive disability and irreversible deficit lead to chronic neurological deficits in the majority of patients. The clinical course is protracted and unpredictable, and no biological marker is useful in predicting the evolution of autoaggression and disability. It is difficult to diagnose and to monitor disease progression after the initial symptoms or even during the major clinical manifestations, and it is difficult to treat. In this review, the authors report recent advances in the field, focusing on the search of new antigens as a marker of the disease, in their relevance to the pathophysiology and diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lolli
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Chimica & Biologia dei Peptidi & Proteine, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a heterogeneous disease with respect to disease progression and treatment response, which have both remained highly unpredictable. With an increasing number of available disease modifying therapies, strategies for treatment allocation in the individual patient or subgroup of patients has become more important. Therefore biomarkers, which will identify subgroups of MS patients and predict treatment response early in the course of the disease, are urgently needed. Here we review current and emerging biomarkers, as well as study concepts for identification of new biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Buck
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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25
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that the main common pathogenetic pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated cascade initiated in the peripheral immune system and targeting CNS myelin. Logically, therefore, the therapeutic approaches to the disease include modalities aiming at downregulation of the various immune elements that are involved in this immunologic cascade. Since the introduction of interferons in 1993, which were the first registered treatments for MS, huge steps have been made in the field of MS immunotherapy. More efficious and specific immunoactive drugs have been introduced and it appears that the increased specificity for MS of these new treatments is paralleled by greater efficacy. Unfortunately, this seemingly increased efficacy has been accompanied by more safety issues. The immunotherapeutic modalities can be divided into two main groups: those affecting the acute stages (relapses) of the disease and the long-term treatments that are aimed at preventing the appearance of relapses and the progression in disability. Immunomodulating treatments may also be classified according to the level of the 'immune axis' where they exert their main effect. Since, in MS, a neurodegenerative process runs in parallel and as a consequence of inflammation, early immune intervention is warranted to prevent progression of relapses of MS and the accumulation of disability. The use of neuroimaging (MRI) techniques that allow the detection of silent inflammatory activity of MS and neurodegeneration has provided an important tool for the substantiation of the clinical efficacy of treatments and the early diagnosis of MS. This review summarizes in detail the existing information on all the available immunotherapies for MS, old and new, classifies them according to their immunologic mechanisms of action and proposes a structured algorithm/therapeutic scheme for the management of the disease.
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Arrambide G, Espejo C, Yarden J, Fire E, Spector L, Dotan N, Dukler A, Rovira A, Montalban X, Tintore M. Serum biomarker gMS-Classifier2: predicting conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59953. [PMID: 23555846 PMCID: PMC3610690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-glycan antibodies can be found in autoimmune diseases. IgM against glycan P63 was identified in clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) and included in gMS-Classifier2, an algorithm designed with the aim of identifying patients at risk of a second demyelinating attack. Objective To determine the value of gMS-Classifier2 as an early and independent predictor of conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). Methods Data were prospectively acquired from a CIS cohort. gMS-Classifier2 was determined in patients first seen between 1995 and 2007 with ≥ two 200 µL serum aliquots (N = 249). The primary endpoint was time to conversion to CDMS at two years, the factor tested was gMS-Classifier2 status (positive/negative) or units; other exploratory time points were 5 years and total time of follow-up. Results Seventy-five patients (30.1%) were gMS-Classifier2 positive. Conversion to CDMS occurred in 31/75 (41.3%) of positive and 45/174 (25.9%) of negative patients (p = 0.017) at two years. Median time to CDMS was 37.8 months (95% CI 10.4–65.3) for positive and 83.9 months (95% CI 57.5–110.5) for negative patients. gMS-Classifier2 status predicted conversion to CDMS within two years of follow-up (HR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8; p = 0.014). gMS-Classifier2 units were also independent predictors when tested with either Barkhof criteria and OCB (HR = 1.2, CI 1.0–1.5, p = 0.020) or with T2 lesions and OCB (HR = 1.3, CI 1.1–1.5, p = 0.008). Similar results were obtained at 5 years of follow-up. Discrimination measures showed a significant change in the area under the curve (ΔAUC) when adding gMS-Classifier2 to a model with either Barkhof criteria (ΔAUC 0.0415, p = 0.012) or number of T2 lesions (ΔAUC 0.0467, p = 0.009), but not when OCB were added to these models. Conclusions gMS-Classifier2 is an independent predictor of early conversion to CDMS and could be of clinical relevance, particularly in cases in which OCB are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Arrambide
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Yarden
- Department of Research and Development, Glycominds, Modi’in, Israel
| | - Ella Fire
- Department of Research and Development, Glycominds, Modi’in, Israel
| | - Larissa Spector
- Department of Research and Development, Glycominds, Modi’in, Israel
| | - Nir Dotan
- Department of Research and Development, Glycominds, Modi’in, Israel
| | - Avinoam Dukler
- Department of Research and Development, Glycominds, Simi Valley, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Rovira
- Magnetic Resonance Unit (IDI), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Tintore
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ouallet JC, Bodiguel E, Bensa C, Blanc F, Brassat D, Laplaud D, Zephir H, de Seze J, Magy L. Recommendations for useful serum testing with suspected multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pandey S, Dioni I, Lambardi D, Real-Fernandez F, Peroni E, Pacini G, Lolli F, Seraglia R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Alpha actinin is specifically recognized by Multiple Sclerosis autoantibodies isolated using an N-glucosylated peptide epitope. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:277-82. [PMID: 23139387 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated approaches have recently led to the identification of novel autoantigens associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MuS), e.g. neurofascin, contactin, CNPase, and other T-cell receptor membrane anchored proteins. These putative antigens, although differing from the conventional myelin derivatives, are conceptually based on an animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this report we describe the identification of putative antigens based on their recognition by autoantibodies isolated from MuS patient serum. In a previous work from this laboratory we have shown that a peptide probe, named CSF114(Glc), specifically identifies serum autoantibodies in a subset of MuS patients, representing ∼30% of the patient population. The autoantibodies, purified from MuS patients' sera (six), through CSF114(Glc) affinity chromatography, detected three immunoreactive protein bands present in the rat brain. Proteomic analysis of the immunoreactive bands, involving MALDI and MS/MS techniques, revealed the presence of four proteins distinguishable by their mass: alpha fodrin, alpha actinin 1, creatine kinase, and CNPase. The immunoreactive profile of these rat brain proteins was compared with that of commercially available standard proteins by challenging against either CSF114(Glc) purified MuS autoantibodies, or monoclonal antibodies. Further discrimination among the rat brain proteins was provided by the following procedure: whereas monoclonal antibodies recognized all rat brain proteins, isolated MuS specific antibodies recognize only alpha actinin 1 as a putative antigen. In fact, alpha actinin 1 displayed a robust immunoreactive response against all MuS patients' sera examined, whereas the other three bands were not consistently detectable. Thus, alpha actinin 1, a cytoskeleton protein implicated in inflammatory/degenerative autoimmune diseases (lupus nephritis and autoimmune hepatitis) might be regarded as a novel MuS autoantigen, perhaps a prototypic biomarker for the inflammatory/degenerative process typical of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Identifying autoantigens in demyelinating diseases: valuable clues to diagnosis and treatment? Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25:231-8. [PMID: 22487571 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3283533a64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Identification of autoantigens in demyelinating diseases is essential for the understanding of the pathogenesis. Immune responses against these antigens could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment responses. Knowledge of antigen-specific immune responses in individual patients is also a prerequisite for antigen-based therapies. RECENT FINDINGS A proportion of patients with demyelinating disease have antibodies to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Patients with anti-AQP4 have the distinct clinical presentation of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and these patients often also harbour other autoimmune responses. In contrast, anti-MOG is seen in patients with different disease entities such as childhood multiple sclerosis (MS), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), anti-AQP4 negative NMO, and optic neuritis, but hardly in adult MS. A number of new candidate autoantigens have been identified and await validation. Antigen-based therapies are mainly aimed at tolerizing T-cell responses against myelin basic protein (MBP) and have shown only modest or no clinical benefit so far. SUMMARY Currently, only few patients with demyelinating diseases can be characterized based on their autoantibody profile. The most prominent antigens in this respect are MOG and AQP4. Further research has to focus on the validation of newly discovered antigens as biomarkers.
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Wootla B, Denic A, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Need for a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches to CNS injury. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12:409-20. [PMID: 22449213 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible damage to the nervous system can result from many causes including trauma, disruption of blood supply, pathogen infection or neurodegenerative disease. Common features following CNS injury include a disruption of axons, neuron death and injury, local B-cell and microglial activation, and the synthesis of pathogenic autoantibodies. CNS injury results in a pervasive inhibitory microenvironment that hinders regeneration. Current approaches to eliminate the inhibitory environment have met with limited success. These results argue for a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches to CNS injury. Targeting CNS cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) themselves may drive CNS repair. For example, our group and others have demonstrated that autoreactive antibodies can participate in aspects of CNS regeneration, including remyelination. We have developed recombinant autoreactive natural human IgM antibodies with the therapeutic potential for CNS repair in several neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Is multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease? Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:969657. [PMID: 22666554 PMCID: PMC3361990 DOI: 10.1155/2012/969657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with varied clinical presentations and heterogeneous histopathological features. The underlying immunological abnormalities in MS lead to various neurological and autoimmune manifestations. There is strong evidence that MS is, at least in part, an immune-mediated disease. There is less evidence that MS is a classical autoimmune disease, even though many authors state this in the description of the disease. We show the evidence that both supports and refutes the autoimmune hypothesis. In addition, we present an alternate hypothesis based on virus infection to explain the pathogenesis of MS.
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32
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Wilson HL. B cells contribute to MS pathogenesis through antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms. Biologics 2012; 6:117-23. [PMID: 22690126 PMCID: PMC3363029 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s24734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For many years, central dogma defined multiple sclerosis (MS) as a T cell-driven autoimmune disorder; however, over the past decade there has been a burgeoning recognition that B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of certain MS disease subtypes. B cells may contribute to MS pathogenesis through production of autoantibodies (or antibodies directed at foreign bodies, which unfortunately cross-react with self-antigens), through promotion of T cell activation via antigen presentation, or through production of cytokines. This review highlights evidence for antibody-dependent and antibody-independent B cell involvement in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center, Saskatchewan, Canada
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33
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Computational analysis of high-density peptide microarray data with application from systemic sclerosis to multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Freedman MS, Metzig C, Kappos L, Polman CH, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH, Montalban X, Yarden J, Spector L, Fire E, Dotan N, Schwenke S, Lanius V, Sandbrink R, Pohl C. Predictive nature of IgM anti-α-glucose serum biomarker for relapse activity and EDSS progression in CIS patients: a BENEFIT study analysis. Mult Scler 2011; 18:966-73. [PMID: 22183938 PMCID: PMC3546632 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511432327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Higher serum levels of at least one of a panel of four α-glucose IgM antibodies (gMS-Classifier1) in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients are associated with imminent early relapse within 2 years. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic value of gMS-Classifier1 in a large study cohort of CIS patients. Methods: The BEtaseron® in Newly Emerging multiple sclerosis For Initial Treatment (BENEFIT) 5-year study was designed to evaluate the impact of early versus delayed interferon-β-1b (IFNβ-1b; Betaseron®) treatment in patients with a first event suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients (n = 258, 61% of total) with a minimum of 2 ml baseline serum were eligible for the biomarker study. gMS-Classifier1 antibodies’ panel (anti-GAGA2, anti-GAGA3, anti-GAGA4 and anti-GAGA6) levels were measured blinded to clinical data. Subjects were classified as either ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ according to a classification rule. Results: gMS-Classifier1 was not predictive for the time to clinically definite MS or time to MS according to the revised McDonald’s criteria, but did significantly predict an increased risk for confirmed disability progression (log-rank test: p = 0.012). Conclusions: We could not confirm previous results that gMS-Classifier1 can predict early conversion to MS in CIS. However, raised titres of these antibodies may predict early disability progression in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Freedman
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Clinic, The Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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35
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Beyer NH, Lueking A, Kowald A, Frederiksen JL, Heegaard NHH. Investigation of autoantibody profiles for cerebrospinal fluid biomarker discovery in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 242:26-32. [PMID: 22177943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using the UNIarray® marker technology platform, cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G reactivities of 15 controls and 17 RRMS patients against human recombinant proteins were investigated. Patient cerebrospinal fluids were oligoclonal band positive and reactivities were compared to that of sex- and age-matched controls. We hereby aimed at the characterization of autoreactivity in patients with RRMS. Differences in autoreactivities between control and RRMS samples were identified comprising autoantigens identified in this study only and previously reported autoantigens as well. A combination of the 10-15 most significant proteins may be investigated further as autoantigens for diagnostic purposes. Additional investigations may include minimizing the number of proteins used in such diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Helena Beyer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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36
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Ziemann U, Wahl M, Hattingen E, Tumani H. Development of biomarkers for multiple sclerosis as a neurodegenerative disorder. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:670-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Evidence for the role of B cells and immunoglobulins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res Int 2011; 2011:780712. [PMID: 21961063 PMCID: PMC3179868 DOI: 10.1155/2011/780712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains elusive. Recent reports advocate greater involvement of B cells and immunoglobulins in the initiation and propagation of MS lesions at different stages of their ontogeny. The key role of B cells and immunoglobulins in pathogenesis was initially identified by studies in which patients whose fulminant attacks of demyelination did not respond to steroids experienced remarkable functional improvement following plasma exchange. The positive response to Rituximab in Phase II clinical trials of relapsing-remitting MS confirms the role of B cells. The critical question is how B cells contribute to MS. In this paper, we discuss both the deleterious and the beneficial roles of B cells and immunoglobulins in MS lesions. We provide alternative hypotheses to explain both damaging and protective antibody responses.
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38
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Jacob F, Goldstein DR, Bovin NV, Pochechueva T, Spengler M, Caduff R, Fink D, Vuskovic MI, Huflejt ME, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V. Serum antiglycan antibody detection of nonmucinous ovarian cancers by using a printed glycan array. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:138-46. [PMID: 21351089 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological cancers. Altered glycosylation is associated with oncogenic transformation producing tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. We investigated the potential of natural occurring antiglycan antibodies in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer by using printed glycan array. Antiglycan antibodies bound to 203 chemically synthesized printed glycans were detected via biotin-streptavidin fluorescence system in serum of women with normal operative findings (healthy controls; n = 24) and nonmucinous borderline or ovarian cancer of various FIGO stages (n = 33). Data were validated measuring blood group associated di-, tri and tetrasaccharide antigens on known ABO blood groups. Antiglycan antibodies demonstrated high reproducibility (r(c) > 0.9). Cluster analysis identified repetitive patterns of specific core carbohydrate structures: 11 N-linked glycans, 3 O-linked glycans and 2 glycosphingolipids. Biomarker detection revealed 24 glycans including P(1) (Galα1-4Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ; p < 0.001) significantly discriminating between (low-) malignant tumors and healthy controls. Comparable sensitivity and specificity with tumor marker CA125 was achieved by a panel of multivariate selected and linear combined antiglycan antibody signals (79.2 and 84.8%, respectively). Our findings demonstrate the potential of glycan arrays in the development of a new generation of biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Jacob
- Translational Research Group, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Cross AH, Waubant E. MS and the B cell controversy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Oyelaran O, McShane LM, Dodd L, Gildersleeve JC. Profiling human serum antibodies with a carbohydrate antigen microarray. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4301-10. [PMID: 19624168 DOI: 10.1021/pr900515y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen arrays (glycan arrays) have been recently developed for the high-throughput analysis of carbohydrate macromolecule interactions. When profiling serum, information about experimental variability, interindividual biological variability, and intraindividual temporal variability is critical. In this report, we describe the characterization of a carbohydrate antigen array and assay for profiling human serum. Through optimization of assay conditions and development of a normalization strategy, we obtain highly reproducible results with a within-experiment coefficient of variation (CV) of 10.8% and an overall CV (across multiple batches of slides and days) of 28.5%. We also report antibody profiles for 48 human subjects and evaluate for the first time the effects of age, race, sex, geographic location, and blood type on antibody profiles for a large set of carbohydrate antigens. We found significant dependence on age and blood type of antibody levels for a variety of carbohydrates. Finally, we conducted a longitudinal study with a separate group of 7 serum donors to evaluate the variation in anti-carbohydrate antibody levels within an individual over a period ranging from 3 to 13 weeks and found that, for nearly all antigens on our array, antibody levels are generally stable over this period. The results presented here provide the most comprehensive evaluation of experimental and biological variation reported to date for a glycan array and have significant implications for studies involving human serum profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindasola Oyelaran
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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41
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Brettschneider J, Jaskowski TD, Tumani H, Abdul S, Husebye D, Seraj H, Hill HR, Fire E, Spector L, Yarden J, Dotan N, Rose JW. Serum anti-GAGA4 IgM antibodies differentiate relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis from primary progressive multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 217:95-101. [PMID: 19879655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The serum level of IgM antibodies against Glc(alpha1,4)Glc(alpha) (GAGA4) is higher in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) compared to other neurological disease (OND) patients and healthy controls (HC). Detecting the level of anti-GAGA4 antibody by enzyme immunoassay and total IgM, we confirmed that anti-GAGA4 IgM can differentiate RRMS from OND patients and HC. Moreover, secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and RRMS patients have similar levels of anti-GAGA4 demonstrating the biomarker's presence throughout the disease. Interestingly, the anti-GAGA4 assay may also differentiate between primary progressive MS (PPMS) and RRMS/SPMS patients, since nearly all PPMS patients were negative for the assay.
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Freedman MS, Laks J, Dotan N, Altstock RT, Dukler A, Sindic CJM. Anti-alpha-glucose-based glycan IgM antibodies predict relapse activity in multiple sclerosis after the first neurological event. Mult Scler 2009; 15:422-30. [PMID: 19324980 PMCID: PMC2850589 DOI: 10.1177/1352458508101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background There is no specific serum-based biomarker for the diagnosis or prognosis of
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Objective We investigated whether levels of IgM antibodies to
Glc(α1,4)Glc(α) (GAGA4) or to a panel of four
glucose-based glycans could differentiate MS from other neurological
diseases (OND) or predict risk of early relapse following first presentation
(FP) of RRMS. Methods Retrospective analysis of 440 sera samples of three cohorts: A) FP-RRMS (n =
44), OND (n = 44); B) FP-RRMS (n = 167), OND (n = 85); and C) FP (n = 100).
Anti-GAGA4 IgM levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in cohort-A and
cohort-B. Cohort-C IgM antibodies to glucosebased glycan panel were measured
by immunofluorescence. Results FP-RRMS had higher levels of anti-GAGA4 IgM than OND patients (cohort-A, P =
0.01; cohort-B, P = 0.0001). Sensitivity and specificity were 27% and 97%
for cohort-A; and 26% and 90% for cohort-B, respectively. In cohort-C, 58
patients experienced early relapse (<24 months), 31 had late
relapse (≥24 months), and 11 did not experience second attack
during follow-up. Kaplan– Meier curves demonstrated decrease in
time to next relapse for patients positive for the antibody panel (P = 0.02,
log rank). Conclusions Serum anti-GAGA4 IgM discerns FP-RRMS patients from OND patients. Higher
levels of serum anti-α-glucose IgM in FP patients predict
imminent early relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Freedman
- University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital-General Campus, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.
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Abstract
Serological biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are a rapidly expanding list of non-invasive tests for objective assessments of disease activity, early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and surveillance. This review summarizes both old and new biomarkers in IBD, but focuses on the development and characterization of new serological biomarkers (identified since 2007). These include five new anti-glycan antibodies, anti-chitobioside IgA (ACCA), anti-laminaribioside IgG (ALCA), anti-manobioside IgG (AMCA), and antibodies against chemically synthesized (Σ) two major oligomannose epitopes, Man α-1,3 Man α-1,2 Man (ΣMan3) and Man α-1,3 Man α-1,2 Man α-1,2 Man (ΣMan4). These new biomarkers serve as valuable complementary tools to existing biomarkers not only in differentiating Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), normal and other non-IBD gut diseases, but also in predicting disease involvement (ileum vs colon), IBD risk (as subclinical biomarkers), and disease course (risk of complication and surgery). Interestingly, the prevalence of the antiglycan antibodies, including anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), ALCA and AMCA, was found to be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IBD susceptible genes such as NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, and β-defensin-1. Furthermore, a gene dosage effect was observed: anti-glycan positivity became more frequent as the number of NOD2/CARD15 SNPS increased. Other new serum/plasma IBD biomarkers reviewed include ubiquitination factor E4A (UBE4A), CXCL16 (a chemokine), resistin, and apolipoprotein A-IV. This review also discusses the most recent studies in IBD biomarker discovery by the application of new technologies such as proteomics, fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy, and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)’s (with an emphasis on cytokine/chemokine profiling). Finally, the prospects of developing more clinically useful novel diagnostic algorithms by incorporating new technologies in serological biomarker profiling and integrating multiple biomarkers with bioinformatics analysis/modeling are also discussed.
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Berger T, Reindl M. Multiple sclerosis: Disease biomarkers as indicated by pathophysiology. J Neurol Sci 2007; 259:21-6. [PMID: 17367811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most important human inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is characterized by heterogenous genetic backgrounds and immunopathogenetic subtypes, various clinical disease courses, and inhomogeneous and unpredictable therapeutic effects. Because of this heterogeneity, subtyping of our MS patients by genetical, clinical, neuroradiological, and neuroimmunological parameters will be an urgent need in the near future. Therefore the importance of identifying biological markers for MS has evolved over the past years. Evidence for a possible role of antibodies as biological markers for MS comes from several studies indicating that intrathecal antibody production and the dominance of B-cells are associated with a more progressive disease course. This review summarizes the current status and potential applicability of antibodies as biological markers for the diagnosis, classification, disease activity and prediction of clinical courses in MS. Antibodies (and other molecules) serving as biomarkers will help to establish a differential therapeutic concept in MS, which should allow to treat individuals selectively according to their pathogenetic subtype and disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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45
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Dotan N, Altstock RT, Schwarz M, Dukler A. Anti-glycan antibodies as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Lupus 2007; 15:442-50. [PMID: 16898180 DOI: 10.1191/0961203306lu2331oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycans (sugars or carbohydrates) are predominant surface components of cells such as erythrocytes, immune cells and microorganisms. As such, they give rise to high levels of anti-glycan antibodies of all classes. Antibodies to certain defined mono, di and oligosaccharides that are common in bacterial, fungal and parasite cells exist in human sera and can be profiled using glycan arrays. The use of glycan arrays for systematic screening of blood samples from multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients in versus to blood samples from control groups, have lead to the discovery of a few anti glycan antibodies biomarkers enabling diagnosis and prognosis in MS and CD patients. Anti-Glc(alpha1,4)Glc(alpha) IgM antibodies were found to be specific for MS patients, enabling differentiation between MS patients and patients with other neurological diseases, with 54% sensitivity and 85% specificity. Anti-Glc(alpha1,4)Glc(alpha) IgM were found to be predictive for the conversion of patients in first acute neurological event to clinically defined MS. Anti-laminaribioside (ALCA), anti-mannobioside (AMCA) and anti-chitobioside (ACCA) antibodies were found to be specific for CD. The combined use of these antibodies enables improved diagnosis of CD versus ulcerative colitis and other gastrointestinal diseases, as well as stratification of CD patients with a more complicated disease and high risk for surgery. Anti-glycan antibodies profiling (AGAP) is a new and promising approach for development of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dotan
- Glycominds Ltd, Lod, Israel.
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46
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Reindl M, Khalil M, Berger T. Antibodies as biological markers for pathophysiological processes in MS. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 180:50-62. [PMID: 16934337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most important human inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is characterized by various clinical disease courses, inhomogeneous and unpredictable therapeutic effects, heterogenous genetic backgrounds and immunopathogenetic subtypes as demonstrated by neuropathology. Because of this heterogeneity of MS, a subtyping of our patients by genetical, clinical, neuroradiological, and neuroimmunological parameters will be necessary in the future. Therefore the importance of identifying biological markers for MS has evolved over the past years. Evidence for a possible role of antibodies as biological markers for MS comes from several studies indicating that intrathecal antibody production and the dominance of B cells are associated with a more progressive disease course. In this review we will give an overview on the current status and potential applicability of antibodies as biological markers for the diagnosis, classification, disease activity and prediction of clinical courses in MS. We will therefore summarize the findings on autoantibodies to myelin and nonmyelin antigens and on viral antigens in MS. We believe that antibodies serving as biomarkers will help to establish a differential therapeutic concept in MS, which will allow to treat individuals selectively according to their pathogenetic subtype and disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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