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Bakaeva Z, Lizunova N, Tarzhanov I, Boyarkin D, Petrichuk S, Pinelis V, Fisenko A, Tuzikov A, Sharipov R, Surin A. Lipopolysaccharide From E. coli Increases Glutamate-Induced Disturbances of Calcium Homeostasis, the Functional State of Mitochondria, and the Death of Cultured Cortical Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:811171. [PMID: 35069113 PMCID: PMC8767065 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.811171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a fragment of the bacterial cell wall, specifically interacting with protein complexes on the cell surface, can induce the production of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic signaling molecules, leading to the damage and death of brain cells. Similar effects have been noted in stroke and traumatic brain injury, when the leading factor of death is glutamate (Glu) excitotoxicity too. But being an amphiphilic molecule with a significant hydrophobic moiety and a large hydrophilic region, LPS can also non-specifically bind to the plasma membrane, altering its properties. In the present work, we studied the effect of LPS from Escherichia coli alone and in combination with the hyperstimulation of Glu-receptors on the functional state of mitochondria and Ca2+ homeostasis, oxygen consumption and the cell survival in primary cultures from the rats brain cerebellum and cortex. In both types of cultures, LPS (0.1–10 μg/ml) did not change the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in resting neurons but slowed down the median of the decrease in [Ca2+]i on 14% and recovery of the mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) after Glu removal. LPS did not affect the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cortical neurons; however, it did decrease the acute OCR during Glu and LPS coapplication. Evaluation of the cell culture survival using vital dyes and the MTT assay showed that LPS (10 μg/ml) and Glu (33 μM) reduced jointly and separately the proportion of live cortical neurons, but there was no synergism or additive action. LPS-effects was dependent on the type of culture, that may be related to both the properties of neurons and the different ratio between neurons and glial cells in cultures. The rapid manifestation of these effects may be the consequence of the direct effect of LPS on the rheological properties of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanda Bakaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Department of General Biology and Physiology, Kalmyk State University named after B.B. Gorodovikov, Elista, Russia
- *Correspondence: Zanda Bakaeva, ,
| | - Natalia Lizunova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Tarzhanov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Pharmacy, The Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Boyarkin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Petrichuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Pinelis
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Fisenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tuzikov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat Sharipov
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Surin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health”, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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Dhir N, Medhi B, Prakash A, Goyal MK, Modi M, Mohindra S. Pre-clinical to Clinical Translational Failures and Current Status of Clinical Trials in Stroke Therapy: A Brief Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:596-612. [PMID: 31934841 PMCID: PMC7457423 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200114160844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In stroke (cerebral ischemia), despite continuous efforts both at the experimental and clinical level, the only approved pharmacological treatment has been restricted to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Stroke is the leading cause of functional disability and mortality throughout worldwide. Its pathophysiology starts with energy pump failure, followed by complex signaling cascade that ultimately ends in neuronal cell death. Ischemic cascade involves excessive glutamate release followed by raised intracellular sodium and calcium influx along with free radicals' generation, activation of inflammatory cytokines, NO synthases, lipases, endonucleases and other apoptotic pathways leading to cell edema and death. At the pre-clinical stage, several agents have been tried and proven as an effective neuroprotectant in animal models of ischemia. However, these agents failed to show convincing results in terms of efficacy and safety when the trials were conducted in humans following stroke. This article highlights the various agents which have been tried in the past but failed to translate into stroke therapy along with key points that are responsible for the lagging of experimental success to translational failure in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India; E-mail:
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4
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Zhang B, Saatman KE, Chen L. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from Chinese medicine in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:416-424. [PMID: 31571650 PMCID: PMC6921351 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in adults worldwide, resulting in huge social and financial burdens. Extracts from herbs, especially those used in Chinese medicine, have emerged as new pharmaceuticals for stroke treatment. Here we review the evidence from preclinical studies investigating neuroprotective properties of Chinese medicinal compounds through their application in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and highlight potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. It is noteworthy that many herbal compounds have been shown to target multiple mechanisms and in combinations may exert synergistic effects on signaling pathways, thereby attenuating multiple aspects of ischemic pathology. We conclude the paper with a general discussion of the prospects for novel natural compound-based regimens against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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5
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Tsai YR, Tweedie D, Navas-Enamorado I, Scerba MT, Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Hoffer BJ, de Cabo R, Greig NH, Chiang YH, Chen KY. Pomalidomide Reduces Ischemic Brain Injury in Rodents. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:439-450. [PMID: 31094216 PMCID: PMC6628558 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719850078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and severe disability worldwide. After cerebral
ischemia, inflammation plays a central role in the development of permanent neurological
damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic
inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which
subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage.
Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent.
Prior cellular studies demonstrate that POM can mitigate oxidative stress and lower levels
of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, which plays a prominent role in
ischemic stroke-induced brain damage and functional deficits. To evaluate the potential
value of POM in cerebral ischemia, POM was initially administered to transgenic mice
chronically over-expressing TNF-α surfactant protein (SP)-C promoter (SP-C/TNF-α mice) to
assess whether systemically administered drug could lower systemic TNF-α level. POM
significantly lowered serum levels of TNF-α and IL-5. Pharmacokinetic studies were then
undertaken in mice to evaluate brain POM levels following systemic drug administration.
POM possessed a brain/plasma concentration ratio of 0.71. Finally, rats were subjected to
transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 60 min, and subsequently treated
with POM 30 min thereafter to evaluate action on cerebral ischemia. POM reduced the
cerebral infarct volume in MCAo-challenged rats and improved motor activity, as evaluated
by the elevated body swing test. POM’s neuroprotective actions on ischemic injury
represent a potential therapeutic approach for ischemic brain damage and related
disorders, and warrant further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Tsai
- 1 The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - David Tweedie
- 3 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- 3 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Scerba
- 3 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,4 Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei.,5 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,5 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,5 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,6 Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,5 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,7 Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- 3 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 3 Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- 1 The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,5 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,6 Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- 1 The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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6
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Tsai YR, Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Hoffer BJ, Tweedie D, Luo W, Greig NH, Chiang YH, Chen KY. Pomalidomide Ameliorates H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress Injury and Cell Death in Rat Primary Cortical Neuronal Cultures by Inducing Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptosis Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103252. [PMID: 30347766 PMCID: PMC6213994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high oxygen demand and abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Induced by a redox state imbalance involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system, oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology that underpins neuronal cell death in acute neurological disorders epitomized by stroke and chronic ones such as Alzheimer’s disease. After cerebral ischemia, for example, inflammation bears a key responsibility in the development of permanent neurological damage. ROS are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage. Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. Using H2O2-treated rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, we found POM displayed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and cell death that associated with changes in the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2/superoxide dismutase 2/catalase signaling pathway. POM also suppressed nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB) levels and significantly mitigated cortical neuronal apoptosis by regulating Bax, Cytochrome c and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In summary, POM exerted neuroprotective effects via its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions against H2O2-induced injury. POM consequently represents a potential therapeutic agent against brain damage and related disorders and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei 11556, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Immunological and non-immunological effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the ischaemic brain. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789326. [PMID: 30083231 PMCID: PMC6071165 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the implementation of thrombolysis and endovascular recanalization
strategies, stroke therapy has profoundly changed in recent years. In spite of
these advancements, a considerable proportion of stroke patients still exhibit
functional impairment in the long run, increasing the need for adjuvant
therapies that promote neurological recovery. Stem cell therapies have initially
attracted great interest in the stroke field, since there were hopes that
transplanted cells may allow for the replacement of lost cells. After the
recognition that transplanted cells integrate poorly into existing neural
networks and that they induce brain remodelling in a paracrine way by secreting
a heterogeneous group of nanovesicles, these extracellular vesicles (EVs) have
been identified as key players that mediate restorative effects of stem and
progenitor cells in ischaemic brain tissue. We herein review restorative effects
of EVs in stroke models and discuss immunological and non-immunological
mechanisms that may underlie recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Wu J, Gao L, Shang L, Wang G, Wei N, Chu T, Chen S, Zhang Y, Huang J, Wang J, Lin R. Ecdysterones from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin reduce hippocampal excitotoxic cell loss and upregulate mTOR signaling in rats. Fitoterapia 2017; 119:158-167. [PMID: 28373010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is a key pathological mechanism in many neurological disease states. Ecdysterones derived from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin (RCI) have been shown to alleviate glutamate-induced neuronal damage; although their mechanism of action is unclear, some data suggest that they enhance signaling in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. This study sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ecdysterone-mediated neuroprotection. We used in silico target prediction and simulation methods to identify putative ecdysterone binding targets, and to specifically identify those that represent nodes where several neurodegenerative diseases converge. We then used histological analyses in a rat hippocampal excitotoxicity model to test the effectiveness of ecdysterones in vivo. We found that RCI-derived ecdysterones should bind to glutamatergic NMDA-type receptors (NMDARs); specifically, in vivo modeling showed binding to the GRIN2B subunit of NMDARs, which was found also to be a node of convergence in several neurodegenerative disease pathways. Computerized network construction by using pathway information from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database showed putative links between GRIN2B and mTOR pathway elements including phosphoinositide-3kinase (PI3K), mTOR, and protein kinase C (PKC); these elements are associated with neuronal survival. Brain tissue western blots of ecdysterone-treated rats showed upregulated PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and phosphorylated Akt and mTOR, and down regulated GRIN2B and the apoptotic enzyme cleaved caspase-3. Ecdysterone treatment also prevented glutamate-induced rat hippocampal cell loss. In summary, RCI-derived ecdysterones appear to prevent glutamatergic excitotoxicity by increasing mTOR/Akt/PI3K signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Le Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nana Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tiantian Chu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Suping Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
| | - Ruichao Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Surin AM, Gorbacheva LR, Savinkova IG, Sharipov RR, Khodorov BI, Pinelis VG. Study on ATP concentration changes in cytosol of individual cultured neurons during glutamate-induced deregulation of calcium homeostasis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:146-57. [PMID: 24794730 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, simultaneous monitoring of changes in the concentration of cytosolic ATP ([ATP]c), pH (pHc), and intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of the individual neurons challenged with toxic glutamate (Glu) concentrations was performed. To this end, the ATP-sensor AT1.03, which binds to ATP and therefore enhances the efficiency of resonance energy transfer between blue fluorescent protein (energy donor) and yellow-green fluorescent protein (energy acceptor), was expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons isolated from 1-2-day-old rat pups. Excitation of fluorescence in the acceptor protein allowed monitoring changes in pHc. Cells were loaded with fluorescent low-affinity Ca2+ indicators Fura-FF or X-rhod-FF to register [Ca2+]i. It was shown that Glu (20 µM, glycine 10 µM, Mg2+-free) produced a rapid acidification of the cytosol and decrease in [ATP]c. An approximately linear relationship (r(2) = 0.56) between the rate of [ATP]c decline and latency of glutamate-induced delayed calcium deregulation (DCD) was observed: higher rate of [ATP]c decrease corresponded to shorter DCD latency period. DCD began with a decrease in [ATP]c of as much as 15.9%. In the phase of high [Ca2+]i, the plateau of [ATP]c dropped to 10.4% compared to [ATP]c in resting neurons (100%). In the presence of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain (0.5 mM), glutamate-induced reduction in [ATP]c in the phase of the high [Ca2+]i plateau was only 36.6%. Changes in [ATP]c, [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial potential, and pHc in calcium-free or sodium-free buffers, as well as in the presence of the inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase ouabain (0.5 mM), led us to suggest that in addition to increase in proton conductivity and decline in [ATP]c, one of the triggering factors of DCD might be a reversion of the neuronal plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Surin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia.
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Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Pardo Andreu GL, Oliveira Loureiro S, Ganzella M, Ramírez-Sánchez J, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, Delgado-Hernández R, Souza DO. The effects of JM-20 on the glutamatergic system in synaptic vesicles, synaptosomes and neural cells cultured from rat brain. Neurochem Int 2015; 81:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Neuroprotection by Kukoamine A against oxidative stress may involve N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:287-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Nature has no principle-inflammation following brain injury is neither good nor evil*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1958-9. [PMID: 25029142 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zgavc T, Hu TT, Van de Plas B, Vinken M, Ceulemans AG, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Arckens L. Proteomic analysis of global protein expression changes in the endothelin-1 rat model for cerebral ischemia: Rescue effect of mild hypothermia. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:379-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Bogaert-Buchmann A, Poittevin M, Po C, Dupont D, Sebrié C, Tomita Y, Trandinh A, Seylaz J, Pinard E, Méric P, Kubis N, Gillet B. Spatial and temporal MRI profile of ischemic tissue after the acute stages of a permanent mouse model of stroke. Open Neuroimag J 2013; 7:4-14. [PMID: 23459141 PMCID: PMC3580904 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001307010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECT To characterize the progression of injured tissue resulting from a permanent focal cerebral ischemia after the acute phase, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) monitoring was performed on adult male C57BL/6J mice in the subacute stages, and correlated to histological analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Lesions were induced by electrocoagulation of the middle cerebral artery. Serial MRI measurements and weighted-images (T2, T1, T2* and Diffusion Tensor Imaging) were performed on a 9.4T scanner. Histological data (Cresyl-Violet staining and laminin-, Iba1- and GFAP-immunostainings) were obtained 1 and 2 weeks after the stroke. RESULTS Two days after stroke, tissues assumed to correspond to the infarct core, were detected as a hyperintensity signal area in T2-weighted images. One week later, low-intensity signal areas appeared. Longitudinal MRI study showed that these areas remained present over the following week, and was mainly linked to a drop of the T2 relaxation time value in the corresponding tissues. Correlation with histological data and immuno-histochemistry showed that these areas corresponded to microglial cells. CONCLUSION The present data provide, for the first time detailed MRI parameters of microglial cells dynamics, allowing its non-invasive monitoring during the chronic stages of a stroke. This could be particularly interesting in regards to emerging anti-inflammatory stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogaert-Buchmann
- University Orsay Paris-sud, IR4M, UMR 8081, Bat 220, Orsay, F-91405, France ; CNRS, Orsay, F-91405, France
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15
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Nodin C, Zhu C, Blomgren K, Nilsson M, Blomstrand F. Decreased oxidative stress during glycolytic inhibition enables maintenance of ATP production and astrocytic survival. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:291-301. [PMID: 22634249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Depressed energy metabolism and oxidative stress are common features in many pathological situations in the brain, including stroke. In order to investigate astrocytic responses to such stress, we induced metabolic depression in cultured rat astrocytes. Iodoacetate (IA), an inhibitor of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used and resulted in a rapid inhibition of GAPDH activity. After 1h of GAPDH inhibition the ATP levels started to decrease and were completely abolished at 4h. In parallel, the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased, followed by extensive cell death involving flipping of phosphatidylserine and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, but not caspase-3 activation. When IA was combined with azide, a respiratory chain complex IV inhibitor, the ATP levels decreased immediately. Interestingly, with azide present, the ROS activity remained low and the astrocytes remained viable even at very low ATP levels. Addition of exogenous ROS-scavengers prevented the IA-induced ROS activity, the ATP levels were maintained and cell death was prevented. Similar protection could be obtained when astrocytes, prior to addition of IA, were incubated with substances known to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-regulated endogenous antioxidant system. When IA was washed out, after a relatively moderate ATP depression, massive cell death occurred. This was efficiently prevented by addition of azide or ROS scavengers during the IA treatment or by pre-activation of the Nrf2 system. Our results demonstrate that astrocytes in culture can endure and recover from glycolytic inhibition if the ROS activity remained at a low level and suggest that oxidative stress can be an important component for astrocytic cell death following metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nodin
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Frosini M, Contartese A, Zanardi I, Travagli V, Bocci V. Selective ozone concentrations may reduce the ischemic damage after a stroke. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:612-8. [PMID: 22263539 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.659247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Stroke is one of the most debilitating diseases, and it is unfortunate that only a small percentage of patients can be treated with thrombolytic agents. Consequently, there is an urgent need of finding an alternative procedure for reoxygenating the so-called penumbra at the earliest time as possible for reducing morbidity and disability. A preliminary, preclinical study has been carried out by using rat hippocampal and cortical brain slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Oxygen-ozone gaseous mixture appeared to be effective in reverting damage of brain tissues, supporting the evaluation of this approach in well-designed clinical trials in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Farmacologia, Universit à degli Studi di Siena, Italy
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17
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Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration: what to expect from a stem cell-based therapy of acute brain injury. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2577-8. [PMID: 22005237 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31822e56f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Zgavc T, Ceulemans AG, Sarre S, Michotte Y, Hachimi-Idrissi S. Experimental and clinical use of therapeutic hypothermia for ischemic stroke: opportunities and limitations. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:689290. [PMID: 21789271 PMCID: PMC3140058 DOI: 10.4061/2011/689290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a disease with a serious impact on quality of life but few effective treatments exist. There is an urgent need to develop and/or improve neuroprotective strategies to combat this. Many drugs proven to be neuroprotective in experimental models fail to improve patient outcome in a clinical setting. An emerging treatment, therapeutic hypothermia (TH), is a promising neuroprotective therapy in stroke management. Several studies with TH in experimental models and small clinical trials have shown beneficial effects. Despite this, implementation into the clinical setting is still lacking due to methodological considerations as well as hypothermia-related complications. This paper discusses the possible opportunities and limitations of the use of TH in animal models and the translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Zgavc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Abstract
Ischemic insults on neurons trigger excessive, pathological glutamate release that causes Ca²⁺ overload resulting in neuronal cell death (excitotoxicity). The Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a major mediator of physiological excitatory glutamate signals underlying neuronal plasticity and learning. Glutamate stimuli trigger autophosphorylation of CaMKII at T286, a process that makes the kinase "autonomous" (partially active independent from Ca²⁺ stimulation) and that is required for forms of synaptic plasticity. Recent studies suggested autonomous CaMKII activity also as potential drug target for post-insult neuroprotection, both after glutamate insults in neuronal cultures and after focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. However, CaMKII and other members of the CaM kinase family have been implicated in regulation of both neuronal death and survival. Here, we discuss past findings and possible mechanisms of CaM kinase functions in excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia, with a focus on CaMKII and its regulation.
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Abstract
AbstractNeuroprotection is a therapeutic strategy that attempts to save neurons from irreversible injury by modifying the effects of the ischemic cascade or facilitating reperfusion. Although numerous agents have shown neuroprotective effect in preclinical trials, their translation to clinical trials failed to show any meaningful effect. The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) guidelines were made for performing research on neuroprotective agents in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Although the STAIR guidelines have been available for more than ten years, we still do not have any adequate neuroprotective agents. Reasons for unsuccessful translation from preclinical to clinical research can be considered along stages of drug development: 1) preclinical, 2) transitional and 3) clinical. By extending the therapeutic window for application of intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke patients to 4.5 hours, as well as increasing the use intra-arterial thrombolysis and development of mechanical devices for thrombectomy in 6 hour period we may be able to achieve some degree of neuroprotection in acute stroke. Future therapy is likely to add to the current thrombolytic therapy with potential neuroprotective drugs or procedures.
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21
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Noh SJ, Lee SH, Shin KY, Lee CK, Cho IH, Kim HS, Suh YH. SP-8203 reduces oxidative stress via SOD activity and behavioral deficit in cerebral ischemia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 98:150-4. [PMID: 21172384 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and excessive activation of glutamate receptors are implicated as major causes of ischemic brain injury. However, the existing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have not exerted good clinical outcome, most likely because they do not protect neurons against oxidative stress. Thus, more effective glutamate antagonists and antioxidants are needed for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In previous study, SP-8203, derived from earth worms, showed the blocking effect of NMDA receptor. We provided evidence that SP-8203 could also suppress the oxidative stress in this study. In vitro, 250 μM H2O2 was treated to SH-SY5Y cells after the pre-treatment of SP-8203 (2, 20 and 200 μM). SP-8203 significantly suppressed H2O2-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species production. In addition, we investigated the effects of SP-8203 in middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded rat model. SP-8203 (5 and 10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats before and after the MCA occlusion and was injected daily for 10 days. After 10 days, SP-8203 remarkably reduced brain infarct volume and lipid peroxidation products in the MCA-occluded rats but MK-801 didn't. Moreover, SP-8203 significantly improved neurological deficits such as shortening of latency time in Rota rod performance. However, MK-801 didn't improve behavioral deficits. Therefore, SP-8203 may be more effective for multiple-target mechanisms of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Noh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, and Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Parada E, Egea J, Romero A, del Barrio L, García AG, López MG. Poststress treatment with PNU282987 can rescue SH-SY5Y cells undergoing apoptosis via α7 nicotinic receptors linked to a Jak2/Akt/HO-1 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1815-21. [PMID: 20875851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most neuroprotection studies with nicotinic agonists have shown efficacy when given before the stressor. Here we have investigated whether the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist PNU282987 can prevent cell death once the cells have already undergone an oxidative stress. The combination of rotenone (30 μM) plus oligomycin A (10 μM) (rot/oligo) has been used as an in vitro model of mitochondrial ROS production. SH-SY5Y cells incubated with rot/oligo for 8h and left for another 16 h in MEM/F-12 experienced 30% apoptotic cell death. Under these experimental conditions, PNU282987 administered after rot/oligo (PST/PNU) prevented cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Co-incubation of PNU282987 with 100 nM methyllycaconitine (a selective α7 nAChR antagonist), 10 μM mecamylamine (a nonselective nAChR antagonist), 3 μM LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), or 10 μM AG490 (a Jak2 inhibitor) prevented the protection afforded by PST/PNU. Moreover, the increase in ROS, active caspase-3, and apoptosis caused by rot/oligo was also prevented by PST/PNU. Furthermore, PNU282987 increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a critical cell defense enzyme against oxidative stress; this increase was prevented by AG490 or LY294002. The HO-1 inhibitor Sn(IV) protoporphyrin-IX also inhibited the PST/PNU protecting effects. These results suggest that activation of α7 nAChR linked to the Jak2/PI3K/Akt cascade induces the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 to provide neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Parada
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Briyal S, Gulati A. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 potentiates acetaminophen induced hypothermia and reduces infarction following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Arien-Zakay H, Lecht S, Nagler A, Lazarovici P. Human umbilical cord blood stem cells: rational for use as a neuroprotectant in ischemic brain disease. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3513-28. [PMID: 20957109 PMCID: PMC2956109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells for reparative medicine was first proposed more than three decades ago. Hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood and human umbilical cord blood (CB) have gained major use for treatment of hematological indications. CB, however, is also a source of cells capable of differentiating into various non-hematopoietic cell types, including neural cells. Several animal model reports have shown that CB cells may be used for treatment of neurological injuries. This review summarizes the information available on the origin of CB-derived neuronal cells and the mechanisms proposed to explain their action. The potential use of stem/progenitor cells for treatment of ischemic brain injuries is discussed. Issues that remain to be resolved at the present stage of preclinical trials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Arien-Zakay
- The School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; E-Mails: (H.A.-Z.); (S.L.)
- Division of Hematology and Cord Blood Bank, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; E-Mail: (A.N.)
| | - Shimon Lecht
- The School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; E-Mails: (H.A.-Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Cord Blood Bank, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; E-Mail: (A.N.)
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- The School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; E-Mails: (H.A.-Z.); (S.L.)
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: 972-2-6758-729; Fax: 972-2-6757-490
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Vest RS, O'Leary H, Coultrap SJ, Kindy MS, Bayer KU. Effective post-insult neuroprotection by a novel Ca(2+)/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20675-82. [PMID: 20424167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.088617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a major mediator of physiological glutamate signaling involved in higher brain functions. Here, we show CaMKII involvement in pathological glutamate signaling relevant in stroke. The novel inhibitor tatCN21 was neuroprotective even when added hours after glutamate insults. By contrast, the "traditional" inhibitor KN93 attenuated excitotoxicity only when present during the insult. Both inhibitors efficiently blocked Ca(2+)/CaM-stimulated CaMKII activity, CaMKII interaction with NR2B and aggregation of CaMKII holoenzymes. However, only tatCN21 but not KN93 blocked the Ca(2+)-independent "autonomous" activity generated by Thr-286 autophosphorylation, the hallmark feature of CaMKII regulation. Mutational analysis further validated autonomous CaMKII activity as the drug target crucial for post-insult neuroprotection. Overexpression of CaMKII wild type but not the autonomy-deficient T286A mutant significantly increased glutamate-induced neuronal death. Maybe most importantly, tatCN21 also significantly reduced infarct size in a mouse stroke model (middle cerebral arterial occlusion) when injected (1 mg/kg intravenously) 1 h after onset of arterial occlusion. Together, these data demonstrate that inhibition of autonomous CaMKII activity provides a promising therapeutic avenue for post-insult neuro-protection after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Vest
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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26
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Shen H, Yuan Y, Ding F, Hu N, Liu J, Gu X. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides confer neuroprotection through inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, Bax expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:669-76. [PMID: 19774671 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides (ABPP), the important constituents separated from the aqueous extract of Achyranthes bidentata, have been shown to attenuate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced cell apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons through differential modulation of NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors. The present study sought to investigate the possible mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of ABPP on NMDA-induced cell death. Western blot analysis and colorimetric enzymatic assay demonstrated that ABPP pretreatment inhibited NMDA-induced increase of Bax protein expression or caspase-3 activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Fluorescence measurements after staining with 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and rhodamine 123 showed that ABPP treatment also reversed NMDA-induced intracellular radical oxygen species (ROS) elevation and mitochondrial membrane potential depression in cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, the in vivo effects of ABPP on cerebral neuronal damage during focal ischemia-reperfusion were also investigated. In rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, ABPP attenuated the increase in the neurological deficit and cerebral infarction induced by focal ischemia-reperfusion, showing in vivo neuroprotective effects. The results collectively suggest that ABPP might exert neuroprotective actions through inhibiting Bax protein expression, caspase-3 activity, ROS production, and mitochondrial dysfunction that are all caused by overstimulation of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
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Lin Y, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Wang X, Yu P, Su L, Mao L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1350-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Li XY, Liang J, Tang YB, Zhou JG, Guan YY. Ginsenoside Rd prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:199-204. [PMID: 19719747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The role of voltage-independent Ca(2+) entry in cell apoptosis has recently received considerable attention. It has been found that ginsenoside Rd significantly inhibits voltage-independent Ca(2+) entry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rd against glutamate-induced apoptosis of rat cortical neurons. 2. Ginsenoside Rd significantly reduced glutamate-induced apoptotic morphological changes and DNA laddering. In comparison, nimodipine only had a weak effect. 3. Ginsenoside Rd (1, 3 and 10 micromol/L) concentration-dependently inhibited caspase 3 activation and expression of the p20 subunit of active caspase 3 (by 30 +/- 10%, 41 +/- 9% and 62 +/- 19%, respectively, compared with glutamate alone; P < 0.05), whereas 1 micromol/L nimodipine had no effect. 4. Glutamate decreased cell viability to 37.4 +/- 4.7 (n = 8) and evoked cell apoptosis. Ginsenoside Rd (1, 3, 10 and 30 micromol/L) concentration-dependently inhibited glutamate-induced cell death, increased cell viability and reduced apoptotic percentage (from 47.5 +/- 4.9% to 37.4 +/- 6.9%, 28.3 +/- 5.2% and 22.5 +/- 5.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). At 1 micromol/L, nimodipine had no effect on cell viability. Furthermore, although 1, 3, 10, 30 and 60 micromol/L ginsenoside Rd concentration-dependently inhibited glutamate-induced Ca(2+) entry by 8 +/- 2%, 24 +/- 4%, 40 +/- 7%, 49 +/- 8% and 50 +/- 8% (P < 0.05), respectively, nimodipine had no effect. 5. In conclusion, the results indicate that ginsenoside Rd prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons and provide further evidence of the potential of voltage-independent Ca(2+) channel blockers as new neuroprotective drugs for the prevention of neuronal apoptosis and death induced by cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Kashyap RS, Nayak AR, Deshpande PS, Kabra D, Purohit HJ, Taori GM, Daginawala HF. Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 is a novel marker of acute ischemic stroke. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:160-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Saleem S, Shah ZA, Urade Y, Doré S. Lipocalin-prostaglandin D synthase is a critical beneficial factor in transient and permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2009; 160:248-54. [PMID: 19254753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is the most abundant prostaglandin produced in the brain. It is a metabolite of arachidonic acid and synthesized by prostaglandin D(2) synthases (PGDS) via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Two distinct types of PGDS have been identified: hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS). Because relatively little is known about the role of L-PGDS in the CNS, here we examined the outcomes in L-PGDS knockout and wild-type (WT) mice after two different cerebral ischemia models, transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (tMCAO) and permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In the tMCAO model, the MCA was occluded with a monofilament for 90 min and then reperfused for 4 days. In the pMCAO model, the distal part of the MCA was permanently occluded and the mice were sacrificed after 7 days. Percent corrected infarct volume and neurological score were determined after 4 and 7 days, respectively. L-PGDS knockout mice had significantly greater infarct volume and brain edema than did WT mice after tMCAO (P<0.01). Similarly, L-PGDS knockout mice showed greater infarct volume and neurological deficits as compared to their WT counterparts after pMCAO (P<0.01). Using the two models enabled us to study the role of L-PGDS in both early (tMCAO) and delayed (pMCAO) ischemic processes. Our findings suggest that L-PGDS is beneficial for protecting the brain against transient and permanent cerebral ischemia. These results provide a better understanding of the role played by the enzymes that control eicosanoid synthesis and how they can be utilized as potential targets to prevent damage following either acute or potentially chronic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saleem
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 365, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Braithwaite SP, Xu J, Leung J, Urfer R, Nikolich K, Oksenberg D, Lombroso PJ, Shamloo M. Expression and function of striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase is profoundly altered in cerebral ischemia. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2444-52. [PMID: 18445231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) acts in the central nervous system to dephosphorylate a number of important proteins involved in synaptic function including ERK and NMDA receptor subunits. These proteins are also linked to stroke, in which cerebral ischemia triggers a complex cascade of events. Here we demonstrate that STEP is regulated at both the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels in rat models of cerebral ischemia and that its regulation may play a role in the outcome of ischemic insults. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, there are profound decreases in the levels of STEP mRNA, whilst in global ischemia STEP mRNA is selectively down-regulated in areas susceptible to ischemic damage. In a neuroprotective preconditioning paradigm, and in regions of the brain that are relatively resistant to ischemic damage, STEP mRNA levels are increased. Furthermore, there is a significant processing of STEP after ischemia to generate a novel species, STEP(33), resulting in a redistribution of STEP from membrane-bound to soluble compartments. Concomitant with the cleavage of mature forms of STEP, there are changes in the phosphorylation state of ERK. We show that the cleavage of STEP leads to a catalytically active form, but this cleaved form no longer binds to and dephosphorylates its substrate pERK. Therefore, in response to ischemic insults, there are profound reductions in both the amount and the activity of STEP, its localization, as well as the activity of one of its key substrates, pERK. These changes in STEP may reflect a critical role in the outcomes of ischemic brain injury.
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Väänänen A, Risteli J, Liesi P. Spatial and temporal distribution of laminins in permanent focal ischemic brain damage of the adult rat. J Neurosci Res 2008. [PMID: 18500756 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Laminins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins with multiple functions in the central nervous system, including maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Because ischemic brain damage results in rapid degradation of extracellular matrix, we used immunocytochemistry on rat central nervous system after permanent focal ischemia to identify laminins involved in pathophysiology of stroke. At 24 hr after stroke, laminin-1 is transiently expressed by neurons inside the ischemic core, but from 2-3 days to 28 days it is expressed only in basement membrane structures. During the first 24 hr, alpha1, alpha5, beta1, and gamma1 laminins are transiently expressed in neurons within the ischemic core as an acute reaction of the brain to ischemia. Rapid induction of gamma1 laminin but no other laminin in reactive astrocytes surrounding the ischemic core is clear at 24 hr, and importantly, expression of gamma1 laminin in astrocytes surrounding the ischemic core intensifies during the first days and persists up to 28 days after stroke. At 2-3 days, gamma1 laminin immunoreactive barrier of reactive astrocytes is already fully formed, isolating the ischemic area from the healthy brain. Similar to gamma1 laminin, its KDI domain localizes in reactive astrocytes isolating the ischemic core. Results indicate that gamma1 laminin and its KDI domain are rapidly induced in glial cells after stroke and their expression persists, forming a molecular barrier between the healthy and the damaged brain. Thus, gamma1 laminin is involved in pathology of stroke and is likely to serve a protective function, considering its potent neuroprotective role after spinal cord injury and in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Väänänen
- The Brain Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Jiang SX, Kappler J, Zurakowski B, Desbois A, Aylsworth A, Hou ST. Calpain cleavage of collapsin response mediator proteins in ischemic mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:801-9. [PMID: 17672855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are important brain-specific proteins with distinct functions in modulating growth cone collapse and axonal guidance during brain development. Our previous studies have shown that calpain cleaves CRMP3 in the adult mouse brain during cerebral ischemia [S.T. Hou et al. (2006) J. Neurosci., 26, 2241-2249]. Here, the expression of all CRMP family members (1-5) was examined in mouse brains that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Among the five CRMPs, the expressions of CRMP1, CRMP3 and CRMP5 were the most abundant in the cerebral cortex and all CRMPs were targeted for cleavage by ischemia-activated calpain. Sub-cellular fractionation analysis showed that cleavage of CRMPs by calpain occurred not only in the cytoplasm but also in the synaptosomes isolated from ischemic brains. Moreover, synaptosomal CRMPs appeared to be at least one-fold more sensitive to cleavage compared with those isolated from the cytosolic fraction in an in-vitro experiment, suggesting that synaptosomal CRMPs are critical targets during cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury. Finally, the expression of all CRMPs was colocalized with TUNEL-positive neurons in the ischemic mouse brain, which further supports the notion that CRMPs may play an important role in neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that CRMPs are targets of calpains during cerebral ischemia and they also highlighted an important potential role that CRMPs may play in modulating ischemic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan X Jiang
- Experimental NeuroTherapeutics Laboratory and NRC Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
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Neuroprotective effect of STAZN, a novel azulenyl nitrone antioxidant, in focal cerebral ischemia in rats: dose-response and therapeutic window. Brain Res 2007; 1180:101-10. [PMID: 17945201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN) is a potent antioxidant that, in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia, confers significant enduring functional and morphological neuroprotection. This study investigated the influence of dose and time of administration on the neuroprotective effects of STAZN in the intraluminal suture model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Dose response: At 2 and 4 h after the onset of MCAo, animals received intravenously either STAZN (low dose=0.07 mg/kg, n=8; medium dose=0.7 mg/kg, n=9; high dose=3.5 mg/kg, n=9), an equivalent volume of vehicle (30% Solutol HS15 and 70% isotonic saline, 0.37 ml/kg, n=5) or saline (0.37 ml/kg, n=5). Only the medium dose improved scores (p<0.05) on a standardized neurobehavioral test at 1, 2 and 3 days after MCAo. Only the medium dose reduced the total infarction (51%, p=0.014) compared to controls. These results indicate that STAZN exhibits maximal neuroprotection at the 0.7 mg/kg dose. Therapeutic window: STAZN (0.6 mg/kg) dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide was given intra-peritoneally at 2 and 4 h (n=11), 3 and 5 h (n=10), 4 and 6 h (n=10) or 5 and 7 h (n=7) after the onset of MCAo. Additional doses were given at 24 and 48 h. Vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide, 2.0 ml/kg, n=6) was administered at 3, 5, 24 and 48 h. STAZN treatment initiated at 2 or 3 h after the onset of MCAo improved neurological scores (p<0.001) and reduced total infarction (42.2%, p<0.05) compared to controls.
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