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Bahi A. Serotonin transporter knockdown relieves depression-like behavior and ethanol-induced CPP in mice after chronic social defeat stress. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114998. [PMID: 38614210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Patients with stress-triggered major depression disorders (MDD) can often seek comfort or temporary relief through alcohol consumption, as they may turn to it as a means of self-medication or coping with overwhelming emotions. The use of alcohol as a coping mechanism for stressful events can escalate, fostering a cycle where the temporary relief it provides from depression can deepen into alcohol dependence, exacerbating both conditions. Although, the specific mechanisms involved in stress-triggered alcohol dependence and MDD comorbidities are not well understood, a large body of literature suggests that the serotonin transporter (SERT) plays a critical role in these abnormalities. To further investigate this hypothesis, we used a lentiviral-mediated knockdown approach to examine the role of hippocampal SERT knockdown in social defeat stress-elicited depression like behavior and ethanol-induced place preference (CPP). The results showed that social defeat stress-pro depressant effects were reversed following SERT knockdown demonstrated by increased sucrose preference, shorter latency to feed in the novelty suppressed feeding test, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. Moreover, and most importantly, social stress-induced ethanol-CPP acquisition and reinstatement were significantly reduced following hippocampal SERT knockdown using short hairpin RNA shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors. Finally, we confirmed that SERT hippocampal mRNA expression correlated with measures of depression- and ethanol-related behaviors by Pearson's correlation analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that hippocampal serotoninergic system is involved in social stress-triggered mood disorders as well as in the acquisition and retrieval of ethanol contextual memory and that blockade of this transporter can decrease ethanol rewarding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, CMHS, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Blum K, Braverman ER, Gold MS, Dennen CA, Baron D, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Elman I, Gondre-Lewis MC, Ashford JW, Newberg A, Madigan MA, Jafari N, Zeine F, Sunder K, Giordano J, Barh D, Gupta A, Carney P, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Addressing cortex dysregulation in youth through brain health check coaching and prophylactic brain development. INNOSC THERANOSTICS & PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:1472. [PMID: 38766548 PMCID: PMC11100020 DOI: 10.36922/itps.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The Carter Center has estimated that the addiction crisis in the United States (US), if continues to worsen at the same rate, may cost the country approximately 16 trillion dollars by 2030. In recent years, the well-being of youth has been compromised by not only the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic but also the alarming global opioid crisis, particularly in the US. Each year, deadly opioid drugs claim hundreds of thousands of lives, contributing to an ever-rising death toll. In addition, maternal usage of opioids and other drugs during pregnancy could compromise the neurodevelopment of children. A high rate of DNA polymorphic antecedents compounds the occurrence of epigenetic insults involving methylation of specific essential genes related to normal brain function. These genetic antecedent insults affect healthy DNA and mRNA transcription, leading to a loss of proteins required for normal brain development and function in youth. Myelination in the frontal cortex, a process known to extend until the late 20s, delays the development of proficient executive function and decision-making abilities. Understanding this delay in brain development, along with the presence of potential high-risk antecedent polymorphic variants or alleles and generational epigenetics, provides a clear rationale for embracing the Brain Research Commission's suggestion to mimic fitness programs with an adaptable brain health check (BHC). Implementing the BHC within the educational systems in the US and other countries could serve as an effective initiative for proactive therapies aimed at reducing juvenile mental health problems and eventually criminal activities, addiction, and other behaviors associated with reward deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
- Division of Personalized Recovery Science, Transplicegen Therapeutics, Llc., Austin, Tx., United of States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Ketamine Clinic of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjorie C. Gondre-Lewis
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Newberg
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Madigan
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University California, UC Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - John Giordano
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Ketamine Clinic of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Debmayla Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul Carney
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri Health Care-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Lee YK, Gold MS, Blum K, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Fuehrlein BS. Opioid use disorder: current trends and potential treatments. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1274719. [PMID: 38332941 PMCID: PMC10850316 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1274719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health threat, contributing to morbidity and mortality from addiction, overdose, and related medical conditions. Despite our increasing knowledge about the pathophysiology and existing medical treatments of OUD, it has remained a relapsing and remitting disorder for decades, with rising deaths from overdoses, rather than declining. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the increase in overall substance use and interrupted access to treatment. If increased naloxone access, more buprenorphine prescribers, greater access to treatment, enhanced reimbursement, less stigma and various harm reduction strategies were effective for OUD, overdose deaths would not be at an all-time high. Different prevention and treatment approaches are needed to reverse the concerning trend in OUD. This article will review the recent trends and limitations on existing medications for OUD and briefly review novel approaches to treatment that have the potential to be more durable and effective than existing medications. The focus will be on promising interventional treatments, psychedelics, neuroimmune, neutraceutical, and electromagnetic therapies. At different phases of investigation and FDA approval, these novel approaches have the potential to not just reduce overdoses and deaths, but attenuate OUD, as well as address existing comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Blum K, Elman I, Bowirrat A, Baron D, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Badgaiyan RD, Gold MS. Futuristic Exploration of Addiction Neuroscience in the Genomic Era. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4989-4991. [PMID: 38094658 PMCID: PMC10717929 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s439837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise Sports, Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright University, Dayton, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- PEAKLOGIC, LLC., Del Mar, CA, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard College of Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - David Baron
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University and MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Santapau D, Ávila A, Ponce C, Berrios-Cárcamo P, Olivares B, Gallardo J, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y, Ezquer F. Chronic Voluntary Morphine Intake Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structures Involved in Drug Dependence in a Rat Model of Polydrug Use. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17081. [PMID: 38069404 PMCID: PMC10707256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic opioid intake leads to several brain changes involved in the development of dependence, whereby an early hedonistic effect (liking) extends to the need to self-administer the drug (wanting), the latter being mostly a prefrontal-striatal function. The development of animal models for voluntary oral opioid intake represents an important tool for identifying the cellular and molecular alterations induced by chronic opioid use. Studies mainly in humans have shown that polydrug use and drug dependence are shared across various substances. We hypothesize that an animal bred for its alcohol preference would develop opioid dependence and further that this would be associated with the overt cortical abnormalities clinically described for opioid addicts. We show that Wistar-derived outbred UChB rats selected for their high alcohol preference additionally develop: (i) a preference for oral ingestion of morphine over water, resulting in morphine intake of 15 mg/kg/day; (ii) marked opioid dependence, as evidenced by the generation of strong withdrawal signs upon naloxone administration; (iii) prefrontal cortex alterations known to be associated with the loss of control over drug intake, namely, demyelination, axonal degeneration, and a reduction in glutamate transporter GLT-1 levels; and (iv) glial striatal neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, as previously reported for chronic alcohol and chronic nicotine use. These findings underline the relevance of polydrug animal models and their potential in the study of the wide spectrum of brain alterations induced by chronic morphine intake. This study should be valuable for future evaluations of therapeutic approaches for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Daniela Santapau
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Alba Ávila
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Carolina Ponce
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Pablo Berrios-Cárcamo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Belén Olivares
- Center for Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile;
| | - Javiera Gallardo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (M.E.Q.); (P.M.); (M.H.-M.); (Y.I.)
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile; (D.S.); (A.Á.); (P.B.-C.); (J.G.); (M.E.)
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Senior D, McCarthy M, Ahmed R, Klein S, Lee WX, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu D, Steiner H, Thanos PK. Chronic oral methylphenidate plus fluoxetine treatment in adolescent rats increases cocaine self-administration. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 8:100127. [PMID: 38274857 PMCID: PMC10809890 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are known to be comorbid. Treatment of these commonly coexisting diseases typically involves the combined prescription of methylphenidate (MP), a psychostimulant, and fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). MP and cocaine have similar mechanisms of action and this study examined the effects of chronic treatment of MP combined with FLX on cocaine consumption in rats. Methods Four groups of rats received access to drinking solutions of water (control), MP (30/60 mg/kg/day), FLX (20 mg/kg/day), or the combination of MP (30/60 mg/kg/day) plus FLX (20 mg/kg/day), during 8 h per day for one month. Following these drug treatments, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine for 14 days. Results Our results showed that, during the first week of cocaine self-administration, the MP-treated rats had significantly greater numbers of active lever presses (plus 127%) and increased consumption of cocaine compared to the control rats. In contrast, during week two of cocaine self-administration, the rats treated with the MP + FLX combination showed significantly more lever presses (plus 198%) and significantly greater cocaine consumption (plus 84%) compared to the water controls. Conclusion Chronic oral treatment during adolescence with the combination of MP plus FLX resulted in increased cocaine use after 2 weeks of cocaine self-administration in rats. These novel findings suggest that the combined exposure to these two drugs chronically, during adolescence, may produce increased vulnerability towards cocaine abuse during young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senior
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Madison McCarthy
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Rania Ahmed
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shannon Klein
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Wen Xuan Lee
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - David Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Heinz Steiner
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory (BNNL), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14051, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Bowirrat A, Elman I, Dennen CA, Gondré-Lewis MC, Cadet JL, Khalsa J, Baron D, Soni D, Gold MS, McLaughlin TJ, Bagchi D, Braverman ER, Ceccanti M, Thanos PK, Modestino EJ, Sunder K, Jafari N, Zeine F, Badgaiyan RD, Barh D, Makale M, Murphy KT, Blum K. Neurogenetics and Epigenetics of Loneliness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4839-4857. [PMID: 38050640 PMCID: PMC10693768 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s423802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness, an established risk factor for both, mental and physical morbidity, is a mounting public health concern. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying loneliness-related morbidity are not yet well defined. Here we examined the role of genes and associated DNA risk polymorphic variants that are implicated in loneliness via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and may thus point to specific therapeutic targets. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE databases using specific Medical Subject Headings terms such as loneliness and genes, neuro- and epigenetics, addiction, affective disorders, alcohol, anti-reward, anxiety, depression, dopamine, cancer, cardiovascular, cognitive, hypodopaminergia, medical, motivation, (neuro)psychopathology, social isolation, and reward deficiency. The narrative literature review yielded recursive collections of scientific and clinical evidence, which were subsequently condensed and summarized in the following key areas: (1) Genetic Antecedents: Exploration of multiple genes mediating reward, stress, immunity and other important vital functions; (2) Genes and Mental Health: Examination of genes linked to personality traits and mental illnesses providing insights into the intricate network of interaction converging on the experience of loneliness; (3) Epigenetic Effects: Inquiry into instances of loneliness and social isolation that are driven by epigenetic methylations associated with negative childhood experiences; and (4) Neural Correlates: Analysis of loneliness-related affective states and cognitions with a focus on hypodopaminergic reward deficiency arising in the context of early life stress, eg, maternal separation, underscoring the importance of parental support early in life. Identification of the individual contributions by various (epi)genetic factors presents opportunities for the creation of innovative preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for individuals who cope with persistent feelings of loneliness. The clinical facets and therapeutic prospects associated with the current understanding of loneliness, are discussed emphasizing the relevance of genes and DNA risk polymorphic variants in the context of loneliness-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Diwanshu Soni
- Western University Health Sciences School of Medicine, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas J McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Clinics, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- Division of Clinical Neurology, The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Alcohol Addiction Program, Latium Region Referral Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | | | - Keerthy Sunder
- Karma Doctors & Karma TMS, and Suder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Jafari
- Department of Human Development, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, WB, 721172, India
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Milan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA
| | - Kevin T Murphy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
- Division of Reward Deficiency Clinics, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Clinical Neurology, The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, WB, 721172, India
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Blum K, Gold MS, Cadet JL, Gondre-Lewis MC, McLaughlin T, Braverman ER, Elman I, Paul Carney B, Cortese R, Abijo T, Bagchi D, Giordano J, Dennen CA, Baron D, Thanos PK, Soni D, Makale MT, Makale M, Murphy KT, Jafari N, Sunder K, Zeine F, Ceccanti M, Bowirrat A, Badgaiyan RD. Invited Expert Opinion- Bioinformatic and Limitation Directives to Help Adopt Genetic Addiction Risk Screening and Identify Preaddictive Reward Dysregulation: Required Analytic Evidence to Induce Dopamine Homeostatsis. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2023; 11:10.18103/mra.v11i8.4211. [PMID: 37885438 PMCID: PMC10601302 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v11i8.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Addiction, albeit some disbelievers like Mark Lewis [1], is a chronic, relapsing brain disease, resulting in unwanted loss of control over both substance and non- substance behavioral addictions leading to serious adverse consequences [2]. Addiction scientists and clinicians face an incredible challenge in combatting the current opioid and alcohol use disorder (AUD) pandemic throughout the world. Provisional data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that from July 2021-2022, over 100,000 individuals living in the United States (US) died from a drug overdose, and 77,237 of those deaths were related to opioid use [3]. This number is expected to rise, and according to the US Surgeon General it is highly conceivable that by 2025 approximately 165,000 Americans will die from an opioid overdose. Alcohol abuse, according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), results in 3 million deaths worldwide every year, which represents 5.3% of all deaths globally [4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX., USA
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.,USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics Research, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Tx., 78701, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomic Research, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Bonita Springs, FL, USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO., USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD., USA
| | - Marjorie C. Gondre-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC., USA
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics Research, TranspliceGen Therapeutics, Inc., Austin, Tx., 78701, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX., USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA., USA
| | - B. Paul Carney
- Division Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO., USA
| | - Rene Cortese
- Department of Child Health – Child Health Research Institute, & Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health School of Medicine, University of Missouri, MO., USA
| | - Tomilowo Abijo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC., USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Giordano
- Division of Personalized Mental Illness Treatment & Research, Ketamine Infusion Clinics of South Florida, Pompano Beach, Fl., USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Diwanshu Soni
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
| | - Milan T. Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, UC San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
| | - Miles Makale
- Department of Psychology, UC San Diego, Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Nicole Jafari
- Department of Human Development, California State University at long Beach, Long Beach, CA., USA
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
| | - Keerthy Sunder
- Department of Psychiatry, Menifee Global Medical Center, Palm Desert, CA., USA
- Sunder Foundation, Palm Springs, CA, USA
| | - Foojan Zeine
- Awareness Integration Institute, San Clemente, CA., USA
- Department of Health Science, California State University at Long Beach, Long Beach, CA., USA
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze (SITAC), ASL Roma1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX., USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt Sinai University School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
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He J, Luo W, Mei Y, Xu Y, Ding S. Nalmefene combined noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coupled with type II respiratory failure: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34624. [PMID: 37543782 PMCID: PMC10403022 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nalmefene is an opioid system modulator with antagonist activity at the μ and δ receptors and partial agonist activity at the κ receptor. Previous studies have suggested that nalmefene could improve respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is no comprehensive systematic review published regarding the clinical efficacy of nalmefene. METHODS We explored the following electronic bibliographic databases: EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, Wanfang, and Chinese national knowledge infrastructure. To collect data from randomized controlled trials on the therapy of COPD coupled with type II respiratory failure and nalmefene + noninvasive ventilator treatment. The retrieved articles were screened to determine the final inclusion criteria and to extract relevant data, such as the clinical efficacy rate, pulmonary function, blood gas analysis, and adverse reactions. In our study, we used relative risk and weighted mean deviation, as well as a 95% confidence interval for describing nalmefene effectiveness and safety while treating COPD with type II respiratory failure. RESULTS The outcomes of the meta-analysis demonstrated that the clinical efficacy rate of the nalmefene + noninvasive ventilation group was higher than that of the naloxone + noninvasive ventilation and noninvasive ventilation groups. Moreover, the improvement indices of pH value, partial pressure and saturation of blood oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and pulmonary function of the nalmefene + noninvasive ventilation group were better than those of the noninvasive ventilation group, and there was no increase in the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION Nalmefene combined with noninvasive ventilation can significantly improve the blood gas index and lung function in patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Radiology department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Mei
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Shuangnan Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shilin Ding
- Guanghan Shilin Clinic of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Deyang, Sichuan, China
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Dennen A C, Blum K, Braverman R E, Bowirrat A, Gold M, Elman I, Thanos K P, Baron D, Gupta A, Edwards D, Badgaiyan D R. How to Combat the Global Opioid Crisis. CPQ NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 5:93. [PMID: 36812107 PMCID: PMC9937628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000 there have been 915,515 people who have died from a drug overdose in the United States (US). This number continues to increase and in 2021 drug overdose deaths reached a record high of 107,622, and opioids specifically were responsible for 80,816 of those deaths. This unprecedented rate of drug overdose deaths is the direct result of increasing rates of illicit drug use in the US. It was estimated that in the US in 2020, approximately 59.3 million individuals had used illicit drugs, 40.3 million had a substance use disorder (SUD), and 2.7 million had opioid use disorder (OUD). Typical treatment for OUD involves an opioid agonist (i.e., buprenorphine or methadone) along with a variety of psychotherapeutic interventions (i.e., motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), behavioral family counseling, mutual help groups, etc.). In addition to the aforementioned treatment options, there is an urgent need for new therapies and screening methods that are reliable, safe, and effective. Similar to the concept of prediabetes is the novel concept of "preaddiction." Preaddiction is defined as individuals with mild to moderate SUD or those at risk for developing a severe SUD/addiction. Screening for preaddiction could be achieved through genetic testing (i.e., the genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) test) and/or through other neuropsychiatric testing (i.e., Memory (CNSVS), Attention (TOVA), Neuropsychiatric (MCMI-III), Neurological Imaging (qEEG/P300/EP)). The concept of preaddiction, when used in conjunction with standardized and objective diagnostic screening/testing, would halt the rise of SUD and overdoses with early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dennen A
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA., USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eric Braverman R
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Marks Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO., USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA., USA
| | - Panayotis Thanos K
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY., USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY., USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Psychiatry, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA., USA
| | | | | | - Rajendra Badgaiyan D
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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12
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Blum K, Green R, Mullen P, Han D, Bowirrat A, Elman I, Floyd JB, Thanos PK, Baron D, Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD. Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution System (RDSSS) A Genetically Driven Putative Inducer of "Dopamine Homeostasis" as a Futuristic Alternative to Enhance Rehabilitation Instead of Incarceration. ASIAN JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : A-CAM 2023; 11:11-14. [PMID: 36865662 PMCID: PMC9977164 DOI: 10.53043/2347-3894.acam11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX., USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, VY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH., USA
| | - Richard Green
- Precision Translational Medicine, LLC, San Antonio, Tx, USA
| | - Paul Mullen
- School of Law, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Igor Elman
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John B Floyd
- Floyd, Skeren, and Kelly, PC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercise, Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai University, Ichan School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Blum K, Dennen CA, Baron D, Thanos PK, Badgaiyan RD. Offering a putative neurobiological "dopamine homeostatic" solution to overcome the perils of the reward deficiency syndrome pandemic: emergence of "precision behavioral management". ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1291. [PMID: 36618806 PMCID: PMC9816827 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2022-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division Of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA;,Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA;,The Kenneth Blum Institute of Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX, USA;,Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division Of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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14
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Abstract
The current addiction crisis has destroyed a multitude of lives, leaving millions of fatalities worldwide in its wake. At the same time, various governmental agencies dedicated to solving this seemingly never-ending dilemma have not yet succeeded or delivered on their promises. We understand that addictive behavioral seeking is a multi-faceted neurobiological and spiritually complicated phenomenon. However, although the substitution replacement approach, especially to treat Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), has importance for harm reduction in the short term, it does not bring about a harm-free recovery or prevention. Instead, we propose a promising novel approach that uses genetic risk testing with induction of dopamine homeostasis and an objective Brain Health Check during youth. Our model involves a six-hit approach known as the "Reward Dysregulation Syndrome Solution System," which can identify addiction risk and target the root cause of addiction, dopamine dysregulation. While we applaud all past sophisticated neurogenetic and neuropharmacological research, our opinion is that in the long term, addiction scientists and clinicians might characterize preaddiction using tests; for example, administering the validated RDSQuestionarre29, genetic risk assessment, a modified brain health check, or diagnostic framing of mild to moderate Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The preaddiction concept could incentivize the development of interventions to prevent addiction from developing in the first place and target and treat neurotransmitter imbalances and other early indications of addiction. WC 222.
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15
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Blum K, Han D, Bowirrat A, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Thanos PK, Baron D, Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Gupta A, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Llanos-Gomez L, Khalsa J, Barh D, McLaughlin T, Gold MS. Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for "Preaddiction" Severity Index. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1772. [PMID: 36579510 PMCID: PMC9696872 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS). To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least alcohol use disorder (AUD), a subset of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), Blum's group developed the genetic addiction risk severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions, including pain and even bariatric surgery, as a predictor of severe vulnerability to unwanted addictive behaviors, published since 1990 until now. This analysis calculated the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was applied to compare the gender, genotype, and allele distribution if available. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and the post risk for 8% estimation of the population's alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. Prior to these results, the United States and European patents on a ten gene panel and eleven risk alleles have been issued. In the face of the new construct of the "preaddiction" model, similar to "prediabetes", the genetic addiction risk analysis might provide one solution missing in the treatment and prevention of the neurological disorder known as RDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - David Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Bernard William Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA 19329, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Luis Llanos-Gomez
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse and Infections Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, LLC, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Should Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Be Considered an Umbrella Disorder for Mental Illness and Associated Genetic and Epigenetic Induced Dysregulation of Brain Reward Circuitry? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101719. [PMID: 36294858 PMCID: PMC9604605 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) is defined as a breakdown of reward neurotransmission that results in a wide range of addictive, compulsive, and impulsive behaviors. RDS is caused by a combination of environmental (epigenetic) influences and DNA-based (genetic) neurotransmission deficits that interfere with the normal satisfaction of human physiological drives (i.e., food, water, and sex). An essential feature of RDS is the lack of integration between perception, cognition, and emotions that occurs because of (1) significant dopaminergic surges in motivation, reward, and learning centers causing neuroplasticity in the striato-thalamic-frontal cortical loop; (2) hypo-functionality of the excitatory glutamatergic afferents from the amygdala-hippocampus complex. A large volume of literature regarding the known neurogenetic and psychological underpinnings of RDS has revealed a significant risk of dopaminergic gene polymorphic allele overlap between cohorts of depression and subsets of schizophrenia. The suggestion is that instead of alcohol, opioids, gambling disorders, etc. being endophenotypes, the true phenotype is RDS. Additionally, reward deficiency can result from depleted or hereditary hypodopaminergia, which can manifest as a variety of personality traits and mental/medical disorders that have been linked to genetic studies with dopamine-depleting alleles. The carrying of known DNA antecedents, including epigenetic insults, results in a life-long vulnerability to RDS conditions and addictive behaviors. Epigenetic repair of hypodopaminergia, the causative basis of addictive behaviors, may involve precision DNA-guided therapy achieved by combining the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test with a researched neutraceutical having a number of variant names, including KB220Z. This nutraceutical formulation with pro-dopamine regulatory capabilities has been studied and published in peer-reviewed journals, mostly from our laboratory. Finally, it is our opinion that RDS should be given an ICD code and deserves to be included in the DSM-VI because while the DSM features symptomology, it is equally important to feature etiological roots as portrayed in the RDS model.
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17
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Bajaj A, Blum K, Bowirrat A, Gupta A, Baron D, Fugel D, Nicholson A, Fitch T, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Dennen CA, Badgaiyan RD. DNA Directed Pro-Dopamine Regulation Coupling Subluxation Repair, H-Wave® and Other Neurobiologically Based Modalities to Address Complexities of Chronic Pain in a Female Diagnosed with Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Emergence of Induction of “Dopamine Homeostasis” in the Face of the Opioid Crisis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091416. [PMID: 36143203 PMCID: PMC9503998 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a complex multifactorial condition. Established genetic factors can provide clear guidance in assessing the risk of addiction to substances and behaviors. Chronic stress can accumulate, forming difficult to recognize addiction patterns from both genetic and epigenetic (environmental) factors. Furthermore, psychological/physical/chemical stressors are typically categorized linearly, delaying identification and treatment. The patient in this case report is a Caucasian female, aged 36, who presented with chronic pain and partial disability following a surgically repaired trimalleolar fracture. The patient had a history of unresolved attention deficit disorder and an MRI scan of her brain revealed atrophy and functional asymmetry. In 2018, the patient entered the Bajaj Chiropractic Clinic, where initial treatment focused on re-establishing integrity of the spine and lower extremity biomechanics and graduated into cognitive behavior stabilization assisted by DNA pro-dopamine regulation guided by Genetic Addiction Risk Severity testing. During treatment (2018–2021), progress achieved included: improved cognitive clarity, focus, sleep, anxiety, and emotional stability in addition to pain reduction (75%); elimination of powerful analgesics; and reduced intake of previously unaddressed alcoholism. To help reduce hedonic addictive behaviors and pain, coupling of H-Wave with corrective chiropractic care seems prudent. We emphasize the importance of genetic assessment along with attempts at inducing required dopaminergic homeostasis via precision KB220PAM. It is hypothesized that from preventive care models, a new standard is emerging including self-awareness and accountability for reward deficiency as a function of hypodopaminergia. This case study documents the progression of a patient dealing with the complexities of an injury, pain management, cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, and the application of universal health principles towards correction versus palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Bajaj
- Bajaj Chiropractic Clinic, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, and Primary Care, (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, and Primary Care, (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - David Fugel
- Bajaj Chiropractic Clinic, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | - Taylor Fitch
- Bajaj Chiropractic Clinic, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - B. William Downs
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern University College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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18
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Blum K, Han D, Gupta A, Baron D, Braverman ER, Dennen CA, Kazmi S, Llanos-Gomez L, Badgaiyan RD, Elman I, Thanos PK, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Gondre-Lewis MC, Gold MS, Bowirrat A. Statistical Validation of Risk Alleles in Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test: Early Identification of Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in 74,566 Case–Control Subjects. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091385. [PMID: 36143170 PMCID: PMC9505592 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including GWAS. To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Blum’s group developed the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions published from 1990 until 2021. This analysis calculated the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. If available, the Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was applied to comparisons of the gender, genotype, and allele distribution. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and a post-risk for 8% estimation of the population’s alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. The OR results showed significance for DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, COMT, OPRM1, and 5HTT at 5%. While most of the research related to GARS is derived from our laboratory, we are encouraging more independent research to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Dayton VA Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, LLC., Lederoch, PA 19438, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David Han
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA 19114, USA
| | - Shan Kazmi
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Luis Llanos-Gomez
- The Kenneth Blum Institute on Behavior & Neurogenetics, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Bill W. Downs
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, LLC., Lederoch, PA 19438, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, LLC., Lederoch, PA 19438, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Marjorie C. Gondre-Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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19
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Joshi A, Schott M, la Fleur SE, Barrot M. Role of the striatal dopamine, GABA and opioid systems in mediating feeding and fat intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104726. [PMID: 35691472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Food intake, which is a highly reinforcing behavior, provides nutrients required for survival in all animals. However, when fat and sugar consumption goes beyond the daily needs, it can favor obesity. The prevalence and severity of this health problem has been increasing with time. Besides covering nutrient and energy needs, food and in particular its highly palatable components, such as fats, also induce feelings of joy and pleasure. Experimental evidence supports a role of the striatal complex and of the mesolimbic dopamine system in both feeding and food-related reward processing, with the nucleus accumbens as a key target for reward or reinforcing-associated signaling during food intake behavior. In this review, we provide insights concerning the impact of feeding, including fat intake, on different types of receptors and neurotransmitters present in the striatal complex. Reciprocally, we also cover the evidence for a modulation of palatable food intake by different neurochemical systems in the striatal complex and in particular the nucleus accumbens, with a focus on dopamine, GABA and the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Joshi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Schott
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Susanne Eva la Fleur
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michel Barrot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Madigan MA, Gupta A, Bowirrat A, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Elman I, Dennen CA, Braverman ER, Gold MS, Blum K. Precision Behavioral Management (PBM) and Cognitive Control as a Potential Therapeutic and Prophylactic Modality for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Is There Enough Evidence? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116395. [PMID: 35681980 PMCID: PMC9180535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This brief commentary aims to provide an overview of the available and relatively new precision management of reward deficiencies manifested as substance and behavioral disorders. Current and future advances, concepts, and the substantial evidential basis of this potential therapeutic and prophylactic treatment modality are presented. Precision Behavioral Management (PBM), conceptualized initially as Precision Addiction Management (PAM), certainly deserves consideration as an important modality for the treatment of impaired cognitive control in reward processing as manifested in people with neurobiologically expressed Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Madigan
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - David Baron
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (P.A.I.N Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX 78701, USA; (M.A.M.); (C.A.D.); (E.R.B.)
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Division of Addiction Research & Education, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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22
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Overcoming reward deficiency syndrome by the induction of “dopamine homeostasis” instead of opioids for addiction: illusion or reality? J Osteopath Med 2022; 122:333-337. [DOI: 10.1515/jom-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many individuals in the United States are plagued by addiction, and the rate at which it is affecting people in the United States only seems to be increasing. Research shows that addiction is a preventable disorder rather than a flaw in one’s moral fiber. It is driven by the imbalance of dopamine and the brain’s reward system. Although medication-assisted treatment (MAT), the most common treatment for addiction, are effective in reducing harm, they provide minimal aid in addressing the root cause of this preventable disorder. The authors aim to convey that the proper treatment should help restore dopamine balance so the quality of life can be improved in the recovering community. Osteopathic principles emphasize the importance of homeostasis and allostasis in allowing the body to heal itself. Viewing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) through this osteopathic lens can bring about treatments that aim to restore the dopamine homeostasis. The article discusses various potential therapeutic modalities that can provide dopamine homeostasis via activation of dopaminergic pathways.
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23
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Blum K, McLaughlin T, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Baron D, Gomez LL, Ceccanti M, Braverman ER, Thanos PK, Cadet JL, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Jalali R, Green R, Simpatico TA, Gupta A, Gold MS. Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Surprisingly Is Evolutionary and Found Everywhere: Is It "Blowin' in the Wind"? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020321. [PMID: 35207809 PMCID: PMC8875142 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) encompasses many mental health disorders, including a wide range of addictions and compulsive and impulsive behaviors. Described as an octopus of behavioral dysfunction, RDS refers to abnormal behavior caused by a breakdown of the cascade of reward in neurotransmission due to genetic and epigenetic influences. The resultant reward neurotransmission deficiencies interfere with the pleasure derived from satisfying powerful human physiological drives. Epigenetic repair may be possible with precision gene-guided therapy using formulations of KB220, a nutraceutical that has demonstrated pro-dopamine regulatory function in animal and human neuroimaging and clinical trials. Recently, large GWAS studies have revealed a significant dopaminergic gene risk polymorphic allele overlap between depressed and schizophrenic cohorts. A large volume of literature has also identified ADHD, PTSD, and spectrum disorders as having the known neurogenetic and psychological underpinnings of RDS. The hypothesis is that the true phenotype is RDS, and behavioral disorders are endophenotypes. Is it logical to wonder if RDS exists everywhere? Although complex, “the answer is blowin’ in the wind,” and rather than intangible, RDS may be foundational in species evolution and survival, with an array of many neurotransmitters and polymorphic loci influencing behavioral functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-2167
| | | | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | | | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Luis Llanos Gomez
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Alcohol Addiction Program, Latium Region Referral Center, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | | | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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24
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Lee YK, Gold MS, Fuehrlein BS. Looking beyond the opioid receptor: A desperate need for new treatments for opioid use disorder. J Neurol Sci 2022; 432:120094. [PMID: 34933249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay of treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is opioid agonist therapy (OAT), which modulates opioid receptors to reduce substance craving and use. OAT maintains dependence on opioids but helps reduce overdose and negative sequelae of substance abuse. Despite increasing availability of OAT, its effectiveness is limited by difficulty in initiating and maintaining patients on treatment. With the worsening opioid epidemic in the United States and rising overdose deaths, a more durable and effective treatment for OUD is necessary. This paper reviews novel treatments being investigated for OUD, including neuromodulatory interventions, psychedelic drugs, and other novel approaches. Neuromodulatory interventions can stimulate the addiction neural circuitry involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and deeper mesolimbic structures to curb craving and reduce use, and multiple clinical trials for interventional treatment for OUD are currently conducted. Similarly, psychedelic agents are being investigated for efficacy in OUD specifically. There is a resurgence of interest in psychedelic agents' therapeutic potential, with evidence of improving mood symptoms and decreased substance use even after just one dose. Exact mechanism of their anti-addictive effect is not fully elucidated, but psychedelic agents do not maintain opioid dependence and some may even be helpful in abating symptoms of withdrawal. Other potential approaches for OUD include targeting different parts of the dopamine-dependent addiction pathway, identifying susceptible genes and modulating gene products, as well as utilizing vaccines as immunotherapy to blunt the addictive effects of substances. Much more clinical data are needed to support efficacy and safety of these therapies in OUD, but these proposed novel treatments look beyond the opioid receptor to offer hope for a more durably effective OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Lee
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Brian S Fuehrlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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25
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Strickland JC, Gipson CD, Dunn KE. Dopamine Supersensitivity: A Novel Hypothesis of Opioid-Induced Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Opioid-Stimulant Co-use and Opioid Relapse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:835816. [PMID: 35492733 PMCID: PMC9051080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent harms presented by the co-use of opioids and methamphetamine highlight the broader public health challenge of preventing and treating opioid and stimulant co-use. Development of effective therapeutics requires an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that may be driving co-use patterns, specifically the underlying neurobiology of co-use and how they may facilitate (or be leveraged to prevent) continued use patterns. This narrative review summarizes largely preclinical data that demonstrate clinically-meaningful relationships between the dopamine and opioid systems with direct implications for opioid and stimulant co-use. Synthesized conclusions of this body of research include evidence that changes in the dopamine system occur only once physical dependence to opioids develops, that the chronicity of opioid exposure is associated with the severity of changes, and that withdrawal leaves the organism in a state of substantive dopamine deficit that persists long after the somatic or observed signs of opioid withdrawal appear to have resolved. Evidence also suggests that dopamine supersensitivity develops soon after opioid abstinence and results in increased response to dopamine agonists that increases in magnitude as the abstinence period continues and is evident several weeks into protracted withdrawal. Mechanistically, this supersensitivity appears to be mediated by changes in the sensitivity, not quantity, of dopamine D2 receptors. Here we propose a neural circuit mechanism unique to withdrawal from opioid use with implications for increased stimulant sensitivity in previously stimulant-naïve or inexperienced populations. These hypothesized effects collectively delineate a mechanism by which stimulants would be uniquely reinforcing to persons with opioid physical dependence, would contribute to the acute opioid withdrawal syndrome, and could manifest subjectively as craving and/or motivation to use that could prompt opioid relapse during acute and protracted withdrawal. Preclinical research is needed to directly test these hypothesized mechanisms. Human laboratory and clinical trial research is needed to explore these clinical predictions and to advance the goal of developing treatments for opioid-stimulant co-use and/or opioid relapse prevention and withdrawal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Roy AK, Bowirrat A, Smith DE, Braverman ER, Jalali R, Badgaiyan RD, Baron D, Llanos-Gomez L, Barh D, Blum K. Neurobiology and Spirituality in Addiction Recovery. ACTA SCIENTIFIC NEUROLOGY 2021; 4:64-71. [PMID: 35098052 PMCID: PMC8793770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This commentary explores the neurobiology of spirituality and asks whether it is possible or desirable to apply genetic engineering to increase human spiritual and religious experience - (gene-spirituality) to deal better with the ever-increasing catastrophes that face humanity? Neurological connections between spirituality and reward genes, reward deficiencies (RDS) (hypodopaminergia), the mirror neuron system, and the default mode network are examined. Some interventions from addiction medicine that may be useful to enhance the neuro-spirituality connectome identified as a cornerstone of the Purpose and Meaning of Life as Reward (PMLR) are identified as reasonable targets for interventions to treat RDS and balance DMN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenison Roy
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA., USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - David E Smith
- Institute of Health and Aging, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric R Braverman
- Path Foundation NY, New York City, NY, USA
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute (Division of iVitalize Inc.), Austin, TX., USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute (Division of iVitalize Inc.), Austin, TX., USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, NY, USA and Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David Baron
- Western University Health Science Centers, Graduate College, Pompano, CA, USA
| | - Luis Llanos-Gomez
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute (Division of iVitalize Inc.), Austin, TX., USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA., USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Kenneth Blum
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute (Division of iVitalize Inc.), Austin, TX., USA
- Western University Health Science Centers, Graduate College, Pompano, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrigenomics, Geneus Health, LLC (Division of iVitalize, Inc.) San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
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Oswald LM, Dunn KE, Seminowicz DA, Storr CL. Early Life Stress and Risks for Opioid Misuse: Review of Data Supporting Neurobiological Underpinnings. J Pers Med 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 33921642 PMCID: PMC8072718 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust body of research has shown that traumatic experiences occurring during critical developmental periods of childhood when neuronal plasticity is high increase risks for a spectrum of physical and mental health problems in adulthood, including substance use disorders. However, until recently, relatively few studies had specifically examined the relationships between early life stress (ELS) and opioid use disorder (OUD). Associations with opioid use initiation, injection drug use, overdose, and poor treatment outcome have now been demonstrated. In rodents, ELS has also been shown to increase the euphoric and decrease antinociceptive effects of opioids, but little is known about these processes in humans or about the neurobiological mechanisms that may underlie these relationships. This review aims to establish a theoretical model that highlights the mechanisms by which ELS may alter opioid sensitivity, thereby contributing to future risks for OUD. Alterations induced by ELS in mesocorticolimbic brain circuits, and endogenous opioid and dopamine neurotransmitter systems are described. The limited but provocative evidence linking these alterations with opioid sensitivity and risks for OUD is presented. Overall, the findings suggest that better understanding of these mechanisms holds promise for reducing vulnerability, improving prevention strategies, and prescribing guidelines for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M. Oswald
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Kelly E. Dunn
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA;
| | - David A. Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carla L. Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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Blum K, Morgan J, Cadet JL, Baron D, Carney PR, Khalsa J, Badgaiyan RD, Gold MS. Psychoactive Drugs Like Cannabis -Induce Hypodopaminergic Anhedonia and Neuropsychological Dysfunction in Humans: Putative Induction of Dopamine Homeostasis via Coupling of Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) testing and Precision Pro-dopamine Regulation (KB220). NEUROLOGY (E-CRONICON) 2021; 13:86-92. [PMID: 34085060 PMCID: PMC8171216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many US states now embrace the medical and recreational use of Cannabis. Changes in the laws have heightened interest and encouraged research into both cannabinoid products and the potential harms of Cannabis use, addiction and intoxication. The major active ingredient of Cannabis sativa (marijuana), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and it powerfully stimulates the type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor. When used in the form of the plant marijuana, because of the many compounds that exist in the plant form they could inhibit the activity of the CB1 receptor thereby reducing many of the effects of THC. While this mechanism seems correct, in our opinion, Vallee., et al. incorrectly suggest that blocking CB1 receptors could open unforeseen approaches to the treatment of cannabis intoxication and addiction. We caution the scientific community that, other CB1 receptor blockers, such as, Rimonabant (SR141718) have been pulled off the market in Europe. In addition, CB1 receptor blockers were rejected by the FDA due to mood changes including suicide ideation. We argue that one issue facing the scientific community, has to do with the increasing legalization of Cannabis products in many states across America. We are in favor of some reform in terms of either decriminalization or restrictive legalization especially in control of legal limits of THC. Like other psychoactive compounds at high doses, it is our hypothesis that chronic use of these drugs including high THC content in its various forms (wax, smoke or vapor) resulting in brain reward dysfunction induces an imbalance of neurotransmission and subsequent hypodopaminergia and lead to aberrant substance and non-substance (behavioral) addictions. It is further proposed that in order to overcome THC and even other psychoactive drugs of abuse induced anhedonia the coupling of genetic risk testing and pro dopamine regulation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Precision Translational Medicine, LLC., San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Genomic Testing Center, Geneus Health, LLC., San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, VT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Morgan
- Substance Use Disorders Institute University of Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Baron
- Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Paul R Carney
- Neuroscience Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jag Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Blum K, Kazmi S, Modestino EJ, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Baron D, McLaughlin T, Green R, Jalali R, Thanos PK, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Bowirrat A, Gold MS. A Novel Precision Approach to Overcome the "Addiction Pandemic" by Incorporating Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) and Dopamine Homeostasis Restoration. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030212. [PMID: 33809702 PMCID: PMC8002215 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a unique therapeutic precision intervention, a formulation of enkephalinase inhibitors, enkephalin, and dopamine-releasing neuronutrients, to induce dopamine homeostasis for detoxification and treatment of individuals genetically predisposed to developing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The formulations are based on the results of the addiction risk severity (GARS) test. Based on both neurogenetic and epigenetic evidence, the test evaluates the presence of reward genes and risk alleles. Existing evidence demonstrates that the novel genetic risk testing system can successfully stratify the potential for developing opioid use disorder (OUD) related risks or before initiating opioid analgesic therapy and RDS risk for people in recovery. In the case of opioid use disorders, long-term maintenance agonist treatments like methadone and buprenorphine may create RDS, or RDS may have been in existence, but not recognized. The test will also assess the potential for benefit from medication-assisted treatment with dopamine augmentation. RDS methodology holds a strong promise for reducing the burden of addictive disorders for individuals, their families, and society as a whole by guiding the restoration of dopamine homeostasisthrough anti-reward allostatic neuroadaptations. WC 175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
- Center for Genomic Testing, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619p-890-2167
| | - Shan Kazmi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
| | | | - Bill William Downs
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Precision Nutrition, Victory Nutrition International, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (B.W.D.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - David Baron
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Precision Translational Medicine (Division of Ivitalize), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (T.M.); (R.G.); (R.J.)
- Center for Genomic Testing, Geneus Health LLC, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard University, School of Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital and Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Gold MS. The American Opioid Epidemic: From Patient Care to Public Health. J Psychiatr Pract 2021; 27:147-148. [PMID: 34519281 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- GOLD: Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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