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Ning S, Wang C, Zhao L, Yang J, Shi X, Zheng Y. Lecithin/chitosan nanoparticle drug carrier improves anti-tumor efficacy of Monascus pigment rubropunctatin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125058. [PMID: 37236571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rubropunctatin, a metabolite isolated from the fungi of the genus Monascus, is a natural lead compound applied for the suppression of tumors with good anti-cancer activity. However, its poor aqueous solubility has limited its further clinical development and utilization. Lecithin and chitosan are excellently biocompatible and biodegradable natural materials, which have been approved by the FDA as drug carrier. Here, we report for the first time the construction of a lecithin/chitosan nanoparticle drug carrier of the Monascus pigment rubropunctatin by electrostatic self-assembly between lecithin and chitosan. The nanoparticles are near-spherical with a size 110-120 nm. They are soluble in water and possess excellent homogenization capacity and dispersibility. Our in vitro drug release assay showed a sustained release of rubropunctatin. CCK-8 assays revealed that lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles loaded with rubropunctatin (RCP-NPs) had significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against mouse mammary cancer 4T1 cells. The flow cytometry results revealed that RCP-NPs significantly boosted cellular uptake and apoptosis. The tumor-bearing mice models we developed indicated that RCP-NPs effectively inhibited tumor growth. Our present findings suggest that lecithin/chitosan nanoparticle drug carriers improve the anti-tumor effect of the Monascus pigment rubropunctatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Ning
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Congchun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Xianai Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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2
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Lai HC, Lin HJ, Shih YH, Chou JW, Lin KW, Jeng LB, Huang ST. LipoCol Forte capsules reduce the risk of liver cancer: A propensity score-matched, nationwide, population-based cohort study. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:828-842. [PMID: 37275448 PMCID: PMC10237025 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i5.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is among the top five most common cancers globally. Lipid-lowering drugs such as statins can lower the risk of liver cancer, but may also cause liver damage. LipoCol Forte capsules (LFC), a red yeast rice product, have demonstrated significant antihypercholesterolemic effects and a good safety profile in clinical studies.
AIM To evaluate whether LFC lowers the risk of liver cancer in adults in this propensity score-matched, nationwide, population-based cohort study.
METHODS We used data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, which includes electronic medical records for up to 99.99% of Taiwan’s population. LFC users and LFC non-users were matched 1:1 by propensity scores between January 2010 and December 2017. All had follow-up data for at least 1 year. Statistical analyses compared demographic distributions including sex, age, comorbidities, and prescribed medications. Cox regression analyses estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) after adjusting for potential confounders.
RESULTS We enrolled 33231 LFC users and 33231 non-LFC users (controls). No significant differences between the study cohorts were identified regarding comorbidities and medications [standardized mean difference (SMD) < 0.05]. At follow-up, the overall incidence of liver cancer was significantly lower in the LFC cohort compared with controls [aHR 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-0.95; P < 0.001]. The risk of liver cancer was significantly reduced in both females (aHR 0.87; 95%CI: 0.8-0.94; P < 0.001) and males (aHR 0.93; 95%CI: 0.87-0.98; P < 0.01) in the LFC cohort compared with their counterparts in the non-LFC cohort. The antitumor protective effects applied to patients with comorbidities (including hypertension, ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis B infection and hepatitis C infection). Those using LFC for more than 84 drug days had a 0.64-fold lower risk of liver cancer compared with controls (P < 0.001). Compared with controls, the risk of developing liver cancer in the LFC cohort progressively decreased over time; the lowest incidence of liver cancer occurred in LFC users followed-up for more than 6 years (27.44 vs 31.49 per 1,000 person-years; aHR 0.75; 95%CI: 0.68-0.82; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION This retrospective cohort study indicates that LFC has a significantly protective effect on lowering the risk of liver cancer, in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chun Lai
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Lin
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiu Shih
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Chou
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wen Lin
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 709204, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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Wu MD, Chen JJ, Cheng MJ. Secondary Metabolites with Antifungal Activities from Mangrove Derived Fungus Monascus purpureus WMD2424. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040200. [PMID: 37103340 PMCID: PMC10143918 DOI: 10.3390/md21040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mold Monascus, also called red yeast rice, anka, or koji, has been used as the natural food coloring agent and food additives for more than 1000 years in Asian countries. It has also been used in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine due to its easing digestion and antiseptic effects. However, under different culture conditions, the ingredients in Monascus-fermented products may be changed. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the ingredients, as well as the bioactivities of Monascus-derived natural products, is important. Here, through the thorough investigation into the chemical constituents of M. purpureus wmd2424, five previously undescribed compounds, monascuspurins A-E (1-5), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of mangrove-derived fungus Monascus purpureus wmd2424 cultured in RGY medium. All the constituents were confirmed via HRESIMS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Their antifungal activity was also evaluated. Our results showed that four constituents (compounds 3-5) possessed mild antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is worth mentioning that the chemical composition of the type strain Monascus purpureus wmd2424 has never been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Wu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Cheng
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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Shi X, Li M, Huang Q, Xie L, Huang Z. Monacolin K Induces Apoptosis of Human Glioma U251 Cells by Triggering ROS-Mediated Oxidative Damage and Regulating MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1331-1341. [PMID: 36917811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K (MK), a polyketo secondary metabolic compound of the mold genus Monascus, can promote the apoptosis of malignant cancer cells, possessing potential antitumor properties. However, its mechanism of action on gliomas remains unclear. Here, we explored and investigated the potential of the monacolin K's antitumor effect on human glioma U251 cells and its possible molecular mechanism. Results showed that the application of 10 μM monacolin K inhibited the proliferation of U251 cells, with an inhibitory rate of up to 53.4%. Additionally, monacolin K induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and activated mitochondria-mediated pathways, including decreased MMP, activation of caspase3/caspase9, decreased Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, and disruption of the antioxidant system, resulting in the disruption of intracellular reduction-oxidation homeostasis. Monacolin K also activated MAPK and NF-κB pathways, upregulating P38 activity and downregulating JNK/ERK/P65/IκBα expression, ultimately leading to apoptosis of U251 cells. Importantly, monacolin K was not cytotoxic to normal human cells, hUC-MSCs. We concluded that monacolin K can induce apoptosis in U251 cells by triggering ROS-mediated oxidative damage and regulating MAPKs and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiming Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, No. 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China.,The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liuming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.,Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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Salinas-Arellano ED, Castro-Dionicio IY, Jeyaraj JG, Mirtallo Ezzone NP, Carcache de Blanco EJ. Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Studies of Selected Botanical Dietary Supplements Used in the United States. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 122:1-162. [PMID: 37392311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26768-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on their current wide bioavailability, botanical dietary supplements have become an important component of the United States healthcare system, although most of these products have limited scientific evidence for their use. The most recent American Botanical Council Market Report estimated for 2020 a 17.3% increase in sales of these products when compared to 2019, for a total sales volume of $11,261 billion. The use of botanical dietary supplements products in the United States is guided by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) from 1994, enacted by the U.S. Congress with the aim of providing more information to consumers and to facilitate access to a larger number of botanical dietary supplements available on the market than previously. Botanical dietary supplements may be formulated for and use only using crude plant samples (e.g., plant parts such as the bark, leaves, or roots) that can be processed by grinding into a dried powder. Plant parts can also be extracted with hot water to form an "herbal tea." Other preparations of botanical dietary supplements include capsules, essential oils, gummies, powders, tablets, and tinctures. Overall, botanical dietary supplements contain bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemotypes that typically are found at low concentration levels. These bioactive constituents usually occur in combination with inactive molecules that may induce synergy and potentiation of the effects observed when botanical dietary supplements are taken in their different forms. Most of the botanical dietary supplements available on the U.S. market have been used previously as herbal remedies or as part of traditional medicine systems from around the world. Their prior use in these systems also provides a certain level of assurance in regard to lower toxicity levels. This chapter will focus on the importance and diversity of the chemical features of bioactive secondary metabolites found in botanical dietary supplements that are responsible for their applications. Many of the active principles of botanical dietary substances are phenolics and isoprenoids, but glycosides and some alkaloids are also present. Biological studies on the active constituents of selected botanical dietary supplements will be discussed. Thus, the present chapter should be of interest for both members of the natural products scientific community, who may be performing development studies of the products available, as well as for healthcare professionals who are directly involved in the analysis of botanical interactions and evaluation of the suitability of botanical dietary supplements for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Salinas-Arellano
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ines Y Castro-Dionicio
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan G Jeyaraj
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nathan P Mirtallo Ezzone
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Esperanza J Carcache de Blanco
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Colletti A, Fratter A, Pellizzato M, Cravotto G. Nutraceutical Approaches to Dyslipidaemia: The Main Formulative Issues Preventing Efficacy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224769. [PMID: 36432457 PMCID: PMC9696395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the nutraceutical approach to treat dyslipidaemia is increasing in use, and in many cases is used by physicians as the first choice in the treatment of patients with borderline values. Nutraceuticals represent an excellent opportunity to treat the preliminary conditions not yet showing the pathological signs of dyslipidaemia. Their general safety, the patient's confidence, the convincing proof of efficacy and the reasonable costs prompted the market of new preparations. Despite this premise, many nutraceutical products are poorly formulated and do not meet the minimum requirements to ensure efficacy in normalizing blood lipid profiles, promoting cardiovascular protection, and normalizing disorders of glycemic metabolism. In this context, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the active compounds is a crucial issue. Little attention is paid to the proper formulations needed to improve the overall bioavailability of the active molecules. According to these data, many products prove to be insufficient to ensure full enteric absorption. The present review analysed the literature in the field of nutraceuticals for the treatment of dyslipidemia, focusing on resveratrol, red yeast rice, berberine, and plant sterols, which are among the nutraceuticals with the greatest formulation problems, highlighting bioavailability and the most suitable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colletti
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
| | - Andrea Fratter
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Marzia Pellizzato
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Italian Society of Nutraceutical Formulators (SIFNut), 31033 Treviso, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7103
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El-Sayed ESR, Gach J, Olejniczak T, Boratyński F. A new endophyte Monascus ruber SRZ112 as an efficient production platform of natural pigments using agro-industrial wastes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12611. [PMID: 35871189 PMCID: PMC9308793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of biopigment applications in various industrial sectors are gaining importance due to the growing consumer interest in their natural origin. Thus, this work was conducted to valorize endophytic fungi as an efficient production platform for natural pigments. A promising strain isolated from leaves of Origanum majorana was identified as Monascus ruber SRZ112 produced several types of pigments. The nature of the pigments, mainly rubropunctamine, monascin, ankaflavin, rubropunctatin, and monascorubrin in the fungal extract was studied by LC/ESI-MS/MS analyses. As a first step towards developing an efficient production of red pigments, the suitability of seven types of agro-industrial waste was evaluated. The highest yield of red pigments was obtained using potato peel moistened with mineral salt broth as a culture medium. To increase yield of red pigments, favourable culture conditions including incubation temperature, incubation period, pH of moistening agent, inoculum concentration, substrate weight and moisture level were evaluated. Additionally, yield of red pigments was intensified after the exposure of M. ruber SRZ112 spores to 1.00 KGy gamma rays. The final yield was improved by a 22.12-fold increase from 23.55 to 3351.87 AU g-1. The anticancer and antioxidant properties of the pigment's extract from the fungal culture were also studied. The obtained data indicated activity of the extract against human breast cancer cell lines with no significant cytotoxicity against normal cell lines. The extract also showed a free radical scavenging potential. This is the first report, to our knowledge, on the isolation of the endophytic M. ruber SRZ112 strain with the successful production of natural pigments under solid-state fermentation using potato peel as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Joanna Gach
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olejniczak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Filip Boratyński
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
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Chen YP, Wu HT, Hwang IE, Chen FF, Yao JY, Yin Y, Chen MY, Liaw LL, Kuo YC. Identification of the high-yield monacolin K strain from Monascus spp. and its submerged fermentation using different medicinal plants. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:20. [PMID: 35779152 PMCID: PMC9250582 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical plants confer various benefits to human health and their bioconversion through microbial fermentation can increase efficacy, reduce toxicity, conserve resources and produce new chemical components. In this study, the cholesterol-lowering monacolin K genes and content produced by Monascus species were identified. The high-yield monacolin K strain further fermented with various medicinal plants. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, red pigment and monacolin K content, total phenolic content, and metabolites in the fermented products were analyzed. RESULTS Monacolin K was detected in Monascus pilosus (BCRC 38072), and Monascus ruber (BCRC 31533, 31523, 31534, 31535, and 33323). It responded to the highly homologous mokA and mokE genes encoding polyketide synthase and dehydrogenase. The high-yield monacolin K strain, M. ruber BCRC 31535, was used for fermentation with various medicinal plants. A positive relationship between the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the fermented products was observed after 60 days of fermentation, and both declined after 120 days of fermentation. By contrast, red pigment and monacolin K accumulated over time during fermentation, and the highest monacolin K content was observed in the fermentation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, as confirmed by RT-qPCR. Moreover, Monascus-fermented medicinal plants including Paeonia lactiflora, Alpinia oxyphylla, G. uralensis, and rice were not cytotoxic. Only the product of Monascus-fermented G. uralensis significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose-dependent manner in lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. The metabolites of G. uralensis with and without fermentation (60 days) were compared by LC/MS. 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, and 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate were considered to enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability. CONCLUSIONS Given that highly homologous monacolin K and citrinin genes can be observed in Monascus spp., monacolin K produced by Monascus species without citrinin genes can be detected through the complementary methods of PCR and HPLC. In addition, the optimal fermentation time was important to the acquisition of antioxidants, red pigment and monacolin K. These bioactive substances were significantly affected by medicinal plants over fermentation time. Consequently, Monascus-fermented G. uralensis had a broad spectrum of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Hong-Tan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Ing-Er Hwang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Fang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Jeng-Yuan Yao
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Yiling Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Meng-Yun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, Fujian, China
| | - Li-Ling Liaw
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Cheng Kuo
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, HsinChu, Taiwan.
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Chaudhary V, Katyal P, Poonia AK, Kaur J, Puniya AK, Panwar H. Natural pigment from Monascus: The production and therapeutic significance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:18-38. [PMID: 34569683 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present review highlights the advantages of using natural colorant over the synthetic one. We have discussed the fermentation parameters that can enhance the productivity of Monascus pigment on agricultural wastes. BACKGROUND Food industry is looking for natural colours because these can enhance the esthetic value, attractiveness, and acceptability of food while remaining nontoxic. Many synthetic food colours (Azorubine Carmoisine, quinoline) have been prohibited due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Increasing consumer awareness towards the food safety has forced the manufacturing industries to look for suitable alternatives. In addition to safety, natural colorants have been found to have nutritional and therapeutic significance. Among the natural colorants, microbial pigments can be considered as a viable option because of scalability, easier production, no seasonal dependence, cheaper raw materials and easier extraction. Fungi such as Monascus have a long history of safety and therefore can be used for production of biopigments. METHOD The present review summarizes the predicted biosynthetic pathways and pigment gene clusters in Monascus purpureus. RESULTS The challenges faced during the pilot-scale production of Monascus biopigment and taming it by us of low-cost agro-industrial substrates for solid state fermentation has been suggested. CONCLUSION Keeping in mind, therapeutic properties of Monascus pigments and their derivatives, they have huge potential for industrial and pharmaceutical application. APPLICATION Though the natural pigments have wide scope in the food industry. However, stabilization of pigment is the greatest challenge and attempts are being made to overcome this by complexion with hydrocolloids or metals and by microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Katyal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Poonia
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Abdollahi F, Jahadi M, Ghavami M. Thermal stability of natural pigments produced by Monascus purpureus in submerged fermentation. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4855-4862. [PMID: 34531997 PMCID: PMC8441413 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major aim of the current study was to assess thermal stability of red pigments produced by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16362/PTCC 5303 in submerged fermentation. Natural pigments were produced by Monascus purpureus using stirred tank bioreactor. Stability of Monascus purpureus pigments was assessed under various temperature (50.2-97.8°C), salt (0%-2.5%), and pH (4.3-7.7) values. Thermal degradation constant and half-life value of the red Monascus purpureus pigments were analyzed using response surface methodology followed by a first-order kinetic reaction. Results of this study showed that pH, temperature, and salt content could affect red color stability of Monascus purpureus. The pigment showed various stabilities in various thermal conditions (temperature, salt, and pH). At high temperatures, degradation constant of the red pigments increased with decreasing pH, revealing that the Monascus red pigment was destroyed at lower pH values and salt could affect stability of the red pigments at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdollahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mahshid Jahadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) BranchIslamic Azad UniversityIsfahanIran
| | - Mehrdad Ghavami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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11
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Rana B, Bhattacharyya M, Patni B, Arya M, Joshi GK. The Realm of Microbial Pigments in the Food Color Market. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.603892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors are added to food items to make them more attractive and appealing. Food colorants therefore, have an impressive market due to the requirements of food industries. A variety of synthetic coloring agents approved as food additives are available and being used in different types of food prepared or manufactured worldwide. However, there is a growing concern that the use of synthetic colors may exert a negative impact on human health and environment in the long run. The natural pigments obtained from animals, plants, and microorganisms are a promising alternative to synthetic food colorants. Compared to animal and plant sources, microorganisms offer many advantages such as no seasonal impact on the quality and quantity of the pigment, ease of handling and genetic manipulation, amenability to large scale production with little or no impact on biodiversity etc. Among the microorganisms algae, fungi and bacteria are being used to produce pigments as food colorants. This review describes the types of microbial food pigments in use, their benefits, production strategies, and associated challenges.
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12
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Silva LJG, Pereira AMPT, Pena A, Lino CM. Citrinin in Foods and Supplements: A Review of Occurrence and Analytical Methodologies. Foods 2020; 10:E14. [PMID: 33374559 PMCID: PMC7822436 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) deserves attention due to its known toxic effects in mammalian species and its widespread occurrence in food commodities, often along with ochratoxin A, another nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Human exposure, a key element in assessing risk related to food contaminants, depends upon mycotoxin contamination levels in food and on food consumption. Commercial supplements, commonly designated as red rice, usually used in daily diets in Asiatic countries due to their medicinal properties, may pose a health problem as a result of high CIT levels. In addition to the worldwide occurrence of CIT in foods and supplements, a wide range of several analytical and detection techniques with high sensitivity, used for evaluation of CIT, are reviewed and discussed in this manuscript. This review addresses the scientific literature regarding the presence of CIT in foods of either vegetable or animal origin, as well as in supplements. On what concerns analytical methodologies, sample extraction methods, such as shaking extraction and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), clean-up methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuECHERS), and detection and quantification methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), biosensors, and ELISA, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana J. G. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.M.P.T.P.); (A.P.); (C.M.L.)
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13
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Gachpazan M, Kashani H, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Rezayi M, Asgharzadeh F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The Impact of Statin Therapy on the Survival of Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:738-747. [PMID: 30539694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181211165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors that may play an important role in the evolution of cancers, due to their effects on cancer cell metabolism. Statins affect several potential pathways, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastasis. The number of trials assessing the putative clinical benefits of statins in cancer is increasing. Currently, there are several trials listed on the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from these trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant gastrointestinal cancer setting. However, randomized controlled trials on specific cancer types in relation to statin use, as well as studies on populations without a clinical indication for using statins, have elucidated some potential underlying biological mechanisms, and the investigation of different statins is probably warranted. It would be useful for these trials to incorporate the assessment of tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in their design. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical studies that assess the application of statins in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers with particular emphasize on their association with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Gachpazan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Kashani
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Shamloo HB, Shahabi A, Aghazadeh Z, Yari Khosroushahi A. Pichia fermentans originates apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma by over-expressing BAX and CASP 9 genes. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:445-454. [PMID: 32253629 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the oral cavity. Probiotics have often been considered as effective anti-tumoral candidates. This study aimed to investigate the role of Pichia fermentans YSH secretion metabolites on the induction of apoptosis in SCC. Cytotoxicity, apoptotic effects, and visualization DNA damage were evaluated by MTT, flow cytometry, and DAPI staining assays, respectively. Real-time PCR was employed for evaluation of the mechanism of cellular apoptosis. P. fermentans YSH secretions (IC50) showed cellular cytotoxicity in human tongue squamous carcinoma (HSC4, RRID:CVCL_1289) cells (85% apoptosis) similar to the cytotoxicity of cisplatin whereas only 21% apoptosis was observed in human epithelial normal (KDR, RRID:CVCL_9V14) cells. The prophylactic efficacy of reference yeast, which regarded as a reference, was not comparable to P. fermentans YSH illustrating strain-dependent properties of bioactivities on oral disease control and prevention. According to our result, the main cytotoxicity is related to apoptosis mechanisms induced by apoptosis genes inducing BAX and CASP. However, follow-up researches should be performed to recognize the compounds to be utilized as effective anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arman Shahabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O.Box 51548-53431, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Xu D, Xie J, Feng X, Zhang X, Ren Z, Zheng Y, Yang J. Preparation and evaluation of a Rubropunctatin-loaded liposome anticancer drug carrier. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10352-10360. [PMID: 35498569 PMCID: PMC9050342 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubropunctatin is a naturally occurring constituent of polyketide compounds that has great potential in the development of cancer-assisted chemotherapy. However, it has certain shortcomings such as water insolubility and photo instability that limit its clinical application. In this study, we constructed a Rubropunctatin-loaded liposome (R-Liposome) anticancer drug carrier for the first time. The results indicate that R-Liposome is water soluble, has spherical morphology, great homogeneity and dispersibility with high encapsulation efficiency (EE%, 90 ± 3.5%) and loading rate (LR%, 5.60 ± 2.5%) values. Moreover, the carrier improves the photostability, storage and pH stabilities of Rubropunctatin. The R-Liposome also prolongs the release of Rubropunctatin, enhances the anticancer activity of Rubropunctatin and encourages the mechanism of Rubropunctatin to promote apoptosis. Therefore, liposomal nanoparticles have great potential as drug delivery vehicles of Rubropunctatin for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Xu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Jiming Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Xiaolian Feng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
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16
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Monarubins A-C from the Marine Shellfish-Associated Fungus Monascus ruber BB5. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020100. [PMID: 32028626 PMCID: PMC7073648 DOI: 10.3390/md18020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new compounds, monarubins A-C (1, 6 and 13), together with ten known compounds, including four alkaloids (2-5), two isocoumarins (7 and 8) and four polyketides (9-12), were isolated from marine shellfish-associated fungus Monascus ruber BB5. The structures were determined on the basis of the 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV and IR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 3, 6 and 13 were determined by ECD calculations. The NMR data of compounds deoxyhydroxyaspergillic acid (3) and 2-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-3-sec-buthylpyrazine (4) were first reported. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1 and HONE1 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines QGY7701 and HepG2. Monarubin B (6) displayed potent cytotoxicities against the cancer cell lines HepG2 and QGY7701 with IC50 values of 1.72 and 0.71 μΜ, respectively; lunatinin (7) showed moderate cytotoxic activities against the cancer cell lines HepG2, QGY7701 and SUNE1 with the IC50 values of 9.60, 7.12 and 28.12 μΜ, respectively.
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17
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Statin and Cancer Mortality and Survival: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020326. [PMID: 31979352 PMCID: PMC7074262 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide an overview and understand the strength of evidence and the extent of potential biases and the validity of claimed associations between the use of statins and cancer mortality or survival. We performed a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematically appraised the relevant meta-analyses of observational studies on the associations between statin use and cancer mortality or survival in various kinds of cancer. We searched the PubMed database and screened the reference list of relevant articles. We obtained the summary effect, 95% confidence interval, heterogeneity, and also examined small study effects and 95% prediction intervals for effect sizes, and the level of evidence was determined from the criteria. Regarding cancer mortality, statin use showed convincing evidence for an association with a reduced cancer-specific mortality rate for colorectal cancer. Four associations with reduced all-cause mortality (for breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endocrine-related gynecological cancer, and ovarian cancer) had a suggestive evidence. Moreover, analyses in nine cancers showed a weak level of evidence, while the remaining 15 did not indicate significant changes in either direction. Although there was a preventive effect of statin on cancer mortality in some cancer types, the evidence supporting the use of statins to reduce cancer mortality or survival was low.
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18
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Zhu B, Qi F, Wu J, Yin G, Hua J, Zhang Q, Qin L. Red Yeast Rice: A Systematic Review of the Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control of an Important Chinese Folk Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31849687 PMCID: PMC6901015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR), a Chinese traditional folk medicine produced by the fermentation of cooked rice kernels with a Monascaceae mold, Monascus purpureus, has long been used to treat blood circulation stasis, indigestion, diarrhea, and limb weakness in East Asian countries. This article provides a systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, biological activities, and toxicology of RYR to highlight its future prospects in the field of medicine. The literature reviewed for this article was obtained from the Web of Science, Elsevier, SciFinder, PubMed, CNKI, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, as well as Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, published prior to July 2019. More than 101 chemical constituents have been isolated from RYR, mainly consisting of monacolins, pigments, organic acids, sterols, decalin derivatives, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other compounds. Crude extracts of RYR, as well as its isolated compounds, possess broad pharmacological properties with hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-cancer, neurocytoprotective, anti-osteoporotic, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive activities. However, further studies are needed to characterize its diverse chemical constituents and the toxicological actions of the main bioactive compounds. New pharmacological trials addressing the overlooked traditional uses of RYR, such as in the treatment of indigestion and diarrhea, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Twin-Horse Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Hua
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Formisano E, Pasta A, Cremonini AL, Favari E, Ronca A, Carbone F, Semino T, Di Pierro F, Sukkar SG, Pisciotta L. Efficacy of Nutraceutical Combination of Monacolin K, Berberine, and Silymarin on Lipid Profile and PCSK9 Plasma Level in a Cohort of Hypercholesterolemic Patients. J Med Food 2019; 23:658-666. [PMID: 31663806 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidelines for the treatment of dyslipidemias include the use of nutraceuticals (NUTs) in association with lifestyle modifications to achieve therapeutic goals. In NUT pill, different substances may be associated; in this study we investigated a combined NUT containing monacolin K (MonK)+KA (1:1), berberine (BBR), and silymarin. The aim of the study was to evaluate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction in 53 patients suffering from polygenic hypercholesterolemia, characterized by a low/intermediate cardiovascular risk calculated with SCORE algorithm. The effects on lipid profile of 2-month treatment with NUT containing MonK+KA (1:1), BBR, and sylimarin, were compared with Atorvastatin (ATO) 10 mg administrated in a matched control group. Serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels and the cholesterol loading capacity (CLC) were determined at baseline and at the end of the study in NUT-treated group; variations were assessed. NUT was effective as lipid-lowering agent with a wide interindividual response variability (mean LDL-C from 170.8 ± 19.9 to 123.8 ± 20.0 with a change of -47.0 ± 21.5 mg/dL; P < .001) and the effect was similar to that induced by ATO. The use of NUT significantly modified PCSK9 levels (P < .01) and CLC (P < .001), ultimately suppressing the serum-mediated foam cell generation directly measured on human macrophages. NUT reduces LDL-C levels with an effect similar to what is induced by 10 mg of ATO and ex vivo improves the functional profile of lipoproteins with antiatherogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Pasta
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna L Cremonini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elda Favari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ronca
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Semino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Livia Pisciotta
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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20
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Xiong Z, Cao X, Wen Q, Chen Z, Cheng Z, Huang X, Zhang Y, Long C, Zhang Y, Huang Z. An overview of the bioactivity of monacolin K / lovastatin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ren Z, Xu Y, Lu Z, Wang Z, Chen C, Guo Y, Shi X, Li F, Yang J, Zheng Y. Construction of a water-soluble and photostable rubropunctatin/β-cyclodextrin drug carrier. RSC Adv 2019; 9:11396-11405. [PMID: 35520226 PMCID: PMC9063492 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to construct a β-cyclodextrin drug carrier for rubropunctatin to improve its water solubility and light stability for future cytotoxicity studies. The inclusion complexation behavior of rubropunctatin with β-cyclodextrin was investigated using FESEM, FT-IR and XRD. A molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the most probable inclusion structure. The inclusion complex could be completely dispersed in water and had a small size of 121.87 ± 2.13 nm (n = 3), a good PDI (0.320 ± 0.017), and an acceptable potential value of -27.7 ± 0.32 mV (n = 3). Furthermore, the stability of the rubropunctatin in water under light irradiation was found to be greatly enhanced after being encapsulated in cyclodextrin, and it exhibited a retention rate of over 70% vs. 10.17%. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the inclusion complex was evaluated by MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI detection using cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells. The results showed that the inclusion complex had comparable toxicity compared to rubropunctatin solubilized with 0.4% DMSO. More importantly, the formation of the inclusion complex contributed greatly to the intensification of the bioavailability of rubropunctatin because the use of organic solvent was avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Ren
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China +86-591-22866234 +86-591-22866234
| | - Yanan Xu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China +86-591-22866234 +86-591-22866234
| | - Zhenxin Lu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China +86-591-22866234 +86-591-22866234
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China +86-591-22866234 +86-591-22866234
| | - Chengqun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University Zhicheng College 523 Gongye Road Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yanghao Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Xianai Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Feng Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 Fujian China +86-591-22866234 +86-591-22866234
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 China
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22
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Chen TL, Yeh CC, Lin CS, Shih CC, Liao CC. Effects of red yeast rice prescription (LipoCol Forte) on adverse outcomes of surgery. QJM 2019; 112:253-259. [PMID: 30496589 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcy278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of red yeast rice (RYR) on perioperative outcome remains unknown. AIM We aimed to compare the complications and mortality after surgery between patients treated with and without RYR prescription. DESIGN In this surgical cohort study of 3.6 million surgical patients who underwent major inpatient surgeries, 2581 patients who used RYR prescription pre-operatively were compared with 25 810 non-RYR patients selected by matching for age and sex. METHODS Patients' demographics and medical conditions were collected from the claims data of the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Complications and mortality after major surgeries in association with RYR prescription were investigated by calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Compared with patients without RYR prescription, patients prescribed RYR had lower risks of post-operative bleeding (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15-0.89), pneumonia (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36-0.83), stroke (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.92) and 30-day in-hospital mortality (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15-0.92). Decreased risk of intensive care (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.54-0.77), shorter length of hospital stay (P < 0.001) and lower medical expenditures (P = 0.0008) during the index surgical admission were also noted for patients with RYR prescription compared to those for patients without RYR prescription. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a potentially positive effect of RYR on outcomes after major surgeries. However, patient non-compliance for taking medication should be noted. Our findings require future prospective studies to validate RYR prescription for improving perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-L Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C-S Lin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Shih
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - C-C Liao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Sen T, Barrow CJ, Deshmukh SK. Microbial Pigments in the Food Industry-Challenges and the Way Forward. Front Nutr 2019; 6:7. [PMID: 30891448 PMCID: PMC6411662 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as carotenoids and anthocyanins. Microbial food colorants can be produced at scale at relatively low costs. This review highlights the significance of color in the food industry, why there is a need to shift to natural food colors compared to synthetic ones and how using microbial pigments as food colorants, instead of colors from other natural sources, is a preferable option. We also summarize the microbial derived food colorants currently used and discuss their classification based on their chemical structure. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by the use and development of food grade microbial pigments and how to deal with these challenges, using advanced techniques including metabolic engineering and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Sen
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Mazza A, Schiavon L, Rigatelli G, Torin G, Montanaro F, Lenti S. The short-term supplementation of monacolin K improves the lipid and metabolic patterns of hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk. Food Funct 2018; 9:3845-3852. [PMID: 29951651 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background - The clinical hypocholesterolemic effect of nutraceutical compounds (NCs) containing red yeast rice extracts providing a daily dose of 2.5-10 mg of monacolin K is now well established. For this reason, NCs may be a viable alternative to the statin drugs commonly used to lower cholesterol levels. However, in order to avoid some possible statin-like side effects, most NCs available on the market contain low doses of monacolin K, which could reduce their efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of a NC containing high doses of monacolin K (10 mg) in improving the lipid profile and glucose metabolism when added to the diet versus the diet alone in a group of hypertensive and hyper-cholesterolemic subjects at low cardiovascular risk. Methods - Thirty subjects with grade-1 essential hypertension (mean age 51.5 ± 7.8 years, 62.9% males) were enrolled in the treatment group (NC group). These subjects followed a programmed diet and took one tablet a day of a NC containing red yeast rice, policosanols, resveratrol and chromium picolinate for 1 month and were compared with an equivalent group of subjects that followed only a diet program. Differences in serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density- and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC and HDLC), triglycerides (TG) and blood glucose between groups were compared by analysis of variance. Results - In both groups, a significant reduction of TC, TG and LDLC was observed. In the treatment group from the baseline to the follow-up the reduction of TC (230.93 ± 28.0 vs. 188.63 ± 18.1, p < 0.001) and LDLC (153.10 ± 22.5 vs. 116.54 ± 17.7, p < 0.001) was significantly greater compared to the control group (differences between treatments = 9.19% and 12.29%, respectively); in addition a significant higher reduction in blood glucose (89.1 ± 7.6 vs. 83.7 ± 4.6, p < 0.001) was also observed (differences between treatments = 4.28%). HDLC levels remained unchanged in both groups. Conclusions - In summary, the NC containing high doses of monacolin K appeared to be safe, well tolerated and effective at improving lipid and glucose patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mazza
- ESH Excellence Hypertension Centre, Internal Medicine Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia General Hospital, AULSS 5 Polesana, Rovigo, Italy.
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Agboyibor C, Kong WB, Chen D, Zhang AM, Niu SQ. Monascus pigments production, composition, bioactivity and its application: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Liang B, Du XJ, Li P, Sun CC, Wang S. Investigation of Citrinin and Pigment Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Monascus purpureus by Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1374. [PMID: 30002650 PMCID: PMC6031731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus purpureus YY-1 is widely used in food colorant production in China. Our previous study clearly illustrated the whole-genome data for YY-1 and provided useful insight into evolutionary research and industrial applications. However, the presence of citrinin, which has nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic activities, has attracted attention to the safety of Monascus products. In an effort to reduce the harmful effects of citrinin in Monascus-related products, a random mutant of M. purpureus YY-1 with low citrinin production (designated as "winter") was obtained in this study. To analyze the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of pigment and citrinin, a transcriptomic analysis of the M. purpureus YY-1 and winter strains was performed. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals pksCT, the essential gene for citrinin synthesis, showed a low expression level in M. purpureus YY-1 and winter, which suggested there might be isoenzymes in M. purpureus YY-1 that were responsible for the citrinin synthesis during evolution. In addition, changes in transcription factor expression may also influence the network regulating the citrinin synthesis pathway in M. purpureus. Moreover, the yields of pigments produced by the winter mutant were significantly increased. Repressing the central carbon metabolism and improving the acetyl-CoA pool can contribute to a high pigment yield, and enhanced NADPH regeneration can also lead to the metabolic flux of pigment production in M. purpureus. Investigations into the biosynthesis and regulation of citrinin and pigment production in M. purpureus will enhance our knowledge of the mechanisms behind the biosynthesis of fungal secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Jun Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chan-Chan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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27
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Tao J, Li Y, Li S, Li HB. Plant foods for the prevention and management of colon cancer. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Beneficial Effects of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 Pigments and Derivatives: A Mini Review. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010098. [PMID: 29301350 PMCID: PMC6017178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of Monascus pigments and related byproducts, via microbial fermentation, has been broadly utilized as coloring by traditional food industries and as a natural textile dye. In addition to these traditional purposes, Monascus pigments have been recently favored for a variety of commercial and academic purposes. Pigments and derivatives formed during Monascus fermentation have pharmaceutical and clinical properties that can counteract common diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. Various research attempts have investigated the optimum conditions for this derived compound synthesis, as well as the still-unknown bio-functional effects. Recently, several studies were conducted using Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 and its derivatives. These experimental outcomes potentially reflect the bio-functional features of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093. However, no publication to date provides an overview of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093's unique metabolite products, functionalities, or biological pathways. In order to develop profitable commercial applications of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093, it is necessary not only to conduct continuous research, but also to systematically organize previous Monascus studies. The goals of this review are to investigate the current derivatives of Monascus sp. KCCM 10093 pigments-some of which have demonstrated newly-identified functionality-and the relevant uses of these molecules for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes.
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Xu B, Wang Q, Sung C. Telomerase Inhibitory Effects of Red Pigment Rubropunctatin and Statin Monacolin L Isolated from Red Yeast Rice. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050129. [PMID: 28445391 PMCID: PMC5448003 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the cholesterol-lowering activity of red yeast rice (RYR), its anticancer activities have been frequently reported. However, the mechanism of action of the anticancer activity of RYR is not yet fully understood. The objective of the current study was to elucidate anticancer compositions and anticancer mechanism of actions of RYR. The isolated compounds from RYR were subjected to anti-proliferation assay, apoptosis assay via flow cytometry, and telomerase inhibitory assay via telomeric repeat amplification protocol-PCR (TRAP-PCR) assay, and Western blotting assay in an in vitro cell culture system. The results showed that a statin, monacolin L, and a red pigment, rubropunctatin, from RYR exhibited very strong cancer cell proliferation inhibitory effects; the rubropunctatin was comparable with anticancer drug cis-platinum, taxol, and 10-hydroxy-camptothecin (HCPT) in their IC50 values. Monacolin L and rubropunctatin exerted their anticancer activity via telomerase inhibitory effects. Monacolin L and rubropunctatin presented the similar telomerase inhibitory effects as the anticancer drug cis-platinum, while the anticancer drug HCPT presented a weak telomerase inhibitory effect in the TRAP-PCR assay. Meanwhile, rubropunctatin and cis-platinum did not present strong apoptosis induction activity as the momacolin L and HCPT did. These results indicate that the RYR may exert anticancer effects through the telomerase inhibitory effect of rubropunctatin and the apoptosis-induction effect of monacolin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519085, China.
| | - Qijun Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Changkeun Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Taejon 305-764, Korea.
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Heinz T, Schuchardt JP, Möller K, Hadji P, Hahn A. Low daily dose of 3 mg monacolin K from RYR reduces the concentration of LDL-C in a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1162-1170. [PMID: 27865358 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia and elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with cardiovascular risk. Previous studies have demonstrated a cholesterol-lowering effect of red yeast rice (RYR) supplements which contained 5 to 10 mg of monacolin K. We hypothesized that the intake of a low monacolin K dose may likewise reduce low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and other plasma lipids. In secondary analyses, we tested the homocysteine lowering effect of folic acid, which was also included in the study preparation. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled intervention study. One hundred forty-two nonstatin-treated participants with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 4.14 ≤ 5.69 mmol/L) were randomized to the supplement group with RYR or the placebo group. Participants of the supplement group consumed 3 mg monacolin K and 200 μg folic acid per day. A significant (P < .001) reduction of LDL-C (-14.8%), total cholesterol (-11.2%), and homocysteine (-12.5%) was determined in the supplement group after 12 weeks. A total of 51% of the participants treated with RYR achieved the limit of LDL-C <4.14 mmol/L advised and 26% reached the threshold level of homocysteine <10 μmol/L. No significant changes were exhibited within the placebo group. Other parameters remained unchanged and no intolerances or serious adverse events were observed. In conclusion, we demonstrated that a low dose of daily 3 mg monacolin K from RYR reduces the concentration of LDL-C; a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Heinz
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | - Peyman Hadji
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany.
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31
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Microbiota associated with the starter cultures and brewing process of traditional Hong Qu glutinous rice wine. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:649-658. [PMID: 30263319 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hong Qu glutinous rice wine (produced mainly in Fujian province, China) is a traditional alcoholic beverage, which is prepared by fermenting cooked rice using a starter containing Monascus purpureus. In this review, the microbial diversity of fermentation starters from Fujian province, including fungi, bacteria, and yeast, is analyzed in comparison with those of "nuruk" (a traditional starter for making alcoholic beverages in Korea). The bacterial organization of Hong Qu starters was vastly variable in species composition and dominated by Bacillus sp. Lactic acid bacteria were also found in some starters. In case of fungi, Monascus sp. was dominant, whereas non-Saccharomyces yeast such as Saccharomycopsis fibuligera was detected. The microorganisms found in the nuruk starter are, in general, not significantly diverse compared with those found in the Hong Qu starter, with the exception of Monascus sp.; however, Hong Qu and nuruk both contain their own unique microbiota, which are quite diverse from each other.
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32
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Patel S. Functional food red yeast rice (RYR) for metabolic syndrome amelioration: a review on pros and cons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:87. [PMID: 27038957 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR), the fermentation product of mold Monascus purpureus has been an integral part of Oriental food and traditional Chinese medicine, long before the discovery of their medicinal roles. With the identification of bioactive components as polyketide pigments (statins), and unsaturated fatty acids, RYR has gained a nutraceutical status. Hypercholesterolemic effect of this fermented compound has been validated and monacolin K has been recognized as the pivotal component in cholesterol alleviation. Functional similarity with commercial drug lovastatin sans the side effects has catapulted its popularity in other parts of the world as well. Apart from the hypotensive role, ameliorative benefits of RYR as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and osteogenic agent have emerged, fueling intense research on it. Mechanistic studies have revealed their interaction with functional agents like coenzyme Q10, astaxanthin, vitamin D, folic acid, policosanol, and berberine. On the other hand, concurrence of mycotoxin citrinin and variable content of statin has marred its integration in mainstream medication. In this disputable scenario, evaluation of the scopes and lacunae to overcome seems to contribute to an eminent area of healthcare. Red yeast rice (RYR), the rice-based fermentation product of mold Monascus purpureus is a functional food. Its bioactive component monacolin K acts like synthetic drug lovastatin, without the severe side effects of the latter. RYR has been validated to lower cholesterol, control high blood pressure; confer anti-flammation, hypoglycaemic, anticancer and osteogenic properties. However, dose inconsistency and co-occurrence of toxin citrinin hampers its dietary supplementation prospect. Further research might facilitate development of RYR as a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Chen D, Chen H, Lin L, Zheng C, Guo Y. Monascus Pigment Rubropunctatin: A Potential Dual Agent for Cancer Chemotherapy and Phototherapy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2541-2548. [PMID: 26953890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Monascus pigment, rubropunctatin, was extracted and purified from red mold rice (RMR), and its cytotoxic activities against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells were studied under the conditions with or without light irradiation. The IC50 value of rubropunctatin against HeLa cells in the dark was 93.71 ± 1.96 μM (24 h), while the cytotoxic activity was enhanced more than 3 times (IC50 = 24.02 ± 2.17 μM) under light irradiation (halogen lamp, 500 W; wavelength, 597-622 nm; and fluence rate, 15 mW cm(-2), for 30 min). However, the IC50 value of rubropunctatin against the immortalized human cervical epithelial H8 cells was more than 300 μM, even under light irradiation, indicating that rubropunctatin has a favorable selectivity index (SI). Treatment of HeLa cells with rubropunctatin in the dark or under light irradiation resulted in a dose-dependent apoptosis, as validated by the increase in the percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and phosphatidylserine externalization, and the inductive effect on HeLa cell apoptosis was boosted by the light irradiation. In addition, treatment with rubropunctatin alone or under light irradiation was found to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells via the mitochondrial pathway, including loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and increase of the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). It was suggested that rubropunctatin could be a promising natural dual anticancer agent for photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University , 523 Gongye Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University , 523 Gongye Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhuo Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University , 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanghao Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University , 523 Gongye Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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Mahmoud AM, Aboul-Soud MAM, Han J, Al-Sheikh YA, Al-Abd AM, El-Shemy HA. Transcriptional profiling of breast cancer cells in response to mevinolin: Evidence of cell cycle arrest, DNA degradation and apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1886-94. [PMID: 26983896 PMCID: PMC4809649 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The merging of high-throughput gene expression techniques, such as microarray, in the screening of natural products as anticancer agents, is considered the optimal solution for gaining a better understanding of the intervention mechanism. Red yeast rice (RYR), a Chinese dietary product, contains a mixture of hypocholesterolemia agents such as statins. Typically, statins have this effect via the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Recently, statins have been shown to exhibit various beneficial antineoplastic properties through the disruption of tumor angiogenesis and metastatic processes. Mevinolin (MVN) is a member of statins and is abundantly present in RYR. Early experimental trials suggested that the mixed apoptotic/necrotic cell death pathway is activated in response to MVN exposure. In the current study, the cytotoxic profile of MVN was evaluated against MCF-7, a breast cancer-derived cell line. The obtained results indicated that MVN-induced cytotoxicity is multi-factorial involving several regulatory pathways in the cytotoxic effects of MVN on breast cancer cell lines. In addition, MVN-induced transcript abundance profiles inferred from microarrays showed significant changes in some key cell processes. The changes were predicted to induce cell cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species generation but inhibit DNA repair and cell proliferation. This MVN-mediated multi-factorial stress triggered specific programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA degradation responses in breast cancer cells. Taken together, the observed MVN-induced effects underscore the potential of this ubiquitous natural compound as a selective anticancer activity, with broad safety margins and low cost compared to benchmarked traditional synthetic chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, the data support further pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of MVN as a novel strategy to combat breast cancer and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mourad A M Aboul-Soud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Junkyu Han
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8572, Japan
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Abd
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 21622, Egypt
| | - Hany A El-Shemy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Singh SK, Srivastav S, Yadav AK, Srikrishna S, Perry G. Overview of Alzheimer's Disease and Some Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Aβ by Using Several Synthetic and Herbal Compounds. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7361613. [PMID: 27034741 PMCID: PMC4807045 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7361613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we carefully detail amyloid-β metabolism and its role in AD. We also consider the various genetic animal models used to evaluate therapeutics. Finally, we consider the role of synthetic and plant-based compounds in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastav
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Amarish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Ruan W, Wei Y, Popovich DG. Distinct Responses of Cytotoxic Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenoids in Human Carcinoma Cells. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1744-52. [PMID: 26292672 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is well recognized for its effective cancer-preventative and therapeutic properties, while specific components responsible for these anticancer effects are not well studied. Six triterpenoids that are ganolucidic acid E, lucidumol A, ganodermanontriol, 7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z, 15-hydroxy-ganoderic acid S, and ganoderic acid DM were isolated and identified from an extract of the mushroom. All compounds reduced cell growth in three human carcinoma cells (Caco-2, HepG2, and HeLa cells) dose dependently with LC50s from 20.87 to 84.36 μM. Moreover, the six compounds induced apoptosis in HeLa cells with a maximum increase (22%) of sub-G1 accumulations and 43.03% apoptotic cells in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay (15-hydroxy-ganoderic acid S treatment). Apoptosis was further confirmed by annexin-V staining. Four of the compounds also caused apoptosis in Caco-2 cells with maximum 9.5% increase of sub-G1 accumulations (7-oxo-ganoderic acid Z treatment) and maximum 29.84% apoptotic cells in TUNEL assay (ganoderic acid DM treatment). Contrarily, none of the compounds induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The different responses of the three cell lines following these treatments indicated that the bioactive properties of these compounds may vary from cells of different sites of origin and are likely acting under diverse regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David G Popovich
- School of Food and Nutrition, Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for maximal recovery of active monacolins and removal of toxic citrinin from red yeast rice by a full factorial design coupled with response surface methodology. Food Chem 2015; 170:186-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
This review provides up-to-date information on the anticancer properties of Monascus-fermented products. Topics covered include clinical evidence for the anticancer potential of Monascus metabolites, bioactive Monascus components with anticancer potential, mechanisms of the anticancer effects of Monascus metabolites, and existing problems as well as future perspectives. With the advancement of related fields, the development of novel anticancer Monascus food products and/or pharmaceuticals will be possible with the ultimate goal of decreasing the incidence and mortality of malignancies in humans.
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Tuli HS, Chaudhary P, Beniwal V, Sharma AK. Microbial pigments as natural color sources: current trends and future perspectives. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:4669-78. [PMID: 26243889 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic colors have been widely used in various industries including food, textile, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals. However toxicity problems caused by synthetic pigments have triggered intense research in natural colors and dyes. Among the natural Sources, pigment producing microorganisms hold a promising potential to meet present day challenges. Furthermore natural colors not only improve the marketability of the product but also add extra features like anti oxidant, anti cancer properties etc. In this review, we present various sources of microbial pigments and to explore their biological and clinical properties like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti inflammatory. The study also emphasizes upon key parameters to improve the bioactivity and production of microbial pigments for their commercial use in pharmacological and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, M.M.E.C. Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 Haryana India
| | - Prachi Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, M.M.E.C. Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 Haryana India
| | - Vikas Beniwal
- Department of Biotechnology, M.M.E.C. Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 Haryana India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, M.M.E.C. Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 Haryana India
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Hsu WH, Pan TM. Treatment of metabolic syndrome with ankaflavin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the edible fungus Monascus spp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4853-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen H, Xu L, Yin L, Xu Y, Han X, Qi Y, Zhao Y, Liu K, Peng J. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of dioscin on human HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Proteomics 2014; 14:51-73. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lina Xu
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lianhong Yin
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Youwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Xu Han
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- College of Pharmacy; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
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Wei Y, Popovich DG. Red azaphilone pigments extracted from red yeast rice induces cellular senescence and reduces viability in HepG2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shadwell N, Villalobos F, Kern M, Hong MY. Blooming reduces the antioxidant capacity of dark chocolate in rats without lowering its capacity to improve lipid profiles. Nutr Res 2013; 33:414-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Feng Y, Shao Y, Chen F. Monascus pigments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1421-40. [PMID: 23104643 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) as natural food colorants have been widely utilized in food industries in the world, especially in China and Japan. Moreover, MPs possess a range of biological activities, such as anti-mutagenic and anticancer properties, antimicrobial activities, potential anti-obesity activities, and so on. So, in the past two decades, more and more attention has been paid to MPs. Up to now, more than 50 MPs have been identified and studied. However, there have been some reviews about red fermented rice and the secondary metabolites produced by Monascus, but no monograph or review of MPs has been published. This review covers the categories and structures, biosynthetic pathway, production, properties, detection methods, functions, and molecular biology of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Zhang WJ, Su DM, Hui KK. [The development and current status of integrative medicine at UCLA]. ZHONG XI YI JIE HE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF CHINESE INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 10:953-960. [PMID: 22979924 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Zhang
- Center for East-West Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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The effect of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus) in dyslipidemia and other disorders. Complement Ther Med 2012; 20:466-74. [PMID: 23131380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red Yeast Rice (RYR) is a traditional Chinese food that is fermented and obtained after red yeast (Monascus purpureus) is grown on rice. RYR contains Monacolin K (Lovastatin) and other active ingredients that are thought to play a role in the management of cholesterol levels. Recently, many clinical trials have focused on the uses of RYR, including for dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fatigue, and memory. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of RYR on the management of dyslipidemia. The secondary objective is to review studies that focus on the other uses of RYR. The following search terms were used: red yeast rice, Xuezhikang, Hypocol, Cholestin, Monascus purpureus combined with dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, lipid, cardiovascular, coronary, atherosclerosis, diabetes, sugar, bone, osteoporosis, liver, fatigue, memory, Alzheimer's, dementia. RESULTS Studies reviewed show that RYR significantly lowered LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol. Effects on triglycerides and HDL cholesterol were also observed in some studies. Compared with statins, RYR was shown to have an equal efficacy to statins when combined with or without other dietary supplements. RYR also appeared to be superior to placebo in preventing nonfatal myocardial infarction, total coronary heart disease events, and total deaths. On the other hand, information on diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fatigue, and memory are currently limited although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown an effect. CONCLUSION Results of RYR clinical trials presented here have limitations and RYR's clinical use should be further investigated before using RYR as one of the alternative treatments for dyslipidemia management, despite the fact that the strongest evidence for RYR use is in dyslipidemia versus other clinical conditions.
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Monascuspiloin enhances the radiation sensitivity of human prostate cancer cells by stimulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and inducing autophagy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40462. [PMID: 22802963 PMCID: PMC3389026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a very common cancer among males. Traditional treatments for prostate cancer have limited efficacy; therefore, new therapeutic strategies and/or new adjuvant drugs must be explored. Red yeast rice (RYR) is a traditional food spice made in Asia by fermenting white rice with Monascus purpureus Went yeast. Accumulating evidence indicates that RYR has antitumor activity. In this study, PC-3 cells (human prostate cancer cells) were used to investigate the anti-cancer effects of ionizing radiation (IR) combined with monascuspiloin (MP, a yellow pigment isolated from Monascus pilosus M93-fermented rice) and to determine the underlying mechanisms of these effects in vitro and in vivo. We found that IR combined with MP showed increased therapeutic efficacy when compared with either treatment alone in PC-3 cells. In addition, the combined treatment enhanced DNA damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The combined treatment induced primarily autophagy in PC-3 cells, and the cell death that was induced by the combined treatment was chiefly the result of inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. In an in vivo study, the combination treatment showed greater anti-tumor growth effects. These novel findings suggest that the combined treatment could be a potential therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Improved functionality of soft soybean curd containing Monascus fermented soybean ethanol extract. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Feng Y, Xu H, Chen K. Natural polypill Xuezhikang: its clinical benefit and potential multicomponent synergistic mechanisms of action in cardiovascular disease and other chronic conditions. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:318-28. [PMID: 22489805 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypill has been a hot issue since it was first advanced in 2003. This new concept immediately spurred a worldwide discussion. Xuezhikang is a partially purified extract of fermented red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus). It is composed of 13 kinds of natural statins, unsaturated fatty acids, ergosterol, amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloid, trace element, and other substances, and thus could be regarded as a natural lipid-lowering polypill. Interestingly, Xuezhikang in the China Coronary Secondary Prevention Study trial lowered lipid levels less as compared with provastatin in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial, but seemed to gain more benefit in reducing the cardiovascular events and the risk of death from cancer. In recent years, Xuezhikang has been further demonstrated to have additional health benefits and thus raised great interest. This article reviews the clinical benefits of Xuezhikang and the potential multicomponent synergetic mechanism. The authors hold that polypill is anticipated to be a more effective and feasible way to treat complicated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Graduate School of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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