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Patnaik R, Riaz S, Sivani BM, Faisal S, Naidoo N, Rizzo M, Banerjee Y. Evaluating the potential of Vitamin D and curcumin to alleviate inflammation and mitigate the progression of osteoarthritis through their effects on human chondrocytes: A proof-of-concept investigation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290739. [PMID: 38157375 PMCID: PMC10756552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder primarily affecting the elderly, characterized by a prominent inflammatory component. The long-term side effects associated with current therapeutic approaches necessitate the development of safer and more efficacious alternatives. Nutraceuticals, such as Vitamin D and curcumin, present promising therapeutic potentials due to their safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, we utilized a proinflammatory human chondrocyte model of OA to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of Vitamin D and curcumin, with a particular focus on the Protease-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2) mediated inflammatory pathway. Employing a robust siRNA approach, we effectively modulated the expression of PAR-2 to understand its role in the inflammatory process. Our results reveal that both Vitamin D and curcumin attenuate the expression of PAR-2, leading to a reduction in the downstream proinflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Interleukin 8 (IL-8), implicated in the OA pathogenesis. Concurrently, these compounds suppressed the expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-Β Ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK, which are associated with PAR-2 mediated TNF-α stimulation. Additionally, Vitamin D and curcumin downregulated the expression of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), known to elevate RANKL levels, underscoring their potential therapeutic implications in OA. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of the mitigating effect of Vitamin D and curcumin on PAR-2 mediated inflammation, employing an siRNA approach in OA. Thus, our findings pave the way for future research and the development of novel, safer, and more effective therapeutic strategies for managing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Patnaik
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumbal Riaz
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bala Mohan Sivani
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shemima Faisal
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nerissa Naidoo
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine, and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Yajnavalka Banerjee
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine, and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Centre for Medical Education, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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2
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Holers VM, Frank RM, Clauw A, Seifert J, Zuscik M, Asokan S, Striebich C, Clay MR, Moreland LW, Banda NK. Potential causal role of synovial complement system activation in the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury or meniscus tear. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146563. [PMID: 37207197 PMCID: PMC10189880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and meniscal tear (MT) are major causal factors for developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), but the biological mechanism(s) are uncertain. After these structural damages, the synovium could be affected by complement activation that normally occurs in response to tissue injury. We explored the presence of complement proteins, activation products, and immune cells, in discarded surgical synovial tissue (DSST) collected during arthroscopic ACL reconstructive surgery, MT-related meniscectomy and from patients with OA. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry (MIHC) was used to determine the presence of complement proteins, receptors and immune cells from ACL, MT, OA synovial tissue vs. uninjured controls. Examination of synovium from uninjured control tissues did not reveal the presence of complement or immune cells. However, DSST from patients undergoing ACL and MT repair demonstrated increases in both features. In ACL DSST, a significantly higher percentage of C4d+, CFH+, CFHR4+ and C5b-9+ synovial cells were present compared with MT DSST, but no major differences were seen between ACL and OA DSST. Increased cells expressing C3aR1 and C5aR1, and a significant increase in mast cells and macrophages, were found in ACL as compared to MT synovium. Conversely, the percentage of monocytes was increased in the MT synovium. Our data demonstrate that complement is activated in the synovium and is associated with immune cell infiltration, with a more pronounced effect following ACL as compared to MT injury. Complement activation, associated with an increase in mast cells and macrophages after ACL injury and/or MT, may contribute to the development of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel M. Frank
- Department of Orthopedics and the Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Clauw
- Department of Orthopedics and the Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Seifert
- Department of Orthopedics and the Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael Zuscik
- Department of Orthopedics and the Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sakthi Asokan
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher Striebich
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Clay
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Larry W. Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and the Colorado Program for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nirmal K. Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Gandhi VD, Shrestha Palikhe N, Vliagoftis H. Protease-activated receptor-2: Role in asthma pathogenesis and utility as a biomarker of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:954990. [PMID: 35966869 PMCID: PMC9372307 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.954990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2, a receptor activated by serine proteases, has primarily pro-inflammatory roles in the airways and may play a role in asthma pathogenesis. PAR2 exerts its effects in the lungs through activation of a variety of airway cells, but also activation of circulating immune cells. There is evidence that PAR2 expression increases in asthma and other inflammatory diseases, although the regulation of PAR2 expression is not fully understood. Here we review the available literature on the potential role of PAR2 in asthma pathogenesis and propose a model of PAR2-mediated development of allergic sensitization. We also propose, based on our previous work, that PAR2 expression on peripheral blood monocyte subsets has the potential to serve as a biomarker of asthma severity and/or control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dipak Gandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Harissios Vliagoftis,
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Wang F, Liu M, Wang N, Luo J. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Osteoarthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 12:808835. [PMID: 35154008 PMCID: PMC8831737 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic joint disease characterized, for which there are no available therapies being able to modify the progression of OA and prevent long-term disability. Critical roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been established in OA cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis and chronic pain. In this review, we describe the pathophysiological processes targeted by GPCRs in OA, along with related preclinical model and/or clinical trial data. We review examples of GPCRs which may offer attractive therapeutic strategies for OA, including receptors for cannabinoids, hormones, prostaglandins, fatty acids, adenosines, chemokines, and discuss the main challenges for developing these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Wang
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Luo
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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O’Brien MS, McDougall JJ. Targeting Proteinase Activated Receptor-4 Reduces Mechanonociception During the Acute Inflammatory Phase but not the Chronic Neuropathic Phase of Osteoarthritis in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:756632. [PMID: 35002698 PMCID: PMC8727523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.756632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are elevated in arthritic joints where they can cleave protease activated receptors (PARs) to modulate pain and inflammation. Activation of protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) has been implicated in inflammatory joint pain. Whether PAR4 is involved in osteoarthritis (OA) pain has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was to compare the role of PAR4 in modulating early versus late stage OA pain using two models of OA viz. monoiodoacetate (MIA) and medial meniscal transection (MMT). G-ratio calculation and electron microscopy analysis revealed saphenous nerve demyelination and structural damage during late stage but not early OA in both models. Using immunohistochemistry, neuronal expression of PAR4 was higher in early versus late OA. Systemic administration of the PAR4 antagonist pepducin P4pal10 reduced both secondary allodynia (von Frey hair algesiometry) and joint nociceptor firing (single unit recordings) in MMT and MIA animals compared to vehicle-treated animals in early OA. The PAR4 antagonist was ineffective at altering pain or joint afferent firing in post-inflammatory OA. During the acute phase of the models, joint inflammation as determined by laser speckle contrast analysis and intravital microscopy could be partially blocked by pepducin P4pal10. Compared to late-stage disease, inflammatory cytokines were elevated in early MIA and MMT rats. These findings suggest that PAR4 may be a viable target to treat the pain of early onset OA or during episodic inflammatory flares.
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Kalogera S, He Y, Bay-Jensen AC, Gantzel T, Sun S, Manon-Jensen T, Karsdal MA, Thudium CS. The activation fragment of PAR2 is elevated in serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and reduced in response to anti-IL6R treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24285. [PMID: 34930943 PMCID: PMC8688421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are serious and painful diseases. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is involved in the pathology of both OA and RA including roles in synovial hyperplasia, cartilage destruction, osteophyogenesis and pain. PAR2 is activated via cleavage of its N-terminus by serine proteases. In this study a competitive ELISA assay was developed targeting the 36-amino acid peptide that is cleaved and released after PAR2 activation (PRO-PAR2). Technical assay parameters including antibody specificity, intra- and inter-assay variation (CV%), linearity, accuracy, analyte stability and interference were evaluated. PRO-PAR2 release was confirmed after in vitro cleavage of PAR2 recombinant protein and treatment of human synovial explants with matriptase. Serum levels of 22 healthy individuals, 23 OA patients and 15 RA patients as well as a subset of RA patients treated with tocilizumab were evaluated. The PRO-PAR2 antibody was specific for the neo-epitope and intra-inter assay CV% were 6.4% and 5.8% respectively. In vitro cleavage and matriptase treated explants showed increased PRO-PAR2 levels compared to controls. In serum, PRO-PAR2 levels were increased in RA patients and decreased in RA patients treated with tocilizumab. In conclusion, PRO-PAR2 may be a potential biomarker for monitoring RA disease and pharmacodynamics of treatment.
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Wen ZQ, Liu D, Zhang Y, Cai ZJ, Xiao WF, Li YS. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Osteoarthritis: A Novel Perspective on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758220. [PMID: 34746150 PMCID: PMC8564363 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptor proteins that trigger numerous intracellular signaling pathways in response to the extracellular stimuli. The GPCRs superfamily contains enormous structural and functional diversity and mediates extensive biological processes. Until now, critical roles have been established in many diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Existing studies have shown that GPCRs play an important role in some OA-related pathogenesis, such as cartilage matrix degradation, synovitis, subchondral bone remodeling, and osteophyte formation. However, current pharmacological treatments are mostly symptomatic and there is a paucity of disease-modifying OA drugs so far. Targeting GPCRs is capable of inhibiting cartilage matrix degradation and synovitis and up-regulating cartilage matrix synthesis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for OA. In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the structures, biofunctions, and the novel roles of GPCRs in the pathogenesis and treatment of OA, which is expected to lay the foundation for the development of novel therapeutics against OA. Even though targeting GPCRs may ameliorate OA progression, many GPCRs-related therapeutic strategies are still in the pre-clinical stage and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qin Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Jun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Protease Activated Receptors and Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9352. [PMID: 34502257 PMCID: PMC8430764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic and destructive activity of serine proteases in arthritic joints is well known; however, these enzymes can also signal pain and inflammation in joints. For example, thrombin, trypsin, tryptase, and neutrophil elastase cleave the extracellular N-terminus of a family of G protein-coupled receptors and the remaining tethered ligand sequence then binds to the same receptor to initiate a series of molecular signalling processes. These protease activated receptors (PARs) pervade multiple tissues and cells throughout joints where they have the potential to regulate joint homeostasis. Overall, joint PARs contribute to pain, inflammation, and structural integrity by altering vascular reactivity, nociceptor sensitivity, and tissue remodelling. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting PARs to alleviate the pain and destructive nature of elevated proteases in various arthritic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J. McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
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Ariffin SMZ, Bennett D, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Dunning L, Clements DN, Lascelles BDX, Ibrahim TAT, Johnston P. Protease activated receptor 2 and matriptase expression in the joints of cats with and without osteoarthritis. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:794-803. [PMID: 33284033 PMCID: PMC10812195 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20977796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the presence of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and matriptase proteins and quantify PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane of cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A total of 28 articular cartilage samples from adult cats (14 OA and 14 normal), 10 synovial membranes from adult cats (five OA and five normal) and three cartilage samples from 9-week-old fetal cats were used. The presence of PAR2 and matriptase in the cartilage and synovial membrane of the adult samples was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, while real-time PCR was used for mRNA expression analyses in all samples. RESULTS PAR2 was detected in all OA and normal articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples but confined to only a few superficial chondrocytes in the normal samples. Matriptase was only detected in OA articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression were, however, detected in all cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression levels in OA articular cartilage were five (P <0.001) and 3.3 (P <0.001) times higher than that of the healthy group, respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) in the OA synovial membrane PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression compared with the normal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Detection of PAR2 and matriptase proteins and gene expression in feline articular tissues is a novel and important finding, and supports the hypothesis that serine proteases are involved in the pathogenesis of feline OA. The consistent presence of PAR2 and matriptase protein in the cytoplasm of OA chondrocytes suggests a possible involvement of proteases in cartilage degradation. Further investigations into the PAR2 and matriptase pathobiology could enhance our understanding of the proteolytic cascades in feline OA, which might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Zainal Ariffin
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William R Ferrell
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Lynette Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Centre for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tengku A Tengku Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pamela Johnston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Down-regulation of protease-activated receptor 2 ameliorated osteoarthritis in rats through regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222298. [PMID: 32134473 PMCID: PMC7098131 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been proved to be involved in the inflammatory response including osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, we found that PAR2 antagonist could remarkably improve the pathological condition of OA rats in vivo. In addition, we also found that PAR2 antagonist could suppress the production of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and Cox-2), decrease the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and restrain the levels of P62 proteins and aggravate the expression of LC3-II both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, in vitro, PAR2 antagonist could increase the proliferation and colony formation of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Moreover, PAR2 antagonist could decrease the expression of expressions of p-p38, p-IκBα and p-NF-κB in vitro. However, PAR2 agonist exhibited the opposite effects. Furthermore, SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, could remarkably promote the proliferation of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β, could alleviate the production of TNF-α and Cox-2, could down-regulate the protein expressions of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and could decrease the expression of P62 and increase the expressions of LC3-II of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Importantly, SB203580 could reverse the effects of PAR2 agonist on the functions of chondrocytes induced with IL-1β. Taken together, the present data suggest that down-regulation of PAR2 can ameliorate OA through inducing autophagy via regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro, and PAR2 can be considered as a potential candidate to treat OA.
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11
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Pathophysiological Perspective of Osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56110614. [PMID: 33207632 PMCID: PMC7696673 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most well-known degenerative disease among the geriatric and is a main cause of significant disability in daily living. It has a multifactorial etiology and is characterized by pathological changes in the knee joint structure including cartilage erosion, synovial inflammation, and subchondral sclerosis with osteophyte formation. To date, no efficient treatment is capable of altering the pathological progression of OA, and current therapy is broadly divided into pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures prior to surgical intervention. In this review, the significant risk factors and mediators, such as cytokines, proteolytic enzymes, and nitric oxide, that trigger the loss of the normal homeostasis and structural changes in the articular cartilage during the progression of OA are described. As the understanding of the mechanisms underlying OA improves, treatments are being developed that target specific mediators thought to promote the cartilage destruction that results from imbalanced catabolic and anabolic activity in the joint.
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12
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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Pain responses to protease-activated receptor-2 stimulation in the spinal cord of naïve and arthritic rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135391. [PMID: 32949662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence showing that the activation of peripheral proteinase-activated receptors type 2 (PAR-2) can initiate hyperalgesic and inflammatory responses in the joint. However, to date, there is no report of functional spinal PAR-2 receptors in arthritis models. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of PAR-2 receptors at the spinal cord by using a potent agonist (FLIGRL) in naïve animals, and an antagonist (GB83) in different models of joint pain. Saline or FLIGRL (10 nmol) were injected intrathecally in naïve animals and nociceptive behaviour was evaluated over a 24 h time period by von Frey hair algesiometry. Paw withdrawal threshold decreased from 3 to 24 h and this allodynic effect was blocked by GB83 (90 nmol; i.p.). Acute inflammatory joint pain was induced by injecting 0.5 % kaolin/carrageenan (50 μL each) into the right knee joint of male Wistar rats (24 h recovery). Chronic inflammatory joint pain was modelled by intraarticular injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA; 50 μL; 7 days recovery) or chronic osteoarthritis pain by sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA; 3 mg; 14 days recovery). Animals were then treated with either intrathecal vehicle or 10 nmol of GB83 (10 μL); joint pain was evaluated throughout the subsequent 3 h period. The acute inflammatory pain induced by kaolin/carrageenan was not affected by treatment with GB83. Conversely, both chronic arthritis models demonstrated increased hind paw withdrawal threshold after spinal injection of the PAR-2 antagonist. Based on these results, spinal PAR-2 receptors are involved in joint nociceptive processing in chronic but not acute arthritic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Lucena
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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13
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Transcriptional analysis of cleft palate in TGFβ3 mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14940. [PMID: 32913205 PMCID: PMC7483747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, impacting about 1 in 800 births in the USA. Tgf-β3 plays a critical role in regulating murine palate development, and Tgf-β3 null mutants develop cleft palate with 100% penetrance. In this study, we compared global palatal transcriptomes of wild type (WT) and Tgf-β3 −/− homozygous (HM) mouse embryos at the crucial palatogenesis stages of E14.5, and E16.5, using RNA-seq data. We found 1,809 and 2,127 differentially expressed genes at E16.5 vs. E14.5 in the WT and HM groups, respectively (adjusted p < 0.05; |fold change|> 2.0). We focused on the genes that were uniquely up/downregulated in WT or HM at E16.5 vs. E14.5 to identify genes associated with CP. Systems biology analysis relating to cell behaviors and function of WT and HM specific genes identified functional non-Smad pathways and preference of apoptosis to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We identified 24 HM specific and 11 WT specific genes that are CP-related and/or involved in Tgf-β3 signaling. We validated the expression of 29 of the 35 genes using qRT-PCR and the trend of mRNA expression is similar to that of RNA-seq data . Our results enrich our understanding of genes associated with CP that are directly or indirectly regulated via TGF-β.
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Zhang Z, Zhu H, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Luo Z, Tang J, Lin L, Du Z, Dong C. The effects and mechanism of collagen peptide and elastin peptide on skin aging induced by D-galactose combined with ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111964. [PMID: 32717457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The content of collagen and elastin occupies a large proportion of skin evaluation, and collagen peptide (CP) and elastin peptide (EP) are widely used drugs, which have anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, CP and EP can also be used as therapeutic agents for skin repair. However, previous studies have never thoroughly verified the effects of oral administration of CP and EP on skin repair. AIM To study the effects and mechanism of oral administration of CP and EP on skin aging induced by combinatorial treatment with D-galactose and ultraviolet radiation. RESULTS In animal experiments, the combined oral administration of CP and EP increased the contents of collagen and elastin in animal skin, accompanying with significantly upregulated expression of hyaluronic acid and hydroxyproline, as well as significantly reduced expression of MMP-3 and IL-1α. In addition, the combined therapy also significantly increased the expression of seven collagen and elastin synthesis-related factors including IGF-1, LOX, SMAD2, JNK, SP1, TβRII and TGF-β. CONCLUSION Oral administration of CP and EP can repair skin aging induced by the combined treatment with D-galactose and ultraviolet radiation and the effects of CP and EP appeared synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zhu
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhen Luo
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Foshan Allen Conney Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Zhiyun Du
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Huang X, Ni B, Xi Y, Chu X, Zhang R, You H. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) antagonist AZ3451 as a novel therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12532-12545. [PMID: 31841119 PMCID: PMC6949101 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent joint disorder blamed for pain and disability in older individuals. It's commonly accepted that inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence participate in the progress of OA. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a member of the G-protein coupled receptors, is involved in the regulation of various inflammation diseases. Previous studies have identified PAR2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 in inflammation response, apoptosis, autophagy and cellular senescence during OA. We confirmed that PAR2 expression was significantly up-regulated in OA articular cartilage tissues as well as in interleukin 1β (IL-1β) stimulated chondrocytes. We demonstrated AZ3451 could prevent the IL-1β-induced inflammation response, cartilage degradation and premature senescence in chondrocytes. Further study showed that AZ3451 attenuated chondrocytes apoptosis by activating autophagy in vitro. The P38/MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were involved in the protective effect of AZ3451. In vivo, we found that intra-articular injection of AZ3451 could ameliorate the surgery induced cartilage degradation in rat OA model. Our work provided a better understanding of the mechanism of PAR2 in OA, and indicated that PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 might serve as a promising strategy for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bowei Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiangyu Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Falconer AMD, Chan CM, Gray J, Nagashima I, Holland RA, Shimizu H, Pickford AR, Rowan AD, Wilkinson DJ. Collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases antagonize proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation, providing insights into extracellular matrix turnover. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10266-10277. [PMID: 31110047 PMCID: PMC6664178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.006974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The collagenase subfamily of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have important roles in the remodeling of collagenous matrices. The proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family has a unique mechanism of activation requiring proteolysis of an extracellular domain forming a neo-N terminus that acts as a tethered ligand, a process that has been associated with the development of arthritis. Canonical PAR2 activation typically occurs via a serine proteinase at Arg36-Ser37, but other proteinases can cleave PARs downstream of the tethered ligand and "disarm" the receptor. To identify additional cleavage sites within PAR2, we synthesized a 42-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the extracellular region. We observed that all three soluble MMP collagenases, MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13, cleave PAR2 and discovered a novel cleavage site (Ser37-Leu38). Metalloproteinases from resorbing bovine nasal cartilage and recombinant human collagenases could cleave a quenched fluorescent peptide mimicking the canonical PAR2 activation region, and kinetic constants were determined. In PAR2-overexpressing SW1353 chondrocytes, we demonstrated that the activator peptide SLIGKV-NH2 induces rapid calcium flux, inflammatory gene expression (including MMP1 and MMP13), and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase. The corresponding MMP cleavage-derived peptide (LIGKVD-NH2) exhibited no canonical activation; however, we observed phosphorylation of ERK, providing evidence of biased agonism. Importantly, we demonstrated that preincubation with active MMP-1 reduced downstream PAR2 activation by a canonical activator, matriptase, but not SLIGKV-NH2 These results support a role for collagenases as proteinases capable of disarming PAR2, revealing a mechanism that suppresses PAR2-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M D Falconer
- From the Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Ming Chan
- From the Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Gray
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Izuru Nagashima
- Bio-material Engineering Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, and
| | - Robert A Holland
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Bio-material Engineering Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan, and
| | - Andrew R Pickford
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- From the Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Wilkinson
- From the Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom,
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Han SL, Zhang YJ, Zhou M, Luan C, Wang P, Zhai L. Association of PAR-2 Gene Polymorphisms with the Inflammatory Response and Susceptibility to Knee Osteoarthritis in the Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:84-90. [PMID: 30688539 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and the susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and synovial expression of inflammatory factors in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Three hundred fifty KOA patients (KOA group) and 345 healthy volunteers (control group) were recruited for the study. Five milliliters of venous blood was taken from each subject to detect the PAR-2 rs1529505, rs631465, and rs2242991 locus genotypes. The expression of PAR-2 mRNA in the synovial tissue and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), MMP-9, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in the joint effusion were detected in 205 KOA patients who had undergone joint replacement surgery. RESULTS The PAR-2 rs1529505 T allele and the rs2242991 G allele carriers had a higher risk of KOA (p < 0.001). The severity of KOA in patients with the PAR-2 rs1529505 and rs2242991 mutations were higher than in the wild-type controls (p < 0.05). The expression levels of the PAR-2 mRNA in wild types, heterozygotes, and homozygotes of the rs1529505 and rs2242991 loci increased in turn (p < 0.001). The levels of MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1β in the synovial fluid of the PAR-2 rs1529505 and rs2242991 locus mutants were distinctly higher than those with the wild-type alleles (p < 0.01). There was no correlation between the rs631465 SNP and susceptibility to KOA, severity of KOA, nor levels of PAR-2 mRNA, MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6, and IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS The PAR-2 SNPs rs1529505 and rs2242991 are associated with the susceptibility to KOA. KOA is more severe in patients harboring the T and G alleles of these two SNPs, respectively. The levels of inflammatory factors in synovial tissue and blood are higher than those in wild-type patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Liang Han
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yun-Jing Zhang
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chong Luan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics and Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Pan Wang
- 3 Pain Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Lifeng Zhai
- 4 Department of Orthopaedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Liu YX, Wang GD, Wang X, Zhang YL, Zhang TL. Effects of TLR-2/NF-κB signaling pathway on the occurrence of degenerative knee osteoarthritis: an in vivo and in vitro study. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38602-38617. [PMID: 28418842 PMCID: PMC5503557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to explore the effects of TLR-2/NF-κB signaling pathway on the occurrence of degenerative knee osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative knee OA and normal cartilage samples were collected from patients with degenerative knee OA receiving total knee arthroplasty and amputation. Expressions of TLR-2, NF-κB and MMP-13 were determined by qRT-PCR and immunochemistry. The chondrocytes were divided into control, IL-1β, IL-1β + anti-TLR-2 and IL-1β + PDTC groups. MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to determine proliferation and apoptosis of the chondrocytes. Expressions of TLR-2, NF-κB and MMP-13 were measured by Western blotting. ELISA was conducted to detect the expressions of related inflammatory factors. The positive expressions of TLR, NF-κB and MMP13 were associated with body mass index (BMI), family history, exercise, and WOMAC scores of OA patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that OA influencing factors were TLR, NF-κB, MMP13, BMI, family history and exercise. Compared with normal chondrocytes, the expressions of TLR-2, NF-κB, MMP-13 and related inflammatory factors increased in degenerative knee OA. The chondrocytes in the IL-1β + anti-TLR-2 and IL-1β + PDTC groups showed lower apoptosis rates than those in the IL-1β group. Compared with the control group, increased expressions of TLR-2, NF-κB, phosphorylated-NF-κB (p-NF-κB), MMP-13, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α were found in the IL-1β group. In the IL-1β + anti-TLR-2 and IL-1β + PDTC groups, decreased expressions of NF-κB, p-NF-κB, MMP-13, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α were found compared with those in the IL-1β group. TLR-2/NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the occurrence of degenerative knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong-Le Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tian-Lun Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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19
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Wilkinson DJ, Arques MDC, Huesa C, Rowan AD. Serine proteinases in the turnover of the cartilage extracellular matrix in the joint: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:38-51. [PMID: 29473950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage destruction is a key characteristic of arthritic disease, a process now widely established to be mediated by metzincins such as MMPs. Despite showing promise in preclinical trials during the 1990s, MMP inhibitors for the blockade of extracellular matrix turnover in the treatment of cancer and arthritis failed clinically, primarily due to poor selectivity for target MMPs. In recent years, roles for serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage destruction have become increasingly apparent, renewing interest in the potential for new therapeutic strategies that utilize pharmacological inhibitors against this class of proteinases. Herein, we describe key serine proteinases with likely importance in arthritic disease and highlight recent advances in this field. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Del Carmen Arques
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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20
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Oikonomopoulou K, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Chandran V. Proteinases and their receptors in inflammatory arthritis: an overview. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:170-180. [PMID: 29416136 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases are enzymes with established roles in physiological and pathological processes such as digestion and the homeostasis, destruction and repair of tissues. Over the past few years, the hormone-like properties of circulating proteinases have become increasingly appreciated. Some proteolytic enzymes trigger cell signalling via proteinase-activated receptors, a family of G protein-coupled receptors that have been implicated in inflammation and pain in inflammatory arthritis. Proteinases can also regulate ion flux owing to the cross-sensitization of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4, which are associated with mechanosensing and pain. In this Review, the idea that proteinases have the potential to orchestrate inflammatory signals by interacting with receptors on cells within the synovial microenvironment of an inflamed joint is revisited in three arthritic diseases: osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unanswered questions are highlighted and the therapeutic potential of modulating this proteinase-receptor axis for the management of disease in patients with these types of arthritis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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McCulloch K, McGrath S, Huesa C, Dunning L, Litherland G, Crilly A, Hultin L, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Goodyear CS. Rheumatic Disease: Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in Synovial Joint Pathobiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29875735 PMCID: PMC5974038 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is one member of a small family of transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are activated via cleavage of their N terminus by serine proteases (e.g., tryptase), unveiling an N terminus tethered ligand which binds to the second extracellular loop of the receptor. Increasing evidence has emerged identifying key pathophysiological roles for PAR2 in both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Importantly, this includes both pro-inflammatory and destructive roles. For example, in murine models of RA, the associated synovitis, cartilage degradation, and subsequent bone erosion are all significantly reduced in the absence of PAR2. Similarly, in experimental models of OA, PAR2 disruption confers protection against cartilage degradation, subchondral bone osteosclerosis, and osteophyte formation. This review focuses on the role of PAR2 in rheumatic disease and its potential as an important therapeutic target for treating pain and joint degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal McCulloch
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Crilly
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Hultin
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - William R. Ferrell
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: John C. Lockhart, ; Carl S. Goodyear,
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: John C. Lockhart, ; Carl S. Goodyear,
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22
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Lü Q, Gou Y, Tian F, Zhang L. [Research progress on protease-activated receptor 2 in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2017; 31:1517-1522. [PMID: 29806398 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201705025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review the research progress on protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The relevant literature about the mechanism of PAR-2 in the occurrence and development of OA in recent years was extensively reviewed and comprehensively analyzed. Results Abnormal activation of PAR-2 plays an important role in responses to occurrence and development of OA. Through regulating production and releasing of a variety of cytokines (such as inflammatory factors, metabolic factors, pain factors, etc.), the PAR-2 can involve in pathophysiological progression of OA articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovial membrane, as well as occurrence and transmission of pain. Conclusion PAR-2 participation in the development of OA has been confirmed. However, since PAR-2 is complicated and widespread, it is necessary to study the specific role of PAR-2 and the interaction between various signal pathways in the progression of OA, and to elucidate the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of PAR-2 participating in the process of OA, in the hope of exploring the new targets for the effective control of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglie Lü
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000, P.R.China
| | - Yu Gou
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang Hebei, 050017, P.R.China
| | - Faming Tian
- Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000,
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan Hebei, 063000,
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23
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The serine proteinase hepsin is an activator of pro-matrix metalloproteinases: molecular mechanisms and implications for extracellular matrix turnover. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16693. [PMID: 29196708 PMCID: PMC5711915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to the pathological destruction of extracellular matrices such as cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). We have previously demonstrated that the type II transmembrane serine proteinase (TTSP) matriptase acts as a novel initiator of cartilage destruction via the induction and activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Hepsin is another TTSP expressed in OA cartilage such that we hypothesized this proteinase may also contribute to matrix turnover. Herein, we demonstrate that addition of hepsin to OA cartilage in explant culture induced significant collagen and aggrecan release and activated proMMP-1 and proMMP-3. Furthermore, hepsin directly cleaved the aggrecan core protein at a novel cleavage site within the interglobular domain. Hepsin expression correlated with synovitis as well as tumour necrosis factor α expression, and was induced in cartilage by a pro-inflammatory stimulus. However, a major difference compared to matriptase was that hepsin demonstrated markedly reduced capacity to activate proteinase-activated receptor-2. Overall, our data suggest that hepsin, like matriptase, induces potent destruction of the extracellular matrix whilst displaying distinct efficiencies for the cleavage of specific substrates.
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24
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Muley MM, Krustev E, Reid AR, McDougall JJ. Prophylactic inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents the development of chronic neuropathic pain in osteoarthritic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:168. [PMID: 28835277 PMCID: PMC5569523 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of osteoarthritis (OA) patients experience joint pain with neuropathic characteristics. Mediators such as neutrophil elastase, a serine proteinase, may be released during acute OA inflammatory flares. We have previously shown that local administration of neutrophil elastase causes joint inflammation and pain via activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of endogenous neutrophil elastase and PAR2 to the development of joint inflammation, pain, and neuropathy associated with monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced experimental OA. Methods MIA (0.3 mg/10 μl) was injected into the right knee joint of male C57BL/6 mice (20–34 g). Joint inflammation (edema, leukocyte kinetics), neutrophil elastase proteolytic activity, tactile allodynia, and saphenous nerve demyelination were assessed over 14 days post-injection. The effects of inhibiting neutrophil elastase during the early inflammatory phase of MIA (days 0 to 3) were determined using sivelestat (50 mg/kg i.p.) and serpinA1 (10 μg i.p.). Involvement of PAR2 in the development of MIA-induced joint inflammation and pain was studied using the PAR2 antagonist GB83 (5 μg i.p. days 0 to 1) and PAR2 knockout animals. Results MIA caused an increase in neutrophil elastase proteolytic activity on day 1 (P < 0.0001), but not on day 14. MIA also generated a transient inflammatory response which peaked on day 1 (P < 0.01) then subsided over the 2-week time course. Joint pain appeared on day 1 and persisted to day 14 (P < 0.0001). By day 14, the saphenous nerve showed signs of demyelination. Early treatment with sivelestat and serpinA1 blocked the proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase on day 1 (P < 0.001), and caused lasting improvements in joint inflammation, pain, and saphenous nerve damage (P < 0.05). MIA-induced synovitis was reversed by early treatment with GB83 and attenuated in PAR2 knockout mice (P < 0.05). PAR2 knockout mice also showed reduced MIA-induced joint pain (P < 0.0001) and less nerve demyelination (P = 0.81 compared to saline control). Conclusions Neutrophil elastase and PAR2 contribute significantly to the development of joint inflammation, pain, and peripheral neuropathy associated with experimental OA, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Muley
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eugene Krustev
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Allison R Reid
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Aubier M, Thabut G, Hamidi F, Guillou N, Brard J, Dombret MC, Borensztajn K, Aitilalne B, Poirier I, Roland-Nicaise P, Taillé C, Pretolani M. Airway smooth muscle enlargement is associated with protease-activated receptor 2/ligand overexpression in patients with difficult-to-control severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:729-739.e11. [PMID: 27001157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a complex disease with heterogeneous features of airway inflammation and remodeling. The increase in airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass is an essential component of airway remodeling in patients with severe asthma, yet the pathobiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes associated with ASM enlargement remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare ASM area in control subjects and patients with mild-to-moderate or severe asthma and to identify specific clinical and pathobiological characteristics associated with ASM enlargement. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens from 12 control subjects, 24 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, and 105 patients with severe asthma were analyzed for ASM area, basement membrane thickness, vessels, eosinophils, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2). In parallel, the levels of several ASM mitogenic factors, including the PAR-2 ligands, mast cell tryptase, trypsin, tissue factor, and kallikrein (KLK) 5 and KLK14, were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Data were correlated with asthma severity and control both at inclusion and after 12 to 18 months of optimal management and therapy. RESULTS Analyses across ASM quartiles in patients with severe asthma demonstrated that patients with the highest ASM quartile (median value of ASM area, 26.3%) were younger (42.5 vs ≥50 years old in the other groups, P ≤ .04) and had lower asthma control after 1 year of optimal management (P ≤ .006). ASM enlargement occurred independently of features of airway inflammation and remodeling, whereas it was associated with PAR-2 overexpression and higher alveolar tryptase (P ≤ .02) and KLK14 (P ≤ .03) levels. CONCLUSION Increase in ASM mass, possibly involving aberrant expression and activation of PAR-2-mediated pathways, characterizes younger patients with severe asthma with poor asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Aubier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Thabut
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie B, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Hamidi
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Noëlline Guillou
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Julien Brard
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Dombret
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Aitilalne
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Poirier
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Roland-Nicaise
- Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Taillé
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Départment de Pneumologie A, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Départment de Hématologie-Immunologie, Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire Nord Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marina Pretolani
- Inserm UMR1152, Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, Paris, France.
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de Lange-Brokaar BJE, Kloppenburg M, Andersen SN, Dorjée AL, Yusuf E, Herb-van Toorn L, Kroon HM, Zuurmond AM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Bloem JL, Nelissen RGHH, Toes REM, Ioan-Facsinay A. Characterization of synovial mast cells in knee osteoarthritis: association with clinical parameters. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:664-71. [PMID: 26671522 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of mast cells in the osteoarthritic (OA) synovium and their association with clinical parameters in comparison with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) samples. METHOD Synovial tissues of 56 symptomatic OA and 49 RA patients were obtained. Two to three paraffin slides were used to quantify inflammation using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining (synovitis score 0-9), and numbers of mast cells (per 10 high-power fields) using double immunofluorescence for CD117 and tryptase. Average scores per patient were used for analysis. Knee radiographs of OA patients were scored according to the Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) system and pain was determined in OA patients at baseline by visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS Median (range) of mast cells was significantly higher in OA samples 45 (1-168) compared to RA samples 4 (1-47) (P-value < 0.001), despite a lower median (range) synovitis score in OA (2.5 (0-6.0)) compared to 4.6 (0-8.0) in RA samples. The synovitis score was significantly correlated with the number of mast cells (in OA Spearman's rho (P-value) 0.3 (0.023) and RA 0.5 (P-value < 0.001)). Interestingly, we observed a trend towards an association between the number of mast cells and an increased KL-grade (P-value 0.05) in OA patients, independently of synovitis. No associations were found with self-reported pain. CONCLUSION Prevalence of mast cells in OA synovial tissue is relatively high and associates with structural damage in OA patients, suggesting a role of mast cells in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - S N Andersen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A L Dorjée
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - E Yusuf
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - L Herb-van Toorn
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - H M Kroon
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - J L Bloem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - R G H H Nelissen
- Department Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - R E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Nieuwenhuizen L, Schutgens REG, Coeleveld K, Mastbergen SC, Schiffelers RM, Roosendaal G, Biesma DH, Lafeber FPJG. Silencing of protease-activated receptors attenuates synovitis and cartilage damage following a joint bleed in haemophilic mice. Haemophilia 2015; 22:152-9. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Nieuwenhuizen
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Hematology and Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R. E. G. Schutgens
- Hematology and Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - K. Coeleveld
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - S. C. Mastbergen
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R. M. Schiffelers
- Clinical Chemistry and Hematology; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - G. Roosendaal
- Hematology and Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - D. H. Biesma
- Hematology and Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Internal Medicine; Sint Antonius Ziekenhuis; Nieuwegein The Netherlands
| | - F. P. J. G. Lafeber
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Lyu SR, Chiang CY, Cherng JY, Huang YC, Li CH, Lin YJ, Chang CM, Chau LK. Role of medial abrasion phenomenon in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:207-11. [PMID: 25957655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the knee affects a large population worldwide and is associated with an extremely high economic burden largely attributable to the effects of disability, comorbid disease, and the expense of treatment. Since the initiating events that result in the cartilage degradation are poorly understood, there has been very limited success in demonstrating disease modification in clinical trials of potential therapies. Medial plica related medial abrasion phenomenon has recently been identified to have close relationship with medial compartment osteoarthritis. We hypothesized that this abrasion phenomenon will elicit lifelong interplay between pathologic medial plica and the facing medial femoral condyle and might play a role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis by both physical and chemical effects. After evaluating current evidence, we designed a study to prove that the concentrations of total protein, cartilage degrading related cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and enzyme (matrix metalloproteinase-3) are higher in the medial compartment of the knee having the phenomenon of medial abrasion. The accumulating data and findings about medial abrasion phenomenon might be important for the understanding of the pathogenesis or progression of this common disease. We hope that our hypothesis will stimulate further studies verifying if medial abrasion phenomenon plays more roles in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. Further clinical observations for its appropriate treatment based on this hypothesis are also mandatory for the benefits of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw-Ruey Lyu
- Joint Center, Tzu-Chi Dalin General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Yue Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Yuh Cherng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jie Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Kwan Chau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Jackson MT, Moradi B, Zaki S, Smith MM, McCracken S, Smith SM, Jackson CJ, Little CB. Depletion of protease-activated receptor 2 but not protease-activated receptor 1 may confer protection against osteoarthritis in mice through extracartilaginous mechanisms. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 66:3337-48. [PMID: 25200274 DOI: 10.1002/art.38876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the involvement of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and PAR-2 in the pathologic processes of osteoarthritis (OA) and to identify the cells/tissues primarily affected by ablation of PAR-1 or PAR-2 in mice. METHODS OA was induced in the joints of wild-type (WT), PAR-1(+/+) , PAR-1(-/-) , and PAR-2(-/-) mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), and scores of histologic features (cartilage aggrecan loss and erosion, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophytes, and synovitis) were compared at 1, 4, and 8 weeks post-DMM. The effects of PAR ablation on cartilage degradation and chondrocyte metalloproteinase expression/activity were studied in cultures of mouse femoral head tissue with or without interleukin-1α (IL-1α). At 1 week post-DMM, synovial expression of cytokines and metalloproteinase genes was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and populations of inflammatory cells were quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS Deletion of PAR-2, but not that of PAR-1, in mice significantly delayed the progression of cartilage damage and inhibited subchondral bone sclerosis following DMM. There was no inhibitory effect of PAR-1 or PAR-2 ablation on IL-1α-induced cartilage degradation or chondrocyte metalloproteinase expression/activation. A low but significant level of synovitis persisted in mice subjected to DMM compared to that in control mice subjected to sham surgery, but no differences between the genotypes were seen 4 or 8 weeks post-DMM. One week after DMM, increased synovial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteinase genes, along with increased levels of CD4+ T cells, inflammatory monocytes, and activated macrophages, were seen in all genotypes. However, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of activated macrophages in PAR-2(-/-) mice compared to PAR-1(-/-) and WT mice. CONCLUSION Deletion of PAR-2, but not that of PAR-1, results in a significant decrease in DMM-induced cartilage damage. The chondroprotection in PAR-2(-/-) mice appears to occur indirectly through modulation of extracartilaginous events such as subchondral bone remodeling and synovial macrophage activation, rather than through alteration of chondrocyte catabolic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam T Jackson
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research and the University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptor that are activated by extracellular cleavage of the receptor in the N-terminal domain. This slicing of the receptor exposes a tethered ligand which binds to a specific docking point on the receptor surface to initiate intracellular signalling. PARs are expressed by numerous tissues in the body, and they are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as food digestion, tissue remodelling and blood coagulation. This chapter will summarise how serine proteinases activate PARs leading to the development of pain in several chronic pain conditions. The potential of PARs as a drug target for pain relief is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2,
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Interaction of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways in TGF-β1-induced TIMP-3 expression in rat chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kim JY, Kim YJ, Lim BJ, Sohn HJ, Shin D, Oh SH. Increased expression of cathelicidin by direct activation of protease-activated receptor 2: possible implications on the pathogenesis of rosacea. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:1648-55. [PMID: 25323904 PMCID: PMC4205707 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings of increased cathelicidin protein and its proteolytic fragments in rosacea suggest a pathogenic role for cathelicidin in this disease. The relationship between cathelicidin and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is therefore of interest, as PAR-2, expressed principally in keratinocytes, regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between expression of PAR-2 and cathelicidin in rosacea and to test the effect of direct PAR-2 activation on cathelicidin expression in keratinocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 40 patients with clinicopathologic diagnosis of rosacea and facial skin tissue samples from 20 patients with no specific findings or milium without inflammation were retrieved. Intensities of immunohistochemical staining for PAR-2 and cathelicidin were compared between normal and rosacea-affected skin tissues. Additionally, correlations between PAR-2 and cathelicidin staining intensities within rosacea patients were analyzed. In cultured keratinocytes, changes in PAR-2, cathelicidin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein were analyzed after treatment with PAR-2 activating peptide (AP). RESULTS Cathelicidin expression was significantly higher in rosacea skin tissues than in normal tissues (p<0.001), while PAR-2 expression was not significantly higher in rosacea tissues than in normal skin tissues. A positive correlation between PAR-2 and cathelicidin within rosacea samples was observed (R=0.330, p=0.037). After treatment of PAR-2 AP, both mRNA and protein levels for PAR-2, cathelicidin, and VEGF significantly increased in cultured keratinocytes, compared with PAR-2 control peptide treatment. CONCLUSION PAR-2 may participate in the pathogenesis of rosacea through activation of cathelicidin LL-37, a mediator of innate immune responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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The characteristics of thrombin in osteoarthritic pathogenesis and treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:407518. [PMID: 25313362 PMCID: PMC4182002 DOI: 10.1155/2014/407518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a mechanical abnormality associated with degradation of joints. It is characterized by chronic, progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, abnormalities of bone, and synovial change. The most common symptom of OA is local inflammation resulting from exogenous stress or endogenous abnormal cytokines. Additionally, OA is associated with local and/or systemic activation of coagulation and anticoagulation pathways. Thrombin plays an important role in the stimulation of fibrin deposition and the proinflammatory processes in OA. Thrombin mediates hemostatic and inflammatory responses and guides the immune response to tissue damage. Thrombin activates intracellular signaling pathways by interacting with transmembrane domain G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), known as protease-activated receptors (PARs). In pathogenic mechanisms, PARs have been implicated in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory responses in OA. Therefore, discovery of thrombin signaling pathways would help us to understand the mechanism of OA pathogenesis and lead us to develop therapeutic drugs in the future.
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Chitinase-3-like protein 1 protects skeletal muscle from TNFα-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Biochem J 2014; 459:479-88. [PMID: 24512683 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CHI3L1 (chitinase-3-like protein 1) is a glycoprotein consisting of 383 amino acids with a molecular mass of 40 kDa, and its serum level is elevated in inflammatory diseases. Although CHI3L1 is described as a biomarker of inflammation, the function of this protein is not completely understood. In the present study, we examined the regulation of CHI3L1 in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Moreover, we analysed potential autocrine effects of CHI3L1. We show that myotubes express CHI3L1 in a differentiation-dependent manner. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines up-regulate CHI3L1 expression (6-fold) and release (3-fold). Importantly, CHI3L1 treatment blocked TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α)-induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation in skeletal muscle cells. We show that this effect is mediated via PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2). In addition, CHI3L1 treatment diminished the TNFα-induced expression and secretion of IL (interleukin)-8, MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and IL-6. In addition, impaired insulin action at the level of Akt and GSK3α/β (glycogen synthase kinase 3α/β) phosphoryl-ation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was normalized by CHI3L1. In conclusion, the novel myokine CHI3L1, which is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, can counteract TNFα-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells, potentially involving an auto- and/or para-crine mechanism.
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Denadai-Souza A, Martin L, de Paula MAV, de Avellar MCW, Muscará MN, Vergnolle N, Cenac N. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 in rat joint inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1848-58. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fagundes JAG, Monoo LD, Euzébio Alves VT, Pannuti CM, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Holzhausen M. Porphyromonas Gingivalisis Associated With Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Upregulation in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1596-601. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Correlation of protease-activated receptor-2 expression and synovitis in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:3077-86. [PMID: 21913036 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is known to be pro-inflammatory and increasing evidence points to an inflammatory component in osteoarthritis. This investigation examined the relationship between synovitis and PAR-2 expression, histological and immunohistochemical analysis being performed on synovial samples obtained from OA and RA patients, along with non-arthritic samples obtained by post mortem (PM). Samples were also analysed for PAR-4 expression, this receptor also having putative pro-inflammatory roles. Analysis involved comparison of inflammatory indices (synovial thickness and monocyte infiltration) with expression of PAR-2 and PAR-4. Synovial explants were also analysed for TNFα generation in the presence of a PAR-2 antagonist (ENMD-1068) or vehicle. OA synovia showed heterogeneity of inflammatory indicators, some samples overlapping with those from the RA cohort whilst others appeared similar to the PM cohort. PAR-2 expression, both in the lining layer and the interstitium, correlated strongly and significantly with synovial thickness (r = 0.91) and monocyte infiltration (r = 0.83), respectively (P < 0.001 in both cases), and this remains significant on individual cohort analysis. PAR-2 was co-localised to CD3 and CD68 cells in RA and OA synovium as well as fibroblasts derived from these synovia. PAR-4 was also expressed, but the relationship with inflammatory indicators was substantially weaker. Inflammatory indicators in OA synovia showed considerable variability, but correlated strongly with PAR-2 expression, suggesting PAR-2 upregulation in synovitis. Heterogeneity of inflammatory indicators was paralleled by wide variation in TNFα generation between samples. Secretion of this cytokine was dose-dependently inhibited by ENMD-1068, providing evidence of a functional role for PAR-2 in promoting synovitis.
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Troeberg L, Nagase H. Proteases involved in cartilage matrix degradation in osteoarthritis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:133-45. [PMID: 21777704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common joint disease for which there are currently no disease-modifying drugs available. Degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix is a central feature of the disease and is widely thought to be mediated by proteinases that degrade structural components of the matrix, primarily aggrecan and collagen. Studies on transgenic mice have confirmed the central role of Adamalysin with Thrombospondin Motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) in aggrecan degradation, and the collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinase MMP-13 in collagen degradation. This review discusses recent advances in current understanding of the mechanisms regulating expression of these key enzymes, as well as reviewing the roles of other proteinases in cartilage destruction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Troeberg
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Anti-Inflammatory mechanisms of the proteinase-activated receptor 2-inhibiting peptide in human synovial cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:43. [PMID: 21682866 PMCID: PMC3135512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which affects the entire joint structure, including the synovial membrane. Disease progression was shown to involve inflammatory changes mediated by proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-2 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels increased in OA synovial cells, suggesting that PAR-2 is a potential therapeutic target of the disease. Methods We designed a PAR-2-inhibiting peptide (PAR2-IP) by changing an isoleucine residue in the PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP), SLIGKV, to alanine, generating the SLAGKV peptide. We used it to test PAR-2-mediated inflammatory responses, including the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in human synovial cells. As a control, expressions of COX-2 and MMP-1 were induced by trypsin at both the mRNA and protein levels. Results The PAR2-AP increased the expression of COX-2 more dramatically than that of MMP-1. When we treated cells with the designed PAR2-IP, the trypsin-induced COX-2 level was completely inhibited at a moderate concentration of the PAR2-IP. With further examination of trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, we observed sufficient inhibitory effects of the PAR2-IP in synoviosarcoma cells and primary synovial cells from OA patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that the PAR2-IP inhibits trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, resulting in a reduction in inflammatory COX-2 expression in synovial cells. Application of PAR2-IP is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Saito A, Osuga Y, Yoshino O, Takamura M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Koga K, Harada M, Takemura Y, Yano T, Taketani Y. TGF-β1 induces proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expression in endometriotic stromal cells and stimulates PAR2 activation-induced secretion of IL-6. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1892-8. [PMID: 21546388 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by several serine proteases. PAR2 activation in endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) has been implicated in the development of endometriosis but the regulatory mechanism of PAR2 expression in ESC is unknown. Our objective was to study the mechanism by which PAR2 expression may be regulated in endometriotic lesions. METHODS Primary cultures of ESCs were treated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) 1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and the expression of PAR2 was examined by real-time quantitative PCR. ESCs pretreated with or without TGF-β1 were treated with PAR2 agonist peptide (PAR2AP) and the secretion of the pro-endometriotic cytokine, IL-6, was measured using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Effects of TGF-β type 1 inhibitor, SB431542, and PAR2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the TGF-β1 stimulation of PAR2 gene expression and PAR2AP-induced IL-6 secretion were also evaluated. To study intracellular signaling, effects of inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and of Smad4 siRNA on the TGF-β1-induced PAR2 gene expression were studied. RESULTS Only TGF-β1, but neither TNF-α nor IL-1β, increased gene expression of PAR2. Activation of PAR2 with PAR2AP increased the secretion of IL-6 from ESCs. As expected, TGF-β1 pretreatment dose-dependently enhanced the PAR2AP-induced increase in IL-6 secretion from ESCs. Treatment of ESCs with the TGF-β type 1 inhibitor, SB431542, inhibited both TGF-β1-stimulation of PAR2 gene expression and PAR2AP-induced IL-6 secretion. Transfection of ESCs with PAR2 siRNA produced a similar inhibition of IL-6 secretion. The TGF-β1-induced increase in PAR2 gene expression was repressed by inhibition of p38 MAPK, p42/44 MAPK or PI3K, but not by knockdown of Smad4 expression. CONCLUSIONS In view of significant roles of PAR2 and IL-6 in endometriosis, the TGF-β1-induced increase in PAR2 expression may be an elaborate mechanism that augments the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Amiable N, Martel-Pelletier J, Lussier B, Kwan Tat S, Pelletier JP, Boileau C. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 gene disruption limits the effect of osteoarthritis on cartilage in mice: a novel target in joint degradation. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:911-20. [PMID: 21285164 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence indicates that proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 participates in the degradative processes of human osteoarthritis (OA). We evaluated the in vivo effect of PAR-2 on articular lesions in a PAR-2-knockout (KO) mouse model of OA. METHODS OA was surgically induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus of the right knee in C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and PAR-2 KO mice. Knee swelling was measured throughout the duration of the study (8 weeks postsurgery) and histologic evaluation of cartilage was done to assess structure, cellularity, matrix staining, and remodeling in the deep zone. Morphometric analysis of subchondral bone was also performed. RESULTS Data showed significant knee swelling in the operated WT mice immediately following surgery, which increased with time (8 weeks post-surgery). Knee swelling was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.0001) in PAR-2 KO mice than in WT mice at both 4 and 8 weeks postsurgery. Cartilage damage was found in both operated WT and PAR-2 KO mice; however, lesions were significantly less severe (global score; p ≤ 0.05) in the PAR-2 KO mice at 4 weeks postsurgery. Operated WT mice showed reduced subchondral bone surface and trabecular thickness with significance reached at 4 weeks (p ≤ 0.03 and p ≤ 0.05, respectively), while PAR-2 KO mice demonstrated a gradual increase in subchondral bone surface with significance reached at 8 weeks (p ≤ 0.007). CONCLUSION We demonstrated the in vivo implication of PAR-2 in the development of experimental OA, thus confirming its involvement in OA joint structural changes and reinforcing the therapeutic potential of a PAR-2 antagonist for treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Amiable
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Denadai-Souza A, Cenac N, Casatti C, de Souza Câmara P, Yshii L, Costa S, Vergnolle N, Muscará M. PAR2 and Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation in the Rat. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1123-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510375284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a putative therapeutic target for arthritis. We hypothesized that the early pro-inflammatory effects secondary to its activation in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are mediated by neurogenic mechanisms. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a high degree of neurons expressing PAR2 in retrogradely labeled trigeminal ganglion neurons. Furthermore, PAR2 immunoreactivity was observed in the lining layer of the TMJ, co-localizing with the neuronal marker PGP9.5 and substance-P-containing peripheral sensory nerve fibers. The intra-articular injection of PAR2 agonists into the TMJ triggered a dose-dependent increase in plasma extravasation, neutrophil influx, and induction of mechanical allodynia. The pharmacological blockade of natural killer 1 (NK1) receptors abolished PAR2-induced plasma extravasation and inhibited neutrophil influx and mechanical allodynia. We conclude that PAR2 activation is pro-inflammatory in the TMJ, through a neurogenic mechanism involving NK1 receptors. This suggests that PAR2 is an important component of innate neuro-immune response in the rat TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Denadai-Souza
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508–900, SP, Brazil
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan
| | - N. Cenac
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - C.A. Casatti
- Dept. of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - P.R. de Souza Câmara
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508–900, SP, Brazil
| | - L.M. Yshii
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508–900, SP, Brazil
| | - S.K.P. Costa
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508–900, SP, Brazil
| | - N. Vergnolle
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000 France
| | - M.N. Muscará
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, 05508–900, SP, Brazil
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Holzhausen M, Cortelli J, da Silva VA, Franco GN, Cortelli SC, Vergnolle N. Protease-activated Receptor-2 (par2) in Human Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010; 89:948-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510373765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No evidence for the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in human periodontal disease has been demonstrated so far. Thus, we sought to investigate the expression of PAR2 mRNA in chronic periodontitis, and to examine whether its expression is related to the presence of PAR2 potential activators. Microbiological and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from individuals with chronic periodontitis and control individuals, and the presence of neutrophil serine proteinase 3 (P3) and Porphyromonas gingivalis was evaluated. PAR2 mRNA expression was higher (p < 0.001) in those with chronic periodontitis compared with control individuals, and it was statistically decreased (p = 0.0006) after periodontal treatment. Furthermore, those with chronic periodontitis presented higher (p < 0.05) levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, total proteolytic activity, P. gingivalis prevalence, and P3mRNA expression compared with control individuals. We conclude that PAR2 mRNA expression and its potential activators are elevated in human chronic periodontitis, therefore suggesting that PAR2 may play a role in periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - J.R. Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - V. Araújo da Silva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - G.C. Nobre Franco
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - S. Cavalca Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - N. Vergnolle
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
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Lundy FT, About I, Curtis TM, McGahon MK, Linden GJ, Irwin CR, El Karim IA. PAR-2 regulates dental pulp inflammation associated with caries. J Dent Res 2010; 89:684-8. [PMID: 20505052 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510365652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated enzymatically by proteolysis of an N-terminal domain. The cleavage and activation of PARs by serine proteases represent a novel mechanism by which such enzymes could influence the host inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to determine whether PAR-2 expression and activation were increased in dental caries. Using immunohistochemistry, we showed PAR-2 to be localized to pulp cells subjacent to caries lesions, but minimally expressed by healthy pulp tissue. Trypsin and the PAR-2 agonist (PAR2-AP) activated PAR-2 in an in vitro functional assay. Endogenous molecules present in pulp cell lysates from carious teeth specifically activated PAR-2, but those from healthy teeth failed to do so. The activation of PAR-2 in vitro was shown to increase the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), providing a mechanism whereby PAR-2 could modulate pulpal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Lundy
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Whitla Medical Building, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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Tsai SH, Sheu MT, Liang YC, Cheng HT, Fang SS, Chen CH. TGF-beta inhibits IL-1beta-activated PAR-2 expression through multiple pathways in human primary synovial cells. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:97. [PMID: 19852794 PMCID: PMC2773761 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism how Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) represses Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in human primary synovial cells (hPSCs). Human chondrocytes and hPSCs isolated from cartilages and synovium of Osteoarthritis (OA) patients were cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum media or serum free media before treatment with IL-1β, TGF-β1, or Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The expression of PAR-2 was detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Collagen zymography was performed to assess the activity of Matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP-13). It was demonstrated that IL-1β induces PAR-2 expression via p38 pathway in hPSCs. This induction can be repressed by TGF-β and was observed to persist for at least 48 hrs, suggesting that TGF-β inhibits PAR-2 expression through multiple pathways. First of all, TGF-β was able to inhibit PAR-2 activity by inhibiting IL-1β-induced p38 signal transduction and secondly the inhibition was also indirectly due to MMP-13 inactivation. Finally, TGF-β was able to induce CTGF, and in turn CTGF represses PAR-2 expression by inhibiting IL-1β-induced phospho-p38 level. TGF-β could prevent OA from progression with the anabolic ability to induce CTGF production to maintain extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and to down regulate PAR-2 expression, and the anti-catabolic ability to induce Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) production to inhibit MMPs leading to avoid PAR-2 over-expression. Because IL-1β-induced PAR-2 expressed in hPSCs might play a significantly important role in early phase of OA, PAR-2 repression by exogenous TGF-β or other agents might be an ideal therapeutic target to prevent OA from progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Kwan Tat S, Amiable N, Pelletier JP, Boileau C, Lajeunesse D, Duval N, Martel-Pelletier J. Modulation of OPG, RANK and RANKL by human chondrocytes and their implication during osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1482-90. [PMID: 19762475 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Earlier studies suggest the involvement of osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANK and RANK ligand (RANKL) in OA subchondral bone metabolism; however, few studies have looked at their functional consequences on chondrocytes. We compared the expression/production of OPG, RANK and RANKL on human normal and OA chondrocytes, and evaluated, on OA chondrocytes, their modulation by some catabolic factors. Furthermore, the role of OPG and RANKL on the production of catabolic/anabolic factors was assessed. METHODS Expression was determined using real-time PCR, production of RANK and RANKL by flow cytometry and that of OPG by ELISA. Modulation of these factors was determined upon treatment with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and PGE(2). The functional consequences were examined following treatment with soluble RANKL or OPG-Fc (OPG without the heparin-binding domain). RESULTS OPG, RANK and RANKL were expressed and produced by human chondrocytes. Membranous RANK was produced only by an OA chondrocyte subpopulation (29%) localized throughout the cartilage. The OPG/RANKL ratio was significantly (P = 0.05) reduced on the OA chondrocytes, whereas the RANK/RANKL ratio was significantly (P < 0.03) increased. OPG and membranous RANKL levels were significantly enhanced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and PGE(2), whereas membranous RANK was significantly increased only with IL-1beta. Administration of soluble RANKL had no effect on the OA chondrocytes. However, addition of OPG-Fc significantly stimulated MMP-13 (P = 0.05) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) (P < 0.04) production. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that human chondrocytes express and produce OPG, RANK and RANKL. OA chondrocyte treatment with catabolic factors pointed towards an increased biological effect of OPG. Interestingly, OPG appears to be involved in OA progression by increasing two catabolic factors involved in cartilage pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Kwan Tat
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kwan Tat S, Pelletier JP, Amiable N, Boileau C, Lavigne M, Martel-Pelletier J. Treatment with ephrin B2 positively impacts the abnormal metabolism of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R119. [PMID: 19664212 PMCID: PMC2745802 DOI: 10.1186/ar2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Members of the ephrin system, the ephrin receptor erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular B4 (EphB4) and its specific ligand, ephrin B2, appear to be involved in the bone remodelling process. We recently showed that their interaction inhibits the resorptive activity of human osteoarthritic (OA) subchondral bone osteoblasts. Hence, we further investigated the possible implication of these ephrin members on the catabolic/anabolic activities of human OA chondrocytes. Methods EphB4 receptor and ephrin B2 levels were determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, and the effects of ephrin B2 on the expression/production of factors involved in the OA process. Results EphB4 receptors and ephrin B2 ligands are expressed and produced by human normal and OA chondrocytes. Ephrin B2 protein was found at similar levels in both cartilage types, whereas EphB4 receptor expression (P < 0.0001) and production (P < 0.01) levels were significantly increased in OA chondrocytes/cartilage. Ephrin B2 treatment significantly inhibited the interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-9, MMP-13, and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) gene expression levels, whereas MMP-2 was unaffected, and significantly increased collagen type II, a cartilage specific macromolecule. It also inhibited the IL-1beta stimulated protein production of IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-13. Conclusions Our study is the first to provide data on the presence and role of ephrin B2/EphB4 receptors in human chondrocytes/cartilage. Data showed that ephrin B2 treatment positively impacts the abnormal metabolism of OA cartilage by inhibiting important catabolic factors involved in this disease at the same time as increasing anabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Kwan Tat
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Lim WH, Toothman J, Miller JH, Tallents RH, Brouxhon SM, Olschowka ME, Kyrkanides S. IL-1beta inhibits TGFbeta in the temporomandibular joint. J Dent Res 2009; 88:557-62. [PMID: 19587162 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509336823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to humans, healthy, wild-type mice develop osteoarthritis, including of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), as a result of aging. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha, are known to contribute to the development of osteoarthritis, whereas TGFbeta has been associated with articular regeneration. We hypothesized that a balance between IL-1beta and TGFbeta underlies the development of TMJ osteoarthritis, whereby IL-1beta signaling down-regulates TGFbeta expression as part of disease pathology. Our studies in wild-type mice, as well as the Col1-IL1beta(XAT) mouse model of osteoarthritis, demonstrated an inverse correlation between IL-1beta and TGFbeta expression in the TMJ. IL-1beta etiologically correlated with joint pathology, whereas TGFbeta expression associated with IL-1beta down-regulation and improvement of articular pathology. Better understanding of the underlying inflammatory processes during disease will potentially enable us to harness inflammation for orofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Amiable N, Tat SK, Lajeunesse D, Duval N, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Boileau C. Proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation impacts bone resorptive properties of human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts. Bone 2009; 44:1143-50. [PMID: 19264156 PMCID: PMC5250314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In osteoarthritis (OA), the subchondral bone undergoes a remodelling process involving several factors synthesized by osteoblasts. In this study, we investigated the expression, production, modulation, and role of PAR-2 in human OA subchondral bone osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS PAR-2 expression and production were determined by real-time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. PAR-2 modulation was investigated in OA subchondral bone osteoblasts treated with IL-1 beta (100 pg/ml), TNF-alpha (5 ng/ml), TGF-beta1 (10 ng/ml), PGE(2) (500 nM), IL-6 (10 ng/ml) and IL-17 (10 ng/ml). Membranous RANKL protein was assessed by flow cytometry, and OPG, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-13, IL-6 and intracellular signalling pathways by specific ELISAs. Bone resorptive activity was measured by using a co-culture model of human PBMC and OA subchondral bone osteoblasts. RESULTS PAR-2 expression and production (p<0.05) were markedly increased when human OA subchondral bone osteoblasts were compared to normal. On OA osteoblasts, PAR-2 production was significantly increased by IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and PGE(2). Activation of PAR-2 with a specific agonist, SLIGKV-NH(2), induced a significant up-regulation of MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-6, and membranous RANKL, but had no effect on MMP-13 or OPG production. Interestingly, bone resorptive activity was also significantly enhanced following PAR-2 activation. The PAR-2 effect was mediated by activation of the MAP kinases Erk1/2 and JNK. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that PAR-2 activation plays a role in OA subchondral bone resorption via an up-regulation of major bone remodelling factors. These results shed new light on the potential of PAR-2 as a therapeutic target in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Amiable
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CRCHUM), Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Christerson U, Keita AV, Söderholm JD, Gustafson-Svärd C. Increased expression of protease-activated receptor-2 in mucosal mast cells in Crohn's ileitis. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:100-8. [PMID: 21172252 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may stimulate various events of importance in inflammatory processes, including release of inflammatory mast cell mediators. PAR-2 is frequently up-regulated during inflammatory conditions, but it is not known if the expression is altered in Crohn's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ileal mucosal PAR-2 expression in Crohn's ileitis, with particular emphasis on the expression in ileal mucosal mast cells. METHODS Surgical specimens from the distal ileum were collected from patients with Crohn's ileitis and patients with colonic cancer as controls. The overall expression of PAR-2 was investigated by Western blot, and the presence of PAR-2 expressing mucosal mast cells by immunohistochemistry and cell counting. The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the PAR-2 expression in a human mast cell line (HMC-1) was investigated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS In Crohn's specimens, the fraction of PAR-2-expressing mucosal mast cells was increased about 2.5 times (P<0.001; n=14) compared with specimens from control patients (n=6). No difference was found between inflamed (n=6) and uninflamed Crohn's specimens (P>0.05; n=8). Exposure to TNF-α for 48 h up-regulated PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in the HMC-1 cell line. CONCLUSION PAR-2 is up-regulated on ileal mucosal mast cells in Crohn's ileitis, possibly due to the action of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. This may contribute to perpetuating the inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Christerson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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