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Elashiry MM, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Enterococcus faecalis in secondary apical periodontitis: Mechanisms of bacterial survival and disease persistence. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106337. [PMID: 37683835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, in individuals with compromised immune systems, the pathogen can lead to severe illness. This opportunistic pathogen is associated with secondary apical diseases and is adept at resisting antibiotics and other forms of treatment because of its numerous virulence factors. Enterococcus faecalis is capable of disrupting the normal functions of immune cells, thereby hindering the body's ability to eradicate the infection. However, intensive research is needed in further understanding the adverse immunomodulatory effects of E. faecalis. Potential strategies specific for eradicating E. faecalis have proven beneficial in the treatment of persistent secondary apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
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Espíndola LCP, Oliveira AMD, Masterson D, Maia LC, Souto RMD. Prevalence of Enterococcus species in adults with periodontal health or with periodontitis: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e019. [PMID: 37531510 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus species in the mouth of adults with periodontal health and periodontitis. A systematic search was made in databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search for articles was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science databases and in the System of Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SINGLE) and included articles published in English up to April 25th, 2021. Observational studies in humans with and without periodontitis were evaluated to identify the prevalence of Enterococcus species. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified to determine the quality rating in good, fair, and poor. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction in reviews. The study design, sample size, demographic data, periodontal clinical parameters, microbial analysis method, biological sample, prevalence of Enterococcus spp., and correlations with periodontal clinical parameters were assessed. After screening and full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. All selected studies showed a significantly higher prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in patients with periodontitis compared with periodontally healthy patients. Thus, the present systematic review suggests that the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis in the mouth of periodontitis individuals is higher than that of periodontally healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Miranda de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Dental School, Department of Dental Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Masterson
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Central Library of the Health Science Center, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Martins do Souto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Akshaya BS, Premraj K, Iswarya C, Muthusamy S, Ibrahim HIM, Khalil HE, Gunasekaran V, Vickram S, Senthil Kumar V, Palanisamy S, Thirugnanasambantham K. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and promotes clearance of its colonization by modulation of phagocytes in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023:106157. [PMID: 37268049 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nosocomial pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of variety of infections including endocarditis, urinary tract, and recurrent root canal infections. Primary virulence factors of E. faecalis such as biofilm formation, gelatinase production and suppression of host innate immune response can severely harm host tissue. Thus, novel treatments are needed to prevent E. faecalis biofilm development and pathogenicity due to the worrisome rise in enterococcal resistance to antibiotics. The primary phytochemical in cinnamon essential oils, cinnamaldehyde, has shown promising efficacy against a variety of infections. Here, we looked into how cinnamaldehyde affected the growth of biofilms, the activity of the enzyme gelatinase, and gene expression in E. faecalis. In addition, we looked at the influence of cinnamaldehyde on RAW264.7 macrophages' interaction with biofilm and planktonic E. faecalis in terms of intracellular bacterial clearance, NO generation, and macrophage migration in vitro. According to our research, cinnamaldehyde attenuated the biofilm formation potential of planktonic E. faecalis and gelatinase activity of the biofilm at non-lethal concentrations. The expression of the quorum sensing fsr locus and its downstream gene gelE in biofilms were also found to be significantly downregulated by cinnamaldehyde. Results also demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde treatment increased NO production, intracellular bacterial clearance, and migration of RAW264.7 macrophages in presence of both biofilm and planktonic E. faecalis. Overall these results suggest that cinnamaldehyde has the ability to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and modulate host innate immune response for better clearance of bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Sennammal Akshaya
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India; Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Premraj
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India
| | - Christian Iswarya
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India
| | - Suganthi Muthusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hairul-Islam Mohamed Ibrahim
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India; Biological Science College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany Ezzat Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Vaishnavi Gunasekaran
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sundaram Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Venugopal Senthil Kumar
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India; Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, DOTE Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilkumar Palanisamy
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Sundararaja Nagar, Pondicherry, 605004, India; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India.
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Antimicrobial Effects of Inula viscosa Extract on the In Situ Initial Oral Biofilm. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114029. [PMID: 34836285 PMCID: PMC8622444 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the undesirable side effects of commercially used mouth rinses that include chemically synthesized antimicrobial compounds such as chlorhexidine, it is essential to discover novel antimicrobial substances based on plant extracts. The aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial effect of Inula viscosa extract on the initial microbial adhesion in the oral cavity. Individual test splints were manufactured for the participants, on which disinfected bovine enamel samples were attached. After the initial microbial adhesion, the biofilm-covered oral samples were removed and treated with different concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg/mL) of an I. viscosa extract for 10 min. Positive and negative controls were also sampled. Regarding the microbiological parameters, the colony-forming units (CFU) and vitality testing (live/dead staining) were examined in combination with fluorescence microscopy. An I. viscosa extract with a concentration of 30 mg/mL killed the bacteria of the initial adhesion at a rate of 99.99% (log10 CFU value of 1.837 ± 1.54). Compared to the negative control, no killing effects were determined after treatment with I. viscosa extract at concentrations of 10 mg/mL (log10 CFU value 3.776 ± 0.831; median 3.776) and 20 mg/mL (log10 CFU value 3.725 ± 0.300; median 3.711). The live/dead staining revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of vital adherent bacteria after treatment with 10 mg/mL of I. viscosa extract. After treatment with an I. viscosa extract with a concentration of 30 mg/mL, no vital bacteria could be detected. For the first time, significant antimicrobial effects on the initial microbial adhesion in in situ oral biofilms were reported for an I. viscosa extract.
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Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2747-2760. [PMID: 33791834 PMCID: PMC8012020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria.
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El-Telbany M, El-Didamony G, Askora A, Ariny E, Abdallah D, Connerton IF, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030517. [PMID: 33802385 PMCID: PMC7998577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is an alternative treatment to antibiotics that can overcome multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this study, we aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages targeted against Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root canal infections obtained from clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ismalia, Egypt. Bacteriophage, vB_ZEFP, was isolated from concentrated wastewater collected from hospital sewage. Morphological and genomic analysis revealed that the phage belongs to the Podoviridae family with a linear double-stranded DNA genome, consisting of 18,454, with a G + C content of 32.8%. Host range analysis revealed the phage could infect 10 of 13 E. faecalis isolates exhibiting a range of antibiotic resistances recovered from infected root canals with efficiency of plating values above 0.5. One-step growth curves of this phage showed that it has a burst size of 110 PFU per infected cell, with a latent period of 10 min. The lytic activity of this phage against E. faecalis biofilms showed that the phage was able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phage vB_ZEFP could also prevent ex-vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that phage vB_ZEFP has potential for application in phage therapy and specifically in the prevention of infection after root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Telbany
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Eman Ariny
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.E.-T.); (G.E.-D.); (A.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Dalia Abdallah
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismaïlia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence: (I.F.C.); (A.E.-S.); Tel.: +44-115-9516119 (I.F.C.)
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Vendramini Y, Salles A, Portella FF, Brew MC, Steier L, de Figueiredo JAP, Bavaresco CS. Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy on intracanal biofilm: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102025. [PMID: 32987169 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT), is one of the adjunctive therapies developed to improve the effectiveness of root canal disinfection.. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of PDT on intracanal biofilm. METHODS Two reviewers conducted a literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Lilacs, SciELO, EMBASE and Google Scholar using the following search strategy: photochemotherapy "[Mesh] OR (photodynamic therapy) AND" dental plaque "[Mesh] OR (dental biofilm) AND (root canal). The following data were collected: publication year, author's name, study site, type of study, participant number, type of photosensitizer, type of laser, method of data collection, application time and results. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). RESULTS After selection based on title, abstract and full text, 27 studies were included in this systematic review. PDT reduced bacterial viability in most studies when combined with conventional endodontic techniques. CONCLUSION PDT reduced bacterial counts in most studies, especially when used as an adjunct to the conventional endodontic technique to treat refractory infection. However, PDT effects on in vitro bacterial biofilm were not accurately quantified because of the numerous biases in the studies reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Vendramini
- Brazilian Lutheran University, ULBRA, Dental School, Av. Farroupila, 8001 Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Salles
- Serra Gaúcha University Center, FSG, Dental School, R. Os Dezoito Do Forte, 2366 São Pelegrino, Caxias do Sul, RS, CEP 95020-472, Brazil
| | - Fernando Freitas Portella
- Brazilian Lutheran University, ULBRA, Dental School, Av. Farroupila, 8001 Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Myrian Camara Brew
- Brazilian Lutheran University, ULBRA, Dental School, Av. Farroupila, 8001 Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-020, Brazil
| | - Liviu Steier
- University of Pennsylvania, Dental School, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, 240 S 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - José Antonio Poli de Figueiredo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Institute of Health Basic Sciences, ICBS R, Sarmento Leite 500 sala 134, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Caren Serra Bavaresco
- Brazilian Lutheran University, ULBRA, Dental School, Av. Farroupila, 8001 Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-020, Brazil
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Bhardwaj S, Mehta M, Sood S. Enterococci in the oral cavity of periodontitis patients from different urban socioeconomic groups. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.280894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Tong Z, Du Y, Ling J, Huang L, Ma J. Relevance of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats of Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from retreatment root canals on periapical lesions, resistance to irrigants and biofilms. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5491-5496. [PMID: 29285081 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is observed in teeth with root canal treatment failures. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are widely distributed in prokaryotes that have adaptive immune systems against mobile elements, including pathogenic genes. The present study investigated the relevance of the CRISPR in E. faecalis strains isolated from retreated root canals on biofilms, periapical lesions and drug resistance. A total of 20 E. faecalis strains were extracted from the root canals of teeth referred for root canal retreatment. CRISPR-Cas loci were identified by two pairs of relevant primers and polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of the 20 isolated strains to intracanal irrigants was evaluated by 1- and 5-minute challenges with a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The microtiter plate assay and crystal violet staining were used to compare the biofilm formation of the E. faecalis isolate strains. Out of the 20 E. faecalis isolate strains, 5 strains that lacked CRISPR-cas determinants exhibited significant periapical lesions. Among the 15 strains containing CRISPR-cas determinants, 8 were isolated from root canals with inadequate fillings and 7 were isolated from root canals without any fillings. The five strains lacking CRISPR-cas loci were observed to be more resistant to MTAD and 2% CHX than the 15 strains that had CRISPR-cas loci. All of the strains exhibited the same susceptibility to 5.25% NaOCl. Furthermore, the 5 strains lacking CRISPR-cas determinants generated more biofilm than the other 15 strains. Thus, the results of the present study suggested that E. faecalis root canal isolates lacking CRISPR-cas exhibit higher resistance to intracanal irrigants, stronger biofilm formation and generate significant periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchun Tong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Lijia Huang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Jinglei Ma
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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Komiyama EY, Lepesqueur LSS, Yassuda CG, Samaranayake LP, Parahitiyawa NB, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY. Enterococcus Species in the Oral Cavity: Prevalence, Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163001. [PMID: 27631785 PMCID: PMC5025163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are considered as transient constituent components of the oral microbiome that may cause a variety of oral and systemic infections. As there is sparse data on the oral enterococcal prevalence, we evaluated the Enterococcus spp. and their virulence attributes including antimicrobial resistance in a healthy Brazilian cohort. A total of 240 individuals in different age groups were studied (children 4–11 yrs, adolescents 12–17 yrs, young adults 18–29 yrs, adults 30–59 yrs, elderly over 60 yrs). Oral rinses were collected and isolates were identified by API 20 Strep and confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. E. faecalis isolates, in particular, were evaluated for virulence attributes such as their biofilm formation potential, and susceptibility to antimicrobials and an antiseptic, chlorhexidine gluconate. A total of 40 individuals (16.6%) and 10% children, 4% adolescents, 14% young adults, 30% adults, and 25% elderly carried oral enterococci. The oral enterococcal burden in adolescents was significantly lower than in the adults (p = 0.000) and elderly (p = 0.004). The proportion of carriers was higher among females (p = 0.001). E. faecalis was the most frequent isolate in all the age groups (p = 0.000), followed by E. durans and E. faecium. Whilst all the clinical isolates were able to form biofilms, only a proportion of them were able to produce lipase (92%), hemolysin (38%), and gelatinase (39%). Of all the isolates 53.8% were resistant to tetracycline, 12.3% to amoxicillin, 16.0% to ampicillin, 20.8% to chloramphenicol and 43.4% to erythromycin. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Our data suggest that in this Brazilian cohort the oral cavity may act as a significant reservoir of rather virulent and antibiotic resistant enterococci, with an increasing degree of carriage in the adults and elderly. Hence clinicians should be cognizant of this silent reservoir of virulent enterococci that may pose a particular threat of nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Yukio Komiyama
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Soares Souto Lepesqueur
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Gomes Yassuda
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lakshman P. Samaranayake
- UQ Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nipuna B. Parahitiyawa
- Department of Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ivan Balducci
- Department of Social Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Anderson AC, Jonas D, Huber I, Karygianni L, Wölber J, Hellwig E, Arweiler N, Vach K, Wittmer A, Al-Ahmad A. Enterococcus faecalis from Food, Clinical Specimens, and Oral Sites: Prevalence of Virulence Factors in Association with Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1534. [PMID: 26793174 PMCID: PMC4707231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have gained significance as the cause of nosocomial infections; they occur as food contaminants and have also been linked to dental diseases. E. faecalis has a great potential to spread virulence as well as antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. The integration of food-borne enterococci into the oral biofilm in-vivo has been observed. Therefore, we investigated the virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance of 97 E. faecalis isolates from the oral cavity, food, and clinical specimens. In addition, phenotypic expression of gelatinase and cytolysin were tested, in-vitro biofilm formation was quantified and isolates were compared for strain relatedness via pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Each isolate was found to possess two or more virulence genes, most frequently gelE, efaA, and asa1. Notably, plaque/saliva isolates possessed the highest abundance of virulence genes, the highest levels of phenotypic gelatinase and hemolysin activity and concurrently a high ability to form biofilm. The presence of asa1 was associated with biofilm formation. The biofilm formation capacity of clinical and plaque/saliva isolates was considerably higher than that of food isolates and they also showed similar antibiotic resistance patterns. These results indicate that the oral cavity can constitute a reservoir for virulent E. faecalis strains possessing antibiotic resistance traits and at the same time distinct biofilm formation capabilities facilitating exchange of genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette C Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jonas
- Department of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Huber
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johan Wölber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Sands KM, Twigg JA, Lewis MAO, Wise MP, Marchesi JR, Smith A, Wilson MJ, Williams DW. Microbial profiling of dental plaque from mechanically ventilated patients. J Med Microbiol 2015; 65:147-159. [PMID: 26690690 PMCID: PMC5115166 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms isolated from the oral cavity may translocate to the lower airways during mechanical ventilation (MV) leading to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Changes within the dental plaque microbiome during MV have been documented previously, primarily using culture-based techniques. The aim of this study was to use community profiling by high throughput sequencing to comprehensively analyse suggested microbial changes within dental plaque during MV. Bacterial 16S rDNA gene sequences were obtained from 38 samples of dental plaque sampled from 13 mechanically ventilated patients and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Sequences were processed using Mothur, applying a 97 % gene similarity cut-off for bacterial species level identifications. A significant ‘microbial shift’ occurred in the microbial community of dental plaque during MV for nine out of 13 patients. Following extubation, or removal of the endotracheal tube that facilitates ventilation, sampling revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of potential respiratory pathogens and a compositional change towards a more predominantly (in terms of abundance) oral microbiota including Prevotella spp., and streptococci. The results highlight the need to better understand microbial shifts in the oral microbiome in the development of strategies to reduce VAP, and may have implications for the development of other forms of pneumonia such as community-acquired infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Sands
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Joshua A Twigg
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Michael A O Lewis
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matt P Wise
- Adult Critical Care, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.,Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Smith
- School of Biosciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Melanie J Wilson
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - David W Williams
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
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13
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Abstract
Endodontic disease is a biofilm-mediated infection, and primary aim in the management of endodontic disease is the elimination of bacterial biofilm from the root canal system. The most common endodontic infection is caused by the surface-associated growth of microorganisms. It is important to apply the biofilm concept to endodontic microbiology to understand the pathogenic potential of the root canal microbiota as well as to form the basis for new approaches for disinfection. It is foremost to understand how the biofilm formed by root canal bacteria resists endodontic treatment measures. Bacterial etiology has been confirmed for common oral diseases such as caries and periodontal and endodontic infections. Bacteria causing these diseases are organized in biofilm structures, which are complex microbial communities composed of a great variety of bacteria with different ecological requirements and pathogenic potential. The biofilm community not only gives bacteria effective protection against the host's defense system but also makes them more resistant to a variety of disinfecting agents used as oral hygiene products or in the treatment of infections. Successful treatment of these diseases depends on biofilm removal as well as effective killing of biofilm bacteria. So, the fundamental to maintain oral health and prevent dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis is to control the oral biofilms. From these aspects, the formation of biofilms carries particular clinical significance because not only host defense mechanisms but also therapeutic efforts including chemical and mechanical antimicrobial treatment measures have the most difficult task of dealing with organisms that are gathered in a biofilm. The aim of this article was to review the mechanisms of biofilms’ formation, their roles in pulpal and periapical pathosis, the different types of biofilms, the factors influencing biofilm formation, the mechanisms of their antimicrobial resistance, techniques to identify biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Jhajharia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Vikram Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Lata Kiran Mehta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, P. D. M. Dental College and Research Institute, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
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14
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The effect of diluted triple and double antibiotic pastes on dental pulp stem cells and established Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:2059-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Kamodyová N, Minárik G, Hodosy J, Celec P. Single consumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiota and salivary markers of oxidative stress. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:716-24. [PMID: 24997802 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several oral diseases are associated with changes in oral microbiota and higher oxidative stress. Enterococcus faecalis has been hypothesized to directly contribute to the oxidative stress in oral cavity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of single consumption of unpasteurized Bryndza cheese containing enterococci on changes of microbiota and oxidative status in saliva. Fourteen healthy volunteers aged 23-30 years were asked to eat 100 g of Bryndza cheese. Saliva samples were collected before and 1, 10, 100 min, and 24 h after Bryndza cheese consumption. Species-specific PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis were used to characterize oral microbiota. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were measured in saliva. PCR identified E. faecium in 36 % of probands saliva up to 1 day after consumption of enterococci containing Bryndza cheese. E. faecalis was detected in 57 % of probands saliva up to 10 min and in one proband up to 100 min after Bryndza cheese consumption. T-RFLP analysis confirmed short-term changes in composition of oral microbiota after Bryndza cheese ingestion. Nevertheless, the microbiota was completely restored after 24 h. One minute after ingestion of Bryndza cheese, salivary advanced oxidation protein products were significantly increased (by 74.6 %, P < 0.001), and total antioxidant capacity was decreased (by 22.0 %, P < 0.05). This study shows that single consumption of enterococci containing Bryndza cheese can temporally affect the composition of oral microbiota and oxidative stress in saliva. Further studies should identify the impact of these changes to the pathogenesis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Kamodyová
- Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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16
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Al-Ahmad A, Ameen H, Pelz K, Karygianni L, Wittmer A, Anderson AC, Spitzmüller B, Hellwig E. Antibiotic Resistance and Capacity for Biofilm Formation of Different Bacteria Isolated from Endodontic Infections Associated with Root-filled Teeth. J Endod 2014; 40:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Al-Ahmad A, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Fackler A, Follo M, Hellwig E, Bächle M, Hannig C, Han JS, Wolkewitz M, Kohal R. In vivo study of the initial bacterial adhesion on different implant materials. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1139-47. [PMID: 23694907 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biofilm formation on implant materials plays a major role in the aetiology of periimplantitis. The aim of this study was to examine in vivo the initial bacterial adhesion on six different implant materials. METHODS The implant materials Ti-m, TiUnite®, ZiUnite®, ATZ-m, ATZ-s, TZP-A-m were tested using bovine enamel slabs as controls. All materials, fixed on splint systems, were examined after 30 min and 120 min of oral exposure. DAPI staining was used for quantitative analysis of the initially adherent microorganisms. Initial adherent microorganisms were visualised by fluorescence In situ-hybridisation (FISH) and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The targets of the oligonucleotide probes were Eubacteria, Veillonella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus spp. RESULTS DAPI analysis showed that increasing the time of oral exposure resulted in an increasing amount of initial adherent bacteria. The highest level of colonisation was on ZiUnite®, with the lowest occurring on the bovine enamel, followed by Ti-m. This early colonisation correlated significantly with the surface roughnesses of the materials. FISH and CLSM showed no significant differences relating to total bacterial composition. However, Streptococcus spp. was shown to be the main colonisers on each of the investigated materials. CONCLUSION it could be shown that within an oral exposure time of 30 min and 120 min, despite the salivary acquired pellicle initial biofilm formation is mainly influenced directly or indirect by the material surface topography. Highly polished surfaces should minimise the risk of biofilm formation, plaque accumulation and possibly periimplantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, Freiburg, Germany.
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Anderson AC, Hellwig E, Vespermann R, Wittmer A, Schmid M, Karygianni L, Al-Ahmad A. Comprehensive analysis of secondary dental root canal infections: a combination of culture and culture-independent approaches reveals new insights. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49576. [PMID: 23152922 PMCID: PMC3495864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence of microorganisms or reinfections are the main reasons for failure of root canal therapy. Very few studies to date have included culture-independent methods to assess the microbiota, including non-cultivable microorganisms. The aim of this study was to combine culture methods with culture-independent cloning methods to analyze the microbial flora of root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. Twenty-one samples from previously root-filled teeth were collected from patients with periradicular lesions. Microorganisms were cultivated, isolated and biochemically identified. In addition, ribosomal DNA of bacteria, fungi and archaea derived from the same samples was amplified and the PCR products were used to construct clone libraries. DNA of selected clones was sequenced and microbial species were identified, comparing the sequences with public databases. Microorganisms were found in 12 samples with culture-dependent and -independent methods combined. The number of bacterial species ranged from 1 to 12 in one sample. The majority of the 26 taxa belonged to the phylum Firmicutes (14 taxa), followed by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. One sample was positive for fungi, and archaea could not be detected. The results obtained with both methods differed. The cloning technique detected several as-yet-uncultivated taxa. Using a combination of both methods 13 taxa were detected that had not been found in root-filled teeth so far. Enterococcus faecalis was only detected in two samples using culture methods. Combining the culture-dependent and –independent approaches revealed new candidate endodontic pathogens and a high diversity of the microbial flora in root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. Both methods yielded differing results, emphasizing the benefit of combined methods for the detection of the actual microbial diversity in apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Carola Anderson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Vespermann
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmid
- Michael Schmid, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Artese HPC, de Sousa CO, Torres MCMDB, Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo APV. Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on the subgingival microbiota of patients with chronic kidney disease. Braz Oral Res 2012; 26:366-72. [PMID: 22714926 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242012005000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the composition of subgingival microbiota of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sixteen CKD pre-dialysis individuals (CKD) and 14 individuals without clinical evidence of kidney disease (C) presenting chronic periodontitis were treated by scaling and root planing. Subgingival samples were collected from each patient and analyzed for their composition by checkerboard at baseline and 3 months post-therapy. Significant differences between groups at baseline were sought by the Mann-Whitney and χ² tests. Changes over time were examined by the Wilcoxon test. At baseline, the CKD group had significantly lower counts of E. faecalis compared to the C group (p < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of a greater number of species were reduced in the C group. Higher levels of A. israelii, C. rectus, F. periodonticum, P. micra, P. nigrescens, T. forsythia, N. mucosa, and S. anginosus (p < 0.05) were found in the CKD group compared to the C group. Also, non-responsive sites in CKD individuals harbored significantly higher levels of pathogenic species (T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, Fusobacterium spp., D. pneumosintes, E. faecalis and S. aureus; p < 0.05) than sites that responded to therapy, as well as non-responsive sites in the C group. The periodontitis-associated subgingival microbiota of CKD and systemically healthy individuals was similar in composition. However, high levels of pathogenic species persisted in the subgingival microbiota of patients with CKD after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilana Paula Carillo Artese
- Department of Dental Clinic, Division of Graduate Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Airborne microbes in different dental environments in comparison to a public area. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:689-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Karygianni L, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Finkenzeller G, Sauerbier S, Wolkewitz M, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A. Enterococcus faecalis affects the proliferation and differentiation of ovine osteoblast-like cells. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:879-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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da Silva-Boghossian CM, do Souto RM, Luiz RR, Colombo APV. Association of red complex, A. actinomycetemcomitans and non-oral bacteria with periodontal diseases. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:899-906. [PMID: 21397893 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathogens related to systemic infections have been detected in the periodontal microbiota. The relationship amongst these pathogens, periodontal bacteria and periodontal clinical status is poorly understood. This study evaluated the association amongst red complex, A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and non-oral pathogenic bacteria in subjects with good periodontal health (PH), gingivitis (G), chronic (CP) and aggressive (AP) periodontitis. METHODS Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained from 51 PH, 42 G, 219 CP and 90 AP subjects. The presence and levels of A.a, red complex (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola), Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were determined by DNA probes and DNA-DNA hybridization technique. RESULTS CP and AP subjects presented significantly higher prevalence and levels of A.a, red complex and A. baumannii than G and PH individuals (p<0.01), whereas S. aureus was detected in lower frequency and counts in AP as compared to the other groups (p<0.001). The predictor variables age, prevalence of red complex, and the presence of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were strongly associated with the frequency of sites with PD and CAL ≥5 mm. Increasing age (OR 1.08), high frequency of red complex (OR 6.10), and the presence of A.a with P. aeruginosa (OR 1.90) were associated with periodontal disease (p<0.001). Subjects harbouring a high prevalence of A.a, A. baumannii, and red complex with P. aeruginosa were more likely to have AP than CP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Putative periodontal pathogens and non-oral bacteria alone or in association were strongly associated with periodontitis.
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Prevalence, phenotype, and genotype of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from saliva and root canals in patients with persistent apical periodontitis. J Endod 2010; 36:1950-5. [PMID: 21092811 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, phenotype, and genotype of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from saliva and root canals in patients with endodontic treatment failure. METHODS Samples were collected from 32 adults undergoing retreatment for periapical lesions after endodontic treatment performed at least 2 years previously. Isolates that were presumed to be E. faecalis were identified by both API20 Strep kits and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phenotypic tests for hemolysin and gelatinase production and antibiotic susceptibility were performed. Genotype analysis comprised virulence gene detection and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS The prevalence of E. faecalis was 18.8% in saliva and 40.6% in root canals (P = .666, Fisher exact test). Of the 19 isolates of E. faecalis, 6 were from saliva and 13 were from root canals. In 3 patients, E. faecalis isolates from saliva were more resistant to gentamicin than those from root canals. The genes ace, asa, gelE, cylA, and efaA were detected from all isolates. PFGE after SmaI digestion showed a genetic correlation among all isolates of 62%-100%. CONCLUSIONS Phenotype and genotype evidence of potential virulence factors was identified in E. faecalis from both saliva and root canals. A single patient might carry different E. faecalis strains in saliva and root canals.
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