1
|
Steinbauer P, Lisy T, Monje FJ, Chwala E, Wildner B, Schned H, Deindl P, Berger A, Giordano V, Olischar M. Impact of neonatal pain and opiate administration in animal models: A meta-analysis concerning pain threshold. Early Hum Dev 2024; 193:106014. [PMID: 38701669 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.106014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Neonatal intensive care treatment, including frequently performed painful procedures and administration of analgesic drugs, can have different effects on the neurodevelopment. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the influence of pain, opiate administration, and pre-emptive opiate administration on pain threshold in animal studies in rodents, which had a brain development corresponding to preterm and term infants. METHODS A systematic literature search of electronic data bases including CENTRAL (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Embase.com, Medline (OVID), Web of Science, and PsycInfo (OVID) was conducted. A total of 42 studies examining the effect of pain (n = 38), opiate administration (n = 9), and opiate administration prior to a painful event (n = 5) in rodents were included in this analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that pain (g = 0.42, 95%CI 0.16-0.67, p = 0.001) increased pain threshold leading to hypoalgesia. Pre-emptive opiate administration had the opposite effect, lowering pain threshold, when compared to pain without prior treatment (g = -1.79, 95%CI -2.71-0.86, p = 0.0001). Differences were found in the meta regression for type of stimulus (thermal: g = 0.66, 95%CI 0.26-1.07, p = 0.001; vs. mechanical: g = 0.13, 95%CI -0.98-1.25, p = 0.81) and gestational age (b = -1.85, SE = 0.82, p = 0.027). In addition, meta regression indicated an association between higher pain thresholds and the amount of cumulative pain events (b = 0.06, SE = 0.03, p = 0.05) as well as severity of pain events (b = 0.94, SE = 0.28, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Neonatal exposure to pain results in higher pain thresholds. However, caution is warranted in extrapolating these findings directly to premature infants. Further research is warranted to validate similar effects in clinical contexts and inform evidence-based practices in neonatal care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Steinbauer
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tamara Lisy
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Chwala
- Information Retrieval Office, University Library of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Wildner
- Information Retrieval Office, University Library of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Schned
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Deindl
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito Giordano
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Olischar
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barr GA, Opendak M, Perry RE, Sarro E, Sullivan RM. Infant pain vs. pain with parental suppression: Immediate and enduring impact on brain, pain and affect. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290871. [PMID: 37972112 PMCID: PMC10653509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the short term, parental presence while a human infant is in pain buffers the immediate pain responses, although emerging evidence suggests repeated social buffering of pain may have untoward long-term effects. METHODS/FINDING To explore the short- and long-term impacts of social buffering of pain, we first measured the infant rat pup's [postnatal day (PN) 8, or 12] response to mild tail shock with the mother present compared to shock alone or no shock. Shock with the mother reduced pain-related behavioral activation and USVs of pups at both ages and reduced Fos expression in the periaqueductal gray, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala at PN12 only. At PN12, shock with the mother compared to shock alone differentially regulated expression of several hundred genes related to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and neural development, whereas PN8 pups showed a less robust and less coherent expression pattern. In a second set of experiments, pups were exposed to daily repeated Shock-mother pairings (or controls) at PN5-9 or PN10-14 (during and after pain sensitive period, respectively) and long-term outcome assessed in adults. Shock+mother pairing at PN5-9 reduced adult carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia and reduced Fos expression, but PN10-14 pairings had minimal impact. The effect of infant treatment on adult affective behavior showed a complex treatment by age dependent effect. Adult social behavior was decreased following Shock+mother pairings at both PN5-9 and PN10-14, whereas shock alone had no effect. Adult fear responses to a predator odor were decreased only by PN10-14 treatment and the infant Shock alone and Shock+mother did not differ. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, integrating these results into our understanding of long-term programming by repeated infant pain experiences, the data suggest that pain experienced within a social context impacts infant neurobehavioral responses and initiates an altered developmental trajectory of pain and affect processing that diverges from experiencing pain alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A. Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maya Opendak
- Child Study Center, Center for Early Childhood Health & Development, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie E. Perry
- Child Study Center, Center for Early Childhood Health & Development, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Emma Sarro
- Child Study Center, Center for Early Childhood Health & Development, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Child Study Center, Center for Early Childhood Health & Development, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomes CI, Barr GA. Local injury and systemic infection in infants alter later nociception and pain affect during early life and adulthood. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100175. [PMID: 34589906 PMCID: PMC8474633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns in intensive care are regularly exposed to minor painful procedures at developmental time points when noxious stimulation would be normally absent. Pain from these interventions is inconsistently treated and often exists concurrently with systemic infection, a common comorbidity of prematurity. Our understanding of the independent and combined effects of early painful experiences and infection on pain response is incomplete. The main goals of this research therefore were to understand how pain and infection experienced early in life influence future nociceptive and affective responses to painful stimuli. Rat pups were infected with E-coli on postnatal day 2 (PN2) and had left hind paw injury with carrageenan on PN3. Standard thermal tests for acute pain, formalin tests for inflammatory pain, and conditioned place aversion testing were performed at different ages to assess the nociceptive and affective components of the pain response. Early E-coli infection and early inflammatory injury with carrageenan both independently increased pain scores following hind paw reinjury with formalin on PN8, with effects persisting into adulthood in the carrageenan exposed group. When experienced concurrently, early E-coli infection and carrageenan exposure also increased conditioned aversion to pain in adults. Effect of sex was significant only in formalin testing, with males showing higher pain scores in infancy and females showing higher pain scores as adults. These findings demonstrate that infection experienced early in life can alter both the nociceptive and affective components of the pain response and that there is a cumulative effect of local and systemic pro-inflammatory processes on the aversive component of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly I Gomes
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gordon A Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S. University Avenue, Stephen A. Levin Building, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
La Hausse De Lalouviere L, Morice O, Fitzgerald M. Altered sensory innervation and pain hypersensitivity in a model of young painful arthritic joints: short- and long-term effects. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:483-493. [PMID: 33715021 PMCID: PMC8012329 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life experience can cause long-term alterations in the nociceptive processes underlying chronic pain, but the consequences of early life arthritic joint inflammation upon the sensory innervation of the joint is not known. Here, we measure pain sensitivity and sensory innervation in a young, juvenile and adult rodent model of arthritic joints and test the consequences of joint inflammation in young animals upon adult arthritic pain and joint innervation. METHODS Unilateral ankle joint injections of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (6-20 µl) were performed in young, postnatal day (P)8, adolescent (P21) and adult (P40) rats. A separate cohort of animals were injected at P8, and again at P40. Hindpaw mechanical sensitivity was assessed using von Frey monofilaments (vF) for 10 days. Nerve fibres were counted in sections through the ankle joint immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurofilament 200 kDa (NF200). RESULTS Ankle joint CFA injection increased capsular width at all ages. Significant mechanical pain hypersensitivity and increased number of joint CGRP + ve sensory fibres occurred in adolescent and adult, but not young, rats. Despite the lack of acute reaction, joint inflammation at a young age resulted in significantly increased pain hypersensitivity and CGRP+ fibre counts when the rats were re-inflamed as adults. CONCLUSIONS Joint inflammation increases the sensory nociceptive innervation and induces acute pain hypersensitivity in juvenile and adult, but not in young rats. However, early life joint inflammation 'primes' the joint such that adult inflammatory pain behaviour and nociceptive nerve endings in the joint are significantly increased. Early life joint inflammation may be an important factor in the generation and maintenance of chronic arthritic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke La Hausse De Lalouviere
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Medawar Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Oscar Morice
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Medawar Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Medawar Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malheiros JM, Andreeta MB, Polli RS, Paiva FF, Tannús A, Guinsburg R, Covolan L. Adult brain activation in response to pain is changed by neonatal painful stimulation according to sex: A manganese-enhanced MRI study. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:571-587. [PMID: 32852090 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that nociceptive stimulation in the first postnatal week in rats is useful to model preterm pain, resulting in activation of specific brain areas, as assessed in vivo using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI), little is known about its long-term effects and sex specificity. Here we aimed to investigate whether inflammatory pain induced in male and female adult rats modify the pattern of brain activation between animals subjected or not to neonatal pain. For this, Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the left hind paw of rat pups on postnatal day 1 (P1) or P8 to induce inflammatory response. During adulthood, CFA-treated and control animals were injected with CFA 1 hr prior MRI. MEMRI has the ability to enhance the contrast of selective brain structures in response to a specific stimulus, as the pain. MEMRI responses were consistent with activation of nociceptive pathways and these responses were reduced in animals treated with CFA on P1, but increased in animals treated on P8, mainly in the female group. In agreement, P8 female group showed exacerbated responses in the thermal nociceptive test. Using MEMRI, we conclude that the natural ability of adult rats to recognize and react to pain exposition is modified by neonatal painful exposition, mainly among females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariane B Andreeta
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Roberson S Polli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Paiva
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia in vivo por Ressonância Magnética (CIERMag), Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Alberto Tannús
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia in vivo por Ressonância Magnética (CIERMag), Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ruth Guinsburg
- Disciplina de Pediatria Neonatal, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Williams MD, Lascelles BDX. Early Neonatal Pain-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Implications on Painful Conditions Later in Life. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32117835 PMCID: PMC7020755 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern health care has brought our society innumerable benefits but has also introduced the experience of pain very early in life. For example, it is now routine care for newborns to receive various injections or have blood drawn within 24 h of life. For infants who are sick or premature, the pain experiences inherent in the required medical care are frequent and often severe, with neonates requiring intensive care admission encountering approximately fourteen painful procedures daily in the hospital. Given that much of the world has seen a steady increase in preterm births for the last several decades, an ever-growing number of babies experience multiple painful events before even leaving the hospital. These noxious events occur during a critical period of neurodevelopment when the nervous system is very vulnerable due to immaturity and neuroplasticity. Here, we provide a narrative review of the literature pertaining to the idea that early life pain has significant long-term effects on neurosensory, cognition, behavior, pain processing, and health outcomes that persist into childhood and even adulthood. We refer to clinical and pre-clinical studies investigating how early life pain impacts acute pain later in life, focusing on animal model correlates that have been used to better understand this relationship. Current knowledge around the proposed underlying mechanisms responsible for the long-lasting consequences of neonatal pain, its neurobiological and behavioral effects, and its influence on later pain states are discussed. We conclude by highlighting that another important consequence of early life pain may be the impact it has on later chronic pain states-an area of research that has received little attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morika D. Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - B. Duncan X. Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Translational Research in Pain Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Davis SM, Rice M, Burman MA. Inflammatory neonatal pain disrupts maternal behavior and subsequent fear conditioning in a rodent model. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:88-98. [PMID: 31270817 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infants spending extended time in the neonatal intensive care unit are at greater risk of developing a variety of mental health problems later in life, possibly due to exposure to painful/stressful events. We used a rodent model of inflammatory neonatal pain to explore effects on fear conditioning, somatosensory function and maternal behavior. Hindpaw injections of 2% λ-carrageenan on postnatal days 1 and 4 produced an attenuation in conditioned freezing during the postweaning period, similar to our previous work with acute pain, but did not cause lasting impacts on contextual freezing nor somatosensory function. Additionally, we assessed maternal behavior to observe dam-pup interactions during the neonatal period. Results showed dams of litters which experienced pain spent similar amounts of time with pups as undisturbed controls. However, the specific behaviors differed per condition. Dams of pain litters exhibited less time licking/grooming, but more time nursing than controls. These results suggest changes in maternal care following pain could be a contributing factor underlying the long-term effects of neonatal trauma. Furthermore, our laboratory has previously shown acute, but not inflammatory pain, disrupted conditioned freezing; the current experiment observed the long-term effects of neonatal inflammatory pain on conditioned fear using a weak conditioning protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Makaela Rice
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Michael A Burman
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Larauche M, Moussaoui N, Biraud M, Bae W, Duboc H, Million M, Taché Y. Brain corticotropin-releasing factor signaling: Involvement in acute stress-induced visceral analgesia in male rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13489. [PMID: 30298965 PMCID: PMC6347489 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water avoidance stress (WAS) induces a naloxone-independent visceral analgesia in male rats under non-invasive conditions of monitoring. The objective of the study was to examine the role of brain CRF signaling in acute stress-induced visceral analgesia (SIVA). METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically implanted with an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula. The visceromotor response (VMR) to graded phasic colorectal distension (CRD: 10, 20, 40, 60 mm Hg, 20 seconds, 4 minutes intervals) was monitored using manometry. The VMR to a first CRD (baseline) was recorded 5 minutes after an ICV saline injection, followed 1 hour later by ICV injection of either CRF (30, 100, or 300 ng and 1, 3, or 5 μg/rat) or saline and a second CRD, 5 minutes later. Receptor antagonists against CRF1 /CRF2 (astressin-B, 30 μg/rat), CRF2 (astressin2 -B, 10 μg/rat), oxytocin (tocinoic acid, 20 μg/rat), or vehicle were injected ICV 5 minutes before CRF (300 ng/rat, ICV) or 15 minutes before WAS (1 hour). KEY RESULTS ICV CRF (100 and 300 ng) reduced the VMR to CRD at 60 mm Hg by -36.6% ± 6.8% and -48.7% ± 11.7%, respectively, vs baseline (P < 0.001), while other doses had no effect and IP CRF (10 µg/kg) induced visceral hyperalgesia. Astressin-B and tocinoic acid injected ICV induced hyperalgesia and prevented the analgesic effect of ICV CRF (300 ng/rat) and WAS, while astressin2 -B only blocked WAS-induced SIVA. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data support a role for brain CRF signaling via CRF2 in SIVA in a model of WAS and CRD likely mediated by the activation of brain oxytocin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Larauche
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
| | - N. Moussaoui
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: Inserm U1048/I2MC Obesity Research
Laboratory, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès BP 84225 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
| | - M. Biraud
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: 1060 William Moore drive CVM Main
Building, RM C305, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - W.K. Bae
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan
Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - H. Duboc
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States,Present address: CRI INSERM UMR 1149, University Paris
Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité and DHU Unity, APHP, F-75890 Paris, France
| | - M. Million
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
| | - Y. Taché
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, G Oppenheimer Center for
Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience and CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center,
Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Davis SM, Rice M, Rudlong J, Eaton V, King T, Burman MA. Neonatal pain and stress disrupts later-life pavlovian fear conditioning and sensory function in rats: Evidence for a two-hit model. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:520-533. [PMID: 29749116 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life trauma has been linked to increased risks for anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. We used rodent models of acute and inflammatory neonatal pain to explore effects on fear conditioning and somatosensory function. Hindpaw needle pricks or handling on postnatal days (PNDs) 1-7 caused lasting impacts on affective and somatosensory function when assessed at later ages, PNDs 24 (postweaning), 45 (adolescence), or 66 (adulthood). First, auditory, but not contextual, freezing was mildly disrupted regardless of age. Second, a profound postfear conditioning tactile hypersensitivity was observed in neonatally stressed, postweaning rats. In the absence of fear conditioning, the mechanical hypersensitivity was not observed, consistent with a two-hit model of psychopathology. Injections of 2% α-carrageenan did not have the same lasting impact but was slightly protective against observed effects of neonatal vehicle injections. Basal and elicited corticosterone levels postweaning were not altered by neonatal pain or handling. These data demonstrate that neonatal adversity can have lasting impacts on affective and somatosensory function that differs regardless of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Makaela Rice
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Jacob Rudlong
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Victoria Eaton
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Tamara King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Michael A Burman
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferrari LF, Araldi D, Green P, Levine JD. Age-Dependent Sexual Dimorphism in Susceptibility to Develop Chronic Pain in the Rat. Neuroscience 2017; 387:170-177. [PMID: 28676241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal pain has been suggested to contribute to the development and/or persistence of adult pain. Observations from animal models have shown that neonatal inflammation produces long-term changes in sensory neuron function, which can affect the susceptibility of adults to develop persistent pain. We used a preclinical model of transition to chronic pain, hyperalgesic priming, in which a previous inflammatory stimulus triggers a long-lasting increase in responsiveness to pro-algesic mediators, prototypically prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), to investigate if post-natal age influences susceptibility of adult rats to develop chronic pain. Priming was induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in male and female rats, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7weeks after birth. When adults (8weeks after birth), to evaluate for the presence of priming, PGE2 was injected at the same site as TNFα. In males that had received TNFα at post-natal weeks 1, 2 or 3, priming was attenuated compared to the 4-, 5- and 7-week-old treated groups, in which robust priming developed. In contrast, in females treated with TNFα at post-natal week 1, 2, 3, or 4, but not at 5 or 7, priming was present. This age and sex difference in the susceptibility to priming was estrogen-dependent, since injection of TNFα in 3-week-old males and 5-week-old females, in the presence of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, did produce priming. These results suggest that estrogen levels, which vary differently in males and females over the post-natal period, until they stabilize after puberty, impact pain as an adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Dioneia Araldi
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Paul Green
- Departments of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jon D Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zouikr I, Bartholomeusz MD, Hodgson DM. Early life programming of pain: focus on neuroimmune to endocrine communication. J Transl Med 2016; 14:123. [PMID: 27154463 PMCID: PMC4859995 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain constitutes a challenge for the scientific community and a significant economic and social cost for modern societies. Given the failure of current drugs to effectively treat chronic pain, which are based on suppressing aberrant neuronal excitability, we propose in this review an integrated approach that views pain not solely originating from neuronal activation but also the result of a complex interaction between the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. Pain assessment must also extend beyond measures of behavioural responses to noxious stimuli to a more developmentally informed assessment given the significant plasticity of the nociceptive system during the neonatal period. Finally integrating the concept of perinatal programming into the pain management field is a necessary step to develop and target interventions to reduce the suffering associated with chronic pain. We present clinical and animal findings from our laboratory (and others) demonstrating the importance of the microbial and relational environment in programming pain responsiveness later in life via action on hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity, peripheral and central immune system, spinal and supraspinal mechanisms, and the autonomic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Zouikr
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,Laboratory for Molecular Mechanisms of Thalamus Development, RIKEN BSI East Building 4F 409, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - M D Bartholomeusz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - D M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Surgical injury in the neonatal rat alters the adult pattern of descending modulation from the rostroventral medulla. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:1391-400. [PMID: 25871742 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal pain and injury can alter long-term sensory thresholds. Descending rostroventral medulla (RVM) pathways can inhibit or facilitate spinal nociceptive processing in adulthood. As these pathways undergo significant postnatal maturation, the authors evaluated long-term effects of neonatal surgical injury on RVM descending modulation. METHODS Plantar hind paw or forepaw incisions were performed in anesthetized postnatal day (P)3 Sprague-Dawley rats. Controls received anesthesia only. Hind limb mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds were measured to 6 weeks of age (adult). Additional groups received pre- and post-incision sciatic nerve levobupivacaine or saline. Hind paw nociceptive reflex sensitivity was quantified in anesthetized adult rats using biceps femoris electromyography, and the effect of RVM electrical stimulation (5-200 μA) measured as percentage change from baseline. RESULTS In adult rats with previous neonatal incision (n = 9), all intensities of RVM stimulation decreased hind limb reflex sensitivity, in contrast to the typical bimodal pattern of facilitation and inhibition with increasing RVM stimulus intensity in controls (n = 5) (uninjured vs. neonatally incised, P < 0.001). Neonatal incision of the contralateral hind paw or forepaw also resulted in RVM inhibition of hind paw nociceptive reflexes at all stimulation intensities. Behavioral mechanical threshold (mean ± SEM, 28.1 ± 8 vs. 21.3 ± 1.2 g, P < 0.001) and thermal latency (7.1 ± 0.4 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 s, P < 0.05) were increased in both hind paws after unilateral neonatal incision. Neonatal perioperative sciatic nerve blockade prevented injury-induced alterations in RVM descending control. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal surgical injury alters the postnatal development of RVM descending control, resulting in a predominance of descending inhibition and generalized reduction in baseline reflex sensitivity. Prevention by local anesthetic blockade highlights the importance of neonatal perioperative analgesia.
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker SM, Beggs S, Baccei ML. Persistent changes in peripheral and spinal nociceptive processing after early tissue injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 2:253-60. [PMID: 26103453 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that tissue damage during a critical period of early life can result in long-term changes in pain sensitivity, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Here we review the clinical and preclinical evidence for persistent alterations in nociceptive processing following neonatal tissue injury, which collectively point to the existence of both a widespread hypoalgesia at baseline as well as an exacerbated degree of hyperalgesia following a subsequent insult to the same somatotopic region. We also highlight recent work investigating the effects of early trauma on the organization and function of ascending pain pathways at a cellular and molecular level. These effects of neonatal injury include altered ion channel expression in both primary afferent and spinal cord neurons, shifts in the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition within the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) network, and a 'priming' of microglial responses in the adult SDH. A better understanding of how early tissue damage influences the maturation of nociceptive circuits could yield new insight into strategies to minimize the long-term consequences of essential, but invasive, medical procedures on the developing somatosensory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M Walker
- Pain Research (Respiratory Critical Care and Anaesthesia), UCL Institute of Child Health, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Beggs
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark L Baccei
- Pain Research Center, Dept. of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zouikr I, Ahmed AF, Horvat JC, Beagley KW, Clifton VL, Ray A, Thorne RF, Jarnicki AG, Hansbro PM, Hodgson DM. Programming of formalin-induced nociception by neonatal LPS exposure: Maintenance by peripheral and central neuroimmune activity. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:235-46. [PMID: 25449583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune and nociceptive systems are shaped during the neonatal period where they undergo fine-tuning and maturation. Painful experiences during this sensitive period of development are known to produce long-lasting effects on the immune and nociceptive responses. It is less clear, however, whether inflammatory pain responses are primed by neonatal exposure to mild immunological stimuli, such as with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we examine the impact of neonatal LPS exposure on inflammatory pain responses, peripheral and hippocampal interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as mast cell number and degranulation in preadolescent and adult rats. Wistar rats were injected with LPS (0.05mg/kg IP, Salmonella enteritidis) or saline on postnatal days (PNDs) 3 and 5 and later subjected to the formalin test at PNDs 22 and 80-97. At both time-points, and one-hour after formalin injection, blood and hippocampus were collected for measuring circulating and central IL-1β levels using ELISA and Western blot, respectively. Paw tissue was also isolated to assess mast cell number and degree of degranulation using Toluidine Blue staining. Behavioural analyses indicate that at PND 22, LPS-challenged rats displayed enhanced flinching (p<.01) and licking (p<.01) in response to formalin injection. At PNDs 80-97, LPS-challenged rats exhibited increased flinching (p<.05), an effect observed in males only. Furthermore, neonatal LPS exposure enhanced circulating IL-1β and mast cell degranulation in preadolescent but not adult rats following formalin injection. Hippocampal IL-1β levels were increased in LPS-treated adult but not preadolescent rats in response to formalin injection. These data suggest neonatal LPS exposure produces developmentally regulated changes in formalin-induced behavioural responses, peripheral and central IL-1β levels, as well as mast cell degranulation following noxious stimulation later in life. These findings highlight the importance of immune activation during the neonatal period in shaping immune response and pain sensitivity later in life. This is of clinical relevance given the high prevalence of bacterial infection during the neonatal period, particularly in the vulnerable population of preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane Zouikr
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Abdulrzag F Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allyson Ray
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G Jarnicki
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deak T, Quinn M, Cidlowski JA, Victoria NC, Murphy AZ, Sheridan JF. Neuroimmune mechanisms of stress: sex differences, developmental plasticity, and implications for pharmacotherapy of stress-related disease. Stress 2015; 18:367-80. [PMID: 26176590 PMCID: PMC4813310 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1053451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed profound growth in studies examining the role of fundamental neuroimmune processes as key mechanisms that might form a natural bridge between normal physiology and pathological outcomes. Rooted in core concepts from psychoneuroimmunology, this review utilizes a succinct, exemplar-driven approach of several model systems that contribute significantly to our knowledge of the mechanisms by which neuroimmune processes interact with stress physiology. Specifically, we review recent evidence showing that (i) stress challenges produce time-dependent and stressor-specific patterns of cytokine/chemokine expression in the CNS; (ii) inflammation-related genes exhibit unique expression profiles in males and females depending upon individual, cooperative or antagonistic interactions between steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors); (iii) adverse social experiences incurred through repeated social defeat engage a dynamic process of immune cell migration from the bone marrow to brain and prime neuroimmune function and (iv) early developmental exposure to an inflammatory stimulus (carageenin injection into the hindpaw) has a lasting influence on stress reactivity across the lifespan. As such, the present review provides a theoretical framework for understanding the role that neuroimmune mechanisms might play in stress plasticity and pathological outcomes, while at the same time pointing toward features of the individual (sex, developmental experience, stress history) that might ultimately be used for the development of personalized strategies for therapeutic intervention in stress-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
- Address correspondence to: Terrence Deak, Ph.D., , Phone: 607-777-5918
| | - Matt Quinn
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nicole C. Victoria
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030
| | - Anne Z. Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030
| | - John F. Sheridan
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Souza A, Dussan-Sarria JA, Medeiros LF, Souza AC, Oliveira C, Scarabelot VL, Adachi LN, Winkelmann-Duarte EC, Philippi-Martins BB, Netto CA, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy reduces c-Fos activation in the rat hippocampus: evidence of a long-lasting effect. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 38:213-22. [PMID: 25262910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) on maturation of nociceptive pathways has been sparsely explored. To investigate whether neonatal HIE alters neuronal activity, nociceptive behavior, and serum neuroplasticity mediators (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF]) in the short, medium, and long term. Neonate male Wistar rats were randomized to receive a brain insult that could be either ischemic (left carotid artery ligation [LCAL]), hypoxic (8% oxygen chamber), hypoxic-ischemic (LCAL and hypoxic chamber), sham-ischemic, or sham-hypoxic. Neuronal activity (c-Fos activation at region CA1 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus), nociceptive behavior (von Frey, tail-flick, and hot-plate tests), neuroplasticity mediators (BDNF, TNF), and a cellular injury marker (lactase dehydrogenase [LDH]) were assessed in blood serum 14, 30, and 60 days after birth. Neonatal HIE persistently reduced c-Fos activation in the ipsilateral hippocampal region CA1; however, contralateral c-Fos reduction appeared only 7 weeks after the event. Neonatal HIE acutely reduced the paw withdrawal threshold (von Frey test), but this returned to normal by the 30th postnatal day. Hypoxia reduced serum LDH levels. Serum neuroplasticity mediators increased with age, and neonatal HIE did not affect their ontogeny. Neonatal HIE-induced reduction in neuronal activity occurs acutely in the ipsilateral hippocampal region CA1 and persists for at least 60 days, but the contralateral effect of the insult is delayed. Alterations in the nociceptive response are acute and self-limited. Serum neuroplasticity mediators increase with age, and remain unaffected by HIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Souza
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Human Development, Centro Universitário Unilasalle, 92010-000, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Jairo Alberto Dussan-Sarria
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liciane Fernandes Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Souza
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lauren Naomi Adachi
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pain Pharmacology and Animal Models of Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Graduate Research Group, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sanchez LC, Robertson SA. Pain control in horses: What do we really know? Equine Vet J 2014; 46:517-23. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - S. A. Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Lalouvière LLH, Ioannou Y, Fitzgerald M. Neural mechanisms underlying the pain of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:205-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
19
|
A systematic review of the evidence for central nervous system plasticity in animal models of inflammatory-mediated gastrointestinal pain. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:176-95. [PMID: 24284415 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000437499.52922.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal pain frequently accompanies inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and animal models of GIT inflammation have been developed to explore the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in this process. Here, we summarize the evidence from animal studies for CNS plasticity following GIT inflammation. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that: (1) used inflammation of GIT organs, (2) assessed pain or visceral hypersensitivity, and (3) presented evidence of CNS involvement. Two hundred and eight articles were identified, and 79 were eligible for analysis. RESULTS Rats were most widely used (76%). Most studies used adult animals (42%) with a bias toward males (74%). Colitis was the most frequently used model (78%) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid the preferred inflammatory agent (33%). Behavioral (58%), anatomical/molecular (44%), and physiological (24%) approaches were used alone or in combination to assess CNS involvement during or after GIT inflammation. Measurement times varied widely (<1 h-> 2 wk after inflammation). Blinded outcomes were used in 42% studies, randomization in 10%, and evidence of visceral inflammation in 54%. Only 3 studies fulfilled our criteria for high methodological quality, and no study reported sample size calculations. CONCLUSIONS The included studies provide strong evidence for CNS plasticity following GIT inflammation, specifically in the spinal cord dorsal horn. This evidence includes altered visceromotor responses and indices of referred pain, elevated neural activation and peptide content, and increased neuronal excitability. This evidence supports continued use of this approach for preclinical studies; however, there is substantial scope to improve study design.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Pain in neonates and children differs to that in adults. One of the many challenges associated with the diagnosis and management of pain in early life is that neonates are non-verbal and therefore incapable of communicating their pain effectively to their caregivers. Early life pain is characterised by lowered thermal and mechanical thresholds, and exaggerated and often inappropriate behavioural reactions to pain. These differing behavioural reactions are underpinned by increased excitability/decreased inhibition within the spinal dorsal horn. This itself is the result of immaturity in the anatomical expression of key neurotransmitters and neuromodulators within spinal pain circuits, as well as decreased inhibitory input to these circuits from brainstem centres, and an immature relationship between neuronal and non-neuronal cells which affects pain response. These differences between early and adult pain impact upon not just acute reactions to pain, but also the incidence, severity and duration of chronic pain. In this chapter, chronic pain in childhood is discussed, as are the structural and functional differences that underpin differences in acute pain processing between adults and children. The ability of pain that occurs in early life to alter life-long pain responding is also addressed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li M, Chen H, Tang J, Chen J. Neonatal bee venom exposure induces sensory modality-specific enhancement of nociceptive response in adult rats. PAIN MEDICINE 2013; 15:986-97. [PMID: 24308777 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown that inflammatory pain at the neonatal stage can produce long-term structural and functional changes in nociceptive pathways, resulting in altered pain perception in adulthood. However, the exact pattern of altered nociceptive response and associated neurochemical changes in the spinal cord in this process is unclear. METHOD In this study, we used an experimental paradigm in which each rat first received intraplantar bee venom (BV) or saline injection on postnatal day 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, or 28. This was followed 2 months later by a second intraplantar bee venom injection in the same rats to examine the difference in nociceptive responses. RESULTS We found that neonatal inflammatory pain induced by the first BV injection significantly reduced baseline paw withdrawal mechanical threshold, but not baseline paw withdrawal thermal latency, when rats were examined 2 months from the first BV injection. Neonatal inflammatory pain also exacerbated mechanical, but not thermal, hyperalgesia in response to the second BV injection in these same rats. Rats exposed to neonatal inflammation also showed up-regulation of spinal NGF, TrkA receptor, BDNF, TrkB receptor, IL-1β, and COX-2 expression following the second BV injection, especially with prior BV exposure on postnatal day 21 or 28. CONCLUSION These results indicate that neonatal inflammation produces sensory modality-specific changes in nociceptive behavior and alters neurochemistry in the spinal cord of adult rats. These results also suggest that a prior history of inflammatory pain during the developmental period might have an impact on clinical pain in highly susceptible adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McGowan KT, Elfenbein JR, Robertson SA, Sanchez LC. Effect of butorphanol on thermal nociceptive threshold in healthy pony foals. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:503-6. [PMID: 23126609 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Pain management is an important component of foal nursing care, and no objective data currently exist regarding the analgesic efficacy of opioids in foals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the somatic antinociceptive effects of 2 commonly used doses of intravenous (i.v.) butorphanol in healthy foals. Our hypothesis was that thermal nociceptive threshold would increase following i.v. butorphanol in a dose-dependent manner in both neonatal and older pony foals. METHODS Seven healthy neonatal pony foals (age 1-2 weeks), and 11 healthy older pony foals (age 4-8 weeks). Five foals were used during both age periods. Treatments, which included saline (0.5 ml), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt), were administered i.v. in a randomised crossover design with at least 2 days between treatments. Response variables included thermal nociceptive threshold, skin temperature and behaviour score. Data within each age period were analysed using a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison procedure if warranted. RESULTS There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in thermal threshold, relative to Time 0, following butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt) administration in both age groups. No significant time or treatment effects were apparent for skin temperature. Significant time, but not treatment, effects were evident for behaviour score in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS Butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt, but not 0.05 mg/kg bwt) significantly increased thermal nociceptive threshold in neonatal and older foals without apparent adverse behavioural effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Butorphanol shows analgesic potential in foals for management of somatic painful conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K T McGowan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li M, Chen H, Tang J, Hao J, Chen J, Mao J. Characterization of nociceptive responses to bee venom-induced inflammation in neonatal rats. Brain Res 2012; 1472:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
24
|
Neonatal arthritis disturbs sleep and behaviour of adult rat offspring and their dams. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:985-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Schmelzle-Lubiecki BM, Campbell KAA, Howard RH, Franck L, Fitzgerald M. Long-term consequences of early infant injury and trauma upon somatosensory processing. Eur J Pain 2012; 11:799-809. [PMID: 17320438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-term consequences of early infant injury upon somatosensory processing were tested in school aged children. The aim was to test whether the long-term changes in sensitivity reported in animal models, in regions both local to and distant from the injury site, could be observed in humans. To do this we used quantitative sensory testing (QST) in children aged 9-12 years who had undergone cardiac surgery in infancy. Cutaneous mechanical and thermal thresholds were measured at the thoracic scar region and at control contralateral thoracic and reference thenar areas in this early surgery group (n=9), and compared with thresholds at the same regions in age and gender-matched controls (n=9). The results showed that the cardiac surgery group was significantly less sensitive to von Frey hair tactile stimulation in the non-injured thenar area than the control group; mean threshold 5.02, SD+/-1.59 compared to 2.76, SD+/-0.79 (von Frey hair number, p=0.04). In addition, their lateral thoracotomy scar areas were significantly less sensitive to von Frey hair stimulation (mean=9.82, SD+/-1.97, p<0.001) and to cooling and warming than any other site tested. Eight of the nine children in the early surgery group did not perceive warmth on their scars and were only able to detect uncomfortable heat as the temperature was raised. Three of these children felt a paradoxical cold prior to the hot sensation and all reported subtle abnormalities in everyday sensations. Questionnaires revealed perceived differences in pain perception, individual aberrant sensations and pain interfering with daily life that warrant further study. We conclude that tissue injured in early infancy remains measurably altered to mechanical and thermal stimulation in later life. These findings are consistent with the results of animal studies that early infant injury has not only local, but also global long-term consequences upon sensory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Schmelzle-Lubiecki
- UCL, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Larauche M, Mulak A, Taché Y. Stress-related alterations of visceral sensation: animal models for irritable bowel syndrome study. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17:213-34. [PMID: 21860814 PMCID: PMC3155058 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors of different psychological, physical or immune origin play a critical role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome participating in symptoms onset, clinical presentation as well as treatment outcome. Experimental stress models applying a variety of acute and chronic exteroceptive or interoceptive stressors have been developed to target different periods throughout the lifespan of animals to assess the vulnerability, the trigger and perpetuating factors determining stress influence on visceral sensitivity and interactions within the brain-gut axis. Recent evidence points towards adequate construct and face validity of experimental models developed with respect to animals' age, sex, strain differences and specific methodological aspects such as non-invasive monitoring of visceromotor response to colorectal distension as being essential in successful identification and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets aimed at reducing stress-related alterations in visceral sensitivity. Underlying mechanisms of stress-induced modulation of visceral pain involve a combination of peripheral, spinal and supraspinal sensitization based on the nature of the stressors and dysregulation of descending pathways that modulate nociceptive transmission or stress-related analgesic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Agata Mulak
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin JYS, Cheng YC, Chen JYR, Chien CC, Lin SC, Wen YR, Tsou TS, Ling QD. Increased spinal prodynorphin gene expression in reinflammation-associated hyperalgesia after neonatal inflammatory insult. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:139. [PMID: 20973986 PMCID: PMC2978219 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroplasticity induced by neonatal inflammation is the consequence of a combination of activity-dependent changes in neurons. We investigated neuronal sensitivity to a noxious stimulus in a rat model of neonatal hind-paw peripheral inflammation and assessed changes in pain behaviour at the physiological and molecular levels after peripheral reinflammation in adulthood. Results A decrease in paw withdrawal latency (PWL) after a heat stimulus was documented in rats that received inflammatory injections in their left hind paws on postnatal day one (P1) and a reinflammation stimulus at postnatal 6-8 weeks of age, compared with normal rats. An increase in the expression of the prodynorphin (proDYN) gene was noted after reinflammation in the spinal cord ipsilateral to the afferents of the neonatally treated hind paw. The involvement of the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in peripheral inflammatory pain hypersensitivity was evidenced evident by the increase in phospho-ERK (pERK) activity after reinflammation. Conclusions Our results indicate that peripheral inflammation in neonates can permanently alter the pain processing pathway during the subsequent sensory stimulation of the region. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying the developing pain circuitry will provide new insights into the understanding of the early pain behaviours and the subsequent adaptation to pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yu-Shih Lin
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Effects of neonatal inflammation on descending modulation from the rostroventromedial medulla. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:16-22. [PMID: 20638459 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous tissue inflammation during the first postnatal week is known to alter long-term development of spinal cord nociceptive circuitry and to alter behavioral responses to noxious stimuli in adult animals. The impact of neonatal inflammation on descending projections arising from supraspinal sites that modulate spinal nociceptive processing is unknown. In the present study, we investigated if altered behavioral responses to pain in adult animals after neonatal inflammation are associated with changes in descending modulation of nocifensive responses elicited from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) in lightly anesthetized rats. Compared to handled control animals, hindpaw injection of 0.25% carrageenan (CG) at postnatal day 3 produced adult basal hypoalgesia and increased hyperalgesia 24 h after reinflammation with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) in awake animals. These effects were specific to the neonatally treated hindpaw, partially replicating previous findings, but were absent in lightly anesthetized animals. However, focal electrical stimulation of the RVM in lightly anesthetized CG treated animals produced significantly greater descending inhibition of nocifensive responses to noxious thermal stimuli applied to the hindpaws and the tail. These effects were partially replicated by intra-RVM microinjection of AMPA. No differences in the efficacy of RVM stimulation between CG and control animals were observed 24h after reinflammation with CFA. These findings indicate that neonatal tissue injury and inflammation produces lasting alterations in descending modulatory systems that modify nociceptive processing. Taken together with previous studies, these results indicate that changes in pain sensitivity following neonatal tissue injury involve long-term alterations in spinal and supraspinal circuitry.
Collapse
|
29
|
LaPrairie JL, Murphy AZ. Long-term impact of neonatal injury in male and female rats: Sex differences, mechanisms and clinical implications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:193-202. [PMID: 20144647 PMCID: PMC2849925 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, the relative contribution of early life events to individual disease susceptibility has been explored extensively. Only fairly recently, however, has it become evident that abnormal or excessive nociceptive activity experienced during the perinatal period may permanently alter the normal development of the CNS and influence future responses to somatosensory input. Given the significant rise in the number of premature infants receiving high-technology intensive care over the last 20 years, ex-preterm neonates may be exceedingly vulnerable to the long-term effects of repeated invasive interventions. The present review summarizes available clinical and laboratory findings on the lasting impact of exposure to noxious stimulation during early development, with a focus on the structural and functional alterations in nociceptive circuits, and its sexually dimorphic impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L LaPrairie
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 38 Peachtree Center Ave, 806 GCB, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Laprairie JL, Murphy AZ. Neonatal injury alters adult pain sensitivity by increasing opioid tone in the periaqueductal gray. Front Behav Neurosci 2009; 3:31. [PMID: 19862348 PMCID: PMC2766783 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.08.031.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in both rodents and humans have shown that acute inflammatory pain experienced during the perinatal period produces long-term decreases in pain sensitivity (hypoalgesia) (Grunau et al., 1994a, 2001; Ren et al., 2004; LaPrairie and Murphy, 2007). To date, the mechanisms underlying these long-term adaptations, however, have yet to be elucidated. The present studies tested the hypothesis that neonatal inflammatory pain induces an upregulation in endogenous opioid tone that is maintained into adulthood, and that this increase in opioid tone provides the underlying mechanism for the observed hypoalgesia. On the day of birth (P0), inflammatory pain was induced in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by intraplantar administration of carrageenan (CGN; 1%). In adulthood (P60), these animals displayed significantly increased paw withdrawal latencies in response to a noxious thermal stimulus in comparison to controls. Systemic administration of the brain-penetrant opioid receptor antagonist naloxone HCl, but not the peripherally restricted naloxone methiodide, significantly attenuated the injury-induced hypoalgesia. Direct administration of naloxone HCl or antagonists directed at the mu or delta opioid receptors into the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) also significantly reversed the injury-induced hypoalgesia in adult rats. Parallel anatomical studies revealed that inflammatory pain experienced on the day of birth significantly increased beta-endorphin and met/leu-enkephalin protein levels and decreased opioid receptor expression in the PAG of the adult rat. Thus, early noxious insult produces long-lasting alterations in endogenous opioid tone, thereby profoundly impacting nociceptive responsiveness in adulthood.
Collapse
|
31
|
Walker SM, Tochiki KK, Fitzgerald M. Hindpaw incision in early life increases the hyperalgesic response to repeat surgical injury: critical period and dependence on initial afferent activity. Pain 2009; 147:99-106. [PMID: 19781855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pain in early life can enhance the response to subsequent injury, but effects are influenced by both the nature and timing of neonatal injury. Using plantar hindpaw incision, we investigated how postnatal age influences the response to repeat surgical injury two weeks later. The degree and time course of behavioural changes in mechanical withdrawal threshold were measured, and injury-related hyperalgesia was further quantified by flexion reflex electromyographic responses to suprathreshold mechanical stimuli 24 h following incision. Plantar hindpaw incision produces acute mechanical hyperalgesia in neonatal and adult rats, but incision in neonatal pups has an additional effect on the response to subsequent injury. With initial incision at postnatal day (P) 3 or 6, the degree of hyperalgesia following repeat incision 2 weeks later was greater than in animals having a single incision at the same age. At older ages (initial incision at P10, P21 or P40) responses did not differ in repeat and single incision groups. To test the role of primary afferent activity, levobupivacaine sciatic block was performed prior to P6 plantar incision, and controls received saline or subcutaneous levobupivacaine. Repeat peri-operative, but not a single pre-operative sciatic block, prevented the enhanced response to repeat incision two weeks later. Our results show that the first postnatal week represents a critical period when incision increases hyperalgesia following repeat surgery two weeks later, and effects are initiated by peripheral afferent activity. This has potential therapeutic implications for the type and duration of peri-operative analgesia used for neonatal surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M Walker
- Portex Unit, Pain Research, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond St. Hospital, 6th Floor Cardiac Wing, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Long‐lasting neonatal inflammation enhances pain responses to subsequent inflammation, but not peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:215-22. [PMID: 19429386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
33
|
Hamza M, Dionne RA. 2020 Foresight: Envisioning Therapeutic Innovations for Pain. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES 2009; 6:113-119. [PMID: 21712969 PMCID: PMC3123531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- May Hamza
- National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH Bethesda, MD
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Laprairie JL, Johns ME, Murphy AZ. Preemptive morphine analgesia attenuates the long-term consequences of neonatal inflammation in male and female rats. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:625-30. [PMID: 18679159 PMCID: PMC2638169 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31818702d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence on the importance of pain management in preterm infants, clinical use of analgesics in this population is limited. Our previous studies have shown that neonatal inflammation results in long-term alterations in adult somatosensory thresholds, characterized by decreased baseline nociceptive sensitivity, and enhanced hyperalgesia after a subsequent inflammatory insult. The present studies were conducted to determine whether preemptive morphine attenuates these negative consequences. At P0, pups received an injection of morphine sulfate before an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan. Control pups received either saline (SAL) followed by intraplantar carrageenan, morphine sulfate followed by intraplantar SAL, or SAL followed by intraplantar SAL. Preemptive morphine significantly attenuated neonatal injury-induced hypoalgesia in adolescence and adulthood. Similarly, morphine pretreated animals displayed significantly less hyperalgesia and recovered faster from a subsequent inflammatory insult compared with controls. Neonatal morphine had no significant effect on morphine analgesia in adulthood. Interestingly, neonatally injured animals that did not receive morphine displayed a significant rightward shift in the morphine dose-response curve in the absence of peripheral inflammation. Together, these results demonstrate that preemptive morphine significantly attenuates the long-term behavioral impact of neonatal inflammatory injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Laprairie
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3088, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abdulkader HM, Freer Y, Garry EM, Fleetwood-Walker SM, McIntosh N. Prematurity and neonatal noxious events exert lasting effects on infant pain behaviour. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:351-5. [PMID: 17964090 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern that exposure of preterm infants to noxious insults over a prolonged period may have long term effects on their developing nervous system. AIMS To investigate medium and long term effects of heel pricks in infants over the first year of life. STUDY DESIGN Study 1-a longitudinal study, 2 days and 4 weeks after heel prick. Study 2-a cross sectional study over the first year of life. SUBJECTS Study 1-13 healthy preterm (PT) infants. Study 2-63 full term (FT) and 62 PT infants, divided into 3 timed groups (0-20, 21-37 and 38-52 weeks postterm and corrected for prematurity). OUTCOME MEASURES Threshold responses (flexion withdrawal (FWR) , gross body movements (GBM) and grimace (G)) to increasing mechanical force applied with Von Frey filaments. RESULTS Study 1-Thresholds were all significantly lower (more sensitive) from the pricked heel compared to the contralateral side at 2 days and 4 weeks. Study 2-There were significant differences in threshold between PT and FT infants at all time points for both FWR (P=0.001, <0.001, <0.001) and GBM (P=<0.001, <0.001, 0.009 respectively), the preterm infants always being lower. The threshold for the FWR in FT infants steadily increased, but the threshold for the PT infants remained the same. GBM thresholds increased during the year in both FT and PT infants, but were always significantly lower in the ex-preterm group (P<0.012). CONCLUSIONS Either PT birth or repetitive procedures associated with such birth alters the sensitivity threshold of PT infants compared with FT infants for at least the first year of life.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hind paw incision in the rat produces long-lasting colon hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 9:246-53. [PMID: 18088562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visceral injury has been shown to alter somatic sensitivity, but little is known about the effect of somatic insult on the viscera. In the present study, we examined (1) the effect of colon inflammation on somatic sensitivity and (2) the affect of hind paw incision on colon sensitivity. After intracolonic administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or zymosan, visceromotor responses to colorectal distension were increased to post-treatment day 8. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds in the hind paw were decreased in TNBS- and in zymosan-treated rats until post-intracolonic treatment day 2. There was no change in hind paw heat withdrawal latency in either group. Plantar incision of the hind paw resulted in a decrease in both hind paw mechanical withdrawal threshold and heat withdrawal latency and significantly increased the visceromotor response to colorectal distension from postincision days 1 to 8. The colon hypersensitivity was of longer duration than hyperalgesia at the site of hind paw incision. These results support the hypothesis that somatic injury and visceral inflammation can alter central processing of visceral and somatic inputs, respectively. PERSPECTIVE Surgical procedures are common and typically associated with hyperalgesia at and around the site of incision. This report establishes in a model of postsurgical pain and hyperalgesia that a long-lasting visceral hypersensitivity may also accompany postsurgical hyperalgesia.
Collapse
|
37
|
LaPrairie JL, Murphy AZ. Female rats are more vulnerable to the long-term consequences of neonatal inflammatory injury. Pain 2007; 132 Suppl 1:S124-S133. [PMID: 17904745 PMCID: PMC2121098 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Premature infants are routinely exposed to invasive medical procedures during neonatal intensive care treatment that are largely performed in the absence of anesthetics or analgesics. Data collected to date suggest that exposure to early insult during this time of increased plasticity alters the development of the CNS and influences future pain responses. As previous studies examining the impact of neonatal injury on nociception have been conducted primarily in males, the potential adverse effects on females are not known. Therefore, the present studies were conducted to determine whether neonatal injury differentially impacts male and female sensory thresholds in adulthood. A short lasting inflammatory response was evoked in male and female rats on the day of birth with an injection of carrageenan (CGN; 1% or 2%) into the right hindpaw. Nociceptive thresholds were assessed using a noxious thermal stimulus at both adolescence (P40) and adulthood (P60). A more persistent inflammation was subsequently evoked in adult rats with an intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Neonatally injured females exhibited significantly greater hypoalgesia at P60, and displayed enhanced inflammatory hyperalgesia following re-injury in adulthood compared to neonatally injured males and controls. These results demonstrate that the long-term adverse effects of neonatal injury are exacerbated in females, and may contribute to the higher prevalence, severity and duration of pain syndromes noted in women compared to men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L LaPrairie
- Department of Biology, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, 24 Peachtree Center Ave, 402 Kell Hall, Atlanta, GA 30303-3088, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Miranda A, Peles S, Shaker R, Rudolph C, Sengupta JN. Neonatal nociceptive somatic stimulation differentially modifies the activity of spinal neurons in rats and results in altered somatic and visceral sensation. J Physiol 2006; 572:775-87. [PMID: 16513666 PMCID: PMC1779998 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The role ofintramuscular, low pH saline injections during the neonatal period in the development and maintenance of visceral hyperalgesia has not been systematically studied. We aimed to investigate alterations in visceral sensation and neural circuitry that result from noxious stimuli in early life. Neonatal male Sprague-Dawley rats received sterile saline injections of pH 4.0 or 7.4 in the gastrocnemius muscle starting at postnatal day 8. Injections were given unilaterally every other day for 12 days ending on postnatal day 20. A third group received needle prick only on the same shedule as the second group, while a fourth group was left naïve. At 2 months of age, rats underwent assessment of cutaneous and deep somatic sensitivity using von Frey filaments and gastrocnemius muscle pinch, respectively. A visceromotor response (VMR) to graded colorectal distension (CRD; 10-80 mmHg for 30 s with 180 s interstimulus intervals) was recorded. Extracellular single-unit recordings from the thoracolumbar spinal neurons (T13-L1) were performed in adult pH 4.0 injected and naïve controls. There was no difference in the threshold for response to mechanical stimulation of the paw in rats injected with pH 4.0 saline compared to all other groups. Conversely, rats treated with pH 4.0 saline showed a significant bilateral reduction in withdrawal threshold to muscle pinch as adults (P < 0.05). At colorectal distensions > or = 20 mmHg, an increase in the VMR was observed in the pH 4.0 injected group compared to all other groups (P < 0.05). Spinal neurons were classified as short latency abrupt (SL-A) or short latency sustained (SL-S). Spontaneous firing of SL-S (20.6 +/- 2.2 impulses s(-1)), but not SL-A neurons (5.3 +/- 0.9 impulses s(-1)) in the pH 4.0 treated rats was significantly higher than in control rats (SL-S, 2.6 +/- 0.8 impulses s(-1); SL-A, 3.1 +/- 0.7 impulses s(-1)). The response of SL-S neurons to CRD in the pH 4.0 group was significantly higher at distension pressures > or = 20 mmHg. Nociceptive somatic stimulation in neonatal rats results in chronic deep somatic and visceral hyperalgesia in adulthood. Colorectal distension-sensitive SL-S neurons are primarily sensitized to neonatal somatic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Miranda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Randich A, Uzzell T, DeBerry JJ, Ness TJ. Neonatal Urinary Bladder Inflammation Produces Adult Bladder Hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2006; 7:469-79. [PMID: 16814686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.01.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammatory events experienced during early development may permanently alter sensory processing. Because urinary tract infections frequently occur during early development in females and painful bladder disorders have a high female prevalence, the present studies were undertaken to determine whether inflammation of the bladder in female rats could lead to altered sensory processing later in life. Female rat pups were anesthetized and treated as neonates (14th-16th days of life) or as adolescents (28th-30th days of life) with either intravesical zymosan (yeast cell wall component that produces robust inflammation), intravesical normal saline, or only with anesthesia. As adults, rats that had their bladders inflamed as neonates exhibited increased spontaneous micturition frequency and, after reinflammation of the bladder, increased cardiovascular and abdominal muscle contractile responses to urinary bladder distension when compared with controls. Similar effects were not observed in rats which did not experience inflammation of the bladder until adolescence. Evan's blue extravasation, a measure of the magnitude of inflammatory changes, was also greater in rats treated as neonates with intravesical zymosan. Thermal and mechanical hindpaw sensitivity was not altered by bladder inflammation. Altogether, this suggests that neonatal bladder inflammation increases bladder sensitivity and may be a cause of the hypersensitivity of painful bladder syndromes. PERSPECTIVE The present study observed that bladder inflammation experienced in a neonatal rat led to accentuated responses to urinary bladder distension when tested as adults. This suggests that events experienced during development may permanently sensitize visceral sensory systems and so represent one of the causes of painful bladder disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Randich
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1170, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boissé L, Spencer SJ, Mouihate A, Vergnolle N, Pittman QJ. Neonatal immune challenge alters nociception in the adult rat. Pain 2005; 119:133-141. [PMID: 16297551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intense pain or intense peripheral inflammation experienced during development can have pronounced effects upon adult pain sensation. However, little is known about the more commonly encountered mild systemic inflammation, such as that experienced with mild illness. Neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an established model of immune system activation, has been shown to affect febrile and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) responses to a similar exposure in adulthood. Adult LPS also elicits a range of sickness behaviours, including enhanced responses to painful stimuli. We, therefore, hypothesized that adult sensation and pain responses could be affected by a neonatal LPS challenge. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered LPS at postnatal day 14 and were tested in adulthood for nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli using, respectively, a plantar test apparatus and von Frey filaments, before and after adult LPS. Expression of dorsal root ganglion and lumbar spinal cord COX-2 was also examined. Animals treated as neonates with saline showed the expected hypersensitivity to painful stimuli after adult LPS as well as enhanced spinal cord COX-2. Neonatally LPS-treated rats, however, showed a significantly different profile. They displayed enhanced baseline nociception and elevated basal spinal cord COX-2 compared with neonatally saline-treated rats. Also, rather than the expected hyperalgesia after adult LPS, no changes in nociceptive responses and a reduction in spinal cord COX-2 expression were observed. These findings have important implications for the understanding of pain and its management and highlight the importance of the neonatal period in the development of pain pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lysa Boissé
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Anseloni VCZ, He F, Novikova SI, Turnbach Robbins M, Lidow IA, Ennis M, Lidow MS. Alterations in stress-associated behaviors and neurochemical markers in adult rats after neonatal short-lasting local inflammatory insult. Neuroscience 2005; 131:635-45. [PMID: 15730869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in long-term consequences of neonatal pain because modern neonatal intensive care units routinely employ procedures that cause considerable pain and may be followed by local inflammation and hyperalgesia lasting for several hours or even days. To address this question, we developed a rat model of short lasting (<2 days) early local inflammatory insult produced by a single injection of 0.25% carrageenan (CAR) into the plantar surface of a hindpaw. Previously, we demonstrated that rats receiving this treatment within the first week after birth grow into adults with a global reduction in responsiveness to acute pain. Here, we report that these animals also manifest a low anxiety trait associated with reduced emotional responsiveness to stress. This conclusion is based in the following observations: (a) rats in our model display reduced anxiety on an elevated plus-maze; (b) in the forced swim test, these rats exhibit behavioral characteristics associated with stronger ability for stress coping; and (c) these animals have reduced basal and stress-induced plasma levels of such stress-related neuroendocrine markers as corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. In addition, we used DNA microarray and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to profile long-term changes in gene expression in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG; a region involved in both stress and pain modulation) in our animal model. Among the affected genes, serotonergic receptors were particularly well represented. Specifically, we detected increase in the expression of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4 receptors. Several of these receptors are known to be involved in the anxiolytic and analgesic activity of the PAG. Finally, to determine whether neonatal inflammatory insult induces elevation in maternal care, which may play a role in generating long-term behavioral alterations seen in our model, we examined maternal behavior for 3 days following CAR injection. Indeed, we observed a substantial increase in maternal attention to the pups at the time of inflammation, but this increase was not without its cost: a period of significant maternal neglect afterward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V C Z Anseloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|