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Jain A, Hakim S, Woolf CJ. Immune drivers of physiological and pathological pain. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221687. [PMID: 38607420 PMCID: PMC11010323 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological pain serves as a warning of exposure to danger and prompts us to withdraw from noxious stimuli to prevent tissue damage. Pain can also alert us of an infection or organ dysfunction and aids in locating such malfunction. However, there are instances where pain is purely pathological, such as unresolved pain following an inflammation or injury to the nervous system, and this can be debilitating and persistent. We now appreciate that immune cells are integral to both physiological and pathological pain, and that pain, in consequence, is not strictly a neuronal phenomenon. Here, we discuss recent findings on how immune cells in the skin, nerve, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord interact with somatosensory neurons to mediate pain. We also discuss how both innate and adaptive immune cells, by releasing various ligands and mediators, contribute to the initiation, modulation, persistence, or resolution of various modalities of pain. Finally, we propose that the neuroimmune axis is an attractive target for pain treatment, but the challenges in objectively quantifying pain preclinically, variable sex differences in pain presentation, as well as adverse outcomes associated with immune system modulation, all need to be considered in the development of immunotherapies against pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Hakim
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J. Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Liang Z, Li L, Bai L, Gao Y, Qiao Y, Wang X, Yv L, Xu JT. Spinal nerve transection-induced upregulation of SAP97 via promoting membrane trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106471. [PMID: 38461868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated an important role of synapse-associated protein-97 (SAP97)-regulated GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in cocaine restate and in contextual episodic memory of schizophrenia. Herein, we investigated the role of SAP97 in neuropathic pain following lumbar 5 spinal nerve transection (SNT) in rats. Our results showed that SNT led to upregulation of SAP97, enhanced the interaction between SAP97 and GluA1, and increased GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in the dorsal horn. Microinjection of AAV-EGFP-SAP97 shRNA in lumbar 5 spinal dorsal horn inhibited SAP97 production, decreased SAP97-GluA1 interaction, reduced the membrane trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPARs, and partially attenuated neuropathic pain following SNT. Intrathecal injections of SAP97 siRNA or NASPM, an antagonist of GluA1-containing AMPARs, also partially reversed neuropathic pain on day 7, but not on day 14, after SNT. Spinal overexpression of SAP97 by AAV-EGFP-SAP97 enhanced SAP97-GluA1 interaction, increased the membrane insertion of GluA1-containing AMPARs, and induced abnormal pain in naïve rats. In addition, treatment with SAP97 siRNA or NASPM i.t. injection alleviated SNT-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia and exhibited a longer effect in female rats. Together, our results indicate that the SNT-induced upregulation of SAP97 via promoting GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in the dorsal horn contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Targeting spinal SAP97 might be a promising therapeutic strategy to treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Liang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yiming Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Yv
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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3
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Cao YY, Wu LL, Li XN, Yuan YL, Zhao WW, Qi JX, Zhao XY, Ward N, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms of AMPA Receptor Trafficking in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:111. [PMID: 38203282 PMCID: PMC10779435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity enhances or reduces connections between neurons, affecting learning and memory. Postsynaptic AMPARs mediate greater than 90% of the rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons. The number and subunit composition of AMPARs are fundamental to synaptic plasticity and the formation of entire neural networks. Accordingly, the insertion and functionalization of AMPARs at the postsynaptic membrane have become a core issue related to neural circuit formation and information processing in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the related mechanisms of AMPAR expression and trafficking. The proteins related to AMPAR trafficking are discussed in detail, including vesicle-related proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic proteins, and protein kinases. Furthermore, significant emphasis was placed on the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton, which spans throughout the entire transport process in AMPAR transport, indicating that the actin cytoskeleton may serve as a fundamental basis for AMPAR trafficking. Additionally, we summarize the proteases involved in AMPAR post-translational modifications. Moreover, we provide an overview of AMPAR transport and localization to the postsynaptic membrane. Understanding the assembly, trafficking, and dynamic synaptic expression mechanisms of AMPAR may provide valuable insights into the cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yu-Lian Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Wan-Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jing-Xuan Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xu-Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Natalie Ward
- Medical Laboratory, Exceptional Community Hospital, 19060 N John Wayne Pkwy, Maricopa, AZ 85139, USA;
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
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Liu F, Zhang YH, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu YJ, Li YL, Fang ZH, Liao HL, Wang H, Shen JF. Phosphorylation of the AMPARs regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) contribute to orofacial neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148578. [PMID: 37709161 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) has been recognized to play a vital role in the development of neuropathic pain. Recent studies have indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) and protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) are involved in the phosphorylation of AMPARs. However, whether PKC and PICK1 were involved in the AMPAR phosphorylation in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) to participate in orofacial neuropathic pain remains enigmatic. A behavioral test was utilized to evaluate the head withdrawal threshold (HWT) after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). The distribution and expression of GluA1, GluA2, PKC, and PICK1 were examined in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) by immunofluorescence, real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and co-immunoprecipitation. Intra-ganglionic injections of drugs were performed to investigate the regulation mechanism. The present study demonstrated that CCI-ION-induced mechanical allodynia was maintained over at least 21 days. GluA1 and GluA2 were mainly expressed in the neurons. Trigeminal nerve injury potentiated the phosphorylation of GluA1, GluA2, and PKC in the TG, which was prevented by inhibiting PKC with chelerythrine chloride. Additionally, PICK1 colocalized and interacted with GluA2 in the TG. Following blocking PICK1 with FSC-231, the phosphorylation of GluA2 decreased. Finally, inhibition of PKC and PICK1 both alleviated mechanical allodynia in the whisker pad of CCI-ION mice. In conclusion, activation of PKC and PICK1 contribute to orofacial allodynia by regulating AMPAR phosphorylation in the TG of male mice, which provides potential therapeutic targets for alleviating orofacial neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Contribute to Changed Dorsal Horn Neuronal Firing and Inflammatory Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032341. [PMID: 36768663 PMCID: PMC9916706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and cell-specific excitability shape nociceptive computation within the DH. The DH hyperexcitability (central sensitisation) has been considered a fundamental mechanism in mediating nociceptive hypersensitivity, with the proven role of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (AMPARs). However, whether and how the DH hyperexcitability relates to changes in action potential (AP) parameters in DH neurons and if Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to these changes remain unknown. We examined the cell-class heterogeneity of APs generated by DH neurons in inflammatory pain conditions to address these. Inflammatory-induced peripheral hypersensitivity increased DH neuronal excitability. We found changes in the AP threshold and amplitude but not kinetics (spike waveform) in DH neurons generating sustained or initial bursts of firing patterns. In contrast, there were no changes in AP parameters in the DH neurons displaying a single spike firing pattern. Genetic knockdown of the molecular mechanism responsible for the upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs allowed the recovery of cell-specific AP changes in peripheral inflammation. Selective inhibition of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs in the spinal cord alleviated nociceptive hypersensitivity, both thermal and mechanical modalities, in animals with peripheral inflammation. Thus, Ca2+-permeable AMPARs contribute to shaping APs in DH neurons and nociceptive hypersensitivity. This may represent a neuropathological mechanism in the DH circuits, leading to aberrant signal transfer to other nociceptive pathways.
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Kopach O, Voitenko N. Spinal AMPA receptors: Amenable players in central sensitization for chronic pain therapy? Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:284-297. [PMID: 33565904 PMCID: PMC7889122 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1885836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity-dependent trafficking of AMPA receptors (AMPAR) mediates synaptic strength and plasticity, while the perturbed trafficking of the receptors of different subunit compositions has been linked to memory impairment and to causing neuropathology. In the spinal cord, nociceptive-induced changes in AMPAR trafficking determine the central sensitization of the dorsal horn (DH): changes in AMPAR subunit composition compromise the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition, rendering interneurons hyperexcitable to afferent inputs, and promoting Ca2+ influx into the DH neurons, thereby amplifying neuronal hyperexcitability. The DH circuits become over-excitable and carry out aberrant sensory processing; this causes an increase in pain sensation in central sensory pathways, giving rise to chronic pain syndrome. Current knowledge of the contribution of spinal AMPAR to the cellular mechanisms relating to chronic pain provides opportunities for developing target-based therapies for chronic pain intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Present Address: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Duzhyy DE, Voitenko NV, Belan PV. Peripheral Inflammation Results in Increased Excitability of Capsaicin-Insensitive Nociceptive DRG Neurons Mediated by Upregulation of ASICs and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:723295. [PMID: 34733139 PMCID: PMC8558483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.723295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have characterized the capsaicin-insensitive low pH-sensitive (caps−lpH+) subtype of small-sized nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that express acid-sensing ion channels, T-type Ca2+ channels, and have isolectin B4-negative phenotype. These neurons demonstrated increased excitability in a model of long-term diabetes, contributing to chronic pain sensation. Here we studied changes in the excitability of the caps−lpH+ neurons and underlying changes in the functional expression and gating properties of ion channels under complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced peripheral inflammation. We have found that, under these pathological conditions, the functional expression of the acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and voltage-gated Na+ channels, was increased. In addition, T-type Ca2+ current was significantly increased in the neurons at the membrane potentials close to its resting value. Altogether, the observed changes in the channel functioning shifted a pH level evoking an action potential (AP) toward its physiological value and led to an increase of evoked and spontaneous excitability of the caps−lpH+ neurons that may contribute to hyperalgesia and chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro E Duzhyy
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nana V Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Research Center, Dobrobut Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel V Belan
- Research Center, Dobrobut Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Molecular Biophysics, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Mahan MA, Warner WS, Yeoh S, Light A. Rapid-stretch injury to peripheral nerves: implications from an animal model. J Neurosurg 2020; 133:1537-1547. [PMID: 31585426 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.jns19511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rapid-stretch nerve injuries are among the most devastating lesions to peripheral nerves, yielding unsatisfactory functional outcomes. No animal model has yet been developed that uses only stretch injury for investigation of the pathophysiology of clinical traction injuries. The authors' objective was to define the behavioral and histopathological recovery after graded rapid-stretch nerve injury. METHODS Four groups of male B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-YFP)HJrs/J mice were tested: sham injury (n = 11); stretch within elastic limits (elastic group, n = 14); stretch beyond elastic limits but before nerve rupture (inelastic group, n = 14); and stretch-ruptured nerves placed in continuity (rupture group, n = 16). Mice were injured at 8 weeks of age, comparable with human late adolescence. Behavioral outcomes were assessed using the sciatic functional index (SFI), tapered-beam dexterity, Von Frey monofilament testing, and the Hargreaves method. Nerve regeneration outcomes were assessed by wet muscle weight and detailed nerve histology after 48 days. RESULTS Post hoc biomechanical assessment of strain and deformation confirmed that the differences between the elastic and inelastic cohorts were statistically significant. After elastic injury, there was a temporary increase in foot faults on the tapered beam (p < 0.01) and mild reduction in monofilament sensitivity, but no meaningful change in SFI, muscle weight, or nerve histology. For inelastic injuries, there was a profound and maintained decrease in SFI (p < 0.001), but recovery of impairment was observed in tapered-beam and monofilament testing by days 15 and 9, respectively. Histologically, axon counts were reduced (p = 0.04), muscle atrophy was present (p < 0.01), and there was moderate neuroma formation on trichrome and immunofluorescent imaging. Stretch-ruptured nerves healed in continuity but without evidence of regeneration. Substantial and continuous impairment was observed in SFI (p < 0.001), tapered beam (p < 0.01), and monofilament (p < 0.01 until day 48). Axon counts (p < 0.001) and muscle weight (p < 0.0001) were significantly reduced, with little evidence of axonal or myelin regeneration concurrent with neuroma formation on immunofluorescent imaging. CONCLUSIONS The 3 biomechanical grades of rapid-stretch nerve injuries displayed consistent and distinct behavioral and histopathological outcomes. Stretch within elastic limits resembled neurapraxic injuries, whereas injuries beyond elastic limits demonstrated axonotmesis coupled with impoverished regeneration and recovery. Rupture injuries uniquely failed to regenerate, despite physical continuity of the nerve. This is the first experimental evidence to correlate stretch severity with functional and histological outcomes. Future studies should focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms that reduce regenerative capacity after stretch injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mahan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, and
| | - Wesley S Warner
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, and
| | - Stewart Yeoh
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, and
| | - Alan Light
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Guo R, Sun Y, Li H, Ma D, Wang Y. Upregulation of spinal glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor induces membrane translocation of PKCγ and synaptic target of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in dorsal horns in a rat model of incisional pain. Neurochem Int 2019; 134:104651. [PMID: 31870892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) signaling plays an important role in spinal nociception. We hypothesized that the spinal GIPR is implicated in central sensitization of postoperative pain. Our data showed that the cumulative pain scores peaked at 3 h, kept at a high level at 1 d after incision, gradually decreased afterwards and returned to the baseline values at 5 d after incision. Correspondingly, the expression of GIPR in spinal cord dorsal horn peaked at 1 d after incision, and returned to the baseline value at 5 d after incision. The double-labeling immunofluorescence demonstrated that spinal GIPR was expressed in dorsal horn neurons, but not in astrocyte or microglial cells. At 1 d after incision, the effects of intrathecal saline, GIPR antagonist (Pro3)GIP on pain behaviors were investigated. Our data showed that at 30 min and 60 min following intrathecal treatments of 300 ng (Pro3)GIP, the cumulative pain scores were decreased and paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were increased when compared to those immediately before intrathecal treatments. Accordingly, at 30 min after intrathecal injections, the membrane translocation levels of PKCγ and the GluR1 expression in postsynaptic membrane in ipsilateral dorsal horns to the incision were significantly upregulated in rats with intrathecal saline injections, as compared to normal control group. At 30 min after intrathecal treatment, (Pro3)GIP inhibited the membrane translocation levels of PKCγ and the GluR1 expression in postsynaptic membrane in ipsilateral dorsal horns. Our study indicates that upregulation of spinal GIPR may contribute to pain hypersensitivity through inducing membrane translocation level of PKCγ and synaptic target of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in ipsilateral dorsal horns of rats with plantar incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Danxu Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Signaling Promotes Spinal Central Sensitization and Pain-related Behaviors in Female Rats with Bone Cancer. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:1125-1147. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Editor’s Perspective
What We Already Know about This Topic
What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Background
Cancer pain is a pervasive clinical symptom impairing life quality. Vascular endothelial growth factor A has been well studied in tumor angiogenesis and is recognized as a therapeutic target for anti-cancer treatment. This study tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 contribute to bone cancer pain regulation associated with spinal central sensitization.
Methods
This study was performed on female rats using a metastatic breast cancer bone pain model. Nociceptive behaviors were evaluated by mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, spontaneous pain, and CatWalk gait analysis. Expression levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. Excitatory synaptic transmission was detected by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The primary outcome was the effect of pharmacologic intervention of spinal vascular endothelial growth factor A/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2–signaling on bone cancer pain behaviors.
Results
The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 were upregulated in tumor-bearing rats. Spinal blocking vascular endothelial growth factor A or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 significantly attenuated tumor-induced mechanical allodynia (mean ± SD: vascular endothelial growth factor A, 7.6 ± 2.6 g vs. 5.3 ± 3.3 g; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, 7.8 ± 3.0 g vs. 5.2 ± 3.4 g; n = 6; P < 0.0001) and thermal hyperalgesia (mean ± SD: vascular endothelial growth factor A, 9.0 ± 2.4 s vs. 7.4 ± 2.7 s; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, 9.3 ± 2.5 s vs. 7.5 ± 3.1 s; n = 6; P < 0.0001), as well as spontaneous pain and abnormal gaits. Exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor A enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission in a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2–dependent manner, and spinal injection of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor A was sufficient to cause pain hypersensitivity via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2–mediated activation of protein kinase C and Src family kinase in naïve rats. Moreover, spinal blocking vascular endothelial growth factor A/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 pathways suppressed protein kinase C-mediated N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation and Src family kinase-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production.
Conclusions
Vascular endothelial growth factor A/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 contributes to central sensitization and bone cancer pain via activation of neuronal protein kinase C and microglial Src family kinase pathways in the spinal cord.
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Taylor BK, Sinha GP, Donahue RR, Grachen CM, Morón JA, Doolen S. Opioid receptors inhibit the spinal AMPA receptor Ca 2+ permeability that mediates latent pain sensitization. Exp Neurol 2019; 314:58-66. [PMID: 30660616 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive neurons and triggers the accumulation of calcium permeable (CP) α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This coincides with behavioral signs of acute inflammatory pain, but whether CP-AMPARs contribute to chronic pain remains unclear. To evaluate this question, we first constructed current-voltage (IV) curves of C-fiber stimulus-evoked, AMPAR-mediated EPSCs in lamina II to test for inward rectification, a key characteristic of CP-AMPARs. We found that the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an inward rectification at 3 d that persisted to 21 d after injury. Furthermore, the CP- AMPAR antagonist IEM-1460 (50 μM) inhibited AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients 21d after injury but had no effect in uninflamed mice. We then used a model of long-lasting vulnerability for chronic pain that is determined by the balance between latent central sensitization (LCS) and mu opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA). When administered 21 d after the intraplantar injection of CFA, intrathecal administration of the MORCA inverse agonist naltrexone (NTX, 1 μg, i.t.) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity, and superfusion of spinal cord slices with NTX (10 μM) increased the peak amplitude of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients in lamina II neurons. The CP-AMPAR antagonist naspm (0-10 nmol, i.t.) inhibited these NTX-induced increases in mechanical hypersensitivity. NTX had no effect in uninflamed mice. Subsequent western blot analysis of the postsynaptic density membrane fraction from lumbar dorsal horn revealed that CFA increased GluA1 expression at 2 d and GluA4 expression at both 2 and 21 d post-injury, indicating that not just the GluA1 subunit, but also the GluA4 subunit, contributes to the expression of CP-AMPARs and synaptic strength during hyperalgesia. GluA2 expression increased at 21 d, an unexpected result that requires further study. We conclude that after tissue injury, dorsal horn AMPARs retain a Ca2+ permeability that underlies LCS. Because of their effectiveness in reducing naltrexone-induced reinstatement of hyperalgesia and potentiation of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ signals, CP-AMPAR inhibitors are a promising class of agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Ghanshyam P Sinha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Renee R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Grachen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
| | - Jose A Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 600 South Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, 800 Rose, St. Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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12
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Kopach O, Zheng K, Dong L, Sapelkin A, Voitenko N, Sukhorukov GB, Rusakov DA. Nano-engineered microcapsules boost the treatment of persistent pain. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:435-447. [PMID: 29383961 PMCID: PMC5796488 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1431981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pain remains a major health issue: common treatments relying on either repeated local injections or systemic drug administration are prone to concomitant side-effects. It is thought that an alternative could be a multifunctional cargo system to deliver medicine to the target site and release it over a prolonged time window. We nano-engineered microcapsules equipped with adjustable cargo release properties and encapsulated the sodium-channel blocker QX-314 using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technology. First, we employed single-cell electrophysiology to establish in vitro that microcapsule application can dampen neuronal excitability in a controlled fashion. Secondly, we used two-photon excitation imaging to monitor and adjust long-lasting release of encapsulated cargo in target tissue in situ. Finally, we explored an established peripheral inflammation model in rodents to find that a single local injection of QX-314-containing microcapsules could provide robust pain relief lasting for over a week. This was accompanied by a recovery of the locomotive deficit and the amelioration of anxiety in animals with persistent inflammation. Post hoc immunohistology confirmed biodegradation of microcapsules over a period of several weeks. The overall remedial effect lasted 10-20 times longer than that of a single focal drug injection. It depended on the QX-314 encapsulation levels, involved TRPV1-channel-dependent cell permeability of QX-314, and showed no detectable side-effects. Our data suggest that nano-engineered encapsulation provides local drug delivery suitable for prolonged pain relief, which could be highly advantageous compared to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kayiu Zheng
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luo Dong
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrei Sapelkin
- Centre for Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Gleb B. Sukhorukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dmitri A. Rusakov
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Kopach O, Krotov V, Shysh A, Sotnic A, Viatchenko-Karpinski V, Dosenko V, Voitenko N. Spinal PKCα inhibition and gene-silencing for pain relief: AMPAR trafficking at the synapses between primary afferents and sensory interneurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10285. [PMID: 29980697 PMCID: PMC6035211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in dorsal horn (DH) neurons has been causally linked to persistent inflammatory pain. This upregulation, demonstrated for both synaptic and extrasynaptic AMPARs, depends on the protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) activation; hence, spinal PKC inhibition has alleviated peripheral nociceptive hypersensitivity. However, whether targeting the spinal PKCα would alleviate both pain development and maintenance has not been explored yet (essential to pharmacological translation). Similarly, if it could balance the upregulated postsynaptic CP-AMPARs also remains unknown. Here, we utilized pharmacological and genetic inhibition of spinal PKCα in various schemes of pain treatment in an animal model of long-lasting peripheral inflammation. Pharmacological inhibition (pre- or post-treatment) reduced the peripheral nociceptive hypersensitivity and accompanying locomotive deficit and anxiety in rats with induced inflammation. These effects were dose-dependent and observed for both pain development and maintenance. Gene-therapy (knockdown of PKCα) was also found to relieve inflammatory pain when applied as pre- or post-treatment. Moreover, the revealed therapeutic effects were accompanied with the declined upregulation of CP-AMPARs at the DH synapses between primary afferents and sensory interneurons. Our results provide a new focus on the mechanism-based pain treatment through interference with molecular mechanisms of AMPAR trafficking in central pain pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Angela Shysh
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrij Sotnic
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Viacheslav Viatchenko-Karpinski
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.,The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Victor Dosenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of Sensory Signalling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kyiv, Ukraine. .,Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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14
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Wei S, Qian L, Niu M, Liu H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhou X, Li H, Wang R, Li K, Zhao Y. The Modulatory Properties of Li-Ru-Kang Treatment on Hyperplasia of Mammary Glands Using an Integrated Approach. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:651. [PMID: 29971006 PMCID: PMC6018463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Li-Ru-Kang (LRK) has been used in the treatment of hyperplasia of mammary glands (HMG) for several decades and can effectively improve clinical symptoms. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which LRK intervenes in HMG based on an integrated approach that combines metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses. Methods: The effects of LRK on HMG induced by estrogen-progesterone in rats were evaluated by analyzing the morphological and pathological characteristics of breast tissues. Moreover, UPLC-QTOF/MS was performed to explore specific metabolites potentially affecting the pathological process of HMG and the effects of LRK. Pathway analysis was conducted with a combination of metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses to illustrate the pathways and network of LRK-treated HMG. Results: Li-Ru-Kang significantly improved the morphological and pathological characteristics of breast tissues. Metabolomics analyses showed that the therapeutic effect of LRK was mainly associated with the regulation of 10 metabolites, including prostaglandin E2, phosphatidylcholine, leukotriene B4, and phosphatidylserine. Pathway analysis indicated that the metabolites were related to arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism. Moreover, principal component analysis showed that the metabolites in the model group were clearly classified, whereas the metabolites in the LRK group were between those in the normal and model groups but closer to those in the normal group. This finding indicated that these metabolites may be responsible for the effects of LRK. The therapeutic effect of LRK on HMG was possibly related to the regulation of 10 specific metabolites. In addition, we further verified the expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), a key target predicted by network pharmacology analysis, and showed that LRK could significantly improve the expression of PKCα. Conclusion: Our study successfully explained the modulatory properties of LRK treatment on HMG using metabolomics and network pharmacology analyses. This systematic method can provide methodological support for further understanding the complex mechanism underlying HMG and possible traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active ingredients for the treatment of HMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Liqi Qian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Center, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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15
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Park SY, Han JS. Phospholipase D1 Signaling: Essential Roles in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:333-340. [PMID: 29478139 PMCID: PMC5874277 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is generally accepted as playing an important role in the regulation of multiple cell functions, such as cell growth, survival, differentiation, membrane trafficking, and cytoskeletal organization. Recent findings suggest that PLD1 also plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal differentiation of neuronal cells. Moreover, PLD1-mediated signaling molecules dynamically regulate the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Rho family GTPases and Ca2+-dependent signaling, in particular, are closely involved in PLD1-mediated neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Moreover, PLD1 has a significant effect on the neurogenesis of NSCs via the regulation of SHP-1/STAT3 activation. Therefore, PLD1 has now attracted significant attention as an essential neuronal signaling molecule in the nervous system. In the current review, we summarize recent findings on the regulation of PLD1 in neuronal differentiation and discuss the potential role of PLD1 in the neurogenesis of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Wandji BA, Bomba FDT, Nkeng-Efouet PA, Piegang BN, Kamanyi A, Nguelefack TB. Anti-hyperalgesic activity of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves of Pittosporum mannii Hook on CFA-induced persistent inflammatory pain. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:197-205. [PMID: 28852898 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous study showed that aqueous (AEPM) and methanol (MEPM) extracts from the leaves of Pittosporum mannii have analgesic effects in acute pain models. The present study evaluates the acute and chronic anti-hypernociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of AEPM and MEPM in a model of persistent inflammatory pain. METHODS The third day after induction of inflammatory pain by subplantar injection of 100 µL of CFA in Wistar rats, AEPM and MEPM were administered orally (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day) and their anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were follow in acute (1-24 h) and chronic (for 14 days) treatments. At the end of the chronic treatment, oxidative stress and liver parameters were assessed. Effects of plant extracts were also evaluated on nociception induced by Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA) and 8-bromo 3',5'-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) in mice. RESULTS AEPM and MEPM significantly reversed the mechanical hyperalgesia caused by CFA in acute and chronic treatment. Moreover, AEPM and MEPM also significantly reduced the nociception caused by PMA (60%) and 8-Br-cAMP (87%). Nevertheless, AEPM and MEPM failed to inhibit the paw edema caused by CFA. Plant extracts significantly reduced the nitric oxide content in the spinal cord and the plasmatic concentration of alanine aminotransferase. MEPM also significantly increased the glutathione content in the spinal cord. CONCLUSION AEPM and MEPM given orally are effective in inhibiting mechanical hyperalgesia in persistent inflammatory pain caused by CFA. Their mechanisms of action seem to involve an interaction with PKC, PKA and nitric oxide pathways. These extracts might be devoid of hepatotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiane Aimée Wandji
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | | | - Pepin Alango Nkeng-Efouet
- Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Basile Nganmegne Piegang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Albert Kamanyi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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17
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Kopach O, Krotov V, Voitenko N. Atlanto-occipital catheterization of young rats for long-term drug delivery into the lumbar subarachnoid space combined with in vivo testing and electrophysiology in situ. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 290:125-132. [PMID: 28780368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheterization has been widely used in neuroscience and pain research for local drug delivery. Though different modifications were developed, the use of young animals for spinal catheterization remains limited because of a little success rate. A reliable technique is needed to catheterize young animals aimed for in vivo testing combined with spinal cord electrophysiology, often limited by animal age, to facilitate pain research. NEW METHODS We describe intrathecal catheterization of young rats (3-week-old) through atlanto-occipical approach for long-lasting drug delivery into the lumbar subarachnoid space. The technique represents a surgical approach of minimized invasiveness that requires PE-10 catheter and few equipment of standard laboratory use. RESULTS Behavioral assessments revealed that spinal catheterization does not change peripheral sensitivity of different modalities (thermal and mechanical) and gives no rise to locomotive deficit or anxiety-like behavior in young rats. The long-term administration of genetic material (oligodeoxynucleotides given up to 4days), examined both in vivo and in situ, produced no adverse effects on basal peripheral sensitivity, but changed the AMPA receptor-mediated currents in sensory interneurons of the spinal cord. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Dissimilar to already described methods, the method is designed for the use of young rats for behavioral testing in vivo and/or spinal cord electrophysiology in situ. CONCLUSIONS A practical method for spinal catheterization of young animals designed for studies in vivo and in situ is proposed. The method is rapid and effective and should facilitate investigation of therapeutic effects on both systemic and subcellular levels, as an advantage over the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz str. 4, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine; Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz str. 4, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz str. 4, Kyiv 01024, Ukraine
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18
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Li L, Zhang L, Binkley PF, Sadee W, Wang D. Regulatory Variants Modulate Protein Kinase C α (PRKCA) Gene Expression in Human Heart. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1648-1657. [PMID: 28120175 PMCID: PMC7315374 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein kinase C α (PRKCA) is involved in multiple functions and has been implicated in heart failure risks and treatment outcomes. This study aims to identify regulatory variants affecting PRKCA expression in human heart, and evaluate attributable risk of heart disease. METHODS mRNA expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) were extracted from the Genotype and Tissue Expression Project (GTEx). Allelic mRNA ratios were measured in 51 human heart tissues to identify cis-acting regulatory variants. Potential regulatory regions were tested with luciferase reporter gene assays and further evaluated in GTEx and genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Located in a region with robust enhancer activity in luciferase reporter assays, rs9909004 (T > C, minor allele frequency =0.47) resides in a haplotype displaying strong eQTLs for PRKCA in heart (p = 1.2 × 10-23). The minor C allele is associated with both decreased PRKCA mRNA expression and decreased risk of phenotypes characteristic of heart failure in GWAS analyses (QT interval p = 3.0 × 10-14). While rs9909004 is the likely regulatory variant, other variants in high linkage disequilibrium cannot be excluded. Distinct regulatory variants appear to affect expression in other tissues. CONCLUSIONS The haplotype carrying rs9909004 influences PRKCA expression in the heart and is associated with traits linked to heart failure, potentially affecting therapy of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1005 BRT, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1005 BRT, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Philip F Binkley
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1005 BRT, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Danxin Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1005 BRT, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1005 BRT, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
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19
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Opposite, bidirectional shifts in excitation and inhibition in specific types of dorsal horn interneurons are associated with spasticity and pain post-SCI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5884. [PMID: 28724992 PMCID: PMC5517549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spasticity, a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI), is frequently accompanied by chronic pain. The physiological origin of this pain (critical to its treatment) remains unknown, although spastic motor dysfunction has been related to the hyperexcitability of motoneurons and to changes in spinal sensory processing. Here we show that the pain mechanism involves changes in sensory circuits of the dorsal horn (DH) where nociceptive inputs integrate for pain processing. Spasticity is associated with the DH hyperexcitability resulting from an increase in excitation and disinhibition occurring in two respective types of sensory interneurons. In the tonic-firing inhibitory lamina II interneurons, glutamatergic drive was reduced while glycinergic inhibition was potentiated. In contrast, excitatory drive was boosted to the adapting-firing excitatory lamina II interneurons while GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition were reduced. Thus, increased activity of excitatory DH interneurons coupled with the reduced excitability of inhibitory DH interneurons post-SCI could provide a neurophysiological mechanism of central sensitization and chronic pain associated with spasticity.
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20
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Wigerblad G, Huie JR, Yin HZ, Leinders M, Pritchard RA, Koehrn FJ, Xiao WH, Bennett GJ, Huganir RL, Ferguson AR, Weiss JH, Svensson CI, Sorkin LS. Inflammation-induced GluA1 trafficking and membrane insertion of Ca 2+ permeable AMPA receptors in dorsal horn neurons is dependent on spinal tumor necrosis factor, PI3 kinase and protein kinase A. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:144-158. [PMID: 28412220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive spinal cord neurons. Both spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and neuronal membrane insertion of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptor (AMPAr) contribute to spinal sensitization and resultant pain behavior, molecular mechanisms connecting these two events have not been studied in detail. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of TNF-blockers attenuated paw carrageenan-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Levels of GluA1 and GluA4 from dorsal spinal membrane fractions increased in carrageenan-injected rats compared to controls. In the same tissue, GluA2 levels were not altered. Inflammation-induced increases in membrane GluA1 were prevented by i.t. pre-treatment with antagonists to TNF, PI3K, PKA and NMDA. Interestingly, administration of TNF or PI3K inhibitors followed by carrageenan caused a marked reduction in plasma membrane GluA2 levels, despite the fact that membrane GluA2 levels were stable following inhibitor administration in the absence of carrageenan. TNF pre-incubation induced increased numbers of Co2+ labeled dorsal horn neurons, indicating more neurons with Ca2+ permeable AMPAr. In parallel to Western blot results, this increase was blocked by antagonism of PI3K and PKA. In addition, spinal slices from GluA1 transgenic mice, which had a single alanine replacement at GluA1 ser 845 or ser 831 that prevented phosphorylation, were resistant to TNF-induced increases in Co2+ labeling. However, behavioral responses following intraplantar carrageenan and formalin in the mutant mice were no different from littermate controls, suggesting a more complex regulation of nociception. Co-localization of GluA1, GluA2 and GluA4 with synaptophysin on identified spinoparabrachial neurons and their relative ratios were used to assess inflammation-induced trafficking of AMPAr to synapses. Inflammation induced an increase in synaptic GluA1, but not GluA2. Although total GluA4 also increased with inflammation, co-localization of GluA4 with synaptophysin, fell short of significance. Taken together these data suggest that peripheral inflammation induces a PI3K and PKA dependent TNFR1 activated pathway that culminates with trafficking of calcium permeable AMPAr into synapses of nociceptive dorsal horn projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wigerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J R Huie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Z Yin
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Leinders
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R A Pritchard
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F J Koehrn
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - W-H Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G J Bennett
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R L Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A R Ferguson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J H Weiss
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L S Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Park SY, Yoon SN, Kang MJ, Lee Y, Jung SJ, Han JS. Hippocalcin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation and Inhibits Astrocytic Differentiation in Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:95-111. [PMID: 28017654 PMCID: PMC5233403 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocalcin (HPCA) is a calcium-binding protein that is restricted to nervous tissue and contributes to neuronal activity. Here we report that, in addition to inducing neurogenesis, HPCA inhibits astrocytic differentiation of neural stem cells. It promotes neurogenesis by regulating protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activation by translocating to the membrane and binding to phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), which induces PKCα phosphorylation. We also found that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is implicated in the HPCA-mediated neurogenesis pathway; this enzyme promotes dephosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3[Y705]), which is necessary for astrocytic differentiation. Moreover, we found that the SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) acts upstream of STAT3. Importantly, this SHP-1-dependent STAT3-inhibitory mechanism is closely involved in neurogenesis and suppression of gliogenesis by HPCA. Taken together, these observations suggest that HPCA promotes neuronal differentiation through activation of the PKCα/PLD1 cascade followed by activation of SHP-1, which dephosphorylates STAT3(Y705), leading to inhibition of astrocytic differentiation. Hippocalcin is required for neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells PKCα/PLD1 activation is required for hippocalcin-mediated neuronal differentiation Blocking of STAT3(Y705) activity by hippocalcin decreases astrocytic differentiation Hippocalcin promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting gliogenesis in neural stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Nyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - YunYoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Kopach O, Krotov V, Goncharenko J, Voitenko N. Inhibition of Spinal Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA Receptors with Dicationic Compounds Alleviates Persistent Inflammatory Pain without Adverse Effects. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:50. [PMID: 26973464 PMCID: PMC4770326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord has been causally linked to the maintenance of persistent inflammatory pain. Therefore, inhibition of CP-AMPARs could potentially alleviate an, otherwise, poorly treatable chronic pain. However, a loss of CP-AMPARs could produce considerable side effects because of the crucial role of CP-AMPARs in synaptic plasticity. Here we have tested whether the inhibition of spinal CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds, the open-channel antagonists acting in an activity-dependent manner, can relieve inflammatory pain without adverse effects being developed. Dicationic compounds, N1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pentane-1,5-diaminium bromide (IEM-1925) and 1-trimethylammonio-5-1-adamantane-methyl-ammoniopentane dibromide (IEM-1460) were applied intrathecally (i.t.) as a post-treatment for inflammatory pain in the model of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced long-lasting peripheral inflammation. The capability of dicationic compounds to ameliorate inflammatory pain was tested in rats in vivo using the Hargreaves, the von Frey and the open-field tests. Treatment with IEM-1460 or IEM-1925 resulted in profound alleviation of inflammatory pain. The pain relief appeared shortly after compound administration. The effects were concentration-dependent, displaying a high potency of dicationic compounds for alleviation of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the micromolar range, for both acute and long-lasting responses. The period of pain maintenance was shortened following treatment. Treatment with IEM-1460 or IEM-1925 changed neither thermal and mechanical basal sensitivities nor animal locomotion, suggesting that inhibition of CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds does not give rise to detectable side effects. Thus, the ability of dicationic compounds to alleviate persistent inflammatory pain may provide new routes in the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine; Laboratory of Synaptic Imaging, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Volodymyr Krotov
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Julia Goncharenko
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Laboratory of Sensory Signaling, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine; International Center for Molecular Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of PhysiologyKyiv, Ukraine
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23
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Inflammatory-induced changes in synaptic drive and postsynaptic AMPARs in lamina II dorsal horn neurons are cell-type specific. Pain 2015; 156:428-438. [DOI: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460318.65734.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ding X, Cai J, Li S, Liu XD, Wan Y, Xing GG. BDNF contributes to the development of neuropathic pain by induction of spinal long-term potentiation via SHP2 associated GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors activation in rats with spinal nerve ligation. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:428-51. [PMID: 25447233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain still remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether spinal BDNF contributes to dorsal horn LTP induction and neuropathic pain development by activation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors via Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) phosphorylation in rats following spinal nerve ligation (SNL). We first demonstrated that spinal BDNF participates in the development of long-lasting hyperexcitability of dorsal horn WDR neurons (i.e. central sensitization) as well as pain allodynia in both intact and SNL rats. Second, we revealed that BDNF induces spinal LTP at C-fiber synapses via functional up-regulation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn, and this BDNF-mediated LTP-like state is responsible for the occlusion of spinal LTP elicited by subsequent high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the sciatic nerve in SNL rats. Finally, we validated that BDNF-evoked SHP2 phosphorylation is required for subsequent GluN2B-NMDA receptors up-regulation and spinal LTP induction, and also for pain allodynia development. Blockade of SHP2 phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn using a potent SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor NSC-87877, or knockdown of spinal SHP2 by intrathecal delivery of SHP2 siRNA, not only prevents BDNF-mediated GluN2B-NMDA receptors activation as well as spinal LTP induction and pain allodynia elicitation in intact rats, but also reduces the SNL-evoked GluN2B-NMDA receptors up-regulation and spinal LTP occlusion, and ultimately alleviates pain allodynia in neuropathic rats. Taken together, these results suggest that the BDNF/SHP2/GluN2B-NMDA signaling cascade plays a vital role in the development of central sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ding
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
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Hagenston AM, Simonetti M. Neuronal calcium signaling in chronic pain. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:407-26. [PMID: 25012522 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute physiological pain, the unpleasant sensory response to a noxious stimulus, is essential for animals and humans to avoid potential injury. Pathological pain that persists after the original insult or injury has subsided, however, not only results in individual suffering but also imposes a significant cost on society. Improving treatments for long-lasting pathological pain requires a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying pain perception and the development of pain chronicity. In this review, we aim to highlight some of the major findings related to the involvement of neuronal calcium signaling in the processes that mediate chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Hagenston
- University of Heidelberg, Neurobiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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26
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Ma W, Quirion R. Targeting cell surface trafficking of pain-facilitating receptors to treat chronic pain conditions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:459-72. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.887683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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