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Zounr RA, Khuhawar MY, Khuhawar TMJ, Lanjwani MF, Khuhawar MY. GC Analysis of Metformin, Ranitidine and Famotidine from Pharmaceuticals and Human Serum. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:807-813. [PMID: 37415425 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A method has been designed based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID) for the separation and analyses of ranitidine, famotidine and metformin after pre-column derivatization with trifluoroacetylacetone and ethyl chloroformate. DB-1 (30 m × 0.32 mm id) column with film thickness 0.25 μm was used for the separation at an initial temperature of column was 100°C for 2 min, and ramping at 20°C/min up to 250°C, with a hold time of 3 min. The rate of nitrogen flow was 2.5 mL/min and FID was used for detection. Complete separation was obtained between all the three drugs including excess of derivatization reagents. Linear calibration curves and detection limits were obtained in the ranges 0.1-30 μg/mL and 0.011-0.015 μg/mL. The procedure was repeatable in terms of peak heights/peak areas and retention time (n = 5) for derivatization, quantitation and separation with relative standard deviations (RSDs) within 2.0-3.0%. The approach was examined for the analyses of drug products and serum after the intake of the drugs by healthy volunteers, and recoveries were obtained within 95-98% with RSDs 2.4-3.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan A Zounr
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Y Khuhawar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Taj M J Khuhawar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad F Lanjwani
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muzamil Y Khuhawar
- Abbott Pharmaceutical Company in Korangi, Landhi Karachi 75106, Sindh, Pakistan
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Melaré AG, Barreto FC, Silva MKL, Simões RP, Cesarino I. Determination of Fluoxetine in Weight Loss Herbal Medicine Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on rGO-CuNPs. Molecules 2023; 28:6361. [PMID: 37687190 PMCID: PMC10490002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising popularity of herbal medicine as a weight loss remedy, fueled by misleading propaganda, raises concerns about the manufacturing processes and potential inclusion of controlled substances such as fluoxetine (FLU). The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of an electrochemical device by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GC) with a nanocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) for detecting FLU in manipulated herbal medicines. Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were applied for morphological and electrochemical characterization and analysis of the composite's electrochemical behavior. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor successfully detected FLU within the range of 0.6 to 1.6 µmol L-1, showing a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 µmol L-1. To determine the presence of FLU in herbal samples, known amounts of the analytical standard were added to the sample, and the analyses were performed using the standard addition method, yielding recoveries between -2.13 and 2.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ivana Cesarino
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, SP, Brazil; (A.G.M.); (F.C.B.); (M.K.L.S.); (R.P.S.)
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3
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Wen D, Shi R, He H, Chen R, Zhang Y, Liu R, Chen H. Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112180. [PMID: 37297425 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine promethazine (PMZ) and its metabolites, promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) and monodesmethyl-promethazine (Nor1PMZ), in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. A sample preparation method and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were established and validated. The samples were extracted using 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile and purified with acetonitrile-saturated n-hexane. After concentration by rotary evaporation, the extract was re-dissolved in a mixture of 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v). Analysis was performed using a Waters Symmetry C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid-water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were determined using positive ion scan and multiple reaction monitoring. PMZ and Nor1PMZ were quantified with deuterated promethazine (PMZ-d6) as the internal standard, while PMZSO was quantified using the external standard method. In spiked muscle, liver, and kidney samples, the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for PMZ and PMZSO were 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively, while for Nor1PMZ, these values were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. For spiked fat samples, the LOD and LOQ for all three analytes were found to be 0.05 μg/kg and 0.1 μg/kg, respectively. The sensitivity of this proposed method reaches or exceeds that presented in previous reports. The analytes PMZ and PMZSO exhibited good linearity within the range of 0.1 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, while Nor1PMZ showed good linearity within the range of 0.5 μg/kg to 50 μg/kg, with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. The average recoveries of the target analytes in the samples varied from 77% to 111%, with the precision fluctuating between 1.8% and 11%. This study developed, for the first time, an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PMZ, PMZSO, and Nor1PMZ in four swine edible tissues, comprehensively covering the target tissues of monitoring object. The method is applicable for monitoring veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods, ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Wen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Shi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiming He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rundong Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Domestic Animal Products (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Park HJ, Ham HJ, Yang YJ, Seo MK, Kim HI, Lee JH. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system for rapid identification and quantitation of thirty nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen in illegal products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9462. [PMID: 36567073 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE As the public interest in healthcare increases, illegal dietary supplements, foods, and drugs containing unauthorized pharmaceutical ingredients, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen, have been identified. Excessive and unintentional consumption is toxic to the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and liver; therefore, these pharmaceuticals must be monitored using analytical methods. METHODS A rapid and reliable analysis system involving liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was established and validated to identify and quantify 30 NSAIDs and acetaminophen. In addition, we obtained the MS2 spectrum for each component with the proposed structure of the fragment ions. RESULTS The analytical method was applied to 505 samples of illicitly distributed dietary supplements, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Non-steroidal analgesics were detected in 126 samples. Carbamazepine (42.9%) and diclofenac (30.2%) were the most detected components in the samples; other pharmaceutical adulterants were also detected in some cases. Additionally, we present the identification of an unknown component, dexamethasone (799 μg/g), using LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS in a sample containing the unknown component with meloxicam (15.4 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS The developed analysis system, consisting of qualitative analysis using LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS and quantitative analysis using LC/MS/MS, can rapidly and accurately identify and quantify NSAIDs and acetaminophen while also identifying non-analytical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Joon Park
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Joo Ham
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yang
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyeong Seo
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Development and Validation of the LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of 130 Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Cannabis Oil. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238601. [PMID: 36500694 PMCID: PMC9736437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely available products used by millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, the procedure of adding pharmaceutical and psychoactive substances has recently been observed, in order to increase the effectiveness of supplements in the form of hemp oils. For this reason, it is extremely important to develop analytical methods for the detection of substances prohibited in dietary supplements and food products. In the present study, using the LC-MS/MS technique, an innovative method for the detection and quantification of 117 synthetic cannabinoids and 13 natural cannabinoids in dietary supplements and food products in the form of oils during one 13-min chromatographic run was developed. Each method was fully validated by characterization of the following parameters: The limit of detection was set to 0.1 ng/mL (100 µg/g, 0.01%). The limit of quantification ranged from 0.05 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL. The criteria assumed for systematic error caused by methodological bias (±20%) resulting from the recovery of analytes after the extraction process, as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) (≤20%), were met for all 130 tested compounds. The positive results of the validation confirmed that the developed methods met the requirements related to the adequacy of their application in a given scope. Additionally, methods developed using the LC-MS/MS technique were verified via proficiency tests. The developed analytical procedure was successfully used in the analysis of hemp oils and capsules containing them in the studied dietary supplements.
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Qin Y, Bubiajiaer H, Yao J, Zhang M. Based on Unmodified Aptamer-Gold Nanoparticles Colorimetric Detection of Dexamethasone in Food. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040242. [PMID: 35448302 PMCID: PMC9029452 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Residue and illegal addition of Dexamethasone (DEX) in food has received widespread attention over the past few decades. Long-term intake of DEX will have a strong endocrine-disrupting effect, and there is an urgent need to develop highly sensitive and rapid on-site detection methods. In this work, a colorimetric sensor based on an unmodified aptamer and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was designed to detect DEX in milk and glucosamine. Under optimized conditions, the absorbance ratio of Au NPs increased linearly with DEX concentration over the range of 10-350 nmol/mL (r2 = 0.997), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 nmol/mL, and the recoveries ranged from 93.6 to 117%. To explore the interaction mechanism between aptamer and DEX, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to probe intermolecular interactions and structures of the complex. The establishment of aptamer-based sensors effectively avoids the antibody screening response, with a cost-efficient, excellent selective and great potential in DEX determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830054, China; (Y.Q.); (H.B.)
| | - Hayilati Bubiajiaer
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830054, China; (Y.Q.); (H.B.)
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinyi Road, Urumqi 830054, China; (Y.Q.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-1899-9250-641 (J.Y.); +86-1399-9258-239 (M.Z.)
| | - Minwei Zhang
- College Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Shengli Road, Urumqi 830046, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-1899-9250-641 (J.Y.); +86-1399-9258-239 (M.Z.)
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Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan M, Zyoud SH. Adulteration of Weight Loss Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226903. [PMID: 34833995 PMCID: PMC8621677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss supplements that have illegal additives of pharmaceutical drugs or analogues have additional health risks, and customers may not be aware of what they are taking. This research is an essential investigation and quantification of illegally added pharmaceuticals or prescription medications, specifically fluoxetine, phenolphthalein, and sibutramine, in herbal weight loss supplements offered for sale in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this case, 137 weight loss supplements were collected and analyzed in this study. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorption detection coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS/MS) analyses were used to determine the presence of the pharmaceutical chemicals. Among the weight loss supplements, 15.3% (95% CI: 9.2-21.4) contained undeclared sibutramine, 13.9% (95% CI: 8.01-19.7) contained undeclared phenolphthalein, and 5.1% (95% CI: 1.4-8.8) contained undeclared fluoxetine. Amongst all weight loss supplements, 17.5% (95% CI: 11.07-24) contained significant concentrations of either sibutramine, phenolphthalein, or fluoxetine. Whilst weight loss herbal supplements offered for sale in the UAE have relatively low percentages of undeclared pharmaceuticals, many people take several different supplements daily and may encounter quite high levels of combined exposure to toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A. Jairoun
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 1800, Malaysia;
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai P.O. Box 67, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 1800, Malaysia;
- Pharmacy Department, Emirates Health Services Establishment, Dubai P.O. Box 1853, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus 44839, Palestine;
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus 44839, Palestine
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Young Jeong J, Atikul Islam M, Hong JH, Hyeon Son J, Yeon Song O, Khan N, Jamila N, Kim KS. Determination of Bioactive Markers for the Discrimination of Syneilesis palmata and Paris verticillata by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Diode Array Detection (DAD) and Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (IT-TOF-MS). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1878527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Atikul Islam
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Joon Ho Hong
- Nanobio Research Center, Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation (JBF), Jangsung-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Son
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Yeon Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nargis Jamila
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kyong Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Tan C, Chen H, Lin Z. Detection of glibenclamide adulterated in antidiabetic Chinese patent medicine by attenuated total reflectance -infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 255:119723. [PMID: 33780893 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There have been many reports of adulterated Chinese patent medicine with synthetic prescription that are claimed to be "pure natural". The present work investigates the feasibility of combining attenuated total reflectance-Mid-infrared (ATR-MIR) spectroscopy and several interval-based PLS algorithms for detecting the glibenclamide illegally adulterated in antidiabetic Chinese patent medicine (Jiangtangning). The full-spectrum PLS, four kinds of traditional interval PLS algorithms (iPLS, biPLS, siPLS and mwPLS) and a modified algorithm, i.e., a combination of mwPLS and window size optimization, named cmwPLS, were used for building calibration models. A total of 21 samples adulterated with 0-3.5% glibenclamide were prepared. The dataset was equally split into a training set and a test set for building and testing the prediction models, respectively. For those interval-based PLS, the whole wavenumber axis was divided into 20 sub-intervals. In terms of the prediction on the test set, the new cmwPLS produce the best model, followed by mwPLS. The modified algorithm can optimize automatically the window width (i.e., the number of adjacent variables used for modeling) and position. It can be concluded that cmwPLS coupled with ATR-MIR technique is a good alternative to other traditional chemical analysis for detecting the adulteration of Chinese patent medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China; Hospital, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
| | - Zan Lin
- Key Lab of Process Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China; Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Kodchakorn K, Viriyakhasem N, Wongwichai T, Kongtawelert P. Structural Determination, Biological Function, and Molecular Modelling Studies of Sulfoaildenafil Adulterated in Herbal Dietary Supplement. Molecules 2021; 26:949. [PMID: 33670094 PMCID: PMC7916901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unapproved ingredients included in herbal medicines and dietary supplements have been detected as adulterated synthetic drugs used for erectile dysfunction. Extraction from a dietary supplement was performed to isolate the compounds by HPLC analysis. The structural characterization was confirmed using mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS and LC-MS/MS), 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques. Results identified the thus-obtained compound to be sulfoaildenafil, a thioketone analogue of sildenafil. The biological activities of this active compound have been focused for the first time by the experimental point of view performance in vitro. The results revealed that sulfoaildenafil can affect the therapeutic level of nitric oxide through the upregulation of nitric oxide synthase and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) gene expressions. This bulk material, which displays structural similarity to sildenafil, was analyzed for the presence of a PDE5 inhibitor using a theoretical calculation. These unique features of the potential activity of PDE5 protein and its inhibitors, sildenafil and sulfoaildenafil, may play a key consideration for understanding the mode of actions and predicting the biological activities of PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanok Kodchakorn
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.W.)
| | - Nawarat Viriyakhasem
- School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Tunchanok Wongwichai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.W.)
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.K.); (T.W.)
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Simple and rapid voltammetric method for the detection of the synthetic adulterant fluoxetine in weight loss products. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Wang Z, Wu X, Liu L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. An immunochromatographic strip sensor for sildenafil and its analogues. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:6383-6389. [PMID: 31642841 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new hapten of sildenafil (Sild) was successfully synthesized and a sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Sild was produced based on this new hapten. The subclass of the mAb was IgG2a, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the mAb was 0.53 ng mL-1. Next, an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was established for detecting Sild and its analogues in functional foods, where the visual detection limit (vLOD) and cut-off values were 0.5 and 20 μg kg-1, respectively. With the aid of a strip scan reader, the ICA can measure Sild with an LOD of 0.7 μg kg-1 and a line range of detection between 1.40 and 13.11 μg kg-1. The whole test process takes only 15 min. Therefore, the ICA provides a useful tool for the on-site detection and rapid initial screening of Sild in functional food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. and International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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Li C, Xu D, Moezzi B. Identification of Erectile Dysfunction Drugs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:261-277. [PMID: 32351143 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1758274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With the rise in consumption of dietary supplements for various ailments such as erectile dysfunction (ED), there is concern that these supplements may contain illegally added phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor and its analogs. HPLC or LC is a general separation method, and MS is a detection technique, together LC/MS/MS technology provides the mass spectral confirmation in identifying sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and their analogs. In our present study, a sample extraction technique with 1:1 acetonitrile: water solvents and sonication was used for screening, then identification was performed using an LC coupled with Velos Pro linear ion trap mass spectrometry. This was a simple and reliable method for a variety of matrices of dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formulations in tablet, capsule or liquid form. The run time is only 6.5 min, allowing for a quick screening and identification of all of analytes of ED drugs using full scan and data-dependent scan MS/MS, except for tadalafil and aminotadalafil (MS/MS/MS). To conclude this study, Sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, and other 16 analogs in dietary supplements could be quickly screened and identified by HPLC coupled with ion trap MS using data dependent scanning function. The main method using the short column is very rapid, and saves a lot of running time and solvents, and the identification is further confirmed by MS/MS information. The current study develops and validates a quick and reliable method to screen for ED drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Li
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Dadong Xu
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Moezzi
- Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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Dural E. Investigation of the Presence of Sildenafil in Herbal Dietary Supplements by Validated HPLC Method. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:56-62. [PMID: 32454761 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.91249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives As the first FDA-approved phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, sildenafil (SDF) is widely used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction due to its strong pharmacodynamic activity. Since many food supplements are now involved in illegal adulteration, the presence of SDF in food supplements is very important because of their toxicological risks. In this study a simple fast, reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet (UV) detector has been developed and validated for SDF analysis in herbal dietary supplements (HDSs). Materials and Methods 10 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v), as mobile phase was applied isocratically to a reverse phase C18 analytical (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm) column. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a C18 reverse-phase analytical column 4.6×250 mm, 5 μm particle size, using acetonitrile, with 10 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine (65:35, v/v, pH 3.5) as a mobile phase. The mobile phase flow rate was 1 mL min-1 and the column temperature was 35°C. The UV detector was set at 293 nm. The liquid-liquid extraction method used in the study provided a simple and practical method for the recovery of SDF in HDSs and their obtained values ranged from 87.6 to 111.7%. Results The method showed linearity with an excellent correlation coefficient (r2>0.999). Moreover, it was specific and sensitive with the limit of quantification, 6.5 ng mL-1. Intraday and interday method precision was ≤8.2 (relative standard deviation %). Intraday and interday method accuracy was between -4.0 and 7.1 (RE%). The method was strong according to the robustness test results obtained from UV detection, mobile phase buffer pH, column temperature, and flow rate changes. The described procedure was simple, fast, precise, and feasible for routine adulteration analysis of SDF, especially in food control or toxicology laboratories. This method was successfully applied to 50 individual solid and liquid form HDSs. Conclusion The results showed that 37 out of 50 samples of HDSs (represented 74.0%) examined contained SDF between 0.01 and 465.47 mg/g, 150.87±127.48 (mean ± standard deviation), which could lead to serious health problems and might even be fatal for consumers. The described procedure was found to be simple, rapid, precise and feasible for routine adulteration analysis of SDF, especially in food control or toxicology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Dural
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sivas, Turkey
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Timcheh Hariri A, Ahmadimanesh M, Ghorbani H, Seyedzade E, Hejazi A, Zarif D, Jahani M. Herbal medicines in Iran advertised as opioid withdrawal drugs - analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eur J Integr Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Ekar T, Kreft S. Common risks of adulterated and mislabeled herbal preparations. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:288-297. [PMID: 30339960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing trend of returning to nature and the fear of adverse reactions from conventional medicines, people are increasingly resorting to the use of herbal preparations. Because of long-term use and natural origin these preparations give a sense of security. But herbal formulations also possess undesirable effects and, among other dangers, present a risk connected with deliberate addition of synthetic compounds, deliberate or unintentional replacement of the plant species or simply a risk of mislabeling. While the replacement of the plant species occurs in a very different groups of herbal products, reports of added illicit synthetic substances often include groups of herbal weight-loss preparations, sexual enhancers, preparations for treatment of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic and blood pressure lowering preparations. In the world of Internet ordering, these are the dangers that everyone should be aware of. In this article, we reviewed the safety issues related to adulterated or mislabeled herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Ekar
- Public Institution Gorenjske Lekarne, Kranj, Slovenia
| | - Samo Kreft
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Simultaneous Screening and Determination of Eight Tetracycline Antibiotics Illegally Adulterated in Herbal Preparations Using HPLC–DAD Combined with LC–MS–MS. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Paíga P, Rodrigues MJ, Correia M, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBP, Delerue-Matos C. Analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in plant food supplements by UHPLC-MS/MS. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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A rapid ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method for detection of sibutramine adulteration in tea and coffee based on hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses. Food Chem 2017; 229:517-526. [PMID: 28372210 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine may be illicitly included in herbal slimming foods and supplements marketed as "100% natural" to enhance weight loss. Considering public health and legal regulations, there is an urgent need for effective, rapid and reliable techniques to detect sibutramine in dietetic herbal foods, teas and dietary supplements. This research comprehensively explored, for the first time, detection of sibutramine in green tea, green coffee and mixed herbal tea using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic technique combined with chemometrics. Hierarchical cluster analysis and PCA principle component analysis techniques were employed in spectral range (2746-2656cm-1) for classification and discrimination through Euclidian distance and Ward's algorithm. Unadulterated and adulterated samples were classified and discriminated with respect to their sibutramine contents with perfect accuracy without any false prediction. The results suggest that existence of the active substance could be successfully determined at the levels in the range of 0.375-12mg in totally 1.75g of green tea, green coffee and mixed herbal tea by using FTIR-ATR technique combined with chemometrics.
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20
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Al Lawati HAJ, Al Busaidi I, Kadavilpparampu AM, Suliman FO. Determination of Common Adulterants in Herbal Medicine and Food Samples using Core-shell Column Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:232-242. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Heo S, Choi JY, Yoo GJ, Park SK, Baek SY. Simultaneous analysis of 35 specific antihypertensive adulterants in dietary supplements using LC/MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Heo
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex; Cheongju-si Cheongwoungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex; Cheongju-si Cheongwoungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Joo Yoo
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex; Cheongju-si Cheongwoungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwan Park
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex; Cheongju-si Cheongwoungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Baek
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation; Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex; Cheongju-si Cheongwoungcheongbuk-do Republic of Korea
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22
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Guo J, Liu W, Lan X, Chen H, Xiao Z. Development and evaluation of an immunochromatographic strip for rapid screening of sildenafil-type compounds as illegal additives in functional foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1095-104. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1203072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiebiao Guo
- Ying Dong Food Science and Engineering Academy, Shaoguan College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Wangpei Liu
- Group of Instrumental Analysis, Shaoguan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xianquan Lan
- Group of Instrumental Analysis, Shaoguan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shaoguan, China
| | - Hualong Chen
- Group of Instrumental Analysis, Shaoguan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shaoguan, China
| | - Zijun Xiao
- Ying Dong Food Science and Engineering Academy, Shaoguan College, Shaoguan, China
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23
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Noh E, Yoon CY, Lee JH, Lee JM, Baek SY, Oh HB, Do JA. A Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF MS) Study for Analyzing 35 Corticosteroid Compounds: Elucidation of MS/MS Fragmentation Pathways. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Noh
- Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si 361-709 Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Yoon
- Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si 361-709 Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si 361-709 Korea
| | - Jung-min Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University; Seoul 121-742 Korea
| | - Sun-Young Baek
- Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si 361-709 Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry; Sogang University; Seoul 121-742 Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Do
- Advanced Analysis Team, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department; National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; Cheongju-si 361-709 Korea
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24
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Donno D, Mellano MG, Cerutti AK, Beccaro GL. Biomolecules and Natural Medicine Preparations: Analysis of New Sources of Bioactive Compounds from Ribes and Rubus spp. Buds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9010007. [PMID: 26861353 PMCID: PMC4812371 DOI: 10.3390/ph9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that plants are important sources for the preparation of natural remedies as they contain many biologically active compounds. In particular, polyphenols, terpenic compounds, organic acids, and vitamins are the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals. Some endemic species may be used for the production of herbal preparations containing phytochemicals with significant bioactivity, as antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory capacities, and health benefits. Blackberry sprouts and blackcurrant buds are known to contain appreciable levels of bioactive compounds, including flavonols, phenolic acids, monoterpenes, vitamin C, and catechins, with several clinical effects. The aim of this research was to perform an analytical study of blackcurrant and blackberry bud-preparations, in order to identify and quantify the main biomarkers, obtaining a specific phytochemical fingerprint to evaluate the single botanical class contribution to total phytocomplex and relative bioactivity, using a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph−Diode Array Detector; the same analyses were performed both on the University laboratory and commercial preparations. Different chromatographic methods were used to determine concentrations of biomolecules in the preparations, allowing for quantification of statistically significant differences in their bioactive compound content both in the case of Ribes nigrum and Rubus cultivated varieties at different harvest stages. In blackcurrant bud-extracts the most important class was organic acids (50.98%) followed by monoterpenes (14.05%), while in blackberry preparations the main bioactive classes were catechins (50.06%) and organic acids (27.34%). Chemical, pharmaceutical and agronomic-environmental knowledge could be important for obtaining label certifications for the valorization of specific genotypes, with high clinical and pharmaceutical value: this study allowed to develop an effective tool for the natural preparation quality control and bioactivity evaluation through the chemical fingerprinting of bud preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Donno
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Mellano
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Alessandro Kim Cerutti
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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25
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Rocha T, Amaral JS, Oliveira MBPP. Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:43-62. [PMID: 33371574 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the consumption of dietary supplements, especially those having plants as ingredients, has been increasing due to the common idea that they are natural products posing no risks to human health. In the European Union and the United States, dietary supplements are legally considered as foods/special category of foods, thus are not being submitted to any safety assessment prior to their commercialization. Among the issues that can affect safety, adulteration by the illegal addition of pharmaceutical substances or their analogs is of major concern since unscrupulous producers can falsify these products to provide for quick effects and to increase sales. This review discusses the various classes of synthetic drugs most frequently described as being illegally added to dietary supplements marketed for weight loss, muscle building/sport performance and sexual performance enhancement. Information regarding regulation and consumption is also presented. Finally, several conventional and advanced analytical techniques used to detect and identify different adulterants in dietary supplements and therefore also in foods, with particular emphasis on plant food supplements, are critically described. This review demonstrates that dietary supplement adulteration is an emerging food safety problem and that an effective control by food regulatory authorities is needed to safeguard consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rocha
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana S Amaral
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,ESTiG, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5301-857, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Zeng Y, Xu Y, Kee C, Low M, Ge X. Analysis of 40 weight loss compounds adulterated in health supplements by liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:351-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences GroupHealth Sciences Authority 11 Outram Road Singapore 169078 Malaysia
| | - Yimin Xu
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences GroupHealth Sciences Authority 11 Outram Road Singapore 169078 Malaysia
| | - Chee‐Leong Kee
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences GroupHealth Sciences Authority 11 Outram Road Singapore 169078 Malaysia
| | - Min‐Yong Low
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences GroupHealth Sciences Authority 11 Outram Road Singapore 169078 Malaysia
| | - Xiaowei Ge
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Applied Sciences GroupHealth Sciences Authority 11 Outram Road Singapore 169078 Malaysia
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27
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Do JA, Noh E, Yoon SB, Park HJ, Cho S, Park SK, Yoon CY. Identification and evaluation of fragmentation pathways of PDE-5 inhibitor analogues using LC-QTOF-MS. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.4.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Kurzawa M, Filipiak-Szok A, Kłodzińska E, Szłyk E. Determination of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in Andrographis paniculata using chromatographic methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 995-996:101-6. [PMID: 26050926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant activity, total phenolics content and selected phytochemicals (alkaloids and andrographolides) were determined in Andrographis paniculata and in dietary supplements containing this plant. Antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH procedures and ranged from 503.36 to 6164.09μmol TE/100g d.m. depending on methods, part of plant and kind of dietary supplement. The total phenolics (175.13-1723.79mg GAE/100g) and andrographolides content (19.44-85.13mg/g) in the studied samples were correlated with antioxidant activities determined by CUPRAC, FRAP and DPPH (r>0.95, p<0.05 level). Purine alkaloids: caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and indole alkaloids: harmine, harmane, harmol, yohimbine, brucine and strychnine were detected in the studied samples by different chromatographic techniques (HPLC-DAD, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS). The total alkaloids content in APs-roots and APs-leaves varies from 50.71±0.36mg/g d.m. to 78.71±0.48mg/g d.m., respectively, whereas for dietary supplements (Pn and DK) TAC was found between 19.52±0.15mg/g and 22.18±0.15mg/g d.m.. The highest concentration of andrographolides was found in A. paniculata leaves, whereas the lowest in dietary supplement Pn. Moreover principal component analysis, cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA follow by Duncan's tests were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzanna Kurzawa
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Gagarin 7 St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Filipiak-Szok
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Gagarin 7 St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 55 St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Edward Szłyk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Chemistry, Gagarin 7 St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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29
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Do JA, Kim JY, Choi JY, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Noh E, Cho SH, Yoon CY, Kim WS. Development of a LC.MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of 20 antihistamines in dietary supplements. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2015.28.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Wang Z, Wu C, Wang G, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Novel strategy for the determination of illegal adulterants in health foods and herbal medicines using high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:925-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Gangli Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing P. R. China
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Deconinck E, Custers D, De Beer JO. Identification of (antioxidative) plants in herbal pharmaceutical preparations and dietary supplements. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1208:181-199. [PMID: 25323508 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1441-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The standard procedures for the identification, authentication, and quality control of medicinal plants and herbs are nowadays limited to pure herbal products. No guidelines or procedures, describing the detection or identification of a targeted plant or herb in pharmaceutical preparations or dietary supplements, can be found. In these products the targeted plant is often present together with other components of herbal or synthetic origin. This chapter describes a strategy for the fast development of a chromatographic fingerprint approach that allows the identification of a targeted plant in herbal preparations and dietary supplements. The strategy consists of a standard chromatographic gradient that is tested for the targeted plant with different extraction solvents and different mobile phases. From the results obtained, the optimal fingerprint is selected. Subsequently the samples are analyzed according to the selected methodological parameters, and the obtained fingerprints can be compared with the one obtained for the pure herbal product or a standard preparation. Calculation of the dissimilarity between these fingerprints will result in a probability of presence of the targeted plant. Optionally mass spectrometry can be used to improve specificity, to confirm identification, or to identify molecules with a potential medicinal or antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deconinck
- Division of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Section Medicinal Products, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Brussels, 1050, Belgium,
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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Abstract
AbstractBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work.
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Mass spectrometric analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in products labeled as botanical dietary supplements or herbal remedies: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6767-90. [PMID: 25270866 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The increased availability and use of botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies among consumers has been accompanied by an increased frequency of adulteration of these products with synthetic pharmaceuticals. Unscrupulous producers may add drugs and analogues of various classes, such as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, weight loss, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory agents, or anabolic steroids, to develop or intensify biological effects of dietary supplements or herbal remedies. The presence of such adulterated products in the marketplace is a worldwide problem and their consumption poses health risks to consumers. Analytical methods that allow rapid and reliable testing of dietary supplements for the presence of synthetic drugs are needed to address such fraudulent practices. Mass spectrometry (MS) and hyphenated techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have become primary tools in this endeavor. The present review critically assesses the role and summarizes the applications of MS in the analysis of pharmaceutical adulterants in botanical dietary supplements and herbal remedies. The uses of MS techniques in detection, confirmation, and quantification of known pharmaceutical adulterants as well as in screening for and structure elucidation of unexpected adulterants and novel designer drugs are discussed.
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Cho SH, Park HJ, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Cho S, Yoon CY, Kim WS. Monitoring of 35 illegally added steroid compounds in foods and dietary supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1470-5. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.946100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kim JY, Do JA, Choi JY, Cho S, Kim WS, Yoon CY. Development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous analysis of 20 antihistaminics in dietary supplements. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:465-74. [PMID: 25077685 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous analysis of 20 antihistamines (illegal additives) in dietary supplements. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 µg/mL and from 20.0 to 50.0 µg/mL, respectively. The determination coefficient was >0.999, precisions were 0.2-5.1% (intra-day) and 0.1-8.8% (inter-day), and accuracies were 84.5-111.2% (intra-day) and 91.9-112.0% (inter-day). The mean recoveries of 20 targeted compounds from dietary supplements ranged from 75.4 to 119.3%. The relative standard deviations were <6.6% and complied with established international guidelines. The relative standard deviation of stability was <0.8%. Fifty-two commercially available dietary supplements were evaluated using this method, and were found to have none of the 20 antihistamines in significant abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Kim
- Advanced Analysis Team, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Osongeup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-700, Republic of Korea
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Park HJ, Kim JY, Cho S, Kim WS. Determination of non-opioid analgesics in adulterated food and dietary supplements by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:973-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.908262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A rapid, quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screening method for 71 active and 11 natural erectile dysfunction ingredients present in potentially adulterated or counterfeit products. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1343:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Khazan M, Hedayati M, Kobarfard F, Askari S, Azizi F. Identification and determination of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in eight common herbal weight loss supplements. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e15344. [PMID: 24829782 PMCID: PMC4005444 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adulterated herbal weight loss products with containing undeclared synthetic drugs are common and responsible for many serious health damages. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine five synthetic adulterants in eight common herbal weight loss supplements, which are currently sold in Iran markets, to verify their presence in supplements, without mentioning on the labels. Materials and Methods: Eight common herbal weight loss samples were obtained from the Iran pharmaceutical market after advertising in the Persian language on satellite channels and internet. Five pharmacological classes of drugs used for weight loss, namely sibutramine, phenolphthalein, phenytoin, bumetanide and rimonabant, were investigated and quantified by GC-MS for the first three and LC-MS for the last two medications. Results: The most undeclared ingredients, which were illegally added include sibutramine, phenolphthalein, bumetanide, and phenytoin in the original super slim, herbaceous essence, super slim green lean, and fat loss, supplements, respectively. Rimonabant was not found. Caffeine, pseudoephedrine, theobromine and amfepramone were also found in the supplements using GC-MS assay. Conclusions: Adulterated synthetic substances were detected in the herbal weight loss products. Health care professionals should make people aware of the risks of taking herbal weight-loss supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Khazan
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Fereidoun Azizi, Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122409309, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail:
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Receptor-based high-throughput screening and identification of estrogens in dietary supplements using bioaffinity liquid-chromatography ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9427-36. [PMID: 24081568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput bioaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (BioMS) approach was developed and applied for the screening and identification of recombinant human estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands in dietary supplements. For screening, a semi-automated mass spectrometric ligand binding assay was developed applying (13)C2, (15) N-tamoxifen as non-radioactive label and fast ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-triple-quadrupole-MS (UPLC-QqQ-MS), operated in the single reaction monitoring mode, as a readout system. Binding of the label to ERα-coated paramagnetic microbeads was inhibited by competing estrogens in the sample extract yielding decreased levels of the label in UPLC-QqQ-MS. The label showed high ionisation efficiency in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode, so the developed BioMS approach is able to screen for estrogens in dietary supplements despite their poor ionisation efficiency in both positive and negative ESI modes. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate, and all these wells could be measured within 3 h. Estrogens in suspect extracts were identified by full-scan accurate mass and collision-cross section (CCS) values from a UPLC-ion mobility-Q-time-of-flight-MS (UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS) equipped with a novel atmospheric pressure ionisation source. Thanks to the novel ion source, this instrument provided picogram sensitivity for estrogens in the negative ion mode and an additional identification point (experimental CCS values) next to retention time, accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry data. The developed combination of bioaffinity screening with UPLC-QqQ-MS and identification with UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS provides an extremely powerful analytical tool for early warning of ERα bioactive compounds in dietary supplements as demonstrated by analysis of selected dietary supplements in which different estrogens were identified.
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Chen FF, Xie XY, Shi YP. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of sildenafil, vardenafil and their analogs from herbal medicines. Talanta 2013; 115:482-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Donno D, Beccaro GL, Mellano MG, Cerutti AK, Marconi V, Bounous G. Botanicals in Ribes nigrum bud-preparations: an analytical fingerprinting to evaluate the bioactive contribution to total phytocomplex. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1282-1292. [PMID: 23844599 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.786101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CONTEXT. Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae) is among the most commonly used herbal medicines and it is popularized for its alleged tonic effect and curative and restorative properties. The current practice of identifying herbal extracts is by measuring the concentration of the main botanicals. Their concentrations are used to characterize the herbal preparations and fingerprinting is recommended by the main Pharmacopeias as a potential and reliable strategy for the quality control of complex mixtures. OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to perform an analytical study of R. nigrum bud-preparations, in order to identify and quantify the main bioactive compounds, obtaining a specific chemical fingerprint to evaluate the single class contribution to herbal preparation phytocomplex. MATERIALS AND METHODS The same analyses were performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detector both on University lab preparations and on commercial preparations from different Italian locations. Different chromatographic methods were used to analyse the macerated samples, two for polyphenols and one for terpenic compounds. RESULTS. Ribes nigrum was identified as a rich source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. The observed analytical firgerprint demonstrated that these bud-preparations represent a rich source of terpenic and polyphenolic compounds, especially catechins and phenolic acids. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Analytical fingerprinting could be an important tool to study the assessment of chemical composition and bioactivities of plant-derived products, helping to find new sources of natural health-promoting compounds: this study allowed the development of an effective tool for quality control through botanical fingerprinting of bud preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Donno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Seger C, Sturm S, Stuppner H. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy: modern high-end detectors for high resolution separation techniques--state of the art in natural product HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR, and CE-MS hyphenations. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:970-87. [PMID: 23739842 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current natural product research is unthinkable without the use of high resolution separation techniques as high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (HPLC or CE respectively) combined with mass spectrometers (MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. These hyphenated instrumental analysis platforms (CE-MS, HPLC-MS or HPLC-NMR) are valuable tools for natural product de novo identification, as well as the authentication, distribution, and quantification of constituents in biogenic raw materials, natural medicines and biological materials obtained from model organisms, animals and humans. Moreover, metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting applications can be addressed as well as pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic issues. This review provides an overview of latest technological developments, discusses the assets and drawbacks of the available hyphenation techniques, and describes typical analytical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, CCB-Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Xiao C, Tang M, Li J, Yin CR, Xiang G, Xu L. Determination of sildenafil, vardenafil and aildenafil in human plasma by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-back extraction based on ionic liquid and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:111-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moreira APL, Motta MJ, Dal Molin TR, Viana C, de Carvalho LM. Determination of diuretics and laxatives as adulterants in herbal formulations for weight loss. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1230-7. [PMID: 23782322 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.800649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described for the determination of the most common diuretic and laxative adulterants found in formulations of anorexics and antidepressants. The method is based on the separation of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and amiloride (diuretics), phenolphthalein (laxative), amfepramone (anorexic) and fluoxetine and paroxetine (antidepressants) by capillary zone electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. The method showed a precision ranging from 1.9% to 6.9% for a concentration of 25 mg/L, 0.6% to 5.3% for a concentration of 50 mg/L and 1.6% to 6.0% for a concentration of 100 mg/L for all analytes. The accuracy was 99% for amiloride, 102% for chlorthalidone, 101% for hydrochlorothiazide, 101% for furosemide, 94% for phenolphthalein, 105% for fluoxetine, 114% for paroxetine and 117% for amfepramone. The method allowed the drugs to be determined in the formulations at concentrations higher than 5.1 mg/kg for amiloride, 7.7 mg/kg for chlorthalidone, 6.8 mg/kg for hydrochlorothiazide, 10.7 mg/kg for furosemide, 8.4 mg/kg for phenolphthalein, 11.0 mg/kg for fluoxetine, 9.4 mg/kg for paroxetine and 11.0 mg/kg for amfepramone. Three of the 26 analysed herbal formulations were found to be adulterated (not declared on the label) with the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Five other samples contained diuretics declared on the label on the formulation. Thus, a total of eight samples, which were marketed as natural products, contained diuretics (declared or not) on the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Lançanova Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Campus universitário, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil
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Doménech-Carbó A, Martini M, de Carvalho LM, Viana C, Doménech-Carbó MT, Silva M. Standard additions-dilution method for absolute quantification in voltammetry of microparticles. Application for determining psychoactive 1,4-benzodiazepine and antidepressants drugs as adulterants in phytotherapeutic formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 80:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Haneef J, Shaharyar M, Husain A, Rashid M, Mishra R, Siddique NA, Pal M. Analytical methods for the detection of undeclared synthetic drugs in traditional herbal medicines as adulterants. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:607-13. [PMID: 23653249 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicines (THMs) are gaining popularity worldwide as an alternative approach to prescription drugs for many reasons including a general perception that they are safe. But recently there have been number of reported studies that reveal adulteration of THMs with undeclared synthetic drugs, which may potentially cause serious toxic adverse effects. This paper reviews the various classes of synthetic drugs that were found to be adulterated in THMs worldwide. The main focus is to highlight newer analytical tools used to detect adulteration. Due to the advancement in hyphenated techniques like liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and other conventional tools, it has become possible to detect synthetic drugs and their structural analogues as adulterants even if they are present in small quantities. This review also gives an overview of health-related risks after consuming such spurious products and challenges for future perspectives to control such type of malpractices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshed Haneef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Rapid-screening detection of acetildenafils, sildenafils and avanafil by ion mobility spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 75:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Screening of pharmacologic adulterant classes in herbal formulations using voltammetry of microparticles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 74:194-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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