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Lin M, Yang H, Li Q, Xiao H, Jiang S, Liang J, Cui X, Zhao S. Dual lateral flow assay based on PdRu nanocages for human Papillomavirus detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:893-900. [PMID: 38908288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, with the vast majority of which being caused by persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18. The current available HPV detection methods are sensitive and genotyped but are restricted by expensive instruments and skilled personnel. The development of an easy-to-use, rapid, and cost-friendly analysis method for HPV is of great need. Herein, hollow palladium-ruthenium nanocages modified with two oligonucleotides (PdRu capture probes) were constructed for genotyping and simultaneous detection of target nucleic acids HPV16 and HPV18 by dual lateral flow assay (DLFA). PdRu capture probes were endowed with bi-functions for the first time, which could be used to output signals and hybridize target nucleic acids. Under optimized conditions, the PdRu based-DLFA with detection limits of 0.93 nM and 0.19 nM, respectively, exhibited convenient operation, and high sensitivity. Meanwhile, the DLFA achieved excellent rapid detection within 20 min, which was attributed to capture probes that can be directly bound to amplification-free target nucleic acids. Therefore, the development of PdRu-based DLFA can be utilized for rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous genotyping detection of HPV16 and HPV18, showing great application for nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Infectious Diseases, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qinglan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huanxin Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shilin Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinhui Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhang X, Li M, Gao Q, Kang X, Sun J, Huang Y, Xu H, Xu J, Shu S, Zhuang J, Huang Y. Cutting-edge microneedle innovations: Transforming the landscape of cardiovascular and metabolic disease management. iScience 2024; 27:110615. [PMID: 39224520 PMCID: PMC11366906 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and metabolic disorders (MDs) have surfaced as formidable challenges to global health, significantly imperiling human well-being. Recently, microneedles (MNs) have garnered substantial interest within the realms of CVD and MD research. Offering a departure from conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies, MNs present a non-invasive, safe, and user-friendly modality for both monitoring and treatment, thereby marking substantial strides and attaining pivotal achievements in this avant-garde domain, while also unfurling promising avenues for future inquiry. This thorough review encapsulates the latest developments in employing MNs for both the surveillance and management of CVDs and MDs. Initially, it succinctly outlines the foundational principles and approaches of MNs in disease surveillance and therapy. Subsequently, it delves into the pioneering utilizations of MNs in the surveillance and management of CVDs and MDs. Ultimately, this discourse synthesizes and concludes the primary findings of this investigation, additionally prognosticating on the trajectory of MN technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoya Kang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingyao Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yao Huang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Songren Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Balapure A, Dubey SK, Javed A, Chattopadhyay S, Goel S. A review: early detection of oral cancer biomarkers using microfluidic colorimetric point-of-care devices. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:6098-6118. [PMID: 39206589 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancers. OSCC constitutes 90% of the head and neck malignancies. The delayed identification of oral cancer is the primary cause of ineffective medical treatment. To address this issue, low-cost, reliable point-of-care devices that can be utilized for large-scale screening, even in low-resource settings, including rural areas and primary healthcare centers, are of great interest. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of numerous salivary biomarkers that exhibit significant variations in concentration between individuals with oral cancer and those without is given. Furthermore, the article explores several point-of-care devices that exhibit potential in the realm of oral cancer detection. The biomarkers are discussed with a focus on their structural characteristics and role in oral cancer progression. The devices based on colorimetry and microfluidics are discussed in detail, considering their compliance with the 'REASSURED' criteria given by the World Health Organization (WHO) and suitability for mass screening in low-resource settings. Finally, the discourse revolves around the fundamental aspects pertaining to the advancement of multiplex, cost-effective point-of-care devices designed for widespread screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Balapure
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Arshad Javed
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH-17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, 500 078, Telangana, India
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Ning Z, Li M, Li W, Zhong Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Tang X, Cheng X, Li L, Aigul A, Zan J. Development of a time-resolved immunochromatographic test strip for rapid and quantitative determination of GFAP in serum. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:325. [PMID: 38739279 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in serum has been shown as a biomarker of traumatic brain injury (TBI) which is a significant global public health concern. Accurate and rapid detection of serum GFAP is critical for TBI diagnosis. In this study, a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic test strip (TRFIS) was proposed for the quantitative detection of serum GFAP. This TRFIS possessed excellent linearity ranging from 0.05 to 2.5 ng/mL for the detection of serum GFAP and displayed good linearity (Y = 598723X + 797198, R2 = 0.99), with the lowest detection limit of 16 pg/mL. This TRFIS allowed for quantitative detection of serum GFAP within 15 min and showed high specificity. The intra-batch coefficient of variation (CV) and the inter-batch CV were both < 4.0%. Additionally, this TRFIS was applied to detect GFAP in the serum samples from healthy donors and patients with cerebral hemorrhage, and the results of TRFIS could efficiently discern the patients with cerebral hemorrhage from the healthy donors. Our developed TRFIS has the characteristics of high sensitivity, high accuracy, and a wide linear range and is suitable for rapid and quantitative determination of serum GFAP on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenqiu Ning
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhe Zhong
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiqiang Chen
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xialin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Laiqing Li
- China-Uzbekistan Institute of Biomedical Industry Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Abduldayeva Aigul
- Research Institute of Preventive Medicine named Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jie Zan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in TCM, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Tsogka I, Mermiga E, Pagkali V, Kokkinos C, Economou A. A simplified lateral flow immunosensor for the assay of carcinoembryonic antigen in low-resource settings. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2921-2929. [PMID: 38661387 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein widely used as a tumor marker. In this work, a colorimetric lateral flow immunosensor is developed for rapid and low-cost quantification of CEA in human blood serum. The immunosensor consists of a glass fiber sample/conjugation pad, a nitrocellulose detection pad and a cellulose absorption pad. The detection is based on a sandwich immunoreaction: the sample/conjugation pad is modified with gold nanoparticles (GNPs)-labeled anti-CEA conjugate probes which bind to the CEA target molecules in the sample and the complexes are captured at capture anti-CEA immobilized at the test line. The color intensity of the test line, measured from a scanned image of the strip, is related to the CEA concentration in the sample. The different assay parameters are studied in detail. The linearity holds from 1.25 to 640 ng mL-1 of CEA, the instrumental and visual limits of detection are 0.45 and 0.63 ng mL-1, respectively, and the total assay time is 15 min. The specificity of the immunoassay versus other cancer biomarkers is satisfactory. The recovery in samples of human serum spiked with CEA is in the range of 81-118% and the coefficient of variation of the method is ≤10%. Results obtained with the lateral flow immunosensor correlated well with a reference radioimmunoassay method (R2 = 0.99). This immunosensor can be readily applied to CEA monitoring at the point-of-care (POC) or in resource-limited settings thanks to its low-cost and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tsogka
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Greece.
| | - Electra Mermiga
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Greece.
| | - Varvara Pagkali
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Greece.
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Greece.
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157 71, Greece.
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Xue L, Bu S, Xu M, Wei J, Zhou H, Xu Y, Hao Z, Li Z, Wan J. A sensitive fluorescence biosensor based on ligation-transcription and CRISPR/Cas13a-assisted cascade amplification strategies to detect the H1N1 virus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3195-3203. [PMID: 38613682 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We propose a sensitive H1N1 virus fluorescence biosensor based on ligation-transcription and CRISPR/Cas13a-assisted cascade amplification strategies. Products are generated via the hybridization of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes containing T7 promoter and crRNA templates to a target RNA sequence using SplintR ligase. This generates large crRNA quantities in the presence of T7 RNA polymerase. At such crRNA quantities, ternary Cas13a, crRNA, and activator complexes are successfully constructed and activate Cas13a to enhance fluorescence signal outputs. The biosensor sensitively and specifically monitored H1N1 viral RNA levels down to 3.23 pM and showed good linearity when H1N1 RNA concentrations were 100 pM-1 µM. Biosensor specificity was also excellent. Importantly, our biosensor may be used to detect other viral RNAs by altering the sequences of the two probe junctions, with potential applications for the clinical diagnosis of viruses and other biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xue
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shengjun Bu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhuo Hao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Zehong Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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Chen X, Dong S, Shi Y, Wu Z, Wu X, Zeng X, Yang X, Zhao Q, Xiao Z, Zhou Q. Biosensor-based multiple cross displacement amplification platform for visual and rapid identification of hepatitis C virus. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29481. [PMID: 38425184 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C remains a global health problem, especially in poverty-stricken areas. A rapid and sensitive point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool is critical for the early detection and timely treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, for the first time, we reported a novel molecular diagnostic assay, termed reverse transcription multiple cross displacement amplification integrated with a gold-nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor (RT-MCDA-AuNPs-LFB), which was developed for rapid, sensitive, specific, and visual identification of HCV. HCV-RT-MCDA induced rapid isothermal amplification through a specific primer set targeting the 5'untranslated region gene from the major HCV genotypes 1b, 2a, 3b, 6a, and 3a that are prevalent in China. The optimal reaction temperature and time for RT-MCDA-AuNPs-LFB were 68°C and 25 min, respectively. The limit of detection of the assay was 10 copies per test, and the specificity was 100% for the experimental strains. The whole detection procedure, including crude nucleic acid isolation (~5 min), RT-MCDA (68°C, 25 min), and visual AuNPs-LFB result confirmation (less than 2 min), was performed within 35 min. The preliminary results indicated that the HCV-RT-MCDA-AuNPs-LFB assay could be a valuable tool for sensitive, specific, visual, cost-saving, and rapid detection of HCV and has potential as a POC diagnostic platform for field screening and early clinical detection of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengguang Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggui Yang
- Experimental Center, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxue Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Shi Y, Zhou Q, Dong S, Zhao Q, Wu X, Yang P, Zeng X, Yang X, Tan Y, Luo X, Xiao Z, Chen X. Rapid, visual, label-based biosensor platform for identification of hepatitis C virus in clinical applications. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38413863 PMCID: PMC10900634 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the current study, for the first time, we reported a novel HCV molecular diagnostic approach termed reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification integrated with a gold nanoparticles-based lateral flow biosensor (RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB), which we developed for rapid, sensitive, specific, simple, and visual identification of HCV. METHODS A set of LAMP primer was designed according to 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) gene from the major HCV genotypes 1b, 2a, 3b, 6a, and 3a, which are prevalent in China. The HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay conditions, including HCV-RT-LAMP reaction temperature and time were optimized. The sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity of our assay were evaluated in the current study. The feasibility of HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB was confirmed through clinical serum samples from patients with suspected HCV infections. RESULTS An unique set of HCV-RT-LAMP primers were successfully designed targeting on the 5'UTR gene. The optimal detection process, including crude nucleic acid extraction (approximately 5 min), RT-LAMP reaction (67℃, 30 min), and visual interpretation of AuNPs-LFB results (~ 2 min), could be performed within 40 min without specific instruments. The limit of detection was determined to be 20 copies per test. The HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay exhibited high specificity and anti-interference. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results confirmed that the HCV-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFB assay is a sensitive, specific, rapid, visual, and cost-saving assay for identification of HCV. This diagnostic approach has great potential value for point-of-care (POC) diagnostic of HCV, especially in resource-challenged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Shi
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxue Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggui Yang
- Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Xiao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Department of gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550003, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Bartosik M, Moranova L, Izadi N, Strmiskova J, Sebuyoya R, Holcakova J, Hrstka R. Advanced technologies towards improved HPV diagnostics. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29409. [PMID: 38293790 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and an important factor in other malignancies, for example, head and neck cancer. Despite recent progress in screening and vaccination, the incidence and mortality are still relatively high, especially in low-income countries. The mortality and financial burden associated with the treatment could be decreased if a simple, rapid, and inexpensive technology for HPV testing becomes available, targeting individuals for further monitoring with increased risk of developing cancer. Commercial HPV tests available in the market are often relatively expensive, time-consuming, and require sophisticated instrumentation, which limits their more widespread utilization. To address these challenges, novel technologies are being implemented also for HPV diagnostics that include for example, isothermal amplification techniques, lateral flow assays, CRISPR-Cas-based systems, as well as microfluidics, paperfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices, ideal for point-of-care testing in decentralized settings. In this review, we first evaluate current commercial HPV tests, followed by a description of advanced technologies, explanation of their principles, critical evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, and suggestions for their possible implementation into medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bartosik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Moranova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nasim Izadi
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johana Strmiskova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ravery Sebuyoya
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Holcakova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Majdinasab M, Lamy de la Chapelle M, Marty JL. Recent Progresses in Optical Biosensors for Interleukin 6 Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:898. [PMID: 37754132 PMCID: PMC10526799 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is pleiotropic cytokine with pathological pro-inflammatory effects in various acute, chronic and infectious diseases. It is involved in a variety of biological processes including immune regulation, hematopoiesis, tissue repair, inflammation, oncogenesis, metabolic control, and sleep. Due to its important role as a biomarker of many types of diseases, its detection in small amounts and with high selectivity is of particular importance in medical and biological fields. Laboratory methods including enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) are the most common conventional methods for IL-6 detection. However, these techniques suffer from the complexity of the method, the expensiveness, and the time-consuming process of obtaining the results. In recent years, too many attempts have been conducted to provide simple, rapid, economical, and user-friendly analytical approaches to monitor IL-6. In this regard, biosensors are considered desirable tools for IL-6 detection because of their special features such as high sensitivity, rapid detection time, ease of use, and ease of miniaturization. In this review, current progresses in different types of optical biosensors as the most favorable types of biosensors for the detection of IL-6 are discussed, evaluated, and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Majdinasab
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran;
| | - Marc Lamy de la Chapelle
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM—UMR 6283 CNRS), Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, CEDEX 9, 66860 Perpignan, France
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11
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Hu Y, Lu X, Shen L, Dong J, Liang Z, Xie J, Peng T, Yu X, Dai X. Difunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles Employed in Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12562. [PMID: 37628743 PMCID: PMC10454329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochromatographic assay (ICA) plays an important role in in vitro diagnostics because of its simpleness, convenience, fastness, sensitivity, accuracy, and low cost. The employment of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), possessing both excellent optical properties and magnetic separation functions, can effectively promote the performances of ICA. In this study, an ICA based on MNPs (MNP-ICA) has been successfully developed for the sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The magnetic probes were prepared by covalently conjugating carboxylated MNPs with the specific monoclonal antibody against CEA, which were not only employed to enrich and extract CEA from serum samples under an external magnetic field but also used as a signal output with its inherent optical property. Under the optimal parameters, the limit of detection (LOD) for qualitative detection with naked eyes was 1.0 ng/mL, and the quantitative detection could be realized with the help of a portable optical reader, indicating that the ratio of optical signal intensity correlated well with CEA concentration ranging from 1.0 ng/mL to 64.0 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9997). Additionally, method comparison demonstrated that the magnetic probes were beneficial for sensitivity improvement due to the matrix effect reduction after magnetic separation, and the MNP-ICA is eight times higher sensitive than ICA based on colloidal gold nanoparticles. The developed MNP-ICA will provide sensitive, convenient, and efficient technical support for biomarkers rapid screening in cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.H.); (L.S.); (J.D.); (X.Y.)
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xin Lu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Liyue Shen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.H.); (L.S.); (J.D.); (X.Y.)
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiahui Dong
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.H.); (L.S.); (J.D.); (X.Y.)
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhanwei Liang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jie Xie
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Tao Peng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.H.); (L.S.); (J.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (J.X.)
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12
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Chen X, Du C, Zhao Q, Zhao Q, Wan Y, He J, Yuan W. Rapid and visual identification of HIV-1 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification integrated with a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay platform. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1230533. [PMID: 37502395 PMCID: PMC10368893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1230533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. Early diagnosis of HIV-1 is crucial to treat and control this infection effectively. Here, for the first time, we reported a novel molecular diagnostic assay called reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a visual gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay (RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFA), which we devised for rapid, specific, sensitive, and visual identification of HIV-1. The unique LAMP primers were successfully designed based on the pol gene from the major HIV-1 genotypes CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, and subtype B, which are prevalent in China. The optimal HIV-1-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFA reaction conditions were determined to be 68°C for 35 min. The detection procedure, including crude genomic RNA isolation (approximately 5 min), RT-LAMP amplification (35 min), and visual result readout (<2 min), can be completed within 45 min. Our assay has a detection limit of 20 copies per test, and we did not observe any cross-reactivity with any other pathogen in our testing. Hence, our preliminary results indicated that the HIV-1-RT-LAMP-AuNPs-LFA assay can potentially serve as a useful point-of-care diagnostic tool for HIV-1 detection in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- The Second Clinical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Clinical Medical Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yonghu Wan
- Experiment Center, Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Quality Control, Guizhou Provincial Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Tiwari H, Rai N, Singh S, Gupta P, Verma A, Singh AK, Kajal, Salvi P, Singh SK, Gautam V. Recent Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Preclinical Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:760. [PMID: 37508788 PMCID: PMC10376516 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-oncology is a branch of biomedical research and engineering that focuses on using nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanomaterials are extensively employed in the field of oncology because of their minute size and ultra-specificity. A wide range of nanocarriers, such as dendrimers, micelles, PEGylated liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles are used to facilitate the efficient transport of anti-cancer drugs at the target tumor site. Real-time labeling and monitoring of cancer cells using quantum dots is essential for determining the level of therapy needed for treatment. The drug is targeted to the tumor site either by passive or active means. Passive targeting makes use of the tumor microenvironment and enhanced permeability and retention effect, while active targeting involves the use of ligand-coated nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is being used to diagnose the early stage of cancer by detecting cancer-specific biomarkers using tumor imaging. The implication of nanotechnology in cancer therapy employs photoinduced nanosensitizers, reverse multidrug resistance, and enabling efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA molecules for therapeutic applications. However, despite recent advancements in nano-oncology, there is a need to delve deeper into the domain of designing and applying nanoparticles for improved cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Swati Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kajal
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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14
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE, Blanc T. Advancements in portable instruments based on affinity-capture-migration and affinity-capture-separation for use in clinical testing and life science applications. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464109. [PMID: 37315445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The shift from testing at centralized diagnostic laboratories to remote locations is being driven by the development of point-of-care (POC) instruments and represents a transformative moment in medicine. POC instruments address the need for rapid results that can inform faster therapeutic decisions and interventions. These instruments are especially valuable in the field, such as in an ambulance, or in remote and rural locations. The development of telehealth, enabled by advancements in digital technologies like smartphones and cloud computing, is also aiding in this evolution, allowing medical professionals to provide care remotely, potentially reducing healthcare costs and improving patient longevity. One notable POC device is the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic due to its ease of use, rapid analysis time, and low cost. However, LFIA tests exhibit relatively low analytical sensitivity and provide semi-quantitative information, indicating either a positive, negative, or inconclusive result, which can be attributed to its one-dimensional format. Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE), on the other hand, offers a two-dimensional format that includes an affinity-capture step of one or more matrix constituents followed by release and electrophoretic separation. The method provides greater analytical sensitivity, and quantitative information, thereby reducing the rate of false positives, false negatives, and inconclusive results. Combining LFIA and IACE technologies can thus provide an effective and economical solution for screening, confirming results, and monitoring patient progress, representing a key strategy in advancing diagnostics in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America.
| | - Daniel E Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Timothy Blanc
- Eli Lilly and Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States of America
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15
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Kim J, Shin MS, Shin J, Kim HM, Pham XH, Park SM, Kim DE, Kim YJ, Jun BH. Recent Trends in Lateral Flow Immunoassays with Optical Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119600. [PMID: 37298550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, and convenient diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. Various detection methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, have been extensively used, with lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) recently emerging as a major diagnostic tool. Nanoparticles (NPs) with characteristic optical properties are used as probes for LFIA, and researchers have presented various types of optical NPs with modified optical properties. Herein, we review the literature on LFIA with optical NPs for the detection of specific targets in the context of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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