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dos Santos FKF, Júnior AAMP, Filho ALN, Fonseca CJN, Isidorio DKM, Araújo FDA, Oliveira PHA, da Veiga Júnior VF. Graphene and Natural Products: A Review of Antioxidant Properties in Graphene Oxide Reduction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5182. [PMID: 38791220 PMCID: PMC11120955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the antioxidant properties of different natural products, including ascorbic acid, gallic acid, oxalic acid, L-glutathione (GSH), bacteriorhodopsin, green tea polyphenols, glucose, hydroxycinnamic acid, ethanoic acid, betanin, and L-glutathione, in the reduction of graphene oxide (rGO). rGO can cause damage to cells, including oxidative stress and inflammation, limiting its application in different sectors that use graphene, such as technologies used in medicine and dentistry. The natural substances reviewed have properties that help reduce this damage, neutralizing free radicals and maintaining cellular integrity. This survey demonstrates that the combination of these antioxidant compounds can be an effective strategy to minimize the harmful effects of rGO and promote cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arquimedes Lopes Nunes Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22.290-270, Brazil; (A.L.N.F.); (C.J.N.F.)
| | - Clícia Joanna Neves Fonseca
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22.290-270, Brazil; (A.L.N.F.); (C.J.N.F.)
| | - Daysianne Kessy Mendes Isidorio
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-901, Brazil;
| | - Filipe de Almeida Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13.565-905, Brazil;
| | - Pablo Henrique Ataide Oliveira
- Higher Education Department of Education, Federal Institute of the North of Minas Gerais, Bom Jardim 39.480-000, Brazil;
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Song X, Fredj Z, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Rong G, Bian S, Sawan M. Biosensors for waterborne virus detection: Challenges and strategies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1252-1268. [PMID: 38174120 PMCID: PMC10759259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Waterborne viruses that can be harmful to human health pose significant challenges globally, affecting health care systems and the economy. Identifying these waterborne pathogens is essential for preventing diseases and protecting public health. However, handling complex samples such as human and wastewater can be challenging due to their dynamic and complex composition and the ultralow concentration of target analytes. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest breakthroughs in waterborne virus biosensors. It begins by highlighting several promising strategies that enhance the sensing performance of optical and electrochemical biosensors in human samples. These strategies include optimizing bioreceptor selection, transduction elements, signal amplification, and integrated sensing systems. Furthermore, the insights gained from biosensing waterborne viruses in human samples are applied to improve biosensing in wastewater, with a particular focus on sampling and sample pretreatment due to the dispersion characteristics of waterborne viruses in wastewater. This review suggests that implementing a comprehensive system that integrates the entire waterborne virus detection process with high-accuracy analysis could enhance virus monitoring. These findings provide valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of waterborne virus detection, which could have significant implications for public health and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Song
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Zina Fredj
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Yuqiao Zheng
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Guoguang Rong
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
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Al-Huqail AA, Saleem MH, Ali B, Azeem M, Mumtaz S, Yasin G, Marc RA, Ali S. Efficacy of priming wheat ( Triticum aestivum) seeds with a benzothiazine derivative to improve drought stress tolerance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:915-931. [PMID: 36803683 DOI: 10.1071/fp22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of different concentrations (0.05 and 0.15mM) of a benzothiazine (BTh) derivative on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in normal (100% field water capacity, FWC) and drought (60% FWC) conditions. Various morphological and physiological characteristics, and the uptake of osmo-protectants and nutrients were measured under the two FWC conditions. Results show that the drought conditions significantly reduced plant growth, affected plant composition, reduced the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and affected gaseous exchange attributes, stomatal behaviour, and uptake fluxes of essential nutrients, while increasing the contents of different osmo-protectants and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cells/tissues. However, seed priming with BTh reduced water stress conditions by increasing plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal behaviour, different gaseous exchange attributes, and uptake fluxes of essential nutrients compared with unprimed plants. In addition, the plant has a strong antioxidant defense system, which further increased its activities under BTh derivative treatments, to scavenge ROS production and maintain cell turgor under water stress conditions. In conclusion, drought stress-induced oxidative stress and altered the growth of T. aestivum , whereas seed priming increased plant growth and antioxidant production by improving the plant tolerance to drought. We suggest that seed priming with a BTh derivative as an effective priming technique in T. aestivum for reducing drought stress tends to benefit a grower in terms of better growth to fulfil the market demand for food cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abdulkreem Al-Huqail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Baber Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
| | - Sahar Mumtaz
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mana stur Street, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; and Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
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Su M, Cao X, Gao H, Zhu C, Peng W, Jiang Q, Yu C. Honeycomb-like nickel oxide-reduced graphene oxide based sensor for the electrochemical tracking of norepinephrine in neuronal cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1262:341247. [PMID: 37179062 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and specific detection and monitoring of trace norepinephrine (NE) in biological fluids and neuronal cell lines is essential for the investigation of pathogenesis of certain neurological diseases. Herein, we constructed a novel electrochemical sensor for real-time monitoring of NE released by PC12 cells based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with honeycomb-like nickel oxide (NiO)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposite. The synthesized NiO, RGO and the NiO-RGO nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction spectrogram (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The porous three-dimensional honeycomb-like structure of NiO and high charge transfer kinetics of RGO endowed the nanocomposite with excellent electrocatalytic activity, large surface area and good conductivity. The developed sensor exhibited superior sensitivity and specificity towards NE in a wide linear range from 20 nM to 14 μM and 14 μM-80 μM, with a low detection limit of 5 nM. The performances of the sensor in terms of excellent biocompatibility and high sensitivity allow it to be successfully employed in the tracking of NE release from PC12 cells under the stimulation of K+, providing an effective strategy for the real-time monitoring of cellular NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Su
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Cailing Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, PR China.
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Zhang J, Li Q, Liu Z, Zhao L. Rapid and sensitive determination of Piroxicam by N-doped carbon dots prepared by plant soot. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122833. [PMID: 37187150 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Piroxicam (PX) as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) can be effectively used for anti-inflammatory and analgesia. However, overdoses may induce side effects such as gastrointestinal ulcers and headaches. Therefore, the assay of piroxicam has considerable significance. In this work, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) was synthesized for PX detection. The fluorescence sensor was fabricated by hydrothermal method with plant soot and ethylenediamine. The strategy exhibited a detection range of 6-200 μg/mL and 250-700 μg/mL with the limited detection of 2 μg/mL. The mechanism of the PX assay base on the fluorescence sensor was the process of electron transfer between the PX and N-CDs. The assay subsequently demonstrated could be successfully used in actual sample. The results indicated that the N-CDs could be a superior candidate nanomaterial for piroxicam monitoring in the healthcare product industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Liaoning Armed Police Corps Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, PR China
| | - Ziteng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China.
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Kumar PS, G P, Elavarasan N, Sreeja BS. GO/ZnO nanocomposite - as transducer platform for electrochemical sensing towards environmental applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137345. [PMID: 36423727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene Oxide-Zinc Oxide (GO-ZnO) - a new nanomaterial that has queued the interest of researchers. Their intriguing promising physical and electrochemical features of electrode material have led to its widespread use in electrochemical sensor applications. GO-ZnO based nanomaterial were extensively exploited in the construction of electrochemical sensors due to their adaptability and distinct qualities. On understanding the structural role of these materials, their modification processes are critical for realizing their full potential. The advancement of technology on new concepts and strategies has revolutionized the field of sensor devices with high sensitivities and selectivity. These tools can test a range of contaminants quickly, accurately, and affordably while performing automated chemical analysis in complicated matrices. This paper highlights the electrochemical transducer surface for sensing various analytes and current research activity on GO-ZnO nanocomposite. Additionally, we talked about current developments in GO-ZnO nanostructured composites to identify relevant analytes (i.e., Nitrophenols, Antibiotic Drugs, Biomolecules). While being used in the laboratory, the majority of produced systems have proven to bring about excellent gains. Their monitoring application still has a long way to go before it is fixed due to problems like technological advancements and multifunctional strategies to get around the challenges for improving the sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Padmalaya G
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Elavarasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B S Sreeja
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fallah F, Shishehbore MR, Sheibani A. Fabrication of a novel sensor based on Cu quantum dot and SH-SiO2 nanoparticles supported on copper-based metal organic framework (Cu QD-SH-SiO2@Cu-MOF) and its application for the simultaneous determination of norepinephrine, piroxicam and epinephrine. Talanta 2023; 252:123776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhang H, Guan W, Li L, Guo D, Zhang X, Guan J, Luo R, Zheng S, Fu J, Cheng Y, He Q. Dietary carbon loaded with nano-ZnO alters the gut microbiota community to mediate bile acid metabolism and potentiate intestinal immune function in fattening beef cattle. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:425. [PMID: 36474293 PMCID: PMC9724290 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, carbon loaded with nano-ZnO (NZnOC) represents a new nutritional additive for the animal husbandry industry. However, the mechanism by which NZnOC mediates beef cattle growth and intestinal health is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of carbon loaded with nano-ZnO (NZnOC) supplementation on growth performance, gut microbiota, bile acid (BAs) metabolism and intestinal immunity in fattening cattle. Twenty cattle (16 ± 0.95 months) were randomly assigned to two dietary groups: CON (control, without feed additive) and NZnOC (diet supplemented with 80 mg NZnOC/kg diet dry matter basic) for 60 d. The colon digesta microbiota composition and BAs concentration were determined by microbiota metagenomics and gas chromatography methods, respectively. RESULTS The results showed that the NZnOC-supplemented cattle had greater final weight, average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio than those in the CON group. Cattle fed the NZnOC diet had a higher relative abundance of the secondary BAs synthesizing phyla Firmicutes, Tenericutes and Actinobacteria than those fed the CON diet. Dietary supplementation with NZnOC increased the relative abundance of the secondary BAs synthesis microbiota genera Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium, and Brevibacillus in colon digesta. Cattle fed the NZnOC diet had increased activities of 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC: 1.1.1.52) and bile acid-CoA ligase BaiB (EC: 6.2.1.7) in the colon digesta compared with those fed the CON diet. The primary BAs taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholate acid were significantly decreased by dietary NZnOC supplementation, while the secondary BAs deoxycholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, beta-muricholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were significantly increased. Dietary supplementation with NZnOC increased the mRNA abundance of G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha, cyclic-AMP response element binding protein 1 and interleukin (IL)-10 in the colon mucosa of cattle, while the mRNA abundance of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS In summary, dietary supplementation with NZnOC can facilitate the growth performance and intestinal immune function of cattle by improving BAs metabolism. NZnOC can be supplemented in the diet as a safe regulator of gut microbiota and as a feed additive in the ruminants industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Weikun Guan
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Lizhi Li
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Xiangfei Zhang
- grid.458441.80000 0000 9339 5152Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Sichuan, 625014 Chengdu China
| | - Jiuqiang Guan
- grid.458441.80000 0000 9339 5152Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Sichuan, 625014 Chengdu China
| | - Runxiao Luo
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Siying Zheng
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Jiangwen Fu
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- grid.449868.f0000 0000 9798 3808Institute of College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yi Chun, 336000 China
| | - Qin He
- grid.488213.40000 0004 1759 3260College of Life Sciences, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, 330032 China
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Natesan M, Subramaniyan P, Chen TW, Chen SM, Ajmal Ali M, Al-Zaqri N. Ceria-doped zinc oxide nanorods assembled into microflower architectures as electrocatalysts for sensing of piroxicam in urine sample. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nitrogen-Doped Graphene-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Piroxicam, a NSAID Drug for COVID-19 Patients. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene (NGr) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using urea as a reducing and doping agent for graphene oxide (GO). The crystalline structure of GO was revealed by the XRD intense peak recorded at 2θ = 11.4°, indicating that the interlayer distance within the structure was large (d = 0.77 nm), and the number of layers (n) was 9. Further, the transformation of GO in NGr also led to the decrease in the interlayer distance and number of layers (d = 0.387 nm; n = 3). As indicated by elemental analysis, the concentration of nitrogen in the NGr sample was 6 wt%. Next, the comparison between the performance of bare GC and the graphene-modified electrode (NGr/GC) towards piroxicam (PIR) detection was studied. Significant differences were observed between the two electrodes. Hence, in the case of bare GC, the oxidation signal of PIR was very broad and appeared at a high potential (+0.7 V). In contrast, the signal recorded with the NGr/GC electrode was significantly higher (four times) and shifted towards lower potentials (+0.54 V), proving the electro-catalytic effect of nitrogen-doped graphene. The NGr/GC electrode was also tested for its ability to detect piroxicam in pharmaceutical drugs (Flamexin), giving excellent recoveries.
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Torrinha Á, Oliveira TMBF, Ribeiro FW, Correia AN, Lima-Neto P, Morais S. Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1268. [PMID: 32610509 PMCID: PMC7408367 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, as a contaminant of emergent concern, are being released uncontrollably into the environment potentially causing hazardous effects to aquatic ecosystems and consequently to human health. In the absence of well-established monitoring programs, one can only imagine the full extent of this problem and so there is an urgent need for the development of extremely sensitive, portable, and low-cost devices to perform analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used nanostructures in (bio)sensors construction attributed to their facile and well-characterized production methods, commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, most importantly, their relatively good conductivity enabling appropriate electron transfer rates-as well as their high surface area yielding attachment and extraordinary loading capacity for biomolecules-have been relevant and desirable features, justifying the key role that they have been playing, and will continue to play, in electrochemical (bio)sensor development. The present review outlines the contribution of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanofibers, carbon black, carbon nanopowder, biochar nanoparticles, and graphite oxide), used alone or combined with other (nano)materials, to the field of environmental (bio)sensing, and more specifically, to pharmaceutical pollutants analysis in waters and aquatic species. The main trends of this field of research are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Torrinha
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Av. Tenente Raimundo Rocha, 1639, Cidade Universitária, 63048-080 Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil;
| | - Francisco W.P. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo, S/N, Centro, 63260-000 Brejo Santo - CE, Brazil;
| | - Adriana N. Correia
- GELCORR, Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60455-970 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil; (A.N.C.); (P.L.-N.)
| | - Pedro Lima-Neto
- GELCORR, Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60455-970 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil; (A.N.C.); (P.L.-N.)
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal;
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