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Batista-Silva W, Carvalho de Oliveira A, Martins AO, Siqueira JA, Rodrigues-Salvador A, Omena-Garcia RP, Medeiros DB, Peres LEP, Ribeiro DM, Zsögön A, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A, Araújo WL. Reduced auxin signalling through the cyclophilin gene DIAGEOTROPICA impacts tomato fruit development and metabolism during ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4113-4128. [PMID: 35383842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is an important hormone playing crucial roles during fruit growth and ripening; however, the metabolic impact of changes in auxin signalling during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ripening remains unclear. Here, we investigated the significance of changes in auxin signalling during different stages of fruit development by analysing changes in tomato fruit quality and primary metabolism using mutants with either lower or higher auxin sensitivity [diageotropica (dgt) and entire mutants, respectively]. Altered auxin sensitivity modifies metabolism, through direct impacts on fruit respiration and fruit growth. We verified that the dgt mutant plants exhibit reductions in fruit set, total fruit dry weight, fruit size, number of seeds per fruit, and fresh weight loss during post-harvest. Sugar accumulation was associated with delayed fruit ripening in dgt, probably connected with reduced ethylene levels and respiration, coupled with a lower rate of starch degradation. In contrast, despite exhibiting parthenocarpy, increased auxin perception (entire) did not alter fruit ripening, leading to only minor changes in primary metabolism. By performing a comprehensive analysis, our results connect auxin signalling and metabolic changes during tomato fruit development, indicating that reduced auxin signalling led to extensive changes in sugar concentration and starch metabolism during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Antonio Siqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Barbosa Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Dimas Mendes Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Santos LCND, Gaion LA, Prado RM, Barreto RF, Carvalho RF. Low auxin sensitivity of diageotropica tomato mutant alters nitrogen deficiency response. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190254. [PMID: 33206797 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant responses to nitrogen supply are dependent on auxin signaling, but much still remains to be elucidated regarding N deficiency in tomato. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate how low auxin sensitivity regulates the responses of tomato plants to N deficiency. For this purpose, we used the tomato diageotropica mutant, with low auxin sensitivity, and a near isogenic line cv. Micro-Tom grown in nutrient solutions under absence and presence of nitrogen. Plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry mass, area and root density, number of lateral roots, leaf area, chlorophylls and carotenoids content, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency were evaluated. We observed a clear interaction between the tomato genotype and nitrogen. When the plants were grown with nitrogen, 'Micro-Tom' showed higher growth than the diageotropica mutant. Under nitrogen deficiency condition, the mutant showed improved growth, nitrogen use efficiency and higher contents of pigments. In general, the low sensitivity to auxin in diageotropica caused reduced growth in both shoot and root. However, the diageotropica tomato showed a positive regulation of the nitrogen use efficiency under nitrogen deficiency. In general, our data revealed that the reduced sensitivity to auxin increased the adaptive capacity to the nitrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C N Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Zona Rural, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Gaion
- Universidade de Marília, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Avenida Higino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Cidade Universitária, 17525-902 Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato M Prado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Zona Rural, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Barreto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Zona Rural, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - RogÉrio F Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Zona Rural, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Alharbi B, Hunt JD, Dimitrova S, Spadafora ND, Cort AP, Colombo D, Müller CT, Ghuge SA, Davoli D, Cona A, Mariotti L, Picciarelli P, de Graaf B, Rogers HJ. Mutation of Arabidopsis Copper-Containing Amine Oxidase Gene AtCuAOδ Alters Polyamines, Reduces Gibberellin Content and Affects Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7789. [PMID: 33096855 PMCID: PMC7589035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are essential metabolites in plants performing multiple functions during growth and development. Copper-containing amine oxidases (CuAOs) catalyse the catabolism of PAs and in Arabidopsis thaliana are encoded by a gene family. Two mutants of one gene family member, AtCuAOδ, showed delayed seed germination, leaf emergence, and flowering time. The height of the primary inflorescence shoot was reduced, and developmental leaf senescence was delayed. Siliques were significantly longer in mutant lines and contained more seeds. The phenotype of AtCuAOδ over-expressors was less affected. Before flowering, there was a significant increase in putrescine in AtCuAOδ mutant leaves compared to wild type (WT), while after flowering both spermidine and spermine concentrations were significantly higher than in WT leaves. The expression of GA (gibberellic acid) biosynthetic genes was repressed and the content of GA1, GA7, GA8, GA9, and GA20 was reduced in the mutants. The inhibitor of copper-containing amine oxidases, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, mimicked the effect of AtCuAOδ mutation on WT seed germination. Delayed germination, reduced shoot height, and delayed flowering in the mutants were rescued by GA3 treatment. These data strongly suggest AtCuAOδ is an important gene regulating PA homeostasis, and that a perturbation of PAs affects plant development through a reduction in GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah Alharbi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Julie D. Hunt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Simone Dimitrova
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Natasha D. Spadafora
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Alex P. Cort
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Davide Colombo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Carsten T. Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Sandip A. Ghuge
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Roma, Italy; (S.A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Daniela Davoli
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, 446, 00146 Roma, Italy; (S.A.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Barend de Graaf
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
| | - Hilary J. Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (B.A.); (J.D.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.S.); (A.P.C.); (D.C.); (C.T.M.); (D.D.); (B.d.G.)
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De Pedro LF, Mignolli F, Scartazza A, Melana Colavita JP, Bouzo CA, Vidoz ML. Maintenance of photosynthetic capacity in flooded tomato plants with reduced ethylene sensitivity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:202-217. [PMID: 32458443 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is considered one of the most important plant hormones orchestrating plant responses to flooding stress. However, ethylene may induce deleterious effects on plants, especially when produced at high rates in response to stress. In this paper, we explored the effect of attenuated ethylene sensitivity in the Never ripe (Nr) mutant on leaf photosynthetic capacity of flooded tomato plants. We found out that reduced ethylene perception in Nr plants was associated with a more efficient photochemical and non-photochemical radiative energy dissipation capability in response to flooding. The data correlated with the retention of chlorophyll and carotenoids content in flooded Nr leaves. Moreover, leaf area and specific leaf area were higher in Nr, indicating that ethylene would exert a negative role in leaf growth and expansion under flooded conditions. Although stomatal conductance was hampered in flooded Nr plants, carboxylation activity was not affected by flooding in the mutant, suggesting that ethylene is responsible for inducing non-stomatal limitations to photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Upregulation of several cysteine protease genes and high protease activity led to Rubisco protein loss in response to ethylene under flooding. Reduction of Rubisco content would, at least in part, account for the reduction of its carboxylation efficiency in response to ethylene in flooded plants. Therefore, besides its role as a trigger of many adaptive responses, perception of ethylene entails limitations in light and dark photosynthetic reactions by speeding up the senescence process that leads to a progressive disassembly of the photosynthetic machinery in leaves of flooded tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Mignolli
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Juan Pablo Melana Colavita
- Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA, NEA-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto Bouzo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal (LIFiBVe), ICi Agro-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Laura Vidoz
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
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Mignolli F, Vidoz ML, Picciarelli P, Mariotti L. Gibberellins modulate auxin responses during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:768-779. [PMID: 29888535 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, auxin and gibberellins (GAs) interact with each other to drive fruit growth and development. While the role of auxin in directing GA biosynthesis and signal is already known, very little information has been obtained about GA-mediated control of auxin signalling and response. Interestingly, we show that gibberellic acid (GA3 ) is able to modify the expression of several auxin signalling genes in the partial auxin-insensitive diageotropica (dgt) mutant, suggesting that GAs may override the control of DGT on auxin signal. Procera (pro) mutation, which confers a constitutively active GA signal, enhances the effects of exogenous auxin, indicating that PRO may act as a negative effector of auxin responses in fruits. Indeed, transcript modulation of some auxin/indole acetic acid and auxin response factor genes in auxin-treated dgt/pro fruits suggests that PRO controls their expression possibly bypassing DGT. It was also shown that GA biosynthesis, in response to auxin treatment, is largely controlled by DGT. It is therefore conceivable that the DGT-mediated increase of active GAs in auxin-treated or pollinated fruits would promote PRO degradation, which in turn activates part of the auxin signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mignolli
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), UNNE-CONICET, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Maria L Vidoz
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE), UNNE-CONICET, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNNE, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ju Y, Feng L, Wu J, Ye Y, Zheng T, Cai M, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q, Pan H. Transcriptome analysis of the genes regulating phytohormone and cellular patterning in Lagerstroemia plant architecture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15162. [PMID: 30310123 PMCID: PMC6181930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture is a popular research topic because plants with different growth habits that may generate economic or ornamental value are in great demand by orchards and nurseries. However, the molecular basis of the architecture of woody perennial plants is poorly understood due to the complexity of the phenotypic and regulatory relationships. Here, transcriptional profiling of dwarf and non-dwarf crapemyrtles was performed, and potential target genes were identified based on the phenotype, histology and phytohormone metabolite levels. An integrated analysis demonstrated that the internode length was explained mainly by cell number and secondarily by cell length and revealed important hormones in regulatory pathway of Lagerstroemia architecture. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in phytohormone pathways and cellular patterning regulation were analysed, and the regulatory relationships between these parameters were evaluated at the transcriptional level. Exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) treatments further indicated the pivotal role of auxin in cell division within the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and suggested an interaction between auxin and GA4 in regulating the internode length of Lagerstroemia. These results provide insights for further functional genomic studies on the regulatory mechanisms underlying Lagerstroemia plant architecture and may improve the efficiency of woody plant molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ju
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanjun Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangchun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Salleh FM, Mariotti L, Spadafora ND, Price AM, Picciarelli P, Wagstaff C, Lombardi L, Rogers H. Interaction of plant growth regulators and reactive oxygen species to regulate petal senescence in wallflowers (Erysimum linifolium). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:77. [PMID: 27039085 PMCID: PMC4818919 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many species floral senescence is coordinated by ethylene. Endogenous levels rise, and exogenous application accelerates senescence. Furthermore, floral senescence is often associated with increased reactive oxygen species, and is delayed by exogenously applied cytokinin. However, how these processes are linked remains largely unresolved. Erysimum linifolium (wallflower) provides an excellent model for understanding these interactions due to its easily staged flowers and close taxonomic relationship to Arabidopsis. This has facilitated microarray analysis of gene expression during petal senescence and provided gene markers for following the effects of treatments on different regulatory pathways. RESULTS In detached Erysimum linifolium (wallflower) flowers ethylene production peaks in open flowers. Furthermore senescence is delayed by treatments with the ethylene signalling inhibitor silver thiosulphate, and accelerated with ethylene released by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid. Both treatments with exogenous cytokinin, or 6-methyl purine (which is an inhibitor of cytokinin oxidase), delay petal senescence. However, treatment with cytokinin also increases ethylene biosynthesis. Despite the similar effects on senescence, transcript abundance of gene markers is affected differentially by the treatments. A significant rise in transcript abundance of WLS73 (a putative aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase) was abolished by cytokinin or 6-methyl purine treatments. In contrast, WFSAG12 transcript (a senescence marker) continued to accumulate significantly, albeit at a reduced rate. Silver thiosulphate suppressed the increase in transcript abundance both of WFSAG12 and WLS73. Activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes changed during senescence. Treatments that increased cytokinin levels, or inhibited ethylene action, reduced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, although auxin levels rose with senescence, treatments that delayed early senescence did not affect transcript abundance of WPS46, an auxin-induced gene. CONCLUSIONS A model for the interaction between cytokinins, ethylene, reactive oxygen species and auxin in the regulation of floral senescence in wallflowers is proposed. The combined increase in ethylene and reduction in cytokinin triggers the initiation of senescence and these two plant growth regulators directly or indirectly result in increased reactive oxygen species levels. A fall in conjugated auxin and/or the total auxin pool eventually triggers abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezah Mohd Salleh
- />School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL UK
- />Current address: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- />Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 5, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Natasha D. Spadafora
- />School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL UK
| | - Anna M. Price
- />School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL UK
- />Current address: Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- />Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- />Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Lara Lombardi
- />Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 5, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hilary Rogers
- />School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3TL UK
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Geisler M, Bailly A, Ivanchenko M. Master and servant: Regulation of auxin transporters by FKBPs and cyclophilins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:1-10. [PMID: 26940487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant development and architecture are greatly influenced by the polar distribution of the essential hormone auxin. The directional influx and efflux of auxin from plant cells depends primarily on AUX1/LAX, PIN, and ABCB/PGP/MDR families of auxin transport proteins. The functional analysis of these proteins has progressed rapidly within the last decade thanks to the establishment of heterologous auxin transport systems. Heterologous co-expression allowed also for the testing of protein-protein interactions involved in the regulation of transporters and identified relationships with members of the FK506-Binding Protein (FKBP) and cyclophilin protein families, which are best known in non-plant systems as cellular receptors for the immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and cyclosporin A, respectively. Current evidence that such interactions affect membrane trafficking, and potentially the activity of auxin transporters is reviewed. We also propose that FKBPs andcyclophilins might integrate the action of auxin transport inhibitors, such as NPA, on members of the ABCB and PIN family, respectively. Finally, we outline open questions that might be useful for further elucidation of the role of immunophilins as regulators (servants) of auxin transporters (masters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- University of Zurich, Institute of Plant Biology, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Ivanchenko MG, Zhu J, Wang B, Medvecká E, Du Y, Azzarello E, Mancuso S, Megraw M, Filichkin S, Dubrovsky JG, Friml J, Geisler M. The cyclophilin A DIAGEOTROPICA gene affects auxin transport in both root and shoot to control lateral root formation. Development 2015; 142:712-21. [PMID: 25617431 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A is a conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) best known as the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Despite significant effort, evidence of developmental functions of cyclophilin A in non-plant systems has remained obscure. Mutations in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cyclophilin A ortholog, DIAGEOTROPICA (DGT), have been shown to abolish the organogenesis of lateral roots; however, a mechanistic explanation of the phenotype is lacking. Here, we show that the dgt mutant lacks auxin maxima relevant to priming and specification of lateral root founder cells. DGT is expressed in shoot and root, and localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm during lateral root organogenesis. Mutation of ENTIRE/IAA9, a member of the auxin-responsive Aux/IAA protein family of transcriptional repressors, partially restores the inability of dgt to initiate lateral root primordia but not the primordia outgrowth. By comparison, grafting of a wild-type scion restores the process of lateral root formation, consistent with participation of a mobile signal. Antibodies do not detect movement of the DGT protein into the dgt rootstock; however, experiments with radiolabeled auxin and an auxin-specific microelectrode demonstrate abnormal auxin fluxes. Functional studies of DGT in heterologous yeast and tobacco-leaf auxin-transport systems demonstrate that DGT negatively regulates PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters by affecting their plasma membrane localization. Studies in tomato support complex effects of the dgt mutation on PIN expression level, expression domain and plasma membrane localization. Our data demonstrate that DGT regulates auxin transport in lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Ivanchenko
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bangjun Wang
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg A-3400, Austria
| | - Yunlong Du
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium Key Laboratory of Agro-biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- LINV-DIPSAA-Università di Firenze, Viale delle idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV-DIPSAA-Università di Firenze, Viale delle idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Molly Megraw
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sergei Filichkin
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg A-3400, Austria VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Gent 9052, Belgium
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology - Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Sotelo-Silveira M, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Unraveling the signal scenario of fruit set. PLANTA 2014; 239:1147-58. [PMID: 24659051 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term goals to impact or modify fruit quality and yield have been the target of researchers for many years. Different approaches such as traditional breeding,mutation breeding, and transgenic approaches have revealed a regulatory network where several hormones concur in a complex way to regulate fruit set and development,and these networks are shared in some way among species with different kinds of fruits. Understanding the molecular and biochemical networks of fruit set and development could be very useful for breeders to meet the current and future challenges of agricultural problems.
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Ivanchenko MG, den Os D, Monshausen GB, Dubrovsky JG, Bednářová A, Krishnan N. Auxin increases the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root tips while inhibiting root growth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1107-16. [PMID: 23965615 PMCID: PMC3783245 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The hormone auxin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate root elongation, but the interactions between the two pathways are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how auxin interacts with ROS in regulating root elongation in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. METHODS Wild-type and auxin-resistant mutant, diageotropica (dgt), of tomato (S. lycopersicum 'Ailsa Craig') were characterized in terms of root apical meristem and elongation zone histology, expression of the cell-cycle marker gene Sl-CycB1;1, accumulation of ROS, response to auxin and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and expression of ROS-related mRNAs. KEY RESULTS The dgt mutant exhibited histological defects in the root apical meristem and elongation zone and displayed a constitutively increased level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the root tip, part of which was detected in the apoplast. Treatments of wild-type with auxin increased the H2O2 concentration in the root tip in a dose-dependent manner. Auxin and H2O2 elicited similar inhibition of cell elongation while bringing forth differential responses in terms of meristem length and number of cells in the elongation zone. Auxin treatments affected the expression of mRNAs of ROS-scavenging enzymes and less significantly mRNAs related to antioxidant level. The dgt mutation resulted in resistance to both auxin and H2O2 and affected profoundly the expression of mRNAs related to antioxidant level. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that auxin regulates the level of H2O2 in the root tip, so increasing the auxin level triggers accumulation of H2O2 leading to inhibition of root cell elongation and root growth. The dgt mutation affects this pathway by reducing the auxin responsiveness of tissues and by disrupting the H2O2 homeostasis in the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Ivanchenko
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Désirée den Os
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- University of Groningen, Ecophysiology of Plants, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele B. Monshausen
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Science, and Faculty of Science, South Bohemian University, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05-CZ, Czech Republic
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Ariizumi T, Shinozaki Y, Ezura H. Genes that influence yield in tomato. BREEDING SCIENCE 2013; 63:3-13. [PMID: 23641176 PMCID: PMC3621442 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.63.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Yield is the most important breeding trait of crops. For fruit-bearing plants such as Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), fruit formation directly affects yield. The final fruit size depends on the number and volume of cell layers in the pericarp of the fruit, which is determined by the degree of cell division and expansion in the fertilized ovaries. Thus, fruit yield in tomato is predominantly determined by the efficiency of fruit set and the final cell number and size of the fruits. Through domestication, tomato fruit yield has been markedly increased as a result of mutations associated with fruit size and genetic studies have identified the genes that influence the cell cycle, carpel number and fruit set. Additionally, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that plant hormones control fruit set and size through the delicate regulation of genes that trigger physiological responses associated with fruit expansion. In this review, we introduce the key genes involved in tomato breeding and describe how they affect the physiological processes that contribute to tomato yield.
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