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Alagarsamy M, Amal TC, Karuppan S, Adhimoolam K. Comparative proteomic analysis of resistant and susceptible cotton genotypes in response to leaf hopper infestation. J Proteomics 2024; 305:105258. [PMID: 39004338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The cotton leaf hopper is a major pest in cotton, causing a hopper burn in leaves. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis of NDLH2010 (Resistant) and LRA5166 (Susceptible), infected with leaf hopper, was employed using a nano LC-MS/MS approach. A total of 1402 proteins varied significantly between leaf hopper-infected and control plants. The resistant and susceptible genotypes had differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of 743 and 659, respectively. Functional annotation of DEPs revealed that the DEPs were primarily associated with stress response, hormone synthesis, photosynthesis, cell wall, and secondary metabolites. Notably, DEPs such as polyphenol oxidase, carboxypeptidase, heat shock proteins, protein BTR1-like isoform X2, chaperone protein ClpB1, and β glucosidase factors associated with environmental stress response were also detected. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed a positive correlation between protein abundances and transcripts for all genes. Collectively, this study provides the molecular mechanisms associated with cotton defense responses against leaf hopper. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cotton, a natural fiber, assumes a pivotal role as a raw material for textile industries, thereby bearing significant importance in the global economy. The cotton production sector is considerably affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The cotton leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)) stands as a polyphagous insect, emerging as a dominant sap-feeding pest of the cotton crop. The continuous onslaught of sap-feeding insects on cotton plants has a detrimental impact, with leaf hoppers potentially causing yield reductions of up to 50%. Therefore, comprehending the molecular interplay between cotton and leaf hopper, elucidated at the proteome level, holds promise for more effective pest management strategies. This approach holds the potential to offer insights that contribute to the development of leaf hopper-resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Alagarsamy
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, TN, India.
| | - Thomas Cheeran Amal
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, TN, India
| | | | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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Liu X, Dai H, Zhang F, Wang J, Shi J, Chen J, He P, Wang F, Ma Y. The miR7125-MdARF1 module enhances the resistance of apple to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by promoting lignin synthesis in response to salicylic acid signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38852059 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Apple is an important cash crop in China, and it is susceptible to fungal infections that have deleterious effects on its yield. Apple bitter rot caused by Colletorichum gloeosporioides is one of the most severe fungal diseases of apple. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule in the plant disease resistance signalling pathways. Lignin synthesis also plays a key role in conferring disease resistance. However, few studies have clarified the relationship between the SA disease resistance signalling pathway and the lignin disease resistance pathway in apple. MdMYB46 has previously been shown to promote lignin accumulation in apple and enhance salt and osmotic stress tolerance. Here, we investigated the relationship between MdMYB46 and biological stress; we found that MdMYB46 overexpression enhances the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides. We also identified MdARF1, a transcription factor upstream of MdMYB46, via yeast library screening and determined that MdARF1 was regulated by miR7125 through psRNATarget prediction. This regulatory relationship was confirmed through LUC and qRT-PCR experiments, demonstrating that miR7125 negatively regulates MdARF1. Analysis of the miR7125 promoter revealed that miR7125 responds to SA signals. The accumulation of SA level will result in the decrease of miR7125 expression level. In sum, the results of our study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of apple to C. gloeosporioides and reveal a new pathway that enhances lignin accumulation in apple in response to SA signals. These findings provide valuable information for future studies aimed at breeding apple for disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Dai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajun Shi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junqin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education of Ministry and Liaoning Province/National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Yi N, Yang H, Zhang X, Pian R, Li H, Zeng W, Wu AM. The physiological and transcriptomic study of secondary growth in Neolamarckia cadamba stimulated by the ethylene precursor ACC. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:35-46. [PMID: 36096025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though many biological roles of ethylene have been investigated intensively, the molecular mechanism of ethylene's action in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, on the growth of Neolamarckia cadamba seedlings, a fast-growing tropical tree. After 14 days of ACC treatment, the plants showed a reduced physiological morphology while stem diameter increased; however, this did not occur after the addition of 1-MCP. Meanwhile, the lignin content of N. cadamba also increased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes ACC oxidase (ACO) and ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) were up-regulated mainly at the 6th hour and the 3rd day of the ACC treatment, respectively. The transcription levels of transcription factors, mainly in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), ethylene response factor (ERF), WRKY and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) families, involved in the ethylene signaling and secondary growth also increased significantly. Furthermore, in accordance to the increased lignification of the stem, the transcriptional level of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway were elevated after the ACC treatment. Our results revealed the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the secondary growth stimulated by exogenous ACC treatment on N. cadamba seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haoqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Chao N, Huang S, Kang X, Yidilisi K, Dai M, Liu L. Systematic functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family members revealed their functional divergence in lignin biosynthesis and stress responses in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:145-156. [PMID: 35849944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus) is used as a feed additive and biofuel materials. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.95) catalyzes the final step of monolignol biosynthesis and is responsible for various monolignols. Five MaCADs from Morus alba were cloned and functionally characterized in the present study. These MaCADs encoded proteins with 357-364 amino acids, and the putative protein sequences conservatively possessed two Zn2+ binding motifs and an NADP(H) cofactor binding motif. However, MaCAD1, 2, and 5 shared similar amino acids at substrate binding positions that differed from those possessed by bona fide CADs. MaCAD3 and 4 had conservative substrate binding sites, and both phylogenetic and expression profile analysis indicated they were bona fide CADs involved in lignin biosynthesis. The enzymatic assay showed that MaCAD1 and 5 had a high affinity to p-coumaryl aldehyde. MaCAD4 preferentially used coniferyl aldehyde and sinapyl aldehyde as substrates. His-72 and Tyr-124 in MaCAD1 stabilized p-coumaryl aldehyde, and may have resulted in the substrate preference for p-coumaryl aldehyde. Down-regulation of MaCADs in mulberry showed that MaCAD3/4 were dominant CADs that functioned in monolignol biosynthesis, and decreased MaCAD3/4 resulted in significant decreases of lignin content in both stems and leaves. MaCADs exhibited different expression patterns in response to various stresses, indicating their possible diverse roles. MaCAD2 and MaCAD5 may play positive roles in response to drought and cold stresses, respectively. These results provide a systematic functional analysis of MaCADs in mulberry and an important foundation for the genetic modification of the monolignol pathway in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Keermula Yidilisi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Mingjie Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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Li Y, Wang R, Pei Y, Yu W, Wu W, Li D, Hu Z. Phylogeny and functional characterization of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in Phryma leptostachya. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:407-416. [PMID: 35841957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Phryma leptostachya has attracted increasing attention because it is rich in furofuran lignans with a wide range of biological activities. Biosynthesis of furofuran lignans begins with the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol, one of the monolignol. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyzes the final step of monolignol biosynthesis, reducing cinnamyl aldehydes to cinnamyl alcohol. As it is in the terminal position of monolignol biosynthesis, its type and activity can cause significant changes in the total amount and composition of lignans. Herein, combined with bioinformatics analysis and in vitro enzyme assays, we clarified that CAD in P. leptostachya belonged to a multigene family, and identified nearly the entire CAD gene family. Our in-depth characterization about the functions and structures of two major CAD isoforms, PlCAD2 and PlCAD3, showed that PlCAD2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity, and coniferyl aldehyde was its preferred substrate, followed by PlCAD3, and sinapyl aldehyde was its preferred substrate. Considering the accumulation patterns of furofuran lignans and expression patterns of PlCADs, we speculated that PlCAD2 was the predominant CAD isoform responsible for furofuran lignans biosynthesis in P. leptostachya. Moreover, these CADs found here can also provide effective biological parts for lignans and lignins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yakun Pei
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ding Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Botanical Pesticide R & D of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Genome-wide analysis of the CAD gene family reveals two bona fide CAD genes in oil palm. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:149. [PMID: 35747504 PMCID: PMC9209623 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is the key enzyme for lignin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CAD genes in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to select the bona fide EgCADs. The bona fide EgCAD genes and their respective 5' flanking regions were cloned and analysed. Their expression profiles were evaluated in various organs using RT-PCR. Seven EgCAD genes (EgCAD1-7) were identified and divided into four phylogenetic groups. EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 display high sequence similarities with other bona fide CADs and possess all the signature motifs of the bona fide CAD. They also display similar 3D protein structures. Gene expression analysis showed that EgCAD1 was expressed most abundantly in the root tissues, while EgCAD2 was expressed constitutively in all the tissues studied. EgCAD1 possesses only one transcription start site, while EgCAD2 has five. Interestingly, a TC microsatellite was found in the 5' flanking region of EgCAD2. The 5' flanking regions of EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 contain lignin-associated regulatory elements i.e. AC-elements, and other defence-related motifs, including W-box, GT-1 motif and CGTCA-motif. Altogether, these results imply that EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 are bona fide CAD involved in lignin biosynthesis during the normal development of oil palm and in response to stresses. Our findings shed some light on the roles of the bona fide CAD genes in oil palm and pave the way for manipulating lignin content in oil palm through a genetic approach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Nutritional Composition, Potential Applications, and Omics Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camelliasinensis) is the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage with essential economic and health benefits since it is an excellent source of polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to summarize the main secondary metabolites in tea plants, and the content and distribution of these compounds in six different types of tea and different organs of tea plant were further investigated. The application of these secondary metabolites on food processing, cosmetics industry, and pharmaceutical industry was reviewed in this study. With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and sequencing technology, omics analyses, including genome, transcriptome, and metabolome, were widely used to detect the main secondary metabolites and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in tea plants. Numerous functional genes and regulatory factors have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve tea plants. Research advances, including secondary metabolites, applications, omics research, and functional gene mining, are comprehensively reviewed here. Further exploration and application trends are briefly described. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on tea plants.
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Wang S, Shi M, Zhang Y, Pan Z, Xie X, Zhang L, Sun P, Feng H, Xue H, Fang C, Zhao J. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor FaMYB63 participates in regulation of eugenol production in strawberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2146-2165. [PMID: 35043961 PMCID: PMC8968321 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of volatile phenylpropanoids, including 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol), has been investigated in petunia (Petunia hybrida). However, the regulatory network for eugenol accumulation in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit remains unclear. Here, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor (TF; FaMYB63) was isolated from strawberry by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening using the promoter of the FaEGS1 (eugenol synthase 1 [EGS 1]) gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the last step in eugenol biosynthesis. FaMYB63 is phylogenetically distinct from other R2R3-MYB TFs, including FaEOBІІ (EMISSION OF BENZENOID II [EOBII]), which also participates in regulating eugenol biosynthesis in strawberry receptacles. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays showed that the expression of FaMYB63 was tissue-specific and consistent with eugenol content through strawberry fruit development, was repressed by abscisic acid, and was activated by auxins (indole-3-acetic acid). Overexpression and RNA interference-mediated silencing of FaMYB63 resulted in marked changes in the transcript levels of the biosynthetic genes FaEGS1, FaEGS2, and FaCAD1 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 [CAD1]) and, thereby, the accumulation of eugenol. Electrophoretic mobility shift, Y1H, GUS activity, and dual-luciferase activity assays demonstrated that the transcript levels of FaEOBІІ and FaMYB10 were regulated by FaMYB63, but not the other way around. Together, these results demonstrate that FaMYB63 directly activates FaEGS1, FaEGS2, FaCAD1, FaEOBІІ, and FaMYB10 to induce eugenol biosynthesis during strawberry fruit development. These findings deepen the understanding of the regulatory network that influences eugenol metabolism in an edible fruit crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mengyun Shi
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhifei Pan
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xingbin Xie
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Linzhong Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huan Feng
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hao Xue
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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Liu S, Guo L, Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Jin L, Zhu J, Xie H, Wei C. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes Involved in Catalyzing the Reduction of ( Z)-3-Hexenal into ( Z)-3-Hexenol in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1830-1839. [PMID: 35112571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a vital enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of six-carbon volatiles in plants. However, little is known about its functions in tea plants. Here, we identified two ADH genes (CsADH1 and CsADH2). An in vitro protein expression assay showed that both CsADH1 and CsADH2 proteins can catalyze the reduction of (Z)-3-hexenal into (Z)-3-hexenol. Subcellular localization revealed that both CsADH1 and CsADH2 proteins were predominantly localized in the nucleus and cytosol. CsADH1 had high transcripts in young stems in autumn, while CsADH2 showed extremely high expression levels in stems and roots. The expression of CsADH2 was mainly downregulated under ABA treatment, while CsADH1 and CsADH2 transcripts were significantly lower under MeJA treatment at 12 and 24 h. Under cold treatment, CsADH1 transcripts first decreased and then increased, while CsADH2 demonstrated an almost opposite expression pattern. Notably, CsADH2 was significantly upregulated under simulated Ectropis obliqua invasion. Gene suppression by antisense oligonucleotides (AsODNs) demonstrated that AsODN_ADH2 treatment significantly reduced CsADH2 transcripts and the abundance of (Z)-3-hexenol products. The results indicate that the two CsADH genes may play an important role in response to (a)biotic stresses and in the process of (Z)-3-hexenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lingxiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qiying Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | | | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Singh S, Sharma N, Malannavar AB, Badiyal A, Sharma PN. Cloning and in silico characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene involved in lignification of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:437-447. [PMID: 35119503 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tall fescue, a promising temperate forage grass of Himalayan region, possesses extraordinary property of rapid growth with high biomass production, but its poor digestibility due to higher lignin content limits its utilization in livestock feeding. The lignification in Tall fescue is under the control of enzymatic cascade of different regulatory enzymes. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a crucial regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the last step of monolignol biosynthesis and is a potential candidate for altering the content and types of lignin, and hence increasing the digestibility of fodder crops. Hence, the present investigation was conducted on isolation, cloning and characterization of CAD gene from Tall fescue. Isolation and amplification of CAD gene resulted in an amplicon of 1521 bp. The CAD gene sequence was submitted to NCBI database with an accession number MW442831. Translation of the CAD gene sequence exhibited an ORF of 361 amino acids. The deduced CAD protein was predicted to be hydrophobic, acidic and thermally stable with molecular formula C1712H2734N460O520S23, molecular mass of 38.82 kDa, theoretical pI of 5.60 and 3 strong transmembrane helices. The CAD protein was predicted to have a dimer forming behavior with putative NAD(P) binding site between amino acids 48 and 301, putative substrate-binding site between amino acids 48 and 301, catalytic zinc-binding site between amino acids 48 and 164 and structural zinc-binding site between amino acid residue 101 and 115. A conserved 189GLGGVG194 motif is the binding site for NADP(H). The conserved motif pattern of CAD's zinc catalytic center was found to be 69GHEVVGEV(X)EVG(X)2V83. The zinc-binding site was found to be conserved between amino acid 89 and 115 and was found to be 89G(X)2VG(X)G(X)2VGXC(X)2C(X)2C(X)5QYC115. The deciphered sequence and putative protein information might be useful in subsequent research in lignin bioengineering for enhanced digestibility, biomass conversion as well as impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anudeep B Malannavar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anila Badiyal
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Nath Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Vasupalli N, Hou D, Singh RM, Wei H, Zou LH, Yrjälä K, Wu A, Lin X. Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312917. [PMID: 34884720 PMCID: PMC8657895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the final step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified 49 CAD enzymes in five Bambusoideae species and analysed their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression analysis of Moso bamboo PheCAD genes in several developmental tissues and stages revealed that among the PheCAD genes, PheCAD2 has the highest expression level and is expressed in many tissues and PheCAD1, PheCAD6, PheCAD8 and PheCAD12 were also expressed in most of the tissues studied. Co-expression analysis identified that the PheCAD2 positively correlates with most lignin biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that PheCAD2 might be the key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Further, more than 35% of the co-expressed genes with PheCADs were involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress transcriptomic data (SA, ABA, drought, and salt) analysis identified that PheCAD2, PheCAD3 and PheCAD5 genes were highly upregulated, confirming their involvement in abiotic stress response. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that PheCAD1, PheCAD2 and PheCAD8 form homo-dimers. Interestingly, BiFC and pull-down experiments identified that these enzymes form both homo- and hetero- dimers. These data suggest that PheCAD genes are involved in abiotic stress response and PheCAD2 might be a key lignin biosynthesis pathway enzyme. Moreover, this is the first report to show that three PheCAD enzymes form complexes and that the formation of PheCAD homo- and hetero- dimers might be tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Vasupalli
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rahul Mohan Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Hantian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kim Yrjälä
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilisation of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18958162317
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12
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Qi K, Song X, Yuan Y, Bao J, Gong X, Huang X, Khanizadeh S, Zhang S, Tao S. CAD Genes: Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Their Contribution to Lignin Biosynthesis in Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071444. [PMID: 34371647 PMCID: PMC8309377 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic enzyme cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is involved in responses to various stresses during plant growth. It regulates the monolignol biosynthesis and catalyzes hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde reduction to the corresponding alcohols. Although the CAD gene families have been explored in some species, little known is in Rosaceae. In this study, we identified 149 genes in Pyrus bretschneideri (PbrCAD), Malus domestica (MDPCAD), Prunus mume (PmCAD) and Fragaria vesca (mrnaCAD). They were phylogenetically clustered into six subgroups. All CAD genes contained ADH-N and ADH-zinc-N domains and were distributed on chromosomes unevenly. Dispersed and WGD/segmental duplications accounted the highest number of evolutionary events. Eight collinear gene pairs were identified among the four Rosaceae species, and the highest number was recorded in pear as five pairs. The five PbrCAD gene pairs had undergone purifying selection under Ka/Ks analysis. Furthermore, nine genes were identified based on transcriptomic and stone cell content in pear fruit. In qRT-PCR, the expression patterns of PbrCAD1, PbrCAD20, PbrCAD27, and PbrCAD31 were consistent with variation in stone cell content during pear fruit development. These results will provide valuable information for understanding the relationship between gene expressions and stone cell number in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qi
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yazhou Yuan
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jianping Bao
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Ala’er City 843300, China;
| | - Xin Gong
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiaosan Huang
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | | | - Shaoling Zhang
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shutian Tao
- Pear Engineering Research Centre, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (K.Q.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (X.G.); (X.H.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Guan Y, Hu W, Xu Y, Sarengaowa, Ji Y, Yang X, Feng K. Proteomic analysis validates previous findings on wounding-responsive plant hormone signaling and primary metabolism contributing to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites based on metabolomic analysis in harvested broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica). Food Res Int 2021; 145:110388. [PMID: 34112391 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant wound-response is a complex process that generates physiological modifications for protecting the wounded tissue. In this study, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to clarify the comprehensive molecular mechanism for the wound-response of broccoli subjected to two wounding intensities (0.04 and 1.85 m2 kg-1 for florets and shreds, respectively). Furthermore, integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis was performed to reveal the interaction among the critical metabolic pathway responses to wounding. The results show that a total of 399 proteins and 266 proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in florets and shreds broccoli compared to control, respectively. Furthermore, 167 DEPs were detected in shreds broccoli compared to the florets broccoli. Salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis were more susceptible to being induced by wounding with lower intensities, whereas, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, aliphatic glucosinolate synthesis and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were more susceptible to being activated by wounding with higher intensities. The activation of starch and sucrose metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate could provide carbon sources and ATP for the production of amino acids including phenylalanine, valine, threonine, isoleucine, L-methionine, methionine and histidine. The motivation of carbohydrate metabolic pathways and amino acid biosynthesis-related pathways promotes the precursor levels for phenolic substances and glucosinolate synthesis. Furthermore, the accumulation of SA, ET and JA may activated secondary metabolite biosynthesis through the regulation of critical proteins involved in the corresponding metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuge Guan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenzhong Hu
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioesources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China.
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sarengaowa
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yaru Ji
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioesources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116600, China
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14
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Liu W, Jiang Y, Jin Y, Wang C, Yang J, Qi H. Drought-induced ABA, H 2O 2 and JA positively regulate CmCAD genes and lignin synthesis in melon stems. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:83. [PMID: 33557758 PMCID: PMC7871556 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is an important enzyme functions at the last step in lignin monomer synthesis pathway. Our previous work found that drought induced the expressions of CmCAD genes and promoted lignin biosynthesis in melon stems. RESULTS Here we studied the effects of abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and jasmonic acid (JA) to CmCADs under drought stress. Results discovered that drought-induced ABA, H2O2 and MeJA were prevented efficiently from increasing in melon stems pretreated with fluridone (Flu, ABA inhibitor), imidazole (Imi, H2O2 scavenger) and ibuprofen (Ibu, JA inhibitor). ABA and H2O2 are involved in the positive regulations to CmCAD1, 2, 3, and 5, and JA is involved in the positive regulations to CmCAD2, 3, and 5. According to the expression profiles of lignin biosynthesis genes, ABA, H2O2 and MeJA all showed positive regulations to CmPAL2-like, CmPOD1-like, CmPOD2-like and CmLAC4-like. In addition, positive regulations were also observed with ABA to CmPAL1-like, CmC4H and CmCOMT, with H2O2 to CmPAL1-like, CmC4H, CmCCR and CmLAC17-like, and with JA to CmCCR, CmCOMT, CmLAC11-like and CmLAC17-like. As expected, the signal molecules positively regulated CAD activity and lignin biosynthesis under drought stress. Promoter::GUS assays not only further confirmed the regulations of the signal molecules to CmCAD1~3, but also revealed the important role of CmCAD3 in lignin synthesis due to the strongest staining of CmCAD3 promoter::GUS. CONCLUSIONS CmCADs but CmCAD4 are positively regulated by ABA, H2O2 and JA under drought stress and participate in lignin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhong Jin
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- College of Ecology and Garden Architecture, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Jia H, Wang X, Wei T, Wang M, Liu X, Hua L, Ren X, Guo J, Li J. Exogenous salicylic acid regulates cell wall polysaccharides synthesis and pectin methylation to reduce Cd accumulation of tomato. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111550. [PMID: 33254408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is harmful to plant growth and can be easily transferred from soil to plants. Plant cell wall plays important role in preventing Cd from entering cells. Salicylic acid (SA) mediated defense response increases plant resistance to heavy metals. In this study, all tomato seedlings were pre-treated with 100 μM SA for 3 d, then seedlings were used to analyze the role of SA in regulating plant cell wall resistance to Cd stress. The results showed that exogenous SA significantly reduced Cd accumulation in tomato plants and changed Cd distribution. By analyzing the cell wall composition, it was found cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin were induced by SA. Interestingly, the content of Cd in pectin decreased by SA pretreatment, however it was increased in cellulose. Gene expression analysis showed SA up-regulated the expression level of lignin and cellulose synthase genes, but down-regulated the expression of pectin methylesterase related genes. In addition, SA down-regulated the activity of pectin methylesterase. These results indicated that SA pretreatment up-regulated cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and related gene expression to thicken the cell wall and block Cd from passing through. Furthermore, SA decreased pectin methylesterase activity and content to reduce cell wall Cd accumulation and change the Cd partition ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongLei Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - XiaoHong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Ting Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Xun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - XinHao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - JunKang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jisheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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16
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Shi W, Zhao SL, Liu K, Sun YB, Ni ZB, Zhang GY, Tang HS, Zhu JW, Wan BJ, Sun HQ, Dai JY, Sun MF, Yan GH, Wang AM, Zhu GY. Comparison of leaf transcriptome in response to Rhizoctonia solani infection between resistant and susceptible rice cultivars. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:245. [PMID: 32188400 PMCID: PMC7081601 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sheath blight (SB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a common rice disease worldwide. Currently, rice cultivars with robust resistance to R. solani are still lacking. To provide theoretic basis for molecular breeding of R. solani-resistant rice cultivars, the changes of transcriptome profiles in response to R. solani infection were compared between a moderate resistant cultivar (Yanhui-888, YH) and a susceptible cultivar (Jingang-30, JG). Results In the present study, 3085 differentially express genes (DEGs) were detected between the infected leaves and the control in JG, with 2853 DEGs in YH. A total of 4091 unigenes were significantly upregulated in YH than in JG before infection, while 3192 were significantly upregulated after infection. Further analysis revealed that YH and JG showed similar molecular responses to R. solani infection, but the responses were earlier in JG than in YH. Expression levels of trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (C4H), ethylene-insensitive protein 2 (EIN2), transcriptome factor WRKY33 and the KEGG pathway plant-pathogen interaction were significantly affected by R. solani infection. More importantly, these components were all over-represented in YH cultivar than in JG cultivar before and/or after infection. Conclusions These genes possibly contribute to the higher resistance of YH to R. solani than JG and were potential target genes to molecularly breed R. solani-resistant rice cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Lu Zhao
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Biao Sun
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Bin Ni
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Yun Zhang
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tang
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Zhu
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Jie Wan
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Qin Sun
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ying Dai
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Fa Sun
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Hong Yan
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China.
| | - Ai-Min Wang
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Yong Zhu
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, 224002, P. R. China.
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Analysis of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways in German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) based on co-expression networks. Genomics 2020; 112:1055-1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kasirajan L, Valiyaparambth R, Kubandiran A, Velu J. Isolation, cloning and expression analysis of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) involved in phenylpropanoid pathway of Erianthus arundinaceus, a wild relative of sugarcane. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:11. [PMID: 31857939 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have cloned and characterized cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) involved in phenylpropanoid pathway which can be utilized for biomass modification for improved saccharification efficiency. The full length gene CAD is of 4 kb containing four exons and three introns, among which the exon 1 and 2 of 88 and 116 bp were conserved with sorghum and Miscanthus CADs. The coding region of CAD was identified with 1098 bp open reading frame (ORF), for 365 amino acids. In the PROSITE analysis, a zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase signature (GHEVVGEVVEVGPEV) and an NADP-binding domain motif (GLGGLG) was identified, while the motif analysis showed unique signature sequence of "LEPYLA" at 258-264 aa which was absent in the CAD sequences of other crops. This sequence information on CAD from Erianthus a bioenergy crop might be useful for subsequent research on lignin engineering for improved biomass conversion and for unravelling the impact of lignin on cell wall mechanics.
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Xia EH, Tong W, Wu Q, Wei S, Zhao J, Zhang ZZ, Wei CL, Wan XC. Tea plant genomics: achievements, challenges and perspectives. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:7. [PMID: 31908810 PMCID: PMC6938499 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is among the world's most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages and possesses enormous economic, health, and cultural values. It is produced from the cured leaves of tea plants, which are important evergreen crops globally cultivated in over 50 countries. Along with recent innovations and advances in biotechnologies, great progress in tea plant genomics and genetics has been achieved, which has facilitated our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea quality and the evolution of the tea plant genome. In this review, we briefly summarize the achievements of the past two decades, which primarily include diverse genome and transcriptome sequencing projects, gene discovery and regulation studies, investigation of the epigenetics and noncoding RNAs, origin and domestication, phylogenetics and germplasm utilization of tea plant as well as newly developed tools/platforms. We also present perspectives and possible challenges for future functional genomic studies that will contribute to the acceleration of breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Shu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Chao-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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Jeyaraj A, Wang X, Wang S, Liu S, Zhang R, Wu A, Wei C. Identification of Regulatory Networks of MicroRNAs and Their Targets in Response to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1096. [PMID: 31572415 PMCID: PMC6751461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose disease is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and is common in leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been known as key modulators of gene expression in response to environmental stresses, disease resistance, defense responses, and plant immunity. However, the role of miRNAs in responses to C. gloeosporioides remains unexplored in tea plant. Therefore, in the present study, six miRNA sequencing data sets and two degradome data sets were generated from C. gloeosporioides-inoculated and control tea leaves. A total of 485 conserved and 761 novel miRNAs were identified. Of those, 239 known and 369 novel miRNAs exhibited significantly differential expression under C. gloeosporioides stress. One thousand one hundred thirty-four and 596 mRNAs were identified as targets of 389 conserved and 299 novel miRNAs by degradome analysis, respectively. Based on degradome analysis, most of the predicted targets are negatively correlated with their corresponding conserved and novel miRNAs. The expression levels of 12 miRNAs and their targets were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. A negative correlation between expression profiles of five miRNAs (PC-5p-80764_22, csn-miR160c, csn-miR828a, csn-miR164a, and csn-miR169e) and their targets (WRKY, ARF, MYB75, NAC, and NFY transcription factor) was observed. The predicted targets of five interesting miRNAs were further validated through 5'RLM-RACE. Furthermore, Gene Ontology and metabolism pathway analysis revealed that most of the target genes were involved in the regulation of auxin pathway, ROS scavenging pathway, salicylic acid mediated pathway, receptor kinases, and transcription factors for plant growth and development as well as stress responses in tea plant against C. gloeosporioides stress. This study enriches the resources of stress-responsive miRNAs and their targets in C. sinensis and thus provides novel insights into the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms, which could contribute to the enhanced susceptibility of C. gloeosporioides in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Jeyaraj
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Xuewen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ailin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Farooq MA, Zhang K, Islam F, Wang J, Athar HUR, Nawaz A, Ullah Zafar Z, Xu J, Zhou W. Physiological and iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Tolerance in Brassica napus Under Arsenic Stress. Proteomics 2019. [PMID: 29528557 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus plants exposed to 200 μM arsenic (As) exhibited high-level of stress condition, which led to inhibited growth, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and disrupted cellular ultrastructures. Exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) alleviated the As-induced oxidative stress and improved the plant growth and photosynthesis. In this study, changes in the B. napus leaf proteome are investigated in order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in MeJA-induced As tolerance. The study identifies 177 proteins that are differentially expressed in cultivar ZS 758; while 200 differentially expressed proteins are accumulated in Zheda 622, when exposed to As alone and MeJA+As treatments, respectively. The main objective was to identify the MeJA-regulated protein under As stress. Consistent with this, iTRAQ detected 61 proteins which are significantly accumulated in ZS 758 leaves treated with MeJA under As stress. While in Zheda 622, iTRAQ detected 49 MeJA-induced proteins under As stress. These significantly expressed proteins are further divided into five groups on the base of their function, that is, stress and defense, photosynthesis, carbohydrates and energy production, protein metabolism, and secondary metabolites. Taken together, this study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms involved in MeJA-induced As tolerance in B. napus leaves and suggests a more active involvement of MeJA in plant physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahsan Farooq
- Institute of Crop Science and, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Kangni Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science and, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Habib U R Athar
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Nawaz
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ullah Zafar
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Advances in research on functional genes of tea plant. Gene 2019; 711:143940. [PMID: 31226279 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important leaf-type woody crop used to produce non-alcoholic beverages all over the world. Tea is one of the oldest and most popular non-alcoholic beverages in the world, and long-term tea drinking has numerous healthful for humans due to many of the important secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols and theanine. Theanine and polyphenols are also closely related to tea flavor and tea aroma, which is usually as the standard for judging tea quality. The growth of tea plants and quality of teas are susceptible to adversity abiotic and biotic stresses, such as low temperatures and pests. Consequently, this review focus on the research progress of key genes related to the stress resistance and material metabolism of tea plants in recent years. We aim at comprehensively understanding the growth and metabolism of tea plants and their relationship with the external environment, so as to provide an in-depth and broad theoretical support for the breeding of excellent tea plant varieties.
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Wu Q, Zhao G, Bai X, Zhao W, Xiang D, Wan Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Tan M, Peng L, Zhao J. Characterization of the transcriptional profiles in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) under PEG-mediated drought stress. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Wang YX, Teng RM, Wang WL, Wang Y, Shen W, Zhuang J. Identification of genes revealed differential expression profiles and lignin accumulation during leaf and stem development in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:359-370. [PMID: 30121729 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex aromatic heteropolymer that plays essential roles in mechanical support, water transport, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The tea plant is a leaf-type beverage crop, which serves as a resource for non-alcoholic beverage tea. The content and distribution of lignin in tea plant leaves seriously affect the quality of tea. However, the biosynthetic pathways of lignin remain to be characterized in the tea plant. In the present study, lignin accumulation was investigated in tea plant leaves and stems at three developmental stages. The lignin content continuously increased during leaf and stem development in both tea plant cultivars 'Fudingdabai' and 'Suchazao.' The lignin distribution and anatomical characteristics of the tea plant leaves coincided with lignin accumulation and showed that lignin is mainly distributed in the epidermis, xylem, and vascular bundle sheath. 'Suchazao' exhibits a low lignin content and lacks a vascular bundle sheath. Twelve genes encoding the enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthesis of tea plant were identified and included CsPAL, CsC4H, Cs4CL, CsHCT, CsC3H, CsCCoAOMT, CsCCR, CsCAD, CsF5H, CsCOMT, CsPER, and CsLAC. The expression profiling of lignin biosynthesis-related genes and analysis of lignin accumulation may help elaborate the regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui-Min Teng
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Tian Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Mu W, Zhang Z. Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Two Tea Cultivars to Empoasca onukii (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Infestation. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:899-908. [PMID: 29471494 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is an economically important pest of tea crops, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Ericales: Theaceae), in China. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes of two tea cultivars, the normal green tea cultivar 'Fudingdabai' and the novel chlorophyll-deficient albino cultivar 'Huangjinya', infested by E. onukii were investigated to determine the tolerance of different tea cultivars to E. onukii attack. E.onukii infestation affected the growth of tea plants, and decreased the shoot length, leaf area, leaf thickness, and stem diameter. Also, E. onukii infestation lowered the thicknesses of upper epidermis, palisade tissue, and spongy tissue of leaves, and the parenchyma tissue thickness and pith diameter of stem internode. E.onukii infestation reduced the chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents within the leaves of 'Huangjinya,' which further influenced the photosynthetic rate. The maximum quantum yield and actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and non-photochemical quenching in 'Huangjinya' were inhibited under E. onukii infestation. Peroxidase activity of E. onukii-infested 'Huangjinya' increased more than superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, E. onukii feeding changed the contents of free amino acids, tea polyphenols, caffeine, and catechins in leaves of 'Huangjinya'. Overall, the light-induced albino cultivar 'Huangjinya' was susceptible to E. onukii while 'Fudingdabai' was resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Tian
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Jeyaraj A, Zhang X, Hou Y, Shangguan M, Gajjeraman P, Li Y, Wei C. Genome-wide identification of conserved and novel microRNAs in one bud and two tender leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) by small RNA sequencing, microarray-based hybridization and genome survey scaffold sequences. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 29157210 PMCID: PMC5697157 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important for plant growth and responses to environmental stresses via post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Tea, which is primarily produced from one bud and two tender leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide owing to its abundance of secondary metabolites. A large number of miRNAs have been identified in various plants, including non-model species. However, due to the lack of reference genome sequences and/or information of tea plant genome survey scaffold sequences, discovery of miRNAs has been limited in C. sinensis. RESULTS Using small RNA sequencing, combined with our recently obtained genome survey data, we have identified and analyzed 175 conserved and 83 novel miRNAs mainly in one bud and two tender leaves of the tea plant. Among these, 93 conserved and 18 novel miRNAs were validated using miRNA microarray hybridization. In addition, the expression pattern of 11 conserved and 8 novel miRNAs were validated by stem-loop-qRT-PCR. A total of 716 potential target genes of identified miRNAs were predicted. Further, Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that most of the target genes were primarily involved in stress response and enzymes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The predicted targets of 4 conserved miRNAs were further validated by 5'RLM-RACE. A negative correlation between expression profiles of 3 out of 4 conserved miRNAs (csn-miR160a-5p, csn-miR164a, csn-miR828 and csn-miR858a) and their targets (ARF17, NAC100, WER and MYB12 transcription factor) were observed. CONCLUSION In summary, the present study is one of few such studies on miRNA detection and identification in the tea plant. The predicted target genes of majority of miRNAs encoded enzymes, transcription factors, and functional proteins. The miRNA-target transcription factor gene interactions may provide important clues about the regulatory mechanism of these miRNAs in the tea plant. The data reported in this study will make a huge contribution to knowledge on the potential miRNA regulators of the secondary metabolism pathway and other important biological processes in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Jeyaraj
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Prabu Gajjeraman
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Yeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036 People’s Republic of China
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Cheng X, Li M, Li D, Zhang J, Jin Q, Sheng L, Cai Y, Lin Y. Characterization and analysis of CCR and CAD gene families at the whole-genome level for lignin synthesis of stone cells in pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri) fruit. Biol Open 2017; 6:1602-1613. [PMID: 29141952 PMCID: PMC5703608 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of stone cells has significant effects on the flavour and quality of pear fruit. Previous research suggested that lignin deposition is closely related to stone cell formation. In the lignin biosynthetic pathway, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), dehydrogenase/reductase family members, catalyse the last two steps in monolignol synthesis. However, there is little knowledge of the characteristics of the CCR and CAD families in pear and their involvement in lignin synthesis of stone cells. In this study, 31 CCRs and 26 CADs were identified in the pear genome. Phylogenetic trees for CCRs and CADs were constructed; key amino acid residues were analysed, and three-dimensional structures were predicted. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), PbCAD2, PbCCR1, -2 and -3 were identified as participating in lignin synthesis of stone cells in pear fruit. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the expressed proteins (PbCAD2, PbCCR1, -2 and -3) are found in the cytoplasm or at the cell membrane. These results reveal the evolutionary features of the CCR and CAD families in pear as well as the genes responsible for regulation of lignin synthesis and stone cell development in pear fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manli Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Dahui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinyun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
- Horticultural Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lingling Sheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
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Jeyaraj A, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhang R, Shangguan M, Wei C. Genome-wide identification of microRNAs responsive to Ectropis oblique feeding in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Sci Rep 2017; 7:13634. [PMID: 29051614 PMCID: PMC5648755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) is vulnerable to the geometrid Ectropis oblique; although microRNAs (miRNAs) are important for plant growth, development and stress response, the function of miRNAs in the response of C. sinensis to stress from E. oblique is unclear. To identify E. oblique stress-responsive miRNAs and their target genes in tea plant, three small RNA libraries were constructed from leaves subjected to mechanical wounding (MW), geometrid attack (GA) and from healthy control (CK) leaves. Using high-throughput sequencing, 130 known miRNAs and 512 novel miRNAs were identified; of these, differential expression under GA stress was observed for 36 known and 139 novel miRNAs. Furthermore, 169 GA-responsive and 173 MW-responsive miRNAs were detected by miRNA microarray. The expression patterns of six GA-responsive miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Several target genes for these miRNAs encode various transcription factors, including ethylene-responsive transcription factors and squamosa promoter-binding-like proteins, which suggests that these miRNAs may regulate stress-responsive transcriptional processes in tea plant. The present findings provide novel insights into miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms underlying the response to GA stress, and also offer valuable information for development of pest resistance using RNA interference-based strategies in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Jeyaraj
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, P.R. China.
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Proteome characterization of copper stress responses in the roots of sorghum. Biometals 2017; 30:765-785. [PMID: 28936772 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a important micronutrient for plants, but it is extremely toxic to plants at high concentration and can inactivate and disturb protein structures. To explore the Cu stress-induced tolerance mechanism, the present study was conducted on the roots of sorghum seedlings exposed to 50 and 100 µM CuSO4 for 5 days. Accumulation of Cu increased in roots when the seedlings were treated with the highest concentration of Cu2+ ions (100 μM). Elevated Cu concentration provoked notable reduction of Fe, Zn, Ca, and Mn uptake in the roots of sorghum seedlings. In the proteome analysis, high-throughput two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF-TOF MS was performed to explore the molecular responses of Cu-induced sorghum seedling roots. In two-dimensional silver-stained gels, 422 protein spots were identified in the 2-D gel whereas twenty-one protein spots (≥1.5-fold) were used to analyze mass spectrometry from Cu-induced sorghum roots. Among the 21 differentially expressed proteins, 10 proteins were increased, while 11 proteins were decreased due to the intake of Cu ions by roots of sorghum. Abundance of most of the identified proteins from the roots that function in stress response and metabolism was remarkably enhanced, while proteins involved in transcription and regulation were severely reduced. Taken together, these results imply insights into a potential molecular mechanism towards Cu stress in C4 plant, sorghum.
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Le Roy J, Blervacq AS, Créach A, Huss B, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Spatial regulation of monolignol biosynthesis and laccase genes control developmental and stress-related lignin in flax. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:124. [PMID: 28705193 PMCID: PMC5513022 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bast fibres are characterized by very thick secondary cell walls containing high amounts of cellulose and low lignin contents in contrast to the heavily lignified cell walls typically found in the xylem tissues. To improve the quality of the fiber-based products in the future, a thorough understanding of the main cell wall polymer biosynthetic pathways is required. In this study we have carried out a characterization of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in flax along with some of their regulation mechanisms. RESULTS We have first identified the members of the phenylpropanoid gene families through a combination of in silico approaches. The more specific lignin genes were further characterized by high throughput transcriptomic approaches in different organs and physiological conditions and their cell/tissue expression was localized in the stems, roots and leaves. Laccases play an important role in the polymerization of monolignols. This multigenic family was determined and a miRNA was identified to play a role in the posttranscriptional regulation by cleaving the transcripts of some specific genes shown to be expressed in lignified tissues. In situ hybridization also showed that the miRNA precursor was expressed in the young xylem cells located near the vascular cambium. The results obtained in this work also allowed us to determine that most of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis are included in a unique co-expression cluster and that MYB transcription factors are potentially good candidates for regulating these genes. CONCLUSIONS Target engineering of cell walls to improve plant product quality requires good knowledge of the genes responsible for the production of the main polymers. For bast fiber plants such as flax, it is important to target the correct genes from the beginning since the difficulty to produce transgenic material does not make possible to test a large number of genes. Our work determined which of these genes could be potentially modified and showed that it was possible to target different regulatory pathways to modify lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Le Roy
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Blervacq
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Créach
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Brigitte Huss
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Wang ML, Li QH, Xin HH, Chen X, Zhu XJ, Li XH. Reliable reference genes for normalization of gene expression data in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) exposed to metal stresses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175863. [PMID: 28453515 PMCID: PMC5409199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] are an important leaf-type crop that are widely used for the production of non-alcoholic beverages in the world. Exposure to excessive amounts of heavy metals adversely affects the quality and yield of tea leaves. To analyze the molecular responses of tea plants to heavy metals, a reliable quantification of gene expression is important and of major importance herein is the normalization of the measured expression levels for the target genes. Ideally, stably expressed reference genes should be evaluated in all experimental systems. In this study, 12 candidate reference genes (i.e., 18S rRNA, Actin, CYP, EF-1α, eIF-4α, GAPDH, MON1, PP2AA3, TBP, TIP41, TUA, and UBC) were cloned from tea plants, and the stability of their expression was examined systematically in 60 samples exposed to diverse heavy metals (i.e., manganese, aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc). Three Excel-based algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were used to evaluate the expression stability of these genes. PP2AA3 and 18S rRNA were the most stably expressed genes, even though their expression profiles exhibited some variability. Moreover, commonly used reference genes (i.e., GAPDH and TBP) were the least appropriate reference genes for most samples. To further validate the suitability of the analyzed reference genes, the expression level of a phytochelatin synthase gene (i.e., CsPCS1) was determined using the putative reference genes for data normalizations. Our results may be beneficial for future studies involving the quantification of relative gene expression levels in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Le Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Hong Xin
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Jun Zhu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hui Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Fang Y, Mei H, Zhou B, Xiao X, Yang M, Huang Y, Long X, Hu S, Tang C. De novo Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Defense Mechanisms by Young and Mature Leaves of Hevea brasiliensis (Para Rubber Tree). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33151. [PMID: 27619402 PMCID: PMC5020607 DOI: 10.1038/srep33151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with changes in morphology in the course of maturation, leaves of Hevea brasiliensis become more resistant to leaf diseases, including the South American Leaf Blight (SALB), a devastating fungal disease of this economically important tree species. To understand the underlying mechanisms of this defense, and to identify the candidate genes involved, we sequenced the Hevea leaf transcriptome at four developmental stages (I to IV) by Illumina sequencing. A total of 62.6 million high-quality reads were generated, and assembled into 98,796 unique transcripts. We identified 3,905 differentially expressed genes implicated in leaf development, 67.8% (2,651) of which were during the transition to leaf maturation. The genes involved in cyanogenic metabolism, lignin and anthocyanin biosynthesis were noteworthy for their distinct patterns of expression between developing leaves (stages I to III) and mature leaves (stage IV), and the correlation with the change in resistance to SALB and the Oidium/Colletotrichum leaf fall. The results provide a first profile of the molecular events that relate to the dynamics of leaf morphology and defense strategies during Hevea leaf development. This dataset is beneficial to devising strategies to engineer resistance to leaf diseases as well as other in-depth studies in Hevea tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Fang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Hailiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binhui Zhou
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiao
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Meng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yacheng Huang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, Hainan, China
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Bhattacharyya D, Hazra S, Banerjee A, Datta R, Kumar D, Chakrabarti S, Chattopadhyay S. Transcriptome-wide identification and characterization of CAD isoforms specific for podophyllotoxin biosynthesis from Podophyllum hexandrum. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:1-23. [PMID: 27387305 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (ptox) is a therapeutically important lignan derived from Podophyllum hexandrum and is used as a precursor for the synthesis of anticancer drugs etoposide, teniposide and etopophose. In spite of its enormous economic significance, genomic information on this endangered medicinal herb is scarce. We have performed de novo transcriptome analysis of methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated P. hexandrum cell cultures exhibiting enhanced ptox accumulation. The results revealed the maximum up-regulation of several isoforms of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). CAD catalyzes the synthesis of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol from coniferaldehyde (CAld) and sinapaldehyde respectively. Coniferyl alcohol can produce both lignin and lignan while sinapyl alcohol produces only lignin. To isolate the CAD isoforms favoring ptox, we deduced full length cDNA sequences of four CAD isoforms: PhCAD1, PhCAD2, PhCAD3 and PhCAD4 from the contigs of the transcriptome data. In vitro enzyme assays indicated a higher affinity for CAld over sinapaldehyde for each isoform. In silico molecular docking analyses also suggested that PhCAD3 has a higher binding preference with CAld over sinapaldehyde, followed by PhCAD4, PhCAD2, and PhCAD1, respectively. The transgenic cell cultures overexpressing these isoforms independently revealed that PhCAD3 favored the maximum accumulation of ptox as compared to lignin followed by PhCAD4 and PhCAD2, whereas, PhCAD1 favored both equally. Together, our study reveals transcriptome-wide identification and characterization of ptox specific CAD isoforms from P. hexandrum. It provides a useful resource for future research not only on the ptox biosynthetic pathway but on overall P. hexandrum, an endangered medicinal herb with immense therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipto Bhattacharyya
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Saptarshi Hazra
- Plant Biology Lab., Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Anindyajit Banerjee
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Riddhi Datta
- Plant Biology Lab., Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Biology Lab., Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Lab., Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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Selection and Verification of Candidate Reference Genes for Mature MicroRNA Expression by Quantitative RT-PCR in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis). Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7060025. [PMID: 27240406 PMCID: PMC4929424 DOI: 10.3390/genes7060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a rapid and sensitive method for analyzing microRNA (miRNA) expression. However, accurate qRT-PCR results depend on the selection of reliable reference genes as internal positive controls. To date, few studies have identified reliable reference genes for differential expression analysis of miRNAs among tissues, and among experimental conditions in plants. In this study, three miRNAs and four non-coding small RNAs (ncRNA) were selected as reference candidates, and the stability of their expression was evaluated among different tissues and under different experimental conditions in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) using the geNorm and NormFinder programs. It was shown that miR159a was the best single reference gene in the bud to the fifth leaf, 5S rRNA was the most suitable gene in different organs, miR6149 was the most stable gene when the leaves were attacked by Ectropis oblique and U4, miR5368n and miR159a were the best genes when the leaves were treated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), respectively. Our results provide suitable reference genes for future investigations on miRNA functions in tea plants.
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Differential transcriptome analysis of leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) provides comprehensive insights into the defense responses to Ectropis oblique attack using RNA-Seq. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:383-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang L, Wang Y, Cao H, Hao X, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wang X. Transcriptome Analysis of an Anthracnose-Resistant Tea Plant Cultivar Reveals Genes Associated with Resistance to Colletotrichum camelliae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148535. [PMID: 26849553 PMCID: PMC4743920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plant breeding is a topic of great economic importance. However, disease remains a major cause of yield and quality losses. In this study, an anthracnose-resistant cultivar, ZC108, was developed. An infection assay revealed different responses to Colletotrichum sp. infection between ZC108 and its parent cultivar LJ43. ZC108 had greater resistance than LJ43 to Colletotrichum camelliae. Additionally, ZC108 exhibited earlier sprouting in the spring, as well as different leaf shape and plant architecture. Microarray data revealed that the genes that are differentially expressed between LJ43 and ZC108 mapped to secondary metabolism-related pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, genes involved in plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling as well as plant-pathogen interaction pathways were also changed. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of 27 selected genes in infected and uninfected tea plant leaves. Genes encoding a MADS-box transcription factor, NBS-LRR disease-resistance protein, and phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway components (CAD, CCR, POD, beta-glucosidase, ALDH and PAL) were among those differentially expressed in ZC108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Cao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (XCW)
| | - Xinchao Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (XCW)
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Proteome Dynamics and Physiological Responses to Short-Term Salt Stress in Brassica napus Leaves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144808. [PMID: 26691228 PMCID: PMC4686907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress limits plant growth and crop productivity and is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. In this study, proteomic and physiological responses of Brassica napus leaves under salt stress were investigated. Seedlings under salt treatment showed growth inhibition and photosynthesis reduction. A comparative proteomic analysis of seedling leaves exposed to 200 mM NaCl for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was conducted. Forty-four protein spots were differentially accumulated upon NaCl treatment and 42 of them were identified, including several novel salt-responsive proteins. To determine the functional roles of these proteins in salt adaptation, their dynamic changes in abundance were analyzed. The results suggested that the up-accumulated proteins, which were associated with protein metabolism, damage repair and defense response, might contribute to the alleviation of the deleterious effect of salt stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, energy synthesis and respiration in Brassica napus leaves. This study will lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of salt stress adaptation in Brassica napus and provides a basis for genetic engineering of plants with improved salt tolerance in the future.
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Gabotti D, Negrini N, Morgutti S, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:329-348. [PMID: 25534876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio F Nocito
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Tang R, Zhang XQ, Li YH, Xie XM. Cloning and in silico analysis of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene in Pennisetum purpureum. J Genet 2015; 93:145-58. [PMID: 24840831 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major constituent of plant cell walls and indispensable to the normal growth of a plant. However, the presence of lignin complicates the structure of the plant cell walls and negatively influences pulping industry, lignocellulose utilization as well as forage properties. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis, catalyses the last step in monolignol synthesis and has a major role in genetic regulation of lignin production. In the present study, a 1 342-bp cDNA fragment of CAD gene, named PpCAD, was isolated from Pennisetum purpureum using strategies of homologous clone and rapid amplification of cDNA end. It was translated into an intact protein sequence including 366 amino acid residues by ORF Finder. The genomic full-length DNA of PpCAD was a 3 738-bp sequence containing four exons and three introns, among which the 114-bp exon was considered to be a conserved region compared with other CADs. Basic bioinformatic analysis presumed that the PpCAD was a nonsecretory and hydrophobic protein with five possible transmembrane helices. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PpCAD belonged to the class of bona fide CADs involved in lignin synthesis and it showed a high similarity (nearly 90%) with CAD protein sequences of Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum and Zea mays in Gramineae. Furthere, PpCAD amino acid sequence was demonstrated to have some conserved motifs such as Zn-binding site, Zn-catalytic centre and NADP(H) binding domain after aligning with other bona fide CADs. Three-dimensional homology modelling of PpCAD showed that the protein had some exclusive features of bona fide CADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Barakat A, Łakomy P, Smoliński DJ, Zadworny M. Lignin and lignans in plant defence: insight from expression profiling of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase genes during development and following fungal infection in Populus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:111-121. [PMID: 25443838 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of monolignol, the main component of lignin. Lignins, deposited in the secondary cell wall, play a role in plant defence against pathogens. We re-analysed the phylogeny of CAD/CAD-like genes using sequences from recently sequenced genomes, and analysed the temporal and spatial expression profiles of CAD/CAD-like genes in Populus trichocarpa healthy and infected plants. Three fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Cytospora sp.), varying in lifestyle and pathogenicity, were used for plant infection. Phylogenetic analyses showed that CAD/CAD-like genes were distributed in classes represented by all members from angiosperm lineages including basal angiosperms and Selaginella. The analysed genes showed different expression profiles during development and demonstrated that three genes were involved in primary xylem maturation while five may function in secondary xylem formation. Expression analysis following inoculation with fungal pathogens, showed that five genes were induced in either stem or leaves. These results add further evidence that CAD/CAD-like genes have evolved specialised functions in plant development and defence against various pest and pathogens. Two genes (PoptrCAD11 and PoptrCAD15), which were induced under various stresses, could be treated as universal markers of plant defence using lignification or lignan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Abdelali Barakat
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
| | - Piotr Łakomy
- Department of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz J Smoliński
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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Chao N, Liu SX, Liu BM, Li N, Jiang XN, Gai Y. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of nine cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family members in Populus tomentosa. PLANTA 2014; 240:1097-112. [PMID: 25096165 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nine CAD/CAD-like genes in P. tomentosa were classified into four classes based on expression patterns, phylogenetic analysis and biochemical properties with modification for the previous claim of SAD. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) functions in monolignol biosynthesis and plays a critical role in wood development and defense. In this study, we isolated and cloned nine CAD/CAD-like genes in the Populus tomentosa genome. We investigated differential expression using microarray chips and found that PtoCAD1 was highly expressed in bud, root and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) with the greatest expression in the root. Differential expression in tissues was demonstrated for PtoCAD3, PtoCAD6 and PtoCAD9. Biochemical analysis of purified PtoCADs in vitro indicated PtoCAD1, PtoCAD2 and PtoCAD8 had detectable activity against both coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde. PtoCAD1 used both substrates with high efficiency. PtoCAD2 showed no specific requirement for sinapaldehyde in spite of its high identity with so-called PtrSAD (sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase). In addition, the enzymatic activity of PtoCAD1 and PtoCAD2 was affected by temperature. We classified these nine CAD/CAD-like genes into four classes: class I included PtoCAD1, which was a bone fide CAD with the highest activity; class II included PtoCAD2, -5, -7, -8, which might function in monolignol biosynthesis and defense; class III genes included PtoCAD3, -6, -9, which have a distinct expression pattern; class IV included PtoCAD12, which has a distinct structure. These data suggest divergence of the PtoCADs and its homologs, related to their functions. We propose genes in class II are a subset of CAD genes that evolved before angiosperms appeared. These results suggest CAD/CAD-like genes in classes I and II play a role in monolignol biosynthesis and contribute to our knowledge of lignin biosynthesis in P. tomentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Jin Y, Zhang C, Liu W, Qi H, Chen H, Cao S. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in melon (Cucumis melo L.): bioinformatic analysis and expression patterns. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101730. [PMID: 25019207 PMCID: PMC4096510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. However, little was known about CADs in melon. Five CAD-like genes were identified in the genome of melons, namely CmCAD1 to CmCAD5. The signal peptides analysis and CAD proteins prediction showed no typical signal peptides were found in all CmCADs and CmCAD proteins may locate in the cytoplasm. Multiple alignments implied that some motifs may be responsible for the high specificity of these CAD proteins, and may be one of the key residues in the catalytic mechanism. The phylogenetic tree revealed seven groups of CAD and melon CAD genes fell into four main groups. CmCAD1 and CmCAD2 belonged to the bona fide CAD group, in which these CAD genes, as representative from angiosperms, were involved in lignin synthesis. Other CmCADs were distributed in group II, V and VII, respectively. Semi-quantitative PCR and real time qPCR revealed differential expression of CmCADs, and CmCAD5 was expressed in different vegetative tissues except mature leaves, with the highest expression in flower, while CmCAD2 and CmCAD5 were strongly expressed in flesh during development. Promoter analysis revealed several motifs of CAD genes involved in the gene expression modulated by various hormones. Treatment of abscisic acid (ABA) elevated the expression of CmCADs in flesh, whereas the transcript levels of CmCAD1 and CmCAD5 were induced by auxin (IAA); Ethylene induced the expression of CmCADs, while 1-MCP repressed the effect, apart from CmCAD4. Taken together, these data suggested that CmCAD4 may be a pseudogene and that all other CmCADs may be involved in the lignin biosynthesis induced by both abiotic and biotic stresses and in tissue-specific developmental lignification through a CAD genes family network, and CmCAD2 may be the main CAD enzymes for lignification of melon flesh and CmCAD5 may also function in flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilong jiang, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Songxiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Han X, Lou H, Cheng A. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases from a liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:133-41. [PMID: 23774375 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) (EC 1.1.1.195) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. It catalyzes cinnamyl aldehydes as substrates to form corresponding alcohols, the last step in monolignol biosynthesis. Almost all CAD members of land plants could be divided into three classes according to the phylogenetic analysis, together with gene structure and function. In the present investigation, two cDNAs encoding CADs were obtained from a Chinese liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum thallus library and were designated as PaCAD1 and PaCAD2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 belonged to Class II. Full length cDNAs were heterologously expressed in E. coli and the recombinant PaCAD proteins displayed high activity levels using p-coumaryl, caffeyl, coniferyl, 5-hydroxyconiferyl and sinapyl aldehydes as substrates to form corresponding alcohols. The enzyme kinetics results showed that PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 used coniferyl aldehyde as the favourite substrate and showed high catalytic efficiency towards p-coumaryl aldehyde but lowest catalytic efficiency towards 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde. In accord with the higher lignin content in the thallus than in the callus, the expression level of PaCAD2 was also higher in thallus than in the callus. The expression of PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 was induced by Methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment. This suggested that these two PaCADs played twin roles in lignin biosynthesis and the defencedefence of abiotic stress in P. appendiculatum. This is the first time that the CADs in liverworts have been functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China
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Saathoff AJ, Donze T, Palmer NA, Bradshaw J, Heng-Moss T, Twigg P, Tobias CM, Lagrimini M, Sarath G. Towards uncovering the roles of switchgrass peroxidases in plant processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:202. [PMID: 23802005 PMCID: PMC3686051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous perennial plants selected as potential biofuel feedstocks had been understudied at the genomic and functional genomic levels. Recent investments, primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy, have led to the development of a number of molecular resources for bioenergy grasses, such as the partially annotated genome for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and some related diploid species. In its current version, the switchgrass genome contains 65,878 gene models arising from the A and B genomes of this tetraploid grass. The availability of these gene sequences provides a framework to exploit transcriptomic data obtained from next-generation sequencing platforms to address questions of biological importance. One such question pertains to discovery of genes and proteins important for biotic and abiotic stress responses, and how these components might affect biomass quality and stress response in plants engineered for a specific end purpose. It can be expected that production of switchgrass on marginal lands will expose plants to diverse stresses, including herbivory by insects. Class III plant peroxidases have been implicated in many developmental responses such as lignification and in the adaptive responses of plants to insect feeding. Here, we have analyzed the class III peroxidases encoded by the switchgrass genome, and have mined available transcriptomic datasets to develop a first understanding of the expression profiles of the class III peroxidases in different plant tissues. Lastly, we have identified switchgrass peroxidases that appear to be orthologs of enzymes shown to play key roles in lignification and plant defense responses to hemipterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Saathoff
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University of NebraskaLincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- *Correspondence: Aaron J. Saathoff, Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University of Nebraska, 137 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA e-mail:
| | - Teresa Donze
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University of NebraskaLincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jeff Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at KearneyKearney, NE, USA
| | - Christian M. Tobias
- Genomics and Gene Discovery Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureAlbany, CA, USA
| | - Mark Lagrimini
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University of NebraskaLincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
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