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Carvalho JCDE, Nascimento GDEO, Silva ACLDA, Ferreira MDASGR, Araújo WL, Gonçalves JFDEC. Germination and in vitro development of mature zygotic embryos and protein profile of seedlings of wild and cultivated Hevea brasiliensis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200515. [PMID: 35830067 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main factors governing Hevea brasiliensis germination and seedling establishment remains unclear. We examined the effect of growth regulators Indole 3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and their interactions on germination and the development of mature zygotic embryos (MZE) and protein profile of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings from wild and cultivated (clone PB 250) genotypes. Embryonic axes excised from seeds (wild and clone PB 250) were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium (control) and supplemented with IAA (3 µM) and BAP (6 µM) individually and their combination (3 µM IAA + 6 µM BAP). For both genotypes, the mature embryos displayed a high percentage of germination and establishment, and the seedlings were characterized by protein bands ranging from 7 to 30 kDa. Notably, the wild genotype showed proteins in the 14 kDa range, which may be associated with one of the major rubber elongation factors (REF). The wild and clone genotypes presented different behavior and strategies in relation to the protein profile in the presence of different growth regulators. Although the latex biosynthetic pathway and its mechanisms of regulation still remain largely unknown, our results aid in our understanding of the dynamics of proteins in different rubber tree clones in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane C DE Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-MCTI-INPA, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica Vegetal, Campus III (prédio 152), Av. HI, s/n, Conj. Morada do Sol, Aleixo, 69060-062 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gleisson DE O Nascimento
- Universidade Federal do Acre/UFAC, Centro Multidisciplinar, Campus Floresta, Estrada do Canela Fina, Km 12, Gleba Formoso, Lote 245, Colônia São Francisco, 69980-000 Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia L DA Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-MCTI-INPA, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica Vegetal, Campus III (prédio 152), Av. HI, s/n, Conj. Morada do Sol, Aleixo, 69060-062 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner L Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Edif. CCB II, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Campus Universitário, Av. Purdue, s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - José Francisco DE C Gonçalves
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-MCTI-INPA, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica Vegetal, Campus III (prédio 152), Av. HI, s/n, Conj. Morada do Sol, Aleixo, 69060-062 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Song Y, Gao X, Wu Y. Key Metabolite Differences Between Korean Pine ( Pinus koraiensis) Seeds With Primary Physiological Dormancy and No-Dormancy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767108. [PMID: 34880891 PMCID: PMC8647843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pinus Koraiensis seeds have physiological dormancy. Cold stratification releases seed dormancy. The changes in metabolite profiles of dormant seeds and cold stratified seeds during shorter incubation time in a favorable condition for seed germination have been studied. However, a more-long-term detection of the changes in metabolites in dormant seeds can identify the real metabolic pathways responsible for dormancy. Metabolite composition was investigated in embryo and megagametophyte of primary physiological dormant seeds (DS) of P. Koraiensis collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of incubation and of non-primary physiological dormant seeds (NDS) sampled at 0 and 1 week of incubation, seed coat rupture stage, and radicle protrusion stage. Embryos contained higher levels of most metabolites than megagametophyte. Strong accumulation of most metabolites in DS occurred at 1 and 4 weeks of incubation. A larger reduction in the relative levels of most phosphorylated sugars and amino acids in NDS was found between 1-week-incubation and seed coat rupture stage. The relative levels of metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism, especially the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were higher in the embryos of 4-week-incubated DS, but the relative contents of intermediate metabolites of most amino acid metabolism were lower compared to 1-week-incubated NDS. We suggested that the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the embryos of DS after 4 weeks of incubation maybe related to primary dormancy. Our study provides information for a better understanding of the mechanism of seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Song
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
- Karst Environmental Geological Hazard Prevention Laboratory of Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoye Gao
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunjie Wu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
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Alipour S, Bilska K, Stolarska E, Wojciechowska N, Kalemba EM. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are associated with distinct redox control of germination in Acer seeds with contrasting physiology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245635. [PMID: 33503034 PMCID: PMC7840005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed germination is a complex process enabling plant reproduction. Germination was found to be regulated at the proteome, metabolome and hormonal levels as well as via discrete post-translational modification of proteins including phosphorylation and carbonylation. Redox balance is also involved but less studied. Acer seeds displaying orthodox and recalcitrant characteristics were investigated to determine the levels of redox couples of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) phosphate (NADP) and integrated with the levels of ascorbate and glutathione. NAD and NADP concentrations were higher in Norway maple seeds and exceptionally high at the germinated stage, being the most contrasting parameter between germinating Acer seeds. In contrast, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios were higher in sycamore seeds, thus exhibiting higher reducing power. Despite distinct concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione, both seed types attained in embryonic axes and cotyledons had similar ratios of reduced/oxidized forms of ascorbate and half-cell reduction potential of glutathione at the germinated stage. Both species accomplished germination displaying different strategies to modulate redox status. Sycamore produced higher amounts of ascorbate and maintained pyridine nucleotides in reduced forms. Interestingly, lower NAD(P) concentrations limited the regeneration of ascorbate and glutathione but dynamically drove metabolic reactions, particularly in this species, and contributed to faster germination. We suggest that NAD(P) is an important player in regulating redox status during germination in a distinct manner in Norway maple and sycamore seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, Poland
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Integration of MsrB1 and MsrB2 in the Redox Network during the Development of Orthodox and Recalcitrant Acer Seeds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121250. [PMID: 33316974 PMCID: PMC7763665 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related tree species, Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. We compared the seeds of these two species to characterize the developmentally driven changes in the levels of peptide-bound methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and the abundance of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) B1 and B2, with respect to the cellular redox environment. Protein oxidation at the Met level was dynamic only in Norway maple seeds, and the reduced MsrB2 form was detected only in this species. Cell redox status, characterized by the levels of reduced and oxidized ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/phosphate (NADP), was clearly more reduced in the Norway maple seeds than in the sycamore seeds. Clear correlations between MetO levels, changes in water content and redox status were reported in orthodox Acer seeds. The abundance of Msrs was correlated in both species with redox determinants, mainly ascorbate and glutathione. Our data suggest that MsrB2 is associated with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and that ascorbate might be involved in the redox pathway enabling the regeneration of Msr via intermediates that are not known yet.
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Wojciechowska N, Alipour S, Stolarska E, Bilska K, Rey P, Kalemba EM. Involvement of the MetO/Msr System in Two Acer Species That Display Contrasting Characteristics during Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9197. [PMID: 33276642 PMCID: PMC7730483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and the abundances of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) were reported as important for the desiccation tolerance of Acer seeds. To determine whether the MetO/Msrs system is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and involved in the regulation of germination in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, Norway maple and sycamore were investigated. Changes in water content, MetO content, the abundance of MsrB1 and MsrB2 in relation to ROS content and the activity of reductases depending on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides were monitored. Acer seeds differed in germination speed-substantially higher in sycamore-hydration dynamics, levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which exhibited peaks at different stages of germination. The MetO level dynamically changed, particularly in sycamore embryonic axes, where it was positively correlated with the levels of O2•- and the abundance of MsrB1 and negatively with the levels of •OH and the abundance of MsrB2. The MsrB2 abundance increased upon sycamore germination; in contrast, it markedly decreased in Norway maple. We propose that the ROS-MetO-Msr redox system, allowing balanced Met redox homeostasis, participates in the germination process in sycamore, which is characterized by a much higher speed compared to Norway maple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ewelina Stolarska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Plant Protective Proteins (PPV) Team, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Aix Marseille University (AMU), 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France;
| | - Ewa M. Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
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Pawłowski TA, Bujarska-Borkowska B, Suszka J, Tylkowski T, Chmielarz P, Klupczyńska EA, Staszak AM. Temperature Regulation of Primary and Secondary Seed Dormancy in Rosa canina L.: Findings from Proteomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197008. [PMID: 32977616 PMCID: PMC7582745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a key environmental factor restricting seed germination. Rose (Rosa canina L.) seeds are characterized by physical/physiological dormancy, which is broken during warm, followed by cold stratification. Exposing pretreated seeds to 20 °C resulted in the induction of secondary dormancy. The aim of this study was to identify and functionally characterize the proteins associated with dormancy control of rose seeds. Proteins from primary dormant, after warm and cold stratification (nondormant), and secondary dormant seeds were analyzed using 2-D electrophoresis. Proteins that varied in abundance were identified by mass spectrometry. Results showed that cold stratifications affected the variability of the highest number of spots, and there were more common spots with secondary dormancy than with warm stratification. The increase of mitochondrial proteins and actin during dormancy breaking suggests changes in cell functioning and seed preparation to germination. Secondary dormant seeds were characterized by low levels of legumin, metabolic enzymes, and actin, suggesting the consumption of storage materials, a decrease in metabolic activity, and cell elongation. Breaking the dormancy of rose seeds increased the abundance of cellular and metabolic proteins that promote germination. Induction of secondary dormancy caused a decrease in these proteins and germination arrest.
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Alipour S, Wojciechowska N, Stolarska E, Bilska K, Kalemba EM. NAD(P)-Driven Redox Status Contributes to Desiccation Tolerance in Acer seeds. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1158-1167. [PMID: 32267948 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance is a developmental program enabling seed survival in a dry state and is common in seeds categorized as orthodox. We focused on NAD and its phosphorylated form (NADP) because their continual switching between reduced (NAD(P)H) and oxidized (NAD(P)+) forms is involved in the modulation of redox signaling and the determination of the reducing power and further antioxidant responses. Norway maple and sycamore seeds representing the orthodox and recalcitrant categories, respectively, were used as models in a comparison of responses to water loss. The process of desiccation up to 10% water content (WC) was monitored in Norway maple seeds, while dehydration up to 30% WC was monitored in desiccation-sensitive sycamore seeds. Norway maple and sycamore seeds, particularly their embryonic axes, exhibited a distinct redox status during dehydration and desiccation. High NADPH levels, NAD+ accumulation, low and stable NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios expressed as reducing power and high NADPH-dependent enzyme activity were reported in Norway maple seeds and were considered attributes of orthodox-type seeds. The contrasting results of sycamore seeds contributed to their low antioxidant capacity and high sensitivity to desiccation. NADPH deficiency, low NADPH-dependent enzyme activity and lack of NAD+ accumulation were primary features of sycamore seeds, with implications for their NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios and reducing power and with effects on many seed traits. Thus, we propose that the distinct levels of pyridine nucleotides and their redox status contribute to orthodox and recalcitrant phenotype differentiation in seeds by affecting cellular redox signaling, metabolism and the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stolarska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Ewa Marzena Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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Lando AP, Viana WG, Vale EM, Santos M, Silveira V, Steiner N. Cellular alteration and differential protein profile explain effects of GA 3 and ABA and their inhibitor on Trichocline catharinensis (Asteraceae) seed germination. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:258-275. [PMID: 32065665 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seed physiology of wild species has not been studied as deeply as that of domesticated crop species. Trichocline catharinensis (Asteraceae) is an endemic wildflower species from the high-altitude fields of southern Brazil. This species is of interest as a source of genes to improve cultivated Asteraceae because of its ornamental features, disease resistance and ability to tolerate drought and poor soil conditions. We studied the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3 ) and their inhibitors, fluridone (FLU) and paclobutrazol (PAC), on seed germination. We individually assessed ultrastructural changes and differential protein accumulation. The principal component analysis explained 69.66% of differential accumulation for 32 proteins at phase II of seed germination in response to hormone and inhibitor treatment. GA3 -imbibed seed germination (98.75%) resulted in increased protein accumulation to meet energy demand, redox regulation, and reserve metabolism activation. FLU-imbibed seeds showed a higher germination speed index as a consequence of metabolism activation. ABA-imbibed seeds (58.75%) showed osmotolerance and flattened cells in the hypocotyl-radicular axis, suggesting that ABA inhibits cell expansion. PAC-imbibed seeds remained at phase II for 300 h, and germination was suppressed (7.5%) because of the increased signaling proteins and halted reserve mobilization. Therefore, our findings provide insight into the behavior of Asteraceae non-dormant seed germination, which broadens our knowledge of seed germination in a wild and endemic plant species from a threatened ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Lando
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Willian G Viana
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ellen M Vale
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology (CBB), State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
- Unit of Integrative Biology, Genomic and Proteomics Sector, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marisa Santos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology (CBB), State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
- Unit of Integrative Biology, Genomic and Proteomics Sector, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Neusa Steiner
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Wojciechowska N, Alipour S, Stolarska E, Bilska K, Rey P, Kalemba EM. Peptide-Bound Methionine Sulfoxide (MetO) Levels and MsrB2 Abundance Are Differentially Regulated during the Desiccation Phase in Contrasted Acer Seeds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E391. [PMID: 32392756 PMCID: PMC7278694 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway maple and sycamore produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. Drying affects reduction and oxidation (redox) status in seeds. Oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and reduction via methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) have never been investigated in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. MetO levels and the abundance of Msrs were investigated in relation to levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and the levels of ascorbate and glutathione redox couples in gradually dried seeds. Peptide-bound MetO levels were positively correlated with ROS concentrations in the orthodox seeds. In particular, •OH affected MetO levels as well as the abundance of MsrB2 solely in the embryonic axes of Norway maple seeds. In this species, MsrB2 was present in oxidized and reduced forms, and the latter was favored by reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. In contrast, sycamore seeds accumulated higher ROS levels. Additionally, MsrB2 was oxidized in sycamore throughout dehydration. In this context, the three elements •OH level, MetO content and MsrB2 abundance, linked together uniquely to Norway maple seeds, might be considered important players of the redox network associated with desiccation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shirin Alipour
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ewelina Stolarska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Pascal Rey
- Aix Marseille University (AMU), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Plant Protective Proteins (PPV) Team, 13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France;
| | - Ewa Marzena Kalemba
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland; (N.W.); (S.A.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
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10
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Li FH, Yu P, Song CH, Wu JJ, Tian Y, Wu XF, Zhang XW, Liu YM. Differential protein analysis of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance seeds during stratification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 145:10-20. [PMID: 31665663 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heracleum moellendorffii Hance is a medicinal vegetable species, and the seed dormancy of this species has caused many agricultural problems. One stratification technique involves alternating layers of seeds and substrate to allow post-ripening of dormant seeds under appropriate environmental conditions and to release dormancy. Non-stratified seeds (NS), cotyledon-stage-embryo seeds (CS) and germinated seeds (GS) represent key stages of H. moellendorffii seeds during stratification. To better understand the breaking of dormancy caused by stratification, tandem mass tag (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was used to detect proteins among NS, CS and GS. A total of 876 proteins were identified, which were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. The results showed that carbohydrate metabolic processes, responses to stress and ribosome biogenesis were the main biological processes. The changes in protein accumulation were validated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that starch, sucrose, pyruvate and fatty acid metabolism played significant roles and that the contents of stored substances were gradually degraded during stratification. This study provides a theoretical basis in terms of proteomics for exploring the post-ripening and germination of H. moellendorffii seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - P Yu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - C H Song
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - J J Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y Tian
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - X F Wu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - X W Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Y M Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
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Rey MD, Castillejo MÁ, Sánchez-Lucas R, Guerrero-Sanchez VM, López-Hidalgo C, Romero-Rodríguez C, Valero-Galván J, Sghaier-Hammami B, Simova-Stoilova L, Echevarría-Zomeño S, Jorge I, Gómez-Gálvez I, Papa ME, Carvalho K, Rodríguez de Francisco LE, Maldonado-Alconada AM, Valledor L, Jorrín-Novo JV. Proteomics, Holm Oak ( Quercus ilex L.) and Other Recalcitrant and Orphan Forest Tree Species: How do They See Each Other? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030692. [PMID: 30736277 PMCID: PMC6386906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics has had a big impact on plant biology, considered as a valuable tool for several forest species, such as Quercus, Pines, Poplars, and Eucalyptus. This review assesses the potential and limitations of the proteomics approaches and is focused on Quercus ilex as a model species and other forest tree species. Proteomics has been used with Q. ilex since 2003 with the main aim of examining natural variability, developmental processes, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as in other species of the genus Quercus or Pinus. As with the progress in techniques in proteomics in other plant species, the research in Q. ilex moved from 2-DE based strategy to the latest gel-free shotgun workflows. Experimental design, protein extraction, mass spectrometric analysis, confidence levels of qualitative and quantitative proteomics data, and their interpretation are a true challenge with relation to forest tree species due to their extreme orphan and recalcitrant (non-orthodox) nature. Implementing a systems biology approach, it is time to validate proteomics data using complementary techniques and integrate it with the -omics and classical approaches. The full potential of the protein field in plant research is quite far from being entirely exploited. However, despite the methodological limitations present in proteomics, there is no doubt that this discipline has contributed to deeper knowledge of plant biology and, currently, is increasingly employed for translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Dolores Rey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Castillejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rosa Sánchez-Lucas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Victor M Guerrero-Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina López-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Romero-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica, Dirección de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción 1001-1925, Paraguay.
| | - José Valero-Galván
- Department of Chemical and Biological Science, Biomedicine Science Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juarez 32310, Mexico.
| | - Besma Sghaier-Hammami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova
- Plant Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Sira Echevarría-Zomeño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation (BVI), Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Gómez-Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María Eugenia Papa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Kamilla Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Ana María Maldonado-Alconada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascón Building, 2nd Floor (Office 2.9), 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Jesús V Jorrín-Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Cordoba, Carretera Nacional IV, km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
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12
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Staszak AM, Rewers M, Sliwinska E, Klupczynska EA, Pawlowski TA. DNA synthesis pattern, proteome, and ABA and GA signalling in developing seeds of Norway maple (Acer platanoides). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:152-164. [PMID: 32172757 DOI: 10.1071/fp18074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mature seeds of Norway maple exhibit desiccation tolerance and deep physiological dormancy. Flow cytometry, proteomics, and immunodetection have been combined to investigate seed development of this species. DNA content analysis revealed that cell cycle/endoreduplication activity differs between seed organs and developmental stages. In the embryo axis, the proportion of the nuclei with the highest DNA content (4C) increases at the beginning of maturation (17 weeks after flowering; WAF), and then is stable until the end of maturation, to increase again after drying. In cotyledons, during maturation endopolyploid nuclei (8C) occur and the intensity of endoreduplication increases up to 21 WAF, and then is stable until development is completed. In dry mature seeds, the proportion of 4C nuclei is high, and reaches 36% in the embryo axis and 52% in cotyledons. Proteomic studies revealed that energy and carbon metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, storage and antioxidant proteins are associated with seed development. Study of the ABI5 protein, a transcription factor involved in ABA signalling, and the RGL2 protein, a repressor of the GA signalling indicates that the highest accumulation of these proteins occurs in fully-matured and dried seeds. It is suggested that this increase in accumulation can be associated with completion of maturation, mainly with desiccation and dormancy acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Staszak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Monika Rewers
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego Avenue. 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego Avenue. 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina A Klupczynska
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz A Pawlowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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13
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Guzicka M, Pawlowski TA, Staszak A, Rozkowski R, Chmura DJ. Molecular and structural changes in vegetative buds of Norway spruce during dormancy in natural weather conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:721-734. [PMID: 29300984 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dormancy and the growth of trees in temperate climates are synchronized with seasons. Preparation for dormancy and its proper progression are key for survival and development in the next season. Using a unique approach that combined microscopy and proteomic methods, we investigated changes in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) embryonic shoots during four distinct stages of dormancy in natural weather conditions. We identified 13 proteins that varied among dormancy stages, and were linked to regulation of protein level; functioning of chloroplasts and other plastids; DNA and RNA regulation; and oxidative stress. We also found a group of five proteins, related to cold hardiness, that did not differ in expression among stages of dormancy, but had the highest abundancy level. Ultrastructure of organelles is tightly linked to their metabolic activity, and hence may indicate dormancy status. The observed ultrastructure during endodormancy was stable, whereas during ecodormancy, the structural changes were dynamic and related mainly to nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. At the ultrastructural level, the lack of starch and the presence of callose in plasmodesmata in all regions of embryonic shoot were indicators of full endodormancy. At the initiation of ecodormancy, we noted an increase in metabolic activity of organelles, tissue-specific starch hyperaccumulation and degradation. However, in proteomic analysis, we did not find variation in expression of proteins related to starch degradation or to symplastic isolation of cells. The combination of ultrastructural and proteomic methods gave a more complete picture of vegetative bud dormancy than either of them applied separately. We found some changes at the structural level, but not their analogues in the proteome. Our study suggests a very important role of plastids' organization and metabolism, and their protection in the course of dormancy and during the shift from endo- to ecodormancy and the acquisition of growth competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Guzicka
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Tomasz A Pawlowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Staszak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Roman Rozkowski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Daniel J Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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14
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Xia Q, Ponnaiah M, Cueff G, Rajjou L, Prodhomme D, Gibon Y, Bailly C, Corbineau F, Meimoun P, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H. Integrating proteomics and enzymatic profiling to decipher seed metabolism affected by temperature in seed dormancy and germination. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 269:118-125. [PMID: 29606208 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting seed dormancy and germination. The mechanism by which temperature induces germination in dormant seeds is however still unclear. Proteomic study has been performed in dormant sunflower seeds during imbibition at permissive and non-permissive temperatures for germination, 20 and 10 °C, respectively. Proteome analysis showed an increase of proteins belonging to metabolism and energy from the first hours of imbibition followed by a decrease of proteins involved in protein metabolism and seed storage in germinating compared to non-germinating seeds. Proteomic study was completed by polysome and proteasome activity assessment and enzymatic profiling on several altered proteins involved in metabolism and energy. Results showed that 20 °C treatment induced the activation of both protein synthesis and degradation processes, the latter being related to proteasome activity during the germination sensu stricto, and to other degradation processes such as proteases during the post-germination. Interestingly, enzymatic profiles showed that TCA cycle and glycolysis were more active in non-germinating seeds in the phase I of the germination sensu stricto. This result suggests the regulation of central metabolism activity in germinating seeds. The control of energy production during imbibition seems to be involved in molecular networks controlling seed dormancy and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xia
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maharajah Ponnaiah
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gwendal Cueff
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (UMR1318 INRA - AgroParisTech), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (UMR1318 INRA - AgroParisTech), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | - Duyen Prodhomme
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Plateforme Métabolome, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Plateforme Métabolome, Centre Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Bailly
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Corbineau
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Rurek M, Czołpińska M, Pawłowski TA, Krzesiński W, Spiżewski T. Cold and Heat Stress Diversely Alter Both Cauliflower Respiration and Distinct Mitochondrial Proteins Including OXPHOS Components and Matrix Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030877. [PMID: 29547512 PMCID: PMC5877738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex proteomic and physiological approaches for studying cold and heat stress responses in plant mitochondria are still limited. Variations in the mitochondrial proteome of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) curds after cold and heat and after stress recovery were assayed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) in relation to mRNA abundance and respiratory parameters. Quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial proteome revealed numerous stress-affected protein spots. In cold, major downregulations in the level of photorespiratory enzymes, porine isoforms, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and some low-abundant proteins were observed. In contrast, carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, heat-shock proteins, translation, protein import, and OXPHOS components were involved in heat response and recovery. Several transcriptomic and metabolic regulation mechanisms are also suggested. Cauliflower plants appeared less susceptible to heat; closed stomata in heat stress resulted in moderate photosynthetic, but only minor respiratory impairments, however, photosystem II performance was unaffected. Decreased photorespiration corresponded with proteomic alterations in cold. Our results show that cold and heat stress not only operate in diverse modes (exemplified by cold-specific accumulation of some heat shock proteins), but exert some associations at molecular and physiological levels. This implies a more complex model of action of investigated stresses on plant mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rurek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Czołpińska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | | | - Włodzimierz Krzesiński
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Spiżewski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland.
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16
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Macovei A, Pagano A, Leonetti P, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A, Araújo SS. Systems biology and genome-wide approaches to unveil the molecular players involved in the pre-germinative metabolism: implications on seed technology traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:669-688. [PMID: 27730302 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pre-germinative metabolism is among the most fascinating aspects of seed biology. The early seed germination phase, or pre-germination, is characterized by rapid water uptake (imbibition), which directs a series of dynamic biochemical events. Among those are enzyme activation, DNA damage and repair, and use of reserve storage compounds, such as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Industrial seedling production and intensive agricultural production systems require seed stocks with high rate of synchronized germination and low dormancy. Consequently, seed dormancy, a quantitative trait related to the activation of the pre-germinative metabolism, is probably the most studied seed trait in model species and crops. Single omics, systems biology, QTLs and GWAS mapping approaches have unveiled a list of molecules and regulatory mechanisms acting at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Most of the identified candidate genes encode for regulatory proteins targeting ROS, phytohormone and primary metabolisms, corroborating the data obtained from simple molecular biology approaches. Emerging evidences show that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in the regulation of these mentioned processes, constituting a still unexploited strategy to modulate seed traits. The present review will provide an up-date of the current knowledge on seed pre-germinative metabolism, gathering the most relevant results from physiological, genetics, and omics studies conducted in model and crop plants. The effects exerted by the biotic and abiotic stresses and priming are also addressed. The possible implications derived from the modulation of pre-germinative metabolism will be discussed from the point of view of seed quality and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Macovei
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pagano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Leonetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Carbonera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Susana S Araújo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Av. da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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