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Mateus P, Sousa F, Martins M, Sousa B, Afonso A, Oliveira F, Moutinho-Pereira J, Fidalgo F, Soares C. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus positively modulates Castanea sativa Miller (var. Marsol) responses to heat and drought co-exposure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108999. [PMID: 39098185 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Castanea sativa Miller, a high-valuable crop for Mediterranean countries, is facing frequent and prolonged periods of heat and drought, severely affecting chestnut production. Aiming to tackle this problem, this study unraveled the influence of mycorrhizal association with the fungi Paxillus involutus (Batsch) on young chestnut plants' responses to combined heat (42 °C; 4 h/day) and drought (no irrigation until soil moisture reached 25%) over 21 days of stress exposure. Heat stress had no harmful effects on growth, photosynthesis, nor induced oxidative stress in either mycorrhizal (MR) or non-mycorrhizal (NMR) chestnut plants. However, drought (alone or combined) reduced the growth of NMR plants, affecting water content, leaf production, and foliar area, while also hampering net CO2 assimilation and carbon relations. The mycorrhizal association, however, mitigated the detrimental effects of both stresses, resulting in less susceptibility and fewer growth limitations in MR chestnut plants, which were capable of ensuring a proper carbon flow. Evaluation of the oxidative metabolism revealed increased lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide levels in NMR plants under water scarcity, supporting their higher susceptibility to stress. Conversely, MR plants activated defense mechanisms by accumulating antioxidant metabolites (ascorbate, proline and glutathione), preventing oxidative damage, especially under the combined stress. Overall, drought was the most detrimental condition for chestnut growth, with heat exacerbating stress susceptibility. Moreover, mycorrhizal association with P. involutus substantially alleviated these effects by improving growth, water relations, photosynthesis, and activating defense mechanisms. Thus, this research highlights mycorrhization's potential to enhance C. sativa resilience against climate change, especially at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mateus
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CITAB- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Afonso
- Deifil Green-Biotechnology Lda, Rua do Talho nº 80 - Serzedelo, 4830-704, Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal
| | - Fátima Oliveira
- Deifil Green-Biotechnology Lda, Rua do Talho nº 80 - Serzedelo, 4830-704, Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- CITAB- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus Campo Alegre, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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El Yamani M, Cordovilla MDP. Tolerance Mechanisms of Olive Tree ( Olea europaea) under Saline Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2094. [PMID: 39124213 PMCID: PMC11314443 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree that occupies 19% of the woody crop area and is cultivated in 67 countries on five continents. The largest olive production region is concentrated in the Mediterranean basin, where the olive tree has had an enormous economic, cultural, and environmental impact since the 7th century BC. In the Mediterranean region, salinity stands out as one of the main abiotic stress factors significantly affecting agricultural production. Moreover, climate change is expected to lead to increased salinization in this region, threatening olive productivity. Salt stress causes combined damage by osmotic stress and ionic toxicity, restricting olive growth and interfering with multiple metabolic processes. A large variability in salinity tolerance among olive cultivars has been described. This paper aims to synthesize information from the published literature on olive adaptations to salt stress and its importance in salinity tolerance. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of olive tolerance to salt stress are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Yamani
- Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development, Essaouira School of Technology, Cadi Ayyad University, B.P. 383, Essaouira 40000, Morocco
| | - María del Pilar Cordovilla
- Center for Advances Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
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Tadić J, Dumičić G, Veršić Bratinčević M, Vitko S, Liber Z, Radić Brkanac S. Comparative analysis of cultivated and wild olive genotypes to salinity and drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1423761. [PMID: 39081524 PMCID: PMC11286399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1423761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region's harsh conditions, characterized by low rainfall, high solar radiation, and elevated temperatures, pose challenges for vegetation, particularly in the face of climate change. Cultivated olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) holds historical and economic significance as one of the oldest crops in the Mediterranean. Due to their high germplasm diversity and greater flowering abundance compared to the offspring of cultivated olives, wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) could be utilized for selecting new olive cultivars capable of adapting to a changing climate. This research aimed to compare the effects of salt and drought stress on wild and cultivated genotypes by analyzing morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. Results showed that shoot length, shoot dry mass, and leaf area are key drought stress indicators in wild olive trees. The results indicated the olive trees more susceptible to salinity stress had lower Na+ and Cl- concentrations in their leaves and took longer to stabilize salt ion levels. Decreased K+ content in roots across all treatments indicated a general stress response. The uptake of Ca2+ appears to be the most energy-efficient response of olive trees to short-term salinity and drought. In contrast to proline and malondialdehyde, trends in superoxide dismutase activity suggest that it is a reliable indicator of salinity and drought stress. Regarding olive adaptability to salinity stress, promising results obtained with two wild olive genotypes merit their further physiological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Tadić
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroPBioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gvozden Dumičić
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Veršić Bratinčević
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Sandra Vitko
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroPBioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Radić Brkanac
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Bonetto M, Cofré N, Calvo F, Silvente S. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of two olive ( Olea europaea) varieties Arbequina and Barnea under water deficit conditions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24108. [PMID: 39008621 DOI: 10.1071/fp24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
One strategy to improve olive (Olea europaea ) tree drought tolerance is through the symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which helps alleviate water deficit through a combination of morphophysiological effects. Cuttings of olive varieties Arbequina (A) and Barnea (B) were grown with (+AMF) or without (-AMF) inoculum in the olive grove rhizosphere soil. One year after establishment, pots were exposed to four different water regimes: (1) control (100% of crop evapotranspiration); (2) short-period drought (20days); (3) long-period drought (25days); and (4) rewatering (R). To evaluate the influence of AMF on tolerance to water stress, stem water potential, stomatal conductance and the biomarkers for water deficit malondialdehyde, proline, soluble sugars, phenols, and flavonoids were evaluated at the end of the irrigation regimes. Stem water potential showed higher values in A(+) and B(+) in all water conditions, and the opposite was true for stomatal conductance. For proline and soluble sugars, the stem water potential trend is repeated with some exceptions. AMF inoculum spore communities from A(+ and -) and B(+ and -) were characterised at the morphospecies level in terms of richness and abundance. Certain morphospecies were identified as potential drought indicators. These results highlight that the benefits of symbiotic relationships between olive and native AMF can help to mitigate the effects of abiotic stress in soils affected by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonetto
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible en el Oasis (IASO), Universidad Nacional de Chilecito (UNdeC), La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Noelia Cofré
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Franco Calvo
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible en el Oasis (IASO), Universidad Nacional de Chilecito (UNdeC), La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Sonia Silvente
- Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas (IAMRA), Universidad Nacional de Chilecito (UNdeC), La Rioja, Argentina
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Alsubhi SA, Aljeddani GS, Fallatah TA. Comparative assessment of metabolic, ionic and molecular responsiveness of four facultative halophytes to habitat salinization in the southwest of Jeddah Governorate, Saudi Arabia. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e277342. [PMID: 38422268 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.277342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the influence of salinity on some physiological and biochemical pathways of four facultative halophytes (Abutilon pannosum, Indigofera oblongifolia, Senna italica, and Tetraena coccinea) along the southwest coast of Jeddah Governorate. Through a comparative analysis of these plants in both saline and non-saline environments, the study investigates chlorophyll levels, ion concentrations within the plants, the correlation with the SOS1 gene, and the impact of salinity on metabolic compounds. The overarching goal is to gain insights into the adaptive mechanisms of these specific plants to salt stress, providing valuable information for addressing global agricultural challenges associated with salinity. Throughout the study, metabolic, ionic, and molecular responses of these plants were scrutinized in both environments. The findings revealed elevated levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in saline habitats, except for Na+ in I. oblongifolia. Despite increased concentrations of Chl b, variations were noted in Chl a and carotenoids in plants exposed to salt. Osmoregulatory patterns in A. pannosum and I. oblongifolia exhibited reversible changes, including heightened protein and proline levels in A. pannosum and decreased levels in I. oblongifolia, accompanied by alterations in amino acids and soluble carbohydrates. Senna italica displayed higher levels of osmolytes, excluding proline, compared to salinized environments, while T. coccinea exhibited lower levels of amino acids. The accumulation of Na+ emerged as the primary mechanism for ionic homeostasis in these plants, with non-significant decreases observed in K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Notably, an overexpression of the SOS1 gene (plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter) was observed as a response to maintaining ionic balance. Understanding these halophytes will be critical in addressing salinity challenges and enhancing crop tolerance to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Alsubhi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - G S Aljeddani
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Fallatah
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang M, Xing Y, Ma J, Zhang Y, Yu J, Wang X, Jia X. Investigation of the response of Platycodongrandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC to salt stress using combined transcriptomics and metabolomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:589. [PMID: 38001405 PMCID: PMC10675982 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC is a famous traditional Chinese medicine in China and an authentic medicine in Inner Mongolia. It has been traditionally used as an expectorant in cough and also has anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. As a homologous plant of medicine and food, P. grandiflorus is widely planted in Northeast China. Soil salinity isa limiting factor for its cultivation. In this study, we comprehensively described the physiological characteristics of P. grandiflorus and combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to study the response of roots of P. grandiflorus to salt stress. RESULTS Overall, 8,988 differentially expressed genes were activated and significantly altered the metabolic processes. In total, 428 differentially abundant metabolites were affected by salt stress. After moderate and severe salt stress, most of the differentially abundant metabolites were enriched in the L-phenylalanine metabolic pathway. Through the comprehensive analysis of the interaction between key genes and metabolites, the main pathways such as lignin compound biosynthesis and triterpene saponin biosynthesis were completed. The relative content of compounds related to lignin biosynthesis, such as caffeic acid, coniferin, and syringing, increased under salt stress, and the related genes such as PAL, C4H, and the key enzyme gene UGT72E2 were activated to adapt to the salt stress. Platycodon saponin is one of the major triterpene saponins in P. grandiflorus, and Platycodin D is its most abundant major bioactive component. Under severe salt stress, Platycodin D level increased by nearly 1.77-fold compared with the control group. Most of the genes involved insynthetic pathway of Platycodin D, such as HMGCR, GGPS, SE, and LUP, were upregulated under salt stress. CONCLUSION Salt stress led to a decrease in the biomass and affected the activities of antioxidant enzymes and contents of osmotic regulators in the plant. These results provided not only novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of response of P. grandiflorus to salt stress but also a foundation for future studies on the function of genes related to salt tolerance in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yushu Xing
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiannan Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Juan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China.
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Zakraoui M, Hannachi H, Pasković I, Vidović N, Polić Pasković M, Palčić I, Major N, Goreta Ban S, Hamrouni L. Effect of Geographical Location on the Phenolic and Mineral Composition of Chetoui Olive Leaves. Foods 2023; 12:2565. [PMID: 37444304 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of pedological parameters and variation of altitude on the mineral nutrients, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of olive leaves. Samples of the Chetoui cultivar were collected from eight geographical locations with different altitudes. Levels of phenolic compounds varied according to the altitude. Classification of the locations revealed that altitude 1 (>500 m) was characterized by high levels of secoiridoids and simple phenols, while altitude 2 (500-300 m) and altitude 3 (<300 m) were higher in flavonoids. Levels of Mn, Ca and B in the leaves and level of Zn in the soil were significantly correlated with the abundance of oleuropein and luteolin-7-O glucoside, the most important phenols in Chetoui olive leaves. The results suggest that, in addition to pedological criteria, environmental conditions also influence the formation of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Zakraoui
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Researches Institute of Water, Forests and Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Hédia Hannachi
- Laboratory of Vegetable Productivity and Environmental Constraint, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2029, Tunisia
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Vidović
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Igor Palčić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Nikola Major
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Lamia Hamrouni
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, National Researches Institute of Water, Forests and Rural Engineering, University of Carthage, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
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Abbey L, Ofoe R, Wang Z, Chada S. How Central Carbon Metabolites of Mexican Mint ( Plectranthus amboinicus) Plants Are Impacted under Different Watering Regimes. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040539. [PMID: 37110197 PMCID: PMC10141017 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile, and their ability to reprogram their metabolism to adapt to fluctuations in soil water level is crucial but not clearly understood. A study was performed to determine alterations in intermediate metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism (CCM) following exposure of Mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus) to varying watering regimes. The water treatments were regular watering (RW), drought (DR), flooding (FL), and resumption of regular watering after flooding (DHFL) or after drought (RH). Leaf cluster formation and leaf greening were swift following the resumption of regular watering. A total of 68 key metabolites from the CCM routes were found to be significantly (p < 0.01) impacted by water stress. Calvin cycle metabolites in FL plants, glycolytic metabolites in DR plants, total tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in DR and DHFL plants, and nucleotide biosynthetic molecules in FL and RH plants were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites were equally high in all the plants except DR plants. Total Calvin cycle metabolites had a significantly (p < 0.001) strong positive association with TCA cycle (r = 0.81) and PPP (r = 0.75) metabolites. Total PPP metabolites had a moderately positive association with total TCA cycle metabolites (r = 0.68; p < 0.01) and a negative correlation with total glycolytic metabolites (r = -0.70; p < 0.005). In conclusion, the metabolic alterations of Mexican mint plants under different watering regimes were revealed. Future studies will use transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to identify genes and proteins that regulate the CCM route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lord Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Raphael Ofoe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Zijing Wang
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Sparsha Chada
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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Lu W, Zhao Y, Liu J, Zhou B, Wei G, Ni R, Zhang S, Guo J. Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant System and Salt-Stress Tolerance in Two Hibiscus Cultivars Exposed to NaCl Toxicity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1525. [PMID: 37050151 PMCID: PMC10097027 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus L.) is known as a horticultural plant of great ornamental and medicinal value. However, the effect of NaCl stress on hibiscus seedlings is unclear. Little is known about H. syriacus 'Duede Brabaul' (DB) and H. syriacus 'Blueberry Smoothie' (BS). Here, the effects of solutions with different concentrations of NaCl on the organic osmolytes, ion accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activity of hibiscus seedling leaves were determined. The results showed that the Na+/K+ ratio was imbalanced with increasing NaCl concentration, especially in BS (range 34% to 121%), which was more sensitive than DB (range 32% to 187%) under NaCl concentrations of 50 to 200 mM. To cope with the osmotic stress, the content of organic osmolytes increased significantly. Additionally, NaCl stress caused a large increase in O2·- and H2O2, and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly increased to remove excess ROS. The expression level of genes related to salt tolerance was significantly higher in DB than that in BS under different NaCl concentrations. Taken together, DB possessed a stronger tolerance to salt stress and the results suggest membrane stability, Na+/K+, H2O2, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase as salt tolerance biomarkers that can be used for gene transformation and breeding in future hibiscus research.
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Falcione M, Simiele M, Renella A, Scippa GS, Di Martino P, Trupiano D. A Multi-Level Approach as a Powerful Tool to Identify and Characterize Some Italian Autochthonous Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces under a Changing Environment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2790. [PMID: 36297814 PMCID: PMC9609626 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A prime role in matters of agrobiodiversity is held by landraces, which serve as a repository gene pool able to meet sustainable development goals and to face the ongoing challenges of climate change. However, many landraces are currently endangered due to environmental and socio-economic changes. Thus, effective characterization activities and conservation strategies should be undertaken to prevent their genetic and cultural erosion. In the current study, the morphological, genetic, and biochemical analyses were integrated with stress response-related studies to characterize the diversity of seven Italian autochthonous common bean landraces. The results showed that the morphological descriptors and the neutral molecular markers represent powerful tools to identify and distinguish diversity among landrace populations, but they cannot correlate with the stress tolerance pattern of genetically similar populations. The study also supported the use of proline as a biochemical marker to screen the most salt-sensitive bean landraces. Thus, to fully elucidate the future dynamics of agrobiodiversity and to establish the basis for safeguarding them while promoting their utilization, a multi-level approach should always be included in any local and national program for the characterization/conservation/use of genetic resources. This study should represent the basis for further joint research that effectively contributes to set/achieve Italian priorities towards sustainability in the framework of emerging environmental, societal, and economic challenges.
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Galicia-Campos E, García-Villaraco Velasco A, Montero-Palmero MB, Gutiérrez-Mañero FJ, Ramos-Solano B. Modulation of Photosynthesis and ROS Scavenging Response by Beneficial Bacteria in Olea europaea Plantlets under Salt Stress Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2748. [PMID: 36297772 PMCID: PMC9611751 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change consequences for agriculture involve an increase of saline soils which results in lower crop yields due to increased oxidative stress in plants. The present study reports the use of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) as a tool to modulate plant innate mechanisms of adaptation to water stress (salinity and drought) in one year-old olive plantlets var. Arbosana and Arbequina. Integration of external changes in plants involve changes in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that behave as signals to trigger plant adaptative mechanisms; however, they become toxic in high concentrations. For this reason, plants are endowed with antioxidant systems to keep ROS under control. So, the working hypothesis is that specific beneficial strains will induce a systemic response able to modulate oxidative stress and improve plant adaptation to water stress. Ten strains were assayed, evaluating changes in photosynthesis, pigments, ROS scavenging enzymes and antioxidant molecules, osmolytes and malondialdehyde, as oxidative stress marker. Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments were the most affected variables. Despite the specific response of each variety, the favorite targets of PGPBs to improve plant fitness were photosynthetic pigments and the antioxidant pools of glutathione and ascorbate. Our results show the potential of PGPBs to improve plant fitness modulating oxidative stress.
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Vita F, Sabbatini L, Sillo F, Ghignone S, Vergine M, Guidi Nissim W, Fortunato S, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Luvisi A, Balestrini R, De Bellis L, Mancuso S. Salt stress in olive tree shapes resident endophytic microbiota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992395. [PMID: 36247634 PMCID: PMC9556989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Olea europaea L. is a glycophyte representing one of the most important plants in the Mediterranean area, both from an economic and agricultural point of view. Its adaptability to different environmental conditions enables its cultivation in numerous agricultural scenarios, even on marginal areas, characterized by soils unsuitable for other crops. Salt stress represents one current major threats to crop production, including olive tree. In order to overcome this constraint, several cultivars have been evaluated over the years using biochemical and physiological methods to select the most suitable ones for cultivation in harsh environments. Thus the development of novel methodologies have provided useful tools for evaluating the adaptive capacity of cultivars, among which the evaluation of the plant-microbiota ratio, which is important for the maintenance of plant homeostasis. In the present study, four olive tree cultivars (two traditional and two for intensive cultivation) were subjected to saline stress using two concentrations of salt, 100 mM and 200 mM. The effects of stress on diverse cultivars were assessed by using biochemical analyses (i.e., proline, carotenoid and chlorophyll content), showing a cultivar-dependent response. Additionally, the olive tree response to stress was correlated with the leaf endophytic bacterial community. Results of the metabarcoding analyses showed a significant shift in the resident microbiome for plants subjected to moderate salt stress, which did not occur under extreme salt-stress conditions. In the whole, these results showed that the integration of stress markers and endophytic community represents a suitable approach to evaluate the adaptation of cultivars to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sabbatini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (CNR-ISPAAM), Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione per il futuro delle città (FFC), Florence, Italy
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de Oliveira JPV, Duarte VP, de Castro EM, Magalhães PC, Pereira FJ. Stomatal cavity modulates the gas exchange of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. grown under different water levels. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1081-1097. [PMID: 34755230 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effects of lower water levels on leaf intercellular spaces and to assess their relations with the gas exchange, anatomy, and growth of Sorghum bicolor. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in which plants were subjected to three water conditions (ten replicates, n = 30): well-irrigated, decreased irrigation, and limited irrigation. Lower water levels had no significant effect on the growth of S. bicolor but increased the biomass of the roots. Moreover, the number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf size as well as the chlorophyll content were not affected by lower water levels, and no significant changes were detected for whole plant photosynthesis, transpiration, or stomatal conductance. The water content of the plants and the water potential remained unchanged. However, compared with other treatments, the decreased irrigation decreased water loss and increased the water retention. Lower water levels increased the intercellular CO2 percentage, mesophyll area, and proportion of stomatal cavities and promoted minor changes in leaf tissue and stomatal traits. The increased stomatal cavities provided higher CO2 uptake and prevented excessive water loss. Thus, modifications to the intercellular spaces promoted conditions to avoid excessive water loss while concurrently improving CO2 uptake, which are important traits for drought-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabricio José Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza (ICN), Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Centro, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.
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Foliar Application of Nano-Silicon Improves the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of ‘Kalamata’ Olive Subjected to Deficit Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Climate. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121561. [PMID: 35736712 PMCID: PMC9229156 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt’s arid and semi-arid lands where the main olive production zone is located, evapotranspiration is higher than rainfall during winter. Limited research has used nanomaterials, especially nano-silicon (nSi) to improve the growth, development, and productivity of drought-stressed fruit trees, amid the global water scarcity problem. To assess the role of nSi on drought-sensitive ‘Kalamata’ olive tree growth, and biochemical and physiological changes under drought conditions, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design. The trees were foliar sprayed with nSi in the field using nine treatments (three replicates each) of 0, 150, and 200 mg·L−1 under different irrigation regimes (100, 90, and 80% irrigation water requirements ‘IWR’) during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. Drought negatively affected the trees, but both concentrations of nSi alleviated drought effects at reduced irrigation levels, compared to the non-stressed trees. Foliar spray of both concentrations of nSi at a moderate level (90% IWR) of drought resulted in improved yield and fruit weight and reduced fruit drop percentage, compared to 80% IWR. In addition, there were reduced levels of osmoprotectants such as proline, soluble sugars, and abscisic acid (ABA) with less membrane damage expressed as reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and electrolyte leakage at 90% compared to 80% IWR. These results suggest that ‘Kalamata’ olive trees were severely stressed at 80% compared to 90% IWR, which was not surprising as it is classified as drought sensitive. Overall, the application of 200 mg·L−1 nSi was beneficial for the improvement of the mechanical resistance, growth, and productivity of moderately-stressed (90% IWR) ‘Kalamata’ olive trees under the Egyptian semi-arid conditions.
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15
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Characterization of Differentially Expressed Genes under Salt Stress in Olive. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010154. [PMID: 35008580 PMCID: PMC8745295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, currently taking place worldwide and also in the Mediterranean area, is leading to a reduction in water availability and to groundwater salinization. Olive represents one of the most efficient tree crops to face these scenarios, thanks to its natural ability to tolerate moderate salinity and drought. In the present work, four olive cultivars (Koroneiki, Picual, Royal de Cazorla and Fadak86) were exposed to high salt stress conditions (200 mM of NaCl) in greenhouse, in order to evaluate their tolerance level and to identify key genes involved in salt stress response. Molecular and physiological parameters, as well as plant growth and leaves’ ions Na+ and K+ content were measured. Results of the physiological measurements showed Royal de Cazorla as the most tolerant cultivar, and Fadak86 and Picual as the most susceptible ones. Ten candidate genes were analyzed and their complete genomic, CDS and protein sequences were identified. The expression analysis of their transcripts through reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that only OeNHX7, OeP5CS, OeRD19A and OePetD were upregulated in tolerant cultivars, thus suggesting their key role in the activation of a salt tolerance mechanism.
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Skodra C, Michailidis M, Dasenaki M, Ganopoulos I, Thomaidis NS, Tanou G, Molassiotis A. Unraveling salt-responsive tissue-specific metabolic pathways in olive tree. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1643-1656. [PMID: 34537965 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a serious constraint that reduces olive crop productivity. Here, we defined metabolite and gene expression changes in various tissues of olive trees (cv. "Chondrolia Chalkidikis") exposed to 75 mM NaCl for 45 days. Results showed that salinity induced foliar symptoms and impaired growth and photosynthetic parameters. The content of Na+ and Cl- in roots, xylem, phloem and leaves increased, although the Na+ levels in old leaves and Cl- in young leaves remained unaffected. Mannitol was accumulated in roots and old leaves challenged by salinity. NaCl-treated trees have a decreased TCA-associated metabolites, such as citric and malic acid, as well as changes in phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid) and genes (OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H). Salt treatment resulted in hydroxyl-decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulation and OeGTF up-regulation in new leaves, possibly suggesting that oleuropein metabolism was modified by NaCl. Tyrosine metabolism, particularly verbascoside levels and OePPO and OehisC expressions, was modulated by salinity. Both genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII) and metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced in old leaves exposed to NaCl. Based on these data, we constructed an interaction scheme of changes in metabolites and transcripts across olive tissues upon salinity. Particularly, several metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism were reduced in roots, while many sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoids were increased in leaves. This study provided a framework for better understanding the possible mechanisms that govern the tissue-specific response of olive tree to salinity stress, with insights into molecules that can be used for olive crop improvement projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Skodra
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marilena Dasenaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Tanou
- Joint Laboratory of Horticulture, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanassios Molassiotis
- Department of Horticulture, Laboratory of Pomology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zahedi SM, Hosseini MS, Fahadi Hoveizeh N, Gholami R, Abdelrahman M, Tran LSP. Exogenous melatonin mitigates salinity-induced damage in olive seedlings by modulating ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and phytohormone balance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1682-1694. [PMID: 34716914 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) is a ubiquitous molecule with pleiotropic roles in plant adaption to stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of foliar spray of 100 and 200 μM MEL on the biochemical and physiological traits linked with the growth performance of olive seedlings exposed to moderate (45 mM NaCl) and severe (90 mM NaCl) salinity. Both salt stress conditions caused a considerable reduction in leaf relative water content and the contents of photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b, and total chlorophylls), K+ and Ca+2 , while the contents of Na+ and the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased. In addition, salt-stressed olive seedlings showed high accumulations of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL), indicating that olive seedlings suffered from salinity-induced oxidative damage. In contrast, MEL application revived the growth of olive seedlings, including shoot height, root length and biomass under salt stress conditions. MEL protected the photosynthetic pigments and decreased the Na+ /K+ ratio under both moderate and severe salt stresses. Furthermore, MEL induced the accumulations of proline, total soluble sugars, glycine betaine, abscisic acid, and indole acetic acid in salt-stressed olive seedlings, which showed a positive correlation with improved leaf water status and biomass. MEL application also increased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase in salt-stressed seedlings, resulting in lower levels of H2 O2 , MDA, and EL in these plants. Taken together, MEL mitigates salinity through its roles in various biochemical and physiological processes, thereby representing a promising agent for application in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Zahedi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Fahadi Hoveizeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Gholami
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Abdelrahman
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Galala University, Suze, Galala, Egypt
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Tadić J, Dumičić G, Veršić Bratinčević M, Vitko S, Radić Brkanac S. Physiological and Biochemical Response of Wild Olive ( Olea europaea Subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) to Salinity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712005. [PMID: 34527009 PMCID: PMC8437259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the face of climate change, water deficit and increasing soil salinity pose an even greater challenge to olive cultivation in the Mediterranean basin. Due to its tolerance to abiotic stresses, wild olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) presents a good candidate in breeding climate-resilient olive varieties. In this study, the early response of the native Croatian wild olive genotype (WOG) to salinity was evaluated and compared with that of well-known cultivars (cv.) Leccino and Koroneiki. Potted olive plants were exposed either to 150 mM NaCl or 300 mM mannitol for 3 weeks to distinguish between the osmotic and ionic components of salt stress. To determine the impact of the plant age on salinity, 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old WOG plants were used in the study. The growth parameters of both the cultivars and WOG of different ages decreased in response to the mannitol treatment. In contrast to cv. Leccino, the NaCl treatment did not significantly affect the growth of cv. Koroneiki or WOG of any age. The contents of Na+ and Cl- were considerably higher in the salt-treated WOG, regardless of age, compared with the cultivars. However, while both treatments significantly reduced the K+ content of cv. Koroneiki, that nutrient was not significantly affected in either cv. Leccino or WOG. Unlike the cultivars and older WOG, the NaCl treatment caused a significant decline of photosynthetic pigments in the 1-year-old WOG. The cultivars and WOG of different ages experienced a similar drop in the chlorophyll a content under the isotonic mannitol treatment. The absence of lipid peroxidation, modulation of superoxide dismutase, and guaiacol peroxidase activity were noted in all WOG ages under both stressors. These data suggest that WOG resilience to salinity is associated with its large leaf capacity for Na+ and Cl- accumulation, K+ retention, and its adaptable antioxidative mechanisms. The results are promising with regard to obtaining a new olive cultivar with better resilience to soil salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Tadić
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroPBioDiv), Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gvozden Dumičić
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Veršić Bratinčević
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Sandra Vitko
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Radić Brkanac
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Evaluation of Indigenous Olive Biocontrol Rhizobacteria as Protectants against Drought and Salt Stress. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061209. [PMID: 34204989 PMCID: PMC8230297 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress caused by drought and salinity may compromise growth and productivity of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree crops. Several studies have reported the use of beneficial rhizobacteria to alleviate symptoms produced by these stresses, which is attributed in some cases to the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACD). A collection of beneficial olive rhizobacteria was in vitro screened for ACD activity. Pseudomonas sp. PICF6 displayed this phenotype and sequencing of its genome confirmed the presence of an acdS gene. In contrast, the well-known root endophyte and biocontrol agent Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 was defective in ACD activity, even though the presence of an ACD-coding gene was earlier predicted in its genome. In this study, an unidentified deaminase was confirmed instead. Greenhouse experiments with olive ‘Picual’ plants inoculated either with PICF6 or PICF7, or co-inoculated with both strains, and subjected to drought or salt stress were carried out. Several physiological and biochemical parameters increased in stressed plants (i.e., stomatal conductance and flavonoids content), regardless of whether or not they were previously bacterized. Results showed that neither PICF6 (ACD positive) nor PICF7 (ACD negative) lessened the negative effects caused by the abiotic stresses tested, at least under our experimental conditions.
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Mechri B, Tekaya M, Attia F, Hammami M, Chehab H. Drought stress improved the capacity of Rhizophagus irregularis for inducing the accumulation of oleuropein and mannitol in olive (Olea europaea) roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:178-191. [PMID: 32961433 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Olive trees are often subjected to a prolonged dry season with low water availability, which induces oxidative stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses can improve olive plant tolerance to water deficit. This study investigated several aspects related to drought tolerance in AM fungi olive plants. Non-AM and AM plants were grown under well-watered or drought-stressed conditions, and mycorrhizal growth response, neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA)16:1ω5 and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) 16:1ω5 in roots (intraradical mycelium) and in soil (extraradical mycelium), carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides and polyols) and phenolic compounds (phenolic alcohols, flavonoids, lignans, secoiridoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) were determined. Results showed that the amounts of PLFA 16:1ω5 and NLFA 16:1ω5 were significantly influenced by drought stress conditions. The NLFA 16:1ω5/PLFA 16:1ω5 ratio showed a dramatic decrease (-62%) with the application of water deficit stress, indicating that AM fungi allocated low carbon to storage structures under stress conditions. Mannitol and verbascoside are the main compounds detected in the roots of well-watered plants, whereas oleuropein and mannitol are the main compounds differentially accumulated in the roots of water-stressed plants. The oleuropein/verbascoside ratio increased in the case of drought-stressed AM plants by 30%, while the mannitol/oleuropein ratio was decreased by 46%, when compared to the non-AM stressed plants. Mycorrhization therefore oriented the flux toward the biosynthetic pathway of oleuropein and the data suggest that sugar and phenolic compound metabolism may have been redirected to the formation of oleuropein in roots of AM stressed plants, that may underlie their enhanced tolerance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beligh Mechri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Meriem Tekaya
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Attia
- The Olive Tree Institute, Unit Specializing in Sousse, Ibn Khaldoun Street B.P. 14, 4061, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Chehab
- The Olive Tree Institute, Unit Specializing in Sousse, Ibn Khaldoun Street B.P. 14, 4061, Sousse, Tunisia
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21
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The Impact of Drought in Plant Metabolism: How to Exploit Tolerance Mechanisms to Increase Crop Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions, for instance abiotic stresses, which dramatically alter distribution of plant species among ecological niches and limit the yields of crop species. Among these, drought stress is one of the most impacting factors which alter seriously the plant physiology, finally leading to the decline of the crop productivity. Drought stress causes in plants a set of morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes, mainly addressed to limit the loss of water by transpiration with the attempt to increase the plant water use efficiency. The stomata closure, one of the first consistent reactions observed under drought, results in a series of consequent physiological/biochemical adjustments aimed at balancing the photosynthetic process as well as at enhancing the plant defense barriers against drought-promoted stress (e.g., stimulation of antioxidant systems, accumulation of osmolytes and stimulation of aquaporin synthesis), all representing an attempt by the plant to overcome the unfavorable period of limited water availability. In view of the severe changes in water availability imposed by climate change factors and considering the increasing human population, it is therefore of outmost importance to highlight: (i) how plants react to drought; (ii) the mechanisms of tolerance exhibited by some species/cultivars; and (iii) the techniques aimed at increasing the tolerance of crop species against limited water availability. All these aspects are necessary to respond to the continuously increasing demand for food, which unfortunately parallels the loss of arable land due to changes in rainfall dynamics and prolonged period of drought provoked by climate change factors. This review summarizes the most updated findings on the impact of drought stress on plant morphological, biochemical and physiological features and highlights plant mechanisms of tolerance which could be exploited to increase the plant capability to survive under limited water availability. In addition, possible applicative strategies to help the plant in counteracting unfavorable drought periods are also discussed.
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22
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Marqués-Gálvez JE, Morte A, Navarro-Ródenas A. Spring stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit as a marker for desert truffle fruiting. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:503-512. [PMID: 32556836 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00966-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of desert truffle Terfezia claveryi using Helianthemum almeriense as a host plant has recently become a solid alternative crop in the Mediterranean region due to its adaptation to arid and semiarid ecosystems, which are expected to increase during the following years because of climate change. However, management models are still being developed in order to improve and stabilize the production, which varies greatly from one year to another. According to gatherers and farmers, one of the key factors for desert truffle production is the plant phenology in spring, which, in turn, depends on environmental conditions. In this manuscript, we have characterized the physiological, morphological, and molecular responses of the mycorrhizal plants in spring, coinciding with the fructification period of the plant and fungal species. Thanks to this characterization, a sigmoidal relationship between stomatal conductance and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was found, which can be used as a marker of plant phenological switch. In order to confirm that this phenology status is related to desert truffle fructification, this marker has been successfully correlated to total truffle production. The results of this manuscript suppose a big step forward that will help to develop management models for the desert truffle crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Marqués-Gálvez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Thader Biotechnology SL, Ed. CAID, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- Thader Biotechnology SL, Ed. CAID, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Thader Biotechnology SL, Ed. CAID, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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23
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Sharma JK, Sihmar M, Santal AR, Singh NP. Impact assessment of major abiotic stresses on the proteome profiling of some important crop plants: a current update. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2019; 35:126-160. [PMID: 31478455 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2019.1657682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses adversely affect the plant's growth and development leading to loss of crop plants and plant products in terms of both the quality and quantity. Two main strategies are adopted by plants to acclimatize to stresses; avoidance and tolerance. These adaptive strategies of plants at the cellular and metabolic level enable them to withstand such detrimental conditions. Acclimatization is associated with intensive changes in the proteome of plants and these changes are directly involved in plants response to stress. Proteome studies can be used to screen for these proteins and their involvement in plants response to various abiotic stresses evaluated. In this review, proteomic studies of different plants species under different abiotic stresses, particularly drought, salinity, heat, cold, and waterlogging, are discussed. From different proteomic studies, the stress response can be determined by an interaction between proteomic and physiological changes which occur in plants during such stress conditions. These identified proteins from different processes under different abiotic stress conditions definitely add to our understanding for exploiting them in various biotechnological applications in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Sihmar
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Anita Rani Santal
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - N P Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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Mechri B, Tekaya M, Hammami M, Chehab H. Root verbascoside and oleuropein are potential indicators of drought resistance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:407-414. [PMID: 31228797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are constituents of all higher plants. However, their biosynthesis is often induced when plants are exposed to abiotic stresses, such as drought. The aim of the present work was to determine the phenolic status in the roots of olive trees grown under water deficit conditions. The results revealed that roots of water-stressed plants had a higher content of total phenols. The main compound detected in well-watered olive tree roots was verbascoside. Oleuropein was established as the predominant phenolic compound of water-stressed plants. The oleuropein/verbascoside ratio varied between 0.31 and 6.02 in well-watered and water-stressed plants respectively, which could be a useful indicator of drought tolerance in olive trees. Furthermore, this study is the first to provide experimental evidence showing that luteolin-7-rutinoside, luteolin-7-glucoside and apigenin-7-glucoside were the dominant flavonoid glucosides in olive tree roots and showed the most significant variations under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beligh Mechri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Meriem Tekaya
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass Spectrometry, LR-NAFS/LR12ES05 Nutrition Functional Foods and Vascular Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hechmi Chehab
- The Olive Tree Institute, Unit Specializing in Sousse, Ibn Khaldoun Street B.P. 14, 4061, Sousse, Tunisia
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25
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Moretti S, Francini A, Hernández ML, Martínez-Rivas JM, Sebastiani L. Effect of saline irrigation on physiological traits, fatty acid composition and desaturase genes expression in olive fruit mesocarp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:423-430. [PMID: 31233983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salinity on physiological traits, fatty acid composition and desaturase genes expression in fruit mesocarp of olive cultivar Leccino was investigated. Significant reduction of shoot elongation (-12%) during salt treatments (80 mM NaCl) was associated with the translocation of Na in the aerial part. After 75 days of treatment, fruits from each plant were subdivided into four maturation groups (MG0, MG1, MG2, MG3) according to ripening degrees. Na accumulation increased in each MG under salinity, reaching the highest values in MG1 fruits (2654 mg kg-1 DW). Salinity caused an acceleration of the ripening process, increased fruit number and decreased total fatty acids content in MG3. An increase in oleic acid at MG1 (53%) was detected, with consequent increase in the oleic/linoleic (41%) and decrease in the polyunsaturated/monounsaturated ratios (30%). Those variations could be explained by the synergic up-regulation of OeSAD1, together with the down-regulation of OeFAD6 transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Moretti
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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26
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Brito C, Dinis LT, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia CM. Drought Stress Effects and Olive Tree Acclimation under a Changing Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E232. [PMID: 31319621 PMCID: PMC6681365 DOI: 10.3390/plants8070232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consciousness regarding the nutritional value of olive oil has enhanced the demand for this product and, consequently, the expansion of olive tree cultivation. Although it is considered a highly resilient and tolerant crop to several abiotic stresses, olive growing areas are usually affected by adverse environmental factors, namely, water scarcity, heat and high irradiance, and are especially vulnerable to climate change. In this context, it is imperative to improve agronomic strategies to offset the loss of productivity and possible changes in fruit and oil quality. To develop more efficient and precise measures, it is important to look for new insights concerning response mechanisms to drought stress. In this review, we provided an overview of the global status of olive tree ecology and relevance, as well the influence of environmental abiotic stresses in olive cultivation. Finally, we explored and analysed the deleterious effects caused by drought (e.g., water status and photosynthetic performance impairment, oxidative stress and imbalance in plant nutrition), the most critical stressor to agricultural crops in the Mediterranean region, and the main olive tree responses to withstand this stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Brito
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lia-Tânia Dinis
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Correia
- CITAB-Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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Regni L, Del Pino AM, Mousavi S, Palmerini CA, Baldoni L, Mariotti R, Mairech H, Gardi T, D’Amato R, Proietti P. Behavior of Four Olive Cultivars During Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:867. [PMID: 31333704 PMCID: PMC6624443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Olive is considered as a moderately salt tolerant plant, however, tolerance to salt appears to be cultivar-dependent and genotypic responses have not been extensively investigated. In this work, saline stress was induced in four olive cultivars: Arbequina, Koroneiki, Royal de Cazorla and Fadak 86. The plants were grown in 2.5 l pots containing 60% peat and 40% of pumice mixture for 240 days and were irrigated three times a week with half-strength Hoagland solution containing 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl. The effects of salt stress on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters were determined after 180, 210, and 240 days of treatment. Saline stress response was evaluated in leaves by measuring the activity of GSH and CAT enzymatic activity, as well as proline levels, gas exchanges, leaves relative water content and chlorophyll content, and proline content. All the studied cultivars showed a decrease in Net Photosynthesis, leaves chlorophyll content and plant growth (mainly leaves dry weight) and an increase in the activity of GSH and CAT. In addition, the reduction of proline content in leaf tissues, induced an alteration of osmotic regulation. Among the studied cultivars Royal and Koroneiki better counteracting the effects of saline stress thanks to a higher activity of two antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Marco Del Pino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Palmerini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Perugia, Italy
| | - Hanene Mairech
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tiziano Gardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto D’Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Primo Proietti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Roka L, Koudounas K, Daras G, Zoidakis J, Vlahou A, Kalaitzis P, Hatzopoulos P. Proteome of olive non-glandular trichomes reveals protective protein network against (a)biotic challenge. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:210-218. [PMID: 30286324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olive is one of the most important fruit crop trees in the history of Mediterranean because of the high quality oil. Olive oil has a well-balanced fatty acid composition along with biophenols, which make it exceptional in human diet and provide an exceptional value to the olive oil. Leaf non-glandular peltate trichomes are specialized cell types representing a protective barrier against acute environmental conditions. To characterize the proteome of this highly differentiated cell type, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis among isolated trichomes and trichome-less leaves. Proteins were separated and identified using the 2-DE MALDI-TOF/MS method. A number of enzymes involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses are present and may be responsible for the adaptation to prolonged adverse environmental conditions. The results show that this highly differentiated cell type is physiologically active fulfilling the demands of the trichomes in furnishing the leaf with a highly protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Roka
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Horticultural Genetics, Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, Greece
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Brito C, Dinis LT, Ferreira H, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia C. The role of nighttime water balance on Olea europaea plants subjected to contrasting water regimes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:56-63. [PMID: 29702427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The climate change scenarios besides foreseeing a severe drought imposition also emphasize the temperature rising in the Mediterranean region, with special prominence at nighttime. Despite the high olive tree tolerance to severe environmental conditions, stomatal nighttime water loss can change plant water relations, and the related consequences and opportunities, especially under water scarcity, must be clarified. A set of 3-year-old potted olive trees were subjected to three cycles of drought, imposed by withholding irrigation, while another group were continuously irrigated. At the end of the latter and more severe drought cycle, daytime gas exchange parameters, water status and membrane integrity was negatively affected by drought imposition. Moreover, the nighttime transpiration rate was far above cuticular water loss, suggesting sustained stomatal aperture during nighttime, leading to substantial water losses, which was higher under drought in the first hours of darkness. The higher nighttime stomatal conductance of droughted plants were related with higher starch concentration in their leaves, a thicker trichome layer and a lower intercellular CO2 concentration, in a closely association with an inferior nighttime respiration. Still, whole-plant transpiration on droughted plants were much lower than leaf transpiration-based estimates, which is interpreted as compensation by water inputs due to dew deposition on leaves. Although unexpected, the increased of stomatal conductance in the first hours of the night, until a certain level of water deficit intensity, could be linked with potential benefits to the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Brito
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lia-Tânia Dinis
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Moutinho-Pereira
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Correia
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apt. 1013, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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