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Wang S, Wang W, Chen J, Wan H, Zhao H, Liu X, Dai X, Zeng C, Xu D. Comprehensive Identification and Expression Profiling of Epidermal Pattern Factor ( EPF) Gene Family in Oilseed Rape ( Brassica napus L.) under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:912. [PMID: 39062691 PMCID: PMC11275378 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed is a crucial oil crop globally, and in recent years, abiotic stress has increasingly affected its growth, development, yield, and quality. Salt stress is a significant abiotic factor that restricts crop production. The EPF gene family is vital in managing salt stress by controlling stomatal development and opening, which reduces water loss and increases plant salt tolerance. To explore the features of the EPF gene family in Brassica napus and their expression under salt stress, this study utilized Arabidopsis EPF protein sequences as seed sequences, including their PF17181 and PF16851 domains. A total of 27 members of the EPF gene family were detected within the rapeseed genome. The study examined the physicochemical properties, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, and collinearity of BnEPFs. Through transcriptomes, we employed the qPCR method to determine the relative expression levels of BnEPF genes potentially associated with rapeseed stress resistance under both non-salt and salt stress conditions. Subsequently, we assessed their influence on rapeseed plants subjected to salt stress. During salt stress conditions, all BnEPF genes displayed a downregulation trend, indicating their potential impact on stomatal development and signal transduction pathways, consequently improving rapeseed's resistance to salt stress. The study findings establish a basis for exploring the roles of BnEPFs and offer candidate genes for breeding stress-resistant varieties and enhancing the yield in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Danyun Xu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Science, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; (S.W.); (W.W.); (J.C.); (H.W.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (X.D.); (C.Z.)
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Liu R, Xu K, Li Y, Zhao W, Ji H, Lei X, Ma T, Ye J, Zhang J, Du H, Cao SK. Investigation on the Potential Functions of ZmEPF/EPFL Family Members in Response to Abiotic Stress in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7196. [PMID: 39000300 PMCID: PMC11241529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Maize is an important crop used for food, feed, and fuel. Abiotic stress is an important factor affecting maize yield. The EPF/EPFL gene family encodes class-specific secretory proteins that play an important role in the response to abiotic stress in plants. In order to explore and utilize the EPF/EPFL family in maize, the family members were systematically identified, and their chromosomal localization, physicochemical properties, cis-acting element prediction in promoters, phylogenetic tree construction, and expression pattern analysis were carried out using bioinformatics techniques. A total of 18 ZmEPF/EPFL proteins were identified in maize, which are mostly alkaline and a small portion acidic. Subcellular localization results showed that ZmEPF6, ZmEPF12, and ZmEPFL2 are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Analysis of cis-acting elements revealed that members of the ZmEPF/EPFL family contain regulatory elements such as light response, anoxic, low temperature, and hormone response regulatory elements. RT-qPCR results showed that these family members are indeed responding to cold stress and hormone treatments. These results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the abiotic stress resistance of maize in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Keli Xu
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yu Li
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hongjing Ji
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiongbiao Lei
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tian Ma
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Juan Ye
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hewei Du
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Shi-Kai Cao
- School of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (R.L.); (K.X.); (Y.L.); (W.Z.); (H.J.); (X.L.); (T.M.); (J.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Chen L. Regulation of stomatal development by epidermal, subepidermal and long-distance signals. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:80. [PMID: 38940934 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaves consist of three layers, including epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues. Their development is meticulously orchestrated. Stomata are the specified structures on the epidermis for uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) while release of water vapour and oxygen (O2), and thus play essential roles in regulation of plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency. To function efficiently, stomatal formation must coordinate with the development of other epidermal cell types, such as pavement cell and trichome, and tissues of other layers, such as mesophyll and leaf vein. This review summarizes the regulation of stomatal development in three dimensions (3D). In the epidermis, specific stomatal transcription factors determine cell fate transitions and also activate a ligand-receptor- MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) signaling for ensuring proper stomatal density and patterning. This forms the core regulation network of stomatal development, which integrates various environmental cues and phytohormone signals to modulate stomatal production. Under the epidermis, mesophyll, endodermis of hypocotyl and inflorescence stem, and veins in grasses secrete mobile signals to influence stomatal formation in the epidermis. In addition, long-distance signals which may include phytohormones, RNAs, peptides and proteins originated from other plant organs modulate stomatal development, enabling plants to systematically adapt to the ever changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Li P, Zhao Z, Wang W, Wang T, Hu N, Wei Y, Sun Z, Chen Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Yang S, Gong J, Xiao X, Liu Y, Shi Y, Peng R, Lu Q, Yuan Y. Genome-wide analyses of member identification, expression pattern, and protein-protein interaction of EPF/EPFL gene family in Gossypium. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:554. [PMID: 38877405 PMCID: PMC11177404 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal patterning factor / -like (EPF/EPFL) gene family encodes a class of cysteine-rich secretory peptides, which are widelyfound in terrestrial plants.Multiple studies has indicated that EPF/EPFLs might play significant roles in coordinating plant development and growth, especially as the morphogenesis processes of stoma, awn, stamen, and fruit skin. However, few research on EPF/EPFL gene family was reported in Gossypium. RESULTS We separately identified 20 G. raimondii, 24 G. arboreum, 44 G. hirsutum, and 44 G. barbadense EPF/EPFL genes in the 4 representative cotton species, which were divided into four clades together with 11 Arabidopsis thaliana, 13 Oryza sativa, and 17 Selaginella moellendorffii ones based on their evolutionary relationships. The similar gene structure and common motifs indicated the high conservation among the EPF/EPFL members, while the uneven distribution in chromosomes implied the variability during the long-term evolutionary process. Hundreds of collinearity relationships were identified from the pairwise comparisons of intraspecifc and interspecific genomes, which illustrated gene duplication might contribute to the expansion of cotton EPF/EPFL gene family. A total of 15 kinds of cis-regulatory elements were predicted in the promoter regions, and divided into three major categories relevant to the biological processes of development and growth, plant hormone response, and abiotic stress response. Having performing the expression pattern analyses with the basic of the published RNA-seq data, we found most of GhEPF/EPFL and GbEPF/EPFL genes presented the relatively low expression levels among the 9 tissues or organs, while showed more dramatically different responses to high/low temperature and salt or drought stresses. Combined with transcriptome data of developing ovules and fibers and quantitative Real-time PCR results (qRT-PCR) of 15 highly expressed GhEPF/EPFL genes, it could be deduced that the cotton EPF/EPFL genes were closely related with fiber development. Additionally, the networks of protein-protein interacting among EPF/EPFLs concentrated on the cores of GhEPF1 and GhEPF7, and thosefunctional enrichment analyses indicated that most of EPF/EPFLs participate in the GO (Gene Ontology) terms of stomatal development and plant epidermis development, and the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways of DNA or base excision repair. CONCLUSION Totally, 132 EPF/EPFL genes were identified for the first time in cotton, whose bioinformatic analyses of cis-regulatory elements and expression patterns combined with qRT-PCR experiments to prove the potential functions in the biological processes of plant growth and responding to abiotic stresses, specifically in the fiber development. These results not only provide comprehensive and valuable information for cotton EPF/EPFL gene family, but also lay solid foundation for screening candidate EPF/EPFL genes in further cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zilin Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Wenkui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yangyang Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer , Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Qiankun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Tarim University, Alaer , Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Renhai Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China
| | - Quanwei Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang , Henan, 455000, China.
| | - Youlu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
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Gray J, Dunn J. Optimizing Crop Plant Stomatal Density to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041672. [PMID: 37923396 PMCID: PMC11146307 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up carbon dioxide, and lose water, through pores on their leaf surfaces called stomata. We have a good understanding of the biochemical signals that control the production of stomata, and over the past decade, these have been manipulated to produce crops with fewer stomata. Crops with abnormally low stomatal densities require less water to produce the same yield and have enhanced drought tolerance. These "water-saver" crops also have improved salinity tolerance and are expected to have increased resistance to some diseases. We calculate that the widespread adoption of water-saver crops could lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 GtCO2/yr and thus could help to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security through protecting yields in stressful environments and requiring fewer inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gray
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Dunn
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainable Food, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Zhiling L, Wenhua D, Fangyuan Z. Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic and expression pattern analyses of EPF/EPFL family genes in the Rye (Secale cereale L.). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:532. [PMID: 38816796 PMCID: PMC11137924 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Rye (Secale cereale L.) is one of the major cereal crop species in the Triticeae family and is known to be most tolerant to diverse abiotic stresses, such as cold, heat, osmotic, and salt stress. The EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) and EPF-LIKE (EPFL) families of small secreted peptides act to regulate many aspects of plant growth and development; however, their functions are not widely characterized in rye. In this study, we identified 12 ScEPF/EPFL genes, which can be divided into six groups and are evenly distributed on six rye chromosomes. Further examination of the gene structure and protein conservation motifs of EPF/EPFL family members demonstrated the high conservation of the ScEPF/EPFL sequence. Interactions between ScEPF/EPFL proteins and promoters containing hormone- and stress-responsive cis-acting elements suggest that the regulation of ScEPF/EPFL expression is complex. Expression profiling analyses revealed that ScEPF/EPFL genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Notably, ScEPFL1,ScEPFL7, ScEPFL9, and ScEPFL10 displayed significantly higher expression levels in spikelets compared to other tissues. Moreover, fluorescence quantification experiments demonstrated that these genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in response to various stress conditions, suggesting that each gene plays a unique role in stress signaling pathways. Our research findings provide a solid basis for further investigation into the functions of ScEPF/EPFLs. Furthermore, these genes can serve as potential candidates for breeding stress-resistant rye varieties and improving production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhiling
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Du Wenhua
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhao Fangyuan
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wang L, Chang C. Stomatal improvement for crop stress resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1823-1833. [PMID: 38006251 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The growth and yield of crop plants are threatened by environmental challenges such as water deficit, soil flooding, high salinity, and extreme temperatures, which are becoming increasingly severe under climate change. Stomata contribute greatly to plant adaptation to stressful environments by governing transpirational water loss and photosynthetic gas exchange. Increasing evidence has revealed that stomata formation is shaped by transcription factors, signaling peptides, and protein kinases, which could be exploited to improve crop stress resistance. The past decades have seen unprecedented progress in our understanding of stomata formation, but most of these advances have come from research on model plants. This review highlights recent research in stomata formation in crops and its multifaceted functions in abiotic stress tolerance. Current strategies, limitations, and future directions for harnessing stomatal development to improve crop stress resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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8
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Jolliffe JB, Pilati S, Moser C, Lashbrooke JG. Beyond skin-deep: targeting the plant surface for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6468-6486. [PMID: 37589495 PMCID: PMC10662250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The above-ground plant surface is a well-adapted tissue layer that acts as an interface between the plant and its surrounding environment. As such, its primary role is to protect against desiccation and maintain the gaseous exchange required for photosynthesis. Further, this surface layer provides a barrier against pathogens and herbivory, while attracting pollinators and agents of seed dispersal. In the context of agriculture, the plant surface is strongly linked to post-harvest crop quality and yield. The epidermal layer contains several unique cell types adapted for these functions, while the non-lignified above-ground plant organs are covered by a hydrophobic cuticular membrane. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying crop cuticle and epidermal cell formation, with focus placed on genetic elements contributing towards quality, yield, drought tolerance, herbivory defence, pathogen resistance, pollinator attraction, and sterility, while highlighting the inter-relatedness of plant surface development and traits. Potential crop improvement strategies utilizing this knowledge are outlined in the context of the recent development of new breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bryanne Jolliffe
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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Li H, Liu J, Yuan X, Chen X, Cui X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key pathways and regulatory networks in early resistance of Glycine max to soybean mosaic virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1241076. [PMID: 38033585 PMCID: PMC10687721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1241076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a high-value oilseed crop, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is limited by various biotic stresses during its growth and development. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a devastating viral infection of soybean that primarily affects young leaves and causes significant production and economic losses; however, the synergistic molecular mechanisms underlying the soybean response to SMV are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed RNA sequencing on SMV-infected resistant and susceptible soybean lines to determine the molecular mechanism of resistance to SMV. When the clean reads were aligned to the G. max reference genome, a total of 36,260 genes were identified as expressed genes and used for further research. Most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with resistance were found to be enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and circadian rhythm according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. In addition to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, which are well known in plant disease resistance, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and cytokinin are also involved in the immune response to SMV in soybean. Most of the Ca2+ signaling related DEGs enriched in plant-pathogen interaction negatively influence SMV resistance. Furthermore, the MAPK cascade was involved in either resistant or susceptible responses to SMV, depending on different downstream proteins. The phytochrome interacting factor-cryptochrome-R protein module and the MEKK3/MKK9/MPK7-WRKY33-CML/CDPK module were found to play essential roles in soybean response to SMV based on protein-protein interaction prediction. Our findings provide general insights into the molecular regulatory networks associated with soybean response to SMV and have the potential to improve legume resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Karavolias NG, Patel-Tupper D, Seong K, Tjahjadi M, Gueorguieva GA, Tanaka J, Gallegos Cruz A, Lieberman S, Litvak L, Dahlbeck D, Cho MJ, Niyogi KK, Staskawicz BJ. Paralog editing tunes rice stomatal density to maintain photosynthesis and improve drought tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1168-1182. [PMID: 36960567 PMCID: PMC10231365 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is of paramount importance for global nutrition, supplying at least 20% of global calories. However, water scarcity and increased drought severity are anticipated to reduce rice yields globally. We explored stomatal developmental genetics as a mechanism for improving drought resilience in rice while maintaining yield under climate stress. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts of the positive regulator of stomatal development STOMAGEN and its paralog EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE10 (EPFL10) yielded lines with ∼25% and 80% of wild-type stomatal density, respectively. epfl10 lines with moderate reductions in stomatal density were able to conserve water to similar extents as stomagen lines but did not suffer from the concomitant reductions in stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, or thermoregulation observed in stomagen knockouts. Moderate reductions in stomatal density achieved by editing EPFL10 present a climate-adaptive approach for safeguarding yield in rice. Editing the paralog of STOMAGEN in other species may provide a means for tuning stomatal density in agriculturally important crops beyond rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Karavolias
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel-Tupper
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyungyong Seong
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Gloria-Alexandra Gueorguieva
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Jaclyn Tanaka
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas Dahlbeck
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Myeong-Je Cho
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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Zhu Z, Luo M, Li J, Cui B, Liu Z, Fu D, Zhou H, Zhou A. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the function of SlPRE2 in multiple phytohormones biosynthesis, signal transduction and stomatal development in tomato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:921-937. [PMID: 37010556 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transcriptomic, physiological, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed the potential mechanism by which SlPRE2 regulates plant growth and stomatal size via multiple phytohormone pathways in tomato. Paclobutrazol resistance proteins (PREs) are atypical members of the basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family that regulate plant morphology, cell size, pigment metabolism and abiotic stress in response to different phytohormones. However, little is known about the network regulatory mechanisms of PREs in plant growth and development in tomato. In this study, the function and mechanism of SlPRE2 in tomato plant growth and development were investigated. The quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the expression of SlPRE2 was regulated by multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses. It showed light-repressed expression during the photoperiod. The RNA-seq results revealed that SlPRE2 regulated many genes involved in photosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, phytohormone metabolism and signaling, and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting the role of SlPRE2 in gibberellin, brassinosteroid, auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and salicylic acid regulated plant development processes. Moreover, SlPRE2 overexpression plants showed widely opened stomata in young leaves, and four genes involved in stomatal development showed altered expression. Overall, the results demonstrated the mechanism by which SlPRE2 regulates phytohormone and stress responses and revealed the function of SlPRE2 in stomatal development in tomato. These findings provide useful clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms of SlPRE2-regulated plant growth and development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhu
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Menglin Luo
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jialing Li
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baolu Cui
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dapeng Fu
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
- College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiwen Zhou
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Anpei Zhou
- Institute of Jiangxi Oil-Tea Camellia, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, 332000, Jiangxi, China
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12
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Rathnasamy SA, Kambale R, Elangovan A, Mohanavel W, Shanmugavel P, Ramasamy G, Alagarsamy S, Marimuthu R, Rajagopalan VR, Manickam S, Ramanathan V, Muthurajan R, Vellingiri G. Altering Stomatal Density for Manipulating Transpiration and Photosynthetic Traits in Rice through CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3801-3814. [PMID: 37232714 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulates conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic traits in plants. Increased stomatal density may contribute to enhanced water loss and thereby help improve the transpirational cooling process and mitigate the high temperature-induced yield losses. However, genetic manipulation of stomatal traits through conventional breeding still remains a challenge due to problems involved in phenotyping and the lack of suitable genetic materials. Recent advances in functional genomics in rice identified major effect genes determining stomatal traits, including its number and size. Widespread applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in creating targeted mutations paved the way for fine tuning the stomatal traits for enhancing climate resilience in crops. In the current study, attempts were made to create novel alleles of OsEPF1 (Epidermal Patterning Factor), a negative regulator of stomatal frequency/density in a popular rice variety, ASD 16, using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Evaluation of 17 T0 progenies identified varying mutations (seven multiallelic, seven biallelic and three monoallelic mutations). T0 mutant lines showed a 3.7-44.3% increase in the stomatal density, and all the mutations were successfully inherited into the T1 generation. Evaluation of T1 progenies through sequencing identified three homozygous mutants for one bp insertion. Overall, T1 plants showed 54-95% increased stomatal density. The homozygous T1 lines (# E1-1-4, # E1-1-9 and # E1-1-11) showed significant increase in the stomatal conductance (60-65%), photosynthetic rate (14-31%) and the transpiration rate (58-62%) compared to the nontransgenic ASD 16. Results demonstrated that the genetic alterations in OsEPF1 altered the stomatal density, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic efficiency in rice. Further experiments are needed to associate this technology with canopy cooling and high temperature tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Ambothi Rathnasamy
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Kambale
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Allimuthu Elangovan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Williams Mohanavel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Shanmugavel
- Agro-Climatology Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowtham Ramasamy
- Agro-Climatology Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthil Alagarsamy
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajavel Marimuthu
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veera Ranjani Rajagopalan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Manickam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Raveendran Muthurajan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geethalakshmi Vellingiri
- Agro-Climatology Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Guo T, Lu ZQ, Xiong Y, Shan JX, Ye WW, Dong NQ, Kan Y, Yang YB, Zhao HY, Yu HX, Guo SQ, Lei JJ, Liao B, Chai J, Lin HX. Optimization of rice panicle architecture by specifically suppressing ligand-receptor pairs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1640. [PMID: 36964129 PMCID: PMC10039049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice panicle architecture determines the grain number per panicle and therefore impacts grain yield. The OsER1-OsMKKK10-OsMKK4-OsMPK6 pathway shapes panicle architecture by regulating cytokinin metabolism. However, the specific upstream ligands perceived by the OsER1 receptor are unknown. Here, we report that the EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF)/EPF-LIKE (EPFL) small secreted peptide family members OsEPFL6, OsEPFL7, OsEPFL8, and OsEPFL9 synergistically contribute to rice panicle morphogenesis by recognizing the OsER1 receptor and activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Notably, OsEPFL6, OsEPFL7, OsEPFL8, and OsEPFL9 negatively regulate spikelet number per panicle, but OsEPFL8 also controls rice spikelet fertility. A osepfl6 osepfl7 osepfl9 triple mutant had significantly enhanced grain yield without affecting spikelet fertility, suggesting that specifically suppressing the OsEPFL6-OsER1, OsEPFL7-OsER1, and OsEPFL9-OsER1 ligand-receptor pairs can optimize rice panicle architecture. These findings provide a framework for fundamental understanding of the role of ligand-receptor signaling in rice panicle development and demonstrate a potential method to overcome the trade-off between spikelet number and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zi-Qi Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yehui Xiong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Shan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wang-Wei Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Nai-Qian Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi-Bing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huai-Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang-Qin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie-Jie Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ben Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Bertolino LT, Caine RS, Zoulias N, Yin X, Chater CCC, Biswal A, Quick WP, Gray JE. Stomatal Development and Gene Expression in Rice Florets. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1679-1694. [PMID: 35993973 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play a fundamental role in modulating the exchange of gases between plants and the atmosphere. These microscopic structures form in high numbers on the leaf epidermis and are also present on flowers. Although leaf stomata are well studied, little attention has been paid to the development or function of floral stomata. Here, we characterize in detail the spatial distribution and development of the floral stomata of the indica rice variety IR64. We show that stomatal complexes are present at low density on specific areas of the lemma, palea and anthers and are morphologically different compared to stomata found on leaves. We reveal that in the bract-like organs, stomatal development follows the same cell lineage transitions as in rice leaves and demonstrate that the overexpression of the stomatal development regulators OsEPFL9-1 and OsEPF1 leads to dramatic changes in stomatal density in rice floral organs, producing lemma with approximately twice as many stomata (OsEPFL9-1_oe) or lemma where stomata are practically absent (OsEPF1_oe). Transcriptomic analysis of developing florets also indicates that the cellular transitions during the development of floral stomata are regulated by the same genetic network used in rice leaves. Finally, although we were unable to detect an impact on plant reproduction linked to changes in the density of floral stomata, we report alterations in global gene expression in lines overexpressing OsEPF1 and discuss how our results reflect on the possible role(s) of floral stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia T Bertolino
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert S Caine
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicholas Zoulias
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Xiaojia Yin
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Caspar C C Chater
- Trait Diversity and Function, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Akshaya Biswal
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico City 06600, Mexico
| | - William P Quick
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Julie E Gray
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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15
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Ge S, Zhang RX, Wang YF, Sun P, Chu J, Li J, Sun P, Wang J, Hetherington AM, Liang YK. The Arabidopsis Rab protein RABC1 affects stomatal development by regulating lipid droplet dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4274-4292. [PMID: 35929087 PMCID: PMC9614440 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that serve as hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism in virtually all organisms. Mobilization of LDs is important in light-induced stomatal opening. However, whether and how LDs are involved in stomatal development remains unknown. We show here that Arabidopsis thaliana LIPID DROPLETS AND STOMATA 1 (LDS1)/RABC1 (At1g43890) encodes a member of the Rab GTPase family that is involved in regulating LD dynamics and stomatal morphogenesis. The expression of RABC1 is coordinated with the different phases of stomatal development. RABC1 targets to the surface of LDs in response to oleic acid application in a RABC1GEF1-dependent manner. RABC1 physically interacts with SEIPIN2/3, two orthologues of mammalian seipin, which function in the formation of LDs. Disruption of RABC1, RABC1GEF1, or SEIPIN2/3 resulted in aberrantly large LDs, severe defects in guard cell vacuole morphology, and stomatal function. In conclusion, these findings reveal an aspect of LD function and uncover a role for lipid metabolism in stomatal development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alistair M Hetherington
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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16
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Zhao YY, Lyu MA, Miao F, Chen G, Zhu XG. The evolution of stomatal traits along the trajectory toward C4 photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:441-458. [PMID: 35652758 PMCID: PMC9434244 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis optimizes plant carbon and water relations, allowing high photosynthetic rates with low stomatal conductance. Stomata have long been considered a part of the C4 syndrome. However, it remains unclear how stomatal traits evolved along the path from C3 to C4. Here, we examined stomata in the Flaveria genus, a model used for C4 evolutionary study. Comparative, transgenic, and semi-in vitro experiments were performed to study the molecular basis that underlies the changes of stomatal traits in C4 evolution. The evolution from C3 to C4 species is accompanied by a gradual rather than an abrupt change in stomatal traits. The initial change appears near the Type I intermediate stage. Co-evolution of the photosynthetic pathway and stomatal traits is supported. On the road to C4, stomata tend to be fewer in number but larger in size and stomatal density dominates changes in anatomical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax). Reduction of FSTOMAGEN expression underlies decreased gsmax in Flaveria and likely occurs in other C4 lineages. Decreased gsmax contributes to the increase in intrinsic water-use efficiency in C4 evolution. This work highlights the stomatal traits in the current C4 evolutionary model. Our study provides insights into the pattern, mechanism, and role of stomatal evolution along the road toward C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingju Amy Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FenFen Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Genyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Clemens M, Faralli M, Lagreze J, Bontempo L, Piazza S, Varotto C, Malnoy M, Oechel W, Rizzoli A, Dalla Costa L. VvEPFL9-1 Knock-Out via CRISPR/Cas9 Reduces Stomatal Density in Grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878001. [PMID: 35656017 PMCID: PMC9152544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal Patterning Factor Like 9 (EPFL9), also known as STOMAGEN, is a cysteine-rich peptide that induces stomata formation in vascular plants, acting antagonistically to other epidermal patterning factors (EPF1, EPF2). In grapevine there are two EPFL9 genes, EPFL9-1 and EPFL9-2 sharing 82% identity at protein level in the mature functional C-terminal domain. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 system was applied to functionally characterize VvEPFL9-1 in 'Sugraone', a highly transformable genotype. A set of plants, regenerated after gene transfer in embryogenic calli via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were selected for evaluation. For many lines, the editing profile in the target site displayed a range of mutations mainly causing frameshift in the coding sequence or affecting the second cysteine residue. The analysis of stomata density revealed that in edited plants the number of stomata was significantly reduced compared to control, demonstrating for the first time the role of EPFL9 in a perennial fruit crop. Three edited lines were then assessed for growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in experiments carried out at different environmental conditions. Intrinsic water-use efficiency was improved in edited lines compared to control, indicating possible advantages in reducing stomatal density under future environmental drier scenarios. Our results show the potential of manipulating stomatal density for optimizing grapevine adaptation under changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Clemens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michele Faralli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Faralli,
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Lorenza Dalla Costa,
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18
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Su Y, Cui B, Luo Y, Wang J, Wang X, Ouyang Z, Wang X. Leaf Functional Traits Vary in Urban Environments: Influences of Leaf Age, Land-Use Type, and Urban–Rural Gradient. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.681959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have focused on the response and adaptation of plants to urbanization by comparing differences in leaf functional traits between urban and rural sites. However, considerable uncertainties remain because differences in land-use type have not frequently been taken into account when assessing the effect of urbanization on leaf traits. In this study, we sampled the needles of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) in areas with three land-use types (roadsides, parks, and neighborhoods) along an urban–rural gradient in Beijing, China to determine the effect of urbanization on leaf functional traits. There were significant differences in the values of leaf functional traits between the needles of the current and previous year and across land-use types. Pines growing on roadsides had leaves with smaller length, width, and area, as well as lower stomatal density, compared with those growing in parks and neighborhoods. This implies that on roadsides, plant capacity to acquire resources (e.g., light and carbon dioxide) was degraded. Stomatal density, leaf width, and leaf P concentration increased with increasing distance from the city center, while leaf K concentration decreased with increasing distance from the city center. Importantly, there were significant differences in the urban–rural gradient of leaf functional traits between leaves of different ages, and across land-use types. Leaf age was the most important factor influencing leaf nutrient traits, while land-use type was the most important factor influencing leaf morphological traits in urban environments. Thus, considering the effects of the plant characteristic and land-use type on traits is important for assessing the urban–rural gradients of plant functional traits.
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19
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Li Z, Sun P, Sun P, Liang YK, Ge S. OsBC1L1 and OsBC1L8 function in stomatal development in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 576:40-47. [PMID: 34478918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stomata that are bordered by pairs of guard cells are specialized for regulating gas exchange and transpiration in plants. The stomatal morphology of grass is unique, characterized by two dumbbell-shaped guard cells flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells. This morphology and developmental pattern enable grass stomata to respond to environmental signals efficiently. In this study, we demonstrated that knockout either OsBC1L1 or OsBC1L8, two close homologs of OsBC1L family causes no discernible defects in rice stomatal development, however, the double knockout mutant osbc1l1 osbc1l8 exhibits excess stomatal production and stomatal clustering. OsBC1L1 overexpression also causes abnormal stomatal patterning in rice. Moreover, osbc1l1 osbc1l8 has many defective stomata complexes with only one subsidiary cell. The expression of OsSPCH2 and OsFAMA, two genes key to stomatal development is both down-regulated in osbc1l1 osbc1l8. In contrast, overexpressing OsBC1L1 suppresses only the expression of OsSPCH2. Both OsBC1L1 and OsBC1L8 could be detected to be localized at the cell plate and plasma membrane during cell division of guard mother cells and subsidiary mother cells. Taken together, these results suggest that OsBC1L1 and OsBC1L8 play essential roles in the development of rice stomatal complex likely through their involvement in cell reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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20
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Jangra R, Brunetti SC, Wang X, Kaushik P, Gulick PJ, Foroud NA, Wang S, Lee JS. Duplicated antagonistic EPF peptides optimize grass stomatal initiation. Development 2021; 148:271118. [PMID: 34328169 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide signaling has emerged as a key component of plant growth and development, including stomatal patterning, which is crucial for plant productivity and survival. Although exciting progress has been made in understanding EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) signaling in Arabidopsis, the mechanisms by which EPF peptides control different stomatal patterns and morphologies in grasses are poorly understood. Here, by examining expression patterns, overexpression transgenics and cross-species complementation, the antagonistic stomatal ligands orthologous to Arabidopsis AtEPF2 and AtSTOMAGEN/AtEPFL9 peptides were identified in Triticum aestivum (wheat) and the grass model organism Brachypodium distachyon. Application of bioactive BdEPF2 peptides inhibited stomatal initiation, but not the progression or differentiation of stomatal precursors in Brachypodium. Additionally, the inhibitory roles of these EPF peptides during grass stomatal development were suppressed by the contrasting positive action of the BdSTOMAGEN peptide in a dose-dependent manner. These results not only demonstrate how conserved EPF peptides that control different stomatal patterns exist in nature, but also suggest new strategies to improve crop yield through the use of plant-derived antagonistic peptides that optimize stomatal density on the plant epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Jangra
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sabrina C Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Xutong Wang
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Patrick J Gulick
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Shucai Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics & Crop Gene Editing, School of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jin Suk Lee
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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21
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Prakash PT, Banan D, Paul RE, Feldman MJ, Xie D, Freyfogle L, Baxter I, Leakey ADB. Correlation and co-localization of QTL for stomatal density, canopy temperature, and productivity with and without drought stress in Setaria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5024-5037. [PMID: 33893796 PMCID: PMC8219040 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic modeling indicates that stomatal conductance could be reduced to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in C4 crops. Genetic variation in stomatal density and canopy temperature was evaluated in the model C4 genus, Setaria. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a Setaria italica×Setaria viridis cross were grown with ample or limiting water supply under field conditions in Illinois. An optical profilometer was used to rapidly assess stomatal patterning, and canopy temperature was measured using infrared imaging. Stomatal density and canopy temperature were positively correlated but both were negatively correlated with total above-ground biomass. These trait relationships suggest a likely interaction between stomatal density and the other drivers of water use such as stomatal size and aperture. Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for stomatal density and canopy temperature, including co-located QTL on chromosomes 5 and 9. The direction of the additive effect of these QTL on chromosome 5 and 9 was in accordance with the positive phenotypic relationship between these two traits. This, along with prior experiments, suggests a common genetic architecture between stomatal patterning and WUE in controlled environments with canopy transpiration and productivity in the field, while highlighting the potential of Setaria as a model to understand the physiology and genetics of WUE in C4 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiban Thathapalli Prakash
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Darshi Banan
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rachel E Paul
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Dan Xie
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luke Freyfogle
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew D B Leakey
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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22
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Herrmann A, Torii KU. Shouting out loud: signaling modules in the regulation of stomatal development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:765-780. [PMID: 33793896 PMCID: PMC8133662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that facilitate gas exchange for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. The function of stomata is pivotal for plant growth and survival. Intensive research on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has discovered key peptide signaling pathways, transcription factors, and polarity components that together drive proper stomatal development and patterning. In this review, we focus on recent findings that have revealed co-option of peptide-receptor kinase signaling modules-utilized for diverse developmental processes and immune response. We further discuss an emerging connection between extrinsic signaling and intrinsic polarity modules. These findings have further enlightened our understanding of this fascinating developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Herrmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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23
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McKown KH, Bergmann DC. Stomatal development in the grasses: lessons from models and crops (and crop models). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1636-1648. [PMID: 31985072 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
When plants emerged from their aquatic origins to colonise land, they needed to avoid desiccation while still enabling gas and water exchange with the environment. The solution was the development of a waxy cuticle interrupted by epidermal pores, known as stomata. Despite the importance of stomata in plant physiology and their contribution to global water and carbon cycles, our knowledge of the genetic basis of stomatal development is limited mostly to the model dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana. This limitation is particularly troublesome when evaluating grasses, whose members represent our most agriculturally significant crops. Grass stomatal development follows a trajectory strikingly different from Arabidopsis and their uniquely shaped four-celled stomatal complexes are especially responsive to environmental inputs. Thus, understanding the development and regulation of these efficient complexes is of particular interest for the purposes of crop engineering. This review focuses on genetic regulation of grass stomatal development and prospects for the future, highlighting discoveries enabled by parallel comparative investigations in cereal crops and related genetic model species such as Brachypodium distachyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H McKown
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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24
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Nunes TDG, Zhang D, Raissig MT. Form, development and function of grass stomata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:780-799. [PMID: 31571301 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are cellular breathing pores on leaves that open and close to absorb photosynthetic carbon dioxide and to restrict water loss through transpiration, respectively. Grasses (Poaceae) form morphologically innovative stomata, which consist of two dumbbell-shaped guard cells flanked by two lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). This 'graminoid' morphology is associated with faster stomatal movements leading to more water-efficient gas exchange in changing environments. Here, we offer a genetic and mechanistic perspective on the unique graminoid form of grass stomata and the developmental innovations during stomatal cell lineage initiation, recruitment of SCs and stomatal morphogenesis. Furthermore, the functional consequences of the four-celled, graminoid stomatal morphology are summarized. We compile the identified players relevant for stomatal opening and closing in grasses, and discuss possible mechanisms leading to cell-type-specific regulation of osmotic potential and turgor. In conclusion, we propose that the investigation of functionally superior grass stomata might reveal routes to improve water-stress resilience of agriculturally relevant plants in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago D G Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Yu Q, Chen L, Zhou W, An Y, Luo T, Wu Z, Wang Y, Xi Y, Yan L, Hou S. RSD1 Is Essential for Stomatal Patterning and Files in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600021. [PMID: 33329664 PMCID: PMC7733971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density is an important factor that determines the efficiency of plant gas exchange and water transpiration. Through forward genetics, we screened a mutant rice stomata developmental defect 1 (rsd1-1) with decreased stomatal density and clustered stomata in rice (Oryza sativa). After the first asymmetric division, some of the larger sister cells undergo an extra asymmetric division to produce a small cell neighboring guard mother cell. Some of these small cells develop into stomata, which leads to stomatal clustering, and the rest arrested or developed into pavement cell. After map-based cloning, we found the protein encoded by this gene containing DUF630 and DUF632 domains. Evolutionary analysis showed that the DUF630/632 gene family differentiated earlier in land plants. It was found that the deletion of RSD1 would lead to the disorder of gene expression regarding stomatal development, especially the expression of stomatal density and distribution 1 (OsSDD1). Through the construction of OsSDD1 deletion mutants by CRISPR-Cas9, we found that, similar to rsd1 mutants, the ossdd1 mutants have clustered stomata and extra small cells adjacent to the stomata. OsSDD1 and RSD1 are both required for inhibiting ectopic asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) and clustered stomata. By dehydration stress assay, the decreased stomatal density of rsd1 mutants enhanced their dehydration avoidance. This study characterized the functions of RSD1 and OsSDD1 in rice stomatal development. Our findings will be helpful in developing drought-resistant crops through controlling the stomatal density.
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26
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Abstract
Stomata are structures on the surfaces of most land plants that are required for gas exchange between plants and their environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata comprise two kidney bean-shaped epidermal guard cells that flank a central pore overlying a cavity in the mesophyll. These guard cells can adjust their shape to occlude or facilitate access to this pore, and in so doing regulate the release of water vapor and oxygen from the plant, in exchange for the intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Stomatal guard cells are the end product of a specialized lineage whose cell divisions and fate transitions ensure both the production and pattern of cells in aerial epidermal tissues. The stomatal lineage is dynamic and flexible, altering stomatal production in response to environmental change. As such, the stomatal lineage is an excellent system to study how flexible developmental transitions are regulated in plants. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we will summarize current knowledge of the divisions and fate decisions during stomatal development, discussing the role of transcriptional regulators, cell-cell signaling and polarity proteins. We will highlight recent work that links the core regulators to systemic or environmental information and provide an evolutionary perspective on stomata lineage regulators in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Lee
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA 94305
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27
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Mohammed U, Caine RS, Atkinson JA, Harrison EL, Wells D, Chater CC, Gray JE, Swarup R, Murchie EH. Rice plants overexpressing OsEPF1 show reduced stomatal density and increased root cortical aerenchyma formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5584. [PMID: 30944383 PMCID: PMC6447545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are adjustable pores in the aerial epidermis of plants. The role of stomata is usually described in terms of the trade-off between CO2 uptake and water loss. Little consideration has been given to their interaction with below-ground development or diffusion of other gases. We overexpressed the rice EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (OsEPF1) to produce rice plants with reduced stomatal densities, resulting in lowered leaf stomatal conductance and enhanced water use efficiency. Surprisingly, we found that root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) is formed constitutively in OsEPF1OE lines regardless of tissue age and position. Aerenchyma is tissue containing air-spaces that can develop in the plant root during stressful conditions, e.g. oxygen deficiency when it functions to increase O2 diffusion from shoot to root. The relationship with stomata is unknown. We conclude that RCA development and stomatal development are linked by two possible mechanisms: first that reduced stomatal conductance inhibits the diffusion of oxygen to the root, creating an oxygen deficit and stimulating the formation of RCA, second that an unknown EPF signalling pathway may be involved. Our observations have fundamental implications for the understanding of whole plant gas diffusion and root-to-shoot signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Mohammed
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - R. S. Caine
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - J. A. Atkinson
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - E. L. Harrison
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - D. Wells
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - C. C. Chater
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - J. E. Gray
- 0000 0004 1936 9262grid.11835.3eDepartment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK
| | - R. Swarup
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
| | - E. H. Murchie
- 0000 0004 1936 8868grid.4563.4Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, LE12 5RD Nottingham, UK
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28
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Buckley CR, Caine RS, Gray JE. Pores for Thought: Can Genetic Manipulation of Stomatal Density Protect Future Rice Yields? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1783. [PMID: 32117345 PMCID: PMC7026486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contributes to the diets of around 3.5 billion people every day and is consumed more than any other plant. Alarmingly, climate predictions suggest that the frequency of severe drought and high-temperature events will increase, and this is set to threaten the global rice supply. In this review, we consider whether water or heat stresses in crops - especially rice - could be mitigated through alterations to stomata; minute pores on the plant epidermis that permit carbon acquisition and regulate water loss. In the short-term, water loss is controlled via alterations to the degree of stomatal "openness", or, in the longer-term, by altering the number (or density) of stomata that form. A range of molecular components contribute to the regulation of stomatal density, including transcription factors, plasma membrane-associated proteins and intercellular and extracellular signaling molecules. Much of our existing knowledge relating to stomatal development comes from research conducted on the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. However, due to the importance of cereal crops to global food supply, studies on grass stomata have expanded in recent years, with molecular-level discoveries underscoring several divergent developmental and morphological features. Cultivation of rice is particularly water-intensive, and there is interest in developing varieties that require less water yet still maintain grain yields. This could be achieved by manipulating stomatal development; a crop with fewer stomata might be more conservative in its water use and therefore more capable of surviving periods of water stress. However, decreasing stomatal density might restrict the rate of CO2 uptake and reduce the extent of evaporative cooling, potentially leading to detrimental effects on yields. Thus, the extent to which crop yields in the future climate will be affected by increasing or decreasing stomatal density should be determined. Here, our current understanding of the regulation of stomatal development is summarised, focusing particularly on the genetic mechanisms that have recently been described for rice and other grasses. Application of this knowledge toward the creation of "climate-ready" rice is discussed, with attention drawn to the lesser-studied molecular elements whose contributions to the complexity of grass stomatal development must be understood to advance efforts.
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