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Lu F, Xu J, Liu Y, Ren Z, Chen J, Gong W, Yin Y, Li Y, Qian L, He X, Han X, Lin Z, Lu J, Zhang W, Liu J, Menard D, Han ET, Cao J. Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers: PvMSP1-42-induced humoral and memory B-cell response generates long-lived antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012334. [PMID: 38941356 PMCID: PMC11239109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax serological exposure markers (SEMs) have emerged as promising tools for the actionable surveillance and implementation of targeted interventions to accelerate malaria elimination. To determine the dynamic profiles of SEMs in current and past P. vivax infections, we screened and selected 11 P. vivax proteins from 210 putative proteins using protein arrays, with a set of serum samples obtained from patients with acute P. vivax and documented past P. vivax infections. Then we used a murine protein immune model to initially investigate the humoral and memory B cell response involved in the generation of long-lived antibodies. We show that of the 11 proteins, especially C-terminal 42-kDa region of P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1-42) induced longer-lasting long-lived antibodies, as these antibodies were detected in individuals infected with P. vivax in the 1960-1970s who were not re-infected until 2012. In addition, we provide a potential mechanism for the maintenance of long-lived antibodies after the induction of PvMSP1-42. The results indicate that PvMSP1-42 induces more CD73+CD80+ memory B cells (MBCs) compared to P. vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA), allowing IgG anti-PvMSP1-42 antibodies to be maintained for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junhu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyue Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinlong He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Key laboratory of Jiangsu province university for Nucleic Acid & Cell Fate Manipulation, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Didier Menard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Strasbourg, UR 3073—Pathogens Host Arthropods Vectors Interactions Unit, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Team (MEGATEAM), Strasbourg, France
- CHU Strasbourg, Laboratory of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
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Sy Thau N, Nguyen TK, Truong NV, Chu TTH, Na SH, Moon RW, Lau YL, Nyunt MH, Park WS, Chun WJ, Lu F, Lee SK, Han JH, Han ET. Characterization of merozoite-specific thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (MTRAP) in Plasmodium vivax and P. knowlesi parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1354880. [PMID: 38465236 PMCID: PMC10920329 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1354880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread human malaria parasite, and P. knowlesi, an emerging Plasmodium that infects humans, are the phylogenetically closest malarial species that infect humans, which may induce cross-species reactivity across most co-endemic areas in Southeast Asia. The thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family is indispensable for motility and host cell invasion in the growth and development of Plasmodium parasites. The merozoite-specific TRAP (MTRAP), expressed in blood-stage merozoites, is supposed to be essential for human erythrocyte invasion. We aimed to characterize MTRAPs in blood-stage P. vivax and P. knowlesi parasites and ascertain their cross-species immunoreactivity. Recombinant P. vivax and P. knowlesi MTRAPs of full-length ectodomains were expressed in a mammalian expression system. The MTRAP-specific immunoglobulin G, obtained from immune animals, was used in an immunofluorescence assay for subcellular localization and invasion inhibitory activity in blood-stage parasites was determined. The cross-species humoral immune responses were analyzed in the sera of patients with P. vivax or P. knowlesi infections. The MTRAPs of P. vivax (PvMTRAP) and P. knowlesi (PkMTRAP) were localized on the rhoptry body of merozoites in blood-stage parasites. Both anti-PvMTRAP and anti-PkMTRAP antibodies inhibited erythrocyte invasion of blood-stage P. knowlesi parasites. The humoral immune response to PvMTRAP showed high immunogenicity, longevity, and cross-species immunoreactivity with P. knowlesi. MTRAPs are promising candidates for development of vaccines and therapeutics against vivax and knowlesi malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Sy Thau
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyet-Kha Nguyen
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Van Truong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi-Thanh Hang Chu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-d, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Won-Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Joo Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Ge J, Wang Q, Chen G, Kassegne K, Zhang H, Yu J, Tang J, Wang B, Lu F, Cao J, Han ET, Cheng Y. Immunogenicity and antigenicity of a conserved fragment of the rhoptry-associated membrane antigen of Plasmodium vivax. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:428. [PMID: 36380374 PMCID: PMC9664424 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (RAMA) is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein currently under consideration as a malaria vaccine candidate. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies induced by P. vivax RAMA (PvRAMA) have been proved to persist over 12 months in the sera of people infected with P. vivax. It has also been shown that through stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with PvRAMA in vitro, the antigen can induce CD4+ T cells to produce interleukin-10. However, the genetic diversity of the RAMA gene in isolates of P. vivax (pvrama) and the immunogenicity of PvRAMA in animals remain unclear. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples (n = 25) of patients in Jiangsu Province, China with imported infections of P. vivax from endemic countries in South and Southeast Asia. The extract genomic DNA was used as templates to amplify the P. vivax rama gene (pvrama) by PCR, and the PCR products were then sequenced and analyzed by the DnaSP, MEGA, and GeneDoc software packages. Recombinant PvRAMA (rPvRAMA) protein was expressed and purified, and then used to immunize mice. Levels of total IgG and different IgG subclasses of rPvRAMA-immunized mice were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, spleen cells of rPvRAMA-immunized mice were stimulated with rPvRAMA in vitro and levels of T cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results The average pairwise nucleotide diversity (π) of the pvrama gene was 0.00190, and the haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.982. The C-terminal of PvRAMA showed lower haplotype diversity compared to the N-terminal and was completely conserved at amino acid sites related to erythrocyte binding. To further characterize immunogenicity of the C-terminal of PvRAMA, mice were immunized with rPvRAMA antigen. The rPvRAMA protein induced antibody responses, with the end-point titer ranging from 1:10,000 to 1:5,120,000. IgG1 was the predominant IgG subclass in rPvRAMA-immunized mice, followed by IgG2b. In addition, levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the rPvRAMA-stimulated group were significantly higher than those in the phosphate-buffered saline-stimulated group (normal control group). Conclusions The high conservation at specific amino acid sites and the high immunogenicity of the C-terminal of PvRAMA indicate the presence of conserved epitopes able to generate broadly reactive humoral and cellular immune responses. These findings support the potential of PvRAMA to serve as a vaccine candidate against P. vivax infection. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05561-8.
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Aparici-Herraiz I, Gualdrón-López M, Castro-Cavadía CJ, Carmona-Fonseca J, Yasnot MF, Fernandez-Becerra C, del Portillo HA. Antigen Discovery in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles From Plasmodium vivax Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:811390. [PMID: 35141172 PMCID: PMC8819181 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.811390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite with 7 million annual clinical cases and 2.5 billion people living under risk of infection. There is an urgent need to discover new antigens for vaccination as only two vaccine candidates are currently in clinical trials. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles involved in intercellular communication and initially described in reticulocytes, the host cell of P. vivax, as a selective disposal mechanism of the transferrin receptor (CD71) in the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes. We have recently reported the proteomics identification of P. vivax proteins associated to circulating EVs in P. vivax patients using size exclusion chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (MS). Parasite proteins were detected in only two out of ten patients. To increase the MS signal, we have implemented the direct immuno-affinity capture (DIC) technique to enrich in EVs derived from CD71-expressing cells. Remarkably, we identified parasite proteins in all patients totaling 48 proteins and including several previously identified P. vivax vaccine candidate antigens (MSP1, MSP3, MSP7, MSP9, Serine-repeat antigen 1, and HSP70) as well as membrane, cytosolic and exported proteins. Notably, a member of the Plasmodium helical interspersed sub-telomeric (PHIST-c) family and a member of the Plasmodium exported proteins, were detected in five out of six analyzed patients. Humoral immune response analysis using sera from vivax patients confirmed the antigenicity of the PHIST-c protein. Collectively, we showed that enrichment of EVs by CD71-DIC from plasma of patients, allows a robust identification of P. vivax immunogenic proteins. This study represents a significant advance in identifying new antigens for vaccination against this human malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaime Carmona-Fonseca
- Grupo de Salud y Comunidad Cesar Uribe Piedrahíta, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Yasnot
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas y Biomédicas de Córdoba-GIMBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, Monteria, Colombia
| | - Carmen Fernandez-Becerra
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, ; Hernando A. del Portillo,
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, ; Hernando A. del Portillo,
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Fu H, Lu J, Zhang X, Wang B, Sun Y, Lei Y, Shen F, Kassegne K, Han ET, Cheng Y. Identification of the Recombinant Plasmodium vivax Surface-Related Antigen as a Possible Immune Evasion Factor Against Human Splenic Fibroblasts by Targeting ITGB1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764109. [PMID: 34938733 PMCID: PMC8685506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax-infected erythrocytes can enter the spleen and evade spleen clearance to establish chronic infections. However, the mechanism underlying P. vivax immune evasion in the spleen is still unclear. Human splenic fibroblasts (HSF), also known as barrier cells, play an essential role in the immune function of spleen. A hypothesis holds that P. vivax-infected erythrocytes induce spleen structural remodeling to form barrier cells. Subsequently, these infected erythrocytes can selectively cytoadhere to these barrier cells to escape spleen clearance. In this work, we found that P. vivax surface-related antigen (PvSRA; PlasmoDB ID: PVX_084970), an exported protein on infected erythrocyte membrane, could bind with HSF. Considering the above hypothesis, we speculated that PvSRA might be involved in P. vivax immune evasion by changing HSF cell performance. To investigate this speculation, RNA sequencing, protein microarray, and bioinformatics analysis technologies were applied, and in vitro validations were further performed. The results showed that the recombinant PvSRA attracted HSF migration and interacted with HSF by targeting integrin β1 (ITGB1) along with changes in HSF cell performance, such as focal adhesion, extracellular matrix, actin cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. This study indicated that PvSRA might indeed participate in the immune evasion of P. vivax in the spleen by changing HSF function through PvSRA-ITGB1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitian Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiachen Lu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yao Lei
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feihu Shen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kokouvi Kassegne
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Kepple D, Pestana K, Tomida J, Abebe A, Golassa L, Lo E. Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E15. [PMID: 33374596 PMCID: PMC7822457 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. The documentation of P. vivax infections in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative individuals are predominant suggested that there are alternative pathways for P. vivax to invade human erythrocytes. Duffy-negative individuals may be just as fit as Duffy-positive individuals and are no longer resistant to P.vivax malaria. In this review, we describe the complexity of P. vivax malaria, characterize pathogenesis and candidate invasion genes of P. vivax, and host immune responses to P. vivax infections. We provide a comprehensive review on parasite ligands in several Plasmodium species that further justify candidate genes in P. vivax. We also summarize previous genomic and transcriptomic studies related to the identification of ligand and receptor proteins in P. vivax erythrocyte invasion. Finally, we identify topics that remain unclear and propose future studies that will greatly contribute to our knowledge of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kepple
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Junya Tomida
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Abnet Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
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Nagaoka H, Kanoi BN, Morita M, Nakata T, Palacpac NMQ, Egwang TG, Horii T, Tsuboi T, Takashima E. Characterization of a Plasmodium falciparum PHISTc protein, PF3D7_0801000, in blood- stage malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102240. [PMID: 33147497 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During intraerythrocytic development Plasmodium falciparum deploys numerous proteins to support erythrocyte invasion, intracellular growth and development, as well as host immune evasion. Since these proteins are key for parasite intraerythrocytic survival and propagation, they represent attractive targets for antimalarial vaccines. In this study we sought to characterize a member of the PHISTc family of proteins, PF3D7_0801000, as a potential vaccine target. Using the wheat germ cell-free system we expressed the N-terminal region of PF3D7_0801000 (G93-L494, PF3D7_0801000N) and generated specific immune sera. We observed that PF3D7_0801000 localizes in merozoites, and antibodies against PF3D7_0801000N modestly inhibit P. falciparum parasite growth in in vitro culture. Sliding window analysis of the coding sequence revealed that pf3d7_0801000n is relatively conserved among African parasite isolates. Antibody profiles in a malaria-exposed Ugandan population revealed that PF3D7_0801000N is strongly immunoreactive with antibody acquisition increasing with age. Taken together, these findings suggest the need for further evaluation of PF3D7_0801000 for its role in merozoite invasion and utility as an asexual blood-stage vaccine candidate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakata
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nirianne M Q Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Ford A, Kepple D, Abagero BR, Connors J, Pearson R, Auburn S, Getachew S, Ford C, Gunalan K, Miller LH, Janies DA, Rayner JC, Yan G, Yewhalaw D, Lo E. Whole genome sequencing of Plasmodium vivax isolates reveals frequent sequence and structural polymorphisms in erythrocyte binding genes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008234. [PMID: 33044985 PMCID: PMC7581005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is much less common in Africa than the rest of the world because the parasite relies primarily on the Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC) to invade human erythrocytes, and the majority of Africans are Duffy negative. Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the reporting of P. vivax cases in Africa, with a high number of them being in Duffy negative individuals, potentially indicating P. vivax has evolved an alternative invasion mechanism that can overcome Duffy negativity. Here, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variation (CNV) in Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) data from 44 P. vivax samples isolated from symptomatic malaria patients in southwestern Ethiopia, where both Duffy positive and Duffy negative individuals are found. A total of 123,711 SNPs were detected, of which 22.7% were nonsynonymous and 77.3% were synonymous mutations. The largest number of SNPs were detected on chromosomes 9 (24,007 SNPs; 19.4% of total) and 10 (16,852 SNPs, 13.6% of total). There were particularly high levels of polymorphism in erythrocyte binding gene candidates including merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3.5, MSP3.85 and MSP3.9). Two genes, MAEBL and MSP3.8 related to immunogenicity and erythrocyte binding function were detected with significant signals of positive selection. Variation in gene copy number was also concentrated in genes involved in host-parasite interactions, including the expansion of the Duffy binding protein gene (PvDBP) on chromosome 6 and MSP3.11 on chromosome 10. Based on the phylogeny constructed from the whole genome sequences, the expansion of these genes was an independent process among the P. vivax lineages in Ethiopia. We further inferred transmission patterns of P. vivax infections among study sites and showed various levels of gene flow at a small geographical scale. The genomic features of P. vivax provided baseline data for future comparison with those in Duffy-negative individuals and allowed us to develop a panel of informative Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers diagnostic at a micro-geographical scale. Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread parasite species that causes malaria in humans. Although it occurs in Africa as a member of a mix of Plasmodium species, P. vivax is dominant in other parts of the world outside of Africa (e.g., Brazil). It was previously thought that most African populations were immune to P. vivax infections due to the absence of Duffy antigen chemokine receptor (DARC) gene expression required for erythrocyte invasion. However, several recent reports have indicated the emergence and potential spread of P. vivax across human populations in Africa. Compared to Southeast Asia and South America where P. vivax is highly endemic, data on polymorphisms in erythrocyte binding gene candidates of P. vivax from Africa is limited. Filling this knowlege gap is critical for identifying functional genes in erythrocyte invasion, biomarkers for tracking the P. vivax isolates from Africa, as well as potential gene targets for vaccine development. This paper examined the level of genetic polymorphisms in a panel of 43 potential erythrocyte binding protein genes based on whole genome sequences and described transmission patterns of P. vivax infections from different study sites in Ethiopia based on the genetic variants. Our analyses showed that chromosomes 9 and 10 of the P. vivax genomes isolated in Ethiopia had the most high-quality genetic polymorphisms. Among all erythrocyte binding protein gene candidates, the merozoite surface proteins 1 and merozoite surface protein 3 showed high levels of polymorphism. MAEBL and MSP3.8 related to immunogenicity and erythrocyte binding function were detected with significant signals of positive selection. The expansion of the Duffy binding protein and merozoite surface protein 3 gene copies was an independent process among the P. vivax lineages in Ethiopia. Various levels of gene flow were observed even at a smaller geographical scale. Our study provided baseline data for future comparison with P. vivax in Duffy negative individuals and help develop a panel of genetic markers that are informative at a micro-geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ford
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (GY); (EL)
| | - Daniel Kepple
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Beka Raya Abagero
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Jordan Connors
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Richard Pearson
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United States of America
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sisay Getachew
- College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Colby Ford
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Karthigayan Gunalan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OXY, United Kingdom
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (GY); (EL)
| | | | - Eugenia Lo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF); (GY); (EL)
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9
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Muh F, Kim N, Nyunt MH, Firdaus ER, Han JH, Hoque MR, Lee SK, Park JH, Moon RW, Lau YL, Kaneko O, Han ET. Cross-species reactivity of antibodies against Plasmodium vivax blood-stage antigens to Plasmodium knowlesi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008323. [PMID: 32559186 PMCID: PMC7304578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by multiple different species of protozoan parasites, and interventions in the pre-elimination phase can lead to drastic changes in the proportion of each species causing malaria. In endemic areas, cross-reactivity may play an important role in the protection and blocking transmission. Thus, successful control of one species could lead to an increase in other parasite species. A few studies have reported cross-reactivity producing cross-immunity, but the extent of cross-reactive, particularly between closely related species, is poorly understood. P. vivax and P. knowlesi are particularly closely related species causing malaria infections in SE Asia, and whilst P. vivax cases are in decline, zoonotic P. knowlesi infections are rising in some areas. In this study, the cross-species reactivity and growth inhibition activity of P. vivax blood-stage antigen-specific antibodies against P. knowlesi parasites were investigated. Bioinformatics analysis, immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, protein microarray, and growth inhibition assay were performed to investigate the cross-reactivity. P. vivax blood-stage antigen-specific antibodies recognized the molecules located on the surface or released from apical organelles of P. knowlesi merozoites. Recombinant P. vivax and P. knowlesi proteins were also recognized by P. knowlesi- and P. vivax-infected patient antibodies, respectively. Immunoglobulin G against P. vivax antigens from both immune animals and human malaria patients inhibited the erythrocyte invasion by P. knowlesi. This study demonstrates that there is extensive cross-reactivity between antibodies against P. vivax to P. knowlesi in the blood stage, and these antibodies can potently inhibit in vitro invasion, highlighting the potential cross-protective immunity in endemic areas. In recent years, malaria initiatives have increasingly shifted focus from achieving malaria control to achieving malaria elimination. However, the interventions used are leading to drastic changes in the proportions of different Plasmodium species causing clinical infection, particularly within Southeast Asia. Little is known about how these different parasite species interact/compete in nature or whether exposure to one species could cause some level of protection against another. We examined cross-reactive antibody responses to key parasite proteins with roles in red blood cell invasion and identified novel cross-species reactivity among the closest of malaria affecting the human population (P. vivax and P. knowlesi). This comprehensive analysis provides evidence that cross-reactive immunity could play an important role in areas where species distributions are perturbed by malaria control measures, and future efforts to identify the specific cross-reactive epitopes involved would be invaluable both to our understanding of malaria immunity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhyeok Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Egy Rahman Firdaus
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Rafiul Hoque
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Plasmodium vivax spleen-dependent genes encode antigens associated with cytoadhesion and clinical protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13056-13065. [PMID: 32439708 PMCID: PMC7293605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920596117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of low peripheral blood parasitemia, vivax malaria causes severe disease. This conundrum finds an explanation from reports suggesting that the spleen is a place for parasite sequestration. We performed a global transcriptional analysis of parasites that grew in the presence or absence of the spleen in a nonhuman primate model. We identified 67 spleen-dependent genes, including multigene variant families, and functionally demonstrated specific adherence to human spleen fibroblasts by a member of such families. Moreover, we further demonstrated that spleen-dependent Plasmodium vivax genes code for immunogenic proteins during natural infections. Our results indicate that this organ plays an important function in P. vivax malaria and call for deeper studies of the role of spleen in P. vivax infections. Plasmodium vivax, the most widely distributed human malaria parasite, causes severe clinical syndromes despite low peripheral blood parasitemia. This conundrum is further complicated as cytoadherence in the microvasculature is still a matter of investigations. Previous reports in Plasmodium knowlesi, another parasite species shown to infect humans, demonstrated that variant genes involved in cytoadherence were dependent on the spleen for their expression. Hence, using a global transcriptional analysis of parasites obtained from spleen-intact and splenectomized monkeys, we identified 67 P. vivax genes whose expression was spleen dependent. To determine their role in cytoadherence, two Plasmodium falciparum transgenic lines expressing two variant proteins pertaining to VIR and Pv-FAM-D multigene families were used. Cytoadherence assays demonstrated specific binding to human spleen but not lung fibroblasts of the transgenic line expressing the VIR14 protein. To gain more insights, we expressed five P. vivax spleen-dependent genes as recombinant proteins, including members of three different multigene families (VIR, Pv-FAM-A, Pv-FAM-D), one membrane transporter (SECY), and one hypothetical protein (HYP1), and determined their immunogenicity and association with clinical protection in a prospective study of 383 children in Papua New Guinea. Results demonstrated that spleen-dependent antigens are immunogenic in natural infections and that antibodies to HYP1 are associated with clinical protection. These results suggest that the spleen plays a major role in expression of parasite proteins involved in cytoadherence and can reveal antigens associated with clinical protection, thus prompting a paradigm shift in P. vivax biology toward deeper studies of the spleen during infections.
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11
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Longley RJ, White MT, Takashima E, Brewster J, Morita M, Harbers M, Obadia T, Robinson LJ, Matsuura F, Liu ZSJ, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Tham WH, Healer J, Huon C, Chitnis CE, Nguitragool W, Monteiro W, Proietti C, Doolan DL, Siqueira AM, Ding XC, Gonzalez IJ, Kazura J, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Development and validation of serological markers for detecting recent Plasmodium vivax infection. Nat Med 2020; 26:741-749. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Moreno-Pérez DA, Patarroyo MA. Inferring Plasmodium vivax protein biology by using omics data. J Proteomics 2020; 218:103719. [PMID: 32092400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering Plasmodium vivax biology has long been a challenge for groups working on this parasite, mainly due to the complications involved in propagating it in vitro. However, adapting P. vivax strains in non-human primates and the arrival of high-performance analysis methods has led to increased knowledge regarding parasite protein composition and the ability of some molecules to trigger an immune response or participate in protein-protein interactions. This review describes the state of the art concerning proteomics-, immunomics- and interatomics-related P. vivax omic studies, discussing their potential use in developing disease control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia; Animal Science Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Calle 222 No. 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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13
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Patarroyo MA, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Moreno-Pérez DA. From a basic to a functional approach for developing a blood stage vaccine against Plasmodium vivax. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:195-207. [PMID: 32077349 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1733421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Numerous challenges have hampered developing an anti-malarial vaccine against the most widespread malarial parasite worldwide: Plasmodium vivax. Despite the progress achieved in studying proteins in short-term in vitro culture or in experimental models, there is still no clear method for defining which antigens or their regions should be prioritized for including them in a vaccine.Areas covered: The methods used by research groups so far which have focused on the functional analysis of P. vivax blood stage antigens have been reviewed here. A logical strategy orientated toward resolving two of the most commonly occurring problems in designing vaccines against this species has thus been proposed (i.e. the search for candidates and evaluating/ascertaining their functional role in the invasion of such molecules).Expert commentary: Advances in knowledge regarding P. vivax biology have been extremely slow. Only two key receptor-ligand interactions concerning merozoite entry to reticulocytes have been reported during the last 20 years: PvDBP1-DARC and PvRBP2b-CD71. Despite increasing knowledge about the parasite's intimate preference for its host cells, it has yet to be determined which regions of the merozoite molecules characterized to date meet the requirement of inducing protective immune responses effectively blocking heterologous parasite entry to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Livestock Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas Y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogotá DC, Colombia
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14
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Lee SK, Han JH, Park JH, Ha KS, Park WS, Hong SH, Na S, Cheng Y, Han ET. Evaluation of antibody responses to the early transcribed membrane protein family in Plasmodium vivax. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:594. [PMID: 31856917 PMCID: PMC6921578 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria parasites form intracellular membranes that separate the parasite from the internal space of erythrocytes, and membrane proteins from the parasites are exported to the host via the membrane. In our previous study, Plasmodium vivax early transcribed membrane protein (PvETRAMP) 11.2, an intracellular membrane protein that is highly expressed in blood-stage parasites, was characterized as a highly immunogenic protein in P. vivax malaria patients. However, the other PvETRAMP family proteins have not yet been investigated. In this study, PvETRAMPs were expressed and evaluated to determine their immunological profiles. Methods The protein structure and amino acid alignment were carried out using bioinformatics analysis software. A total of six PvETRAMP family proteins were successfully expressed and purified using a wheat germ cell free protein expression system and the purified proteins were used for protein microarray and immunization of mice. The localization of the protein was determined with serum against PvETRAMP4. IgG subclasses were assessed from the immunized mice. Results In silico analysis showed that P. vivax exhibits nine genes encoding the ETRAMP family. The ETRAMP family proteins are relatively small molecules with conserved structural features. A total of 6 recombinant ETRAMP proteins were successfully expressed and purified. The serum positivity of P. vivax malaria patients and healthy individuals was evaluated using a protein microarray method. Among the PvETRAMPs, ETRAMP4 showed the highest positivity rate of 62%, comparable to that of PvETRAMP11.2, which served as the positive control, and a typical export pattern of PvETRAMP4 was observed in the P. vivax parasite. The assessment of IgG subclasses in mice immunized with PvETRAMP4 showed high levels of IgG1 and IgG2b. PvETRAMP family proteins were identified and characterized as serological markers. Conclusions The relatively high antibody responses to PvETRAMP4 as well as the specific IgG subclasses observed in immunized mice suggest that the ETRAMP family is immunogenic in pathogens and can be used as a protein marker and for vaccine development.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Tran TM, Crompton PD. Decoding the complexities of human malaria through systems immunology. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:144-162. [PMID: 31680289 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the Plasmodium parasite and its life cycle poses a challenge to our understanding of the host immune response against malaria. Studying human immune responses during natural and experimental Plasmodium infections can enhance our understanding of malaria-protective immunity and inform the design of disease-modifying adjunctive therapies and next-generation malaria vaccines. Systems immunology can complement conventional approaches to facilitate our understanding of the complex immune response to the highly dynamic malaria parasite. In this review, recent studies that used systems-based approaches to evaluate human immune responses during natural and experimental Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections as well as during immunization with candidate malaria vaccines are summarized and related to each other. The potential for next-generation technologies to address the current limitations of systems-based studies of human malaria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan M Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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16
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Pezeshki A, Ovsyannikova IG, McKinney BA, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. The role of systems biology approaches in determining molecular signatures for the development of more effective vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:253-267. [PMID: 30700167 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1575208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to public health, and while vaccines have proven to be one of the most effective preventive measures for infectious diseases, we still do not have safe and effective vaccines against many human pathogens, and emerging diseases continually pose new threats. The purpose of this review is to discuss how the creation of vaccines for these new threats has been hindered by limitations in the current approach to vaccine development. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have enabled scientists to apply systems biology approaches to collect and integrate increasingly large datasets that capture comprehensive biological changes induced by vaccines, and then decipher the complex immune response to those vaccines. AREAS COVERED This review covers advances in these technologies and recent publications that describe systems biology approaches to understanding vaccine immune responses and to understanding the rational design of new vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Systems biology approaches to vaccine development provide novel information regarding both the immune response and the underlying mechanisms and can inform vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett A McKinney
- b Department of Mathematics , University of Tulsa , Tulsa , OK , USA.,c Tandy School of Computer Science , University of Tulsa , Tulsa , OK , USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- a Mayo Vaccine Research Group , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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17
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Kassegne K, Abe EM, Cui YB, Chen SB, Xu B, Deng WP, Shen HM, Wang Y, Chen JH, Zhou XN. Contribution of Plasmodium immunomics: potential impact for serological testing and surveillance of malaria. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 16:117-129. [PMID: 30513025 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1554441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and P. knowlesi account together for a considerable share of the global burden of malaria, along with P. falciparum (Pf). However, inaccurate diagnosis and undetectable asymptomatic/submicroscopic malaria infections remain very challenging. Blood-stage antigens involved in either invasion of red blood cells or sequestration/cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes have been immunomics-characterized, and are vital for the detection of malaria incidence. Areas covered: We review the recent advances in Plasmodium immunomics to discuss serological markers with potential for specific and sensitive diagnosis of malaria. Insights on alternative use of immunomics to assess malaria prevalence are also highlighted. Finally, we provide practical applications of serological markers as diagnostics, with an emphasis on dot immunogold filtration assay which holds promise for malaria diagnosis and epidemiological surveys. Expert commentary: The approach largely contributes to Pf and Pv research in identifying promising non-orthologous antigens able to detect malaria incidence and to differentiate between past and recent infections. However, further studies to profiling naturally acquired immune responses are expected in order to help discover/validate serological markers of no cross-seroreactivity and guide control interventions. More so, the application of immunomics to knowlesi infections would help validate the recently identified antigens and contribute to the discovery of additional biomarkers of exposure, immunity, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokouvi Kassegne
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Eniola Michael Abe
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bing Cui
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Bo Chen
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xu
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang-Ping Deng
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Mo Shen
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- b Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- a National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health , National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Cheng Y, Wang B, Lu F, Han JH, Ahmed MA, Han ET. Immunological characterization of Plasmodium vivax Pv32, a novel predicted GPI-anchored merozoite surface protein. Malar J 2018; 17:273. [PMID: 30053874 PMCID: PMC6062930 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an effective malarial vaccine is an urgent need. Most glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins of Plasmodium parasites are exposed to neutralizing antibodies, and several are advanced vaccine candidates. In the present study, Plasmodium vivax Pv32 (PVX_084815) as a hypothetical, predicted GPI-anchored and cysteine-rich motif was identified from our previous findings with a focus on its antigenic profiling. The orthologue gene pv32, a predicted GPI anchor of P. falciparum PF3D7_1434400, has still not been well studied. Methods The gene information of pv32 was obtained from PlasmoDB. Recombinant Pv32 protein was expressed and purified using a wheat germ cell-free expression system and a glutathione-Sepharose column. Naturally acquired immune response to recombinant Pv32 protein was evaluated using a protein microarray with 96 parasite-infected patients and 96 healthy individuals. Antibodies against recombinant Pv32 proteins from immune animals were produced, used and analyzed for the subcellular localization of native Pv32 protein by an immunofluorescence assay. A total of 48 pv32 sequences from 11 countries retrieved from PlasmoDB were used to determine the genetic diversity, polymorphisms and genealogical relationships with DNAsp and NETWORK software packages. Results Pv32 is encoded by a conserved gene with two introns that are located on chromosome 13 and expressed as a 32 kDa protein in mature asexual stage parasites. Immunofluorescence data showed that Pv32 localized on the merozoite surface in schizont-stage parasites. The recombinant Pv32 was recognized by 39.6% of antibodies from P. vivax-infected individuals compared with healthy individuals. Low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0028) and polymorphisms of pv32 were detected within worldwide isolates. Conclusions This study shows the identification and characterization of the hypothetical protein, Pv32. Pv32 provides important characteristics, including a merozoite surface protein, a predicted GPI motif and Cysteine-rich motif among Plasmodium species. These results suggested that Pv32 is immunogenic with a merozoite surface pattern to antibodies during natural infection in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2401-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Zhou X, Huang JL, Shen HM, Xu B, Chen JH, Zhou XN. Immunomics analysis of Babesia microti protein markers by high-throughput screening assay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1468-1474. [PMID: 30017725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti is a protozoan considered to be a major etiological agent of emerging human babesiosis. It imposes an increasing public-health threat and can be overlooked because of low parasitemia or mixed infection with other pathogens. More sensitive and specific antigens are needed to improve the diagnosis of babesiosis. To screen the immune diagnostic antigens of B. microti, 204 sequences from homologue proteins between B. microti and B. bovis genome sequences in PiroplasmaDB were selected. The high throughput cloned and expressed B. microti proteins were screened with the sera from the BALB/c mice infected by B. microti using protein arrays. Ten (5.9%, 10/169) highly immunoreactive proteins were identified, and most (80%, 8/10) of these highly immunoreactive proteins had not been characterized before, making them potentially useful as candidate antigens for the development of diagnostic tools for babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Medical School of Soochow University, No. 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Lei Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Mo Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Arévalo-Pinzón G, González-González M, Suárez CF, Curtidor H, Carabias-Sánchez J, Muro A, LaBaer J, Patarroyo MA, Fuentes M. Self-assembling functional programmable protein array for studying protein-protein interactions in malaria parasites. Malar J 2018; 17:270. [PMID: 30016987 PMCID: PMC6050706 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread malarial species, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Knowledge is limited regarding the molecular mechanism of invasion due to the lack of a continuous in vitro culture system for these species. Since protein–protein and host–cell interactions play an essential role in the microorganism’s invasion and replication, elucidating protein function during invasion is critical when developing more effective control methods. Nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) has thus become a suitable technology for studying protein–protein and host–protein interactions since producing proteins through the in vitro transcription/translation (IVTT) method overcomes most of the drawbacks encountered to date, such as heterologous protein production, stability and purification. Results Twenty P. vivax proteins on merozoite surface or in secretory organelles were selected and successfully cloned using gateway technology. Most constructs were displayed in the array expressed in situ, using the IVTT method. The Pv12 protein was used as bait for evaluating array functionality and co-expressed with P. vivax cDNA display in the array. It was found that Pv12 interacted with Pv41 (as previously described), as well as PvMSP142kDa, PvRBP1a, PvMSP8 and PvRAP1. Conclusions NAPPA is a high-performance technique enabling co-expression of bait and query in situ, thereby enabling interactions to be analysed rapidly and reproducibly. It offers a fresh alternative for studying protein–protein and ligand–receptor interactions regarding a parasite which is difficult to cultivate (i.e. P. vivax). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2414-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María González-González
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernando Suárez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A.), Calle 222 # 55-37, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Antonio Muro
- Unidad de Investigación Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales (e-INTRO), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Universitario Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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21
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Muh F, Ahmed MA, Han JH, Nyunt MH, Lee SK, Lau YL, Kaneko O, Han ET. Cross-species analysis of apical asparagine-rich protein of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5781. [PMID: 29636493 PMCID: PMC5893618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum apical asparagine (Asn)-rich protein (AARP) is one of malarial proteins, and it has been studied as a candidate of malaria subunit vaccine. Basic characterization of PvAARP has been performed with a focus on its immunogenicity and localization. In this study, we further analyzed the immunogenicity of PvAARP, focusing on the longevity of the antibody response, cross-species immunity and invasion inhibitory activity by using the primate malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. We found that vivax malaria patient sera retained anti-PvAARP antibodies for at least one year without re-infection. Recombinant PvAARP protein was strongly recognized by knowlesi malaria patients. Antibody raised against the P. vivax and P. knowlesi AARP N-termini reacted with the apical side of the P. knowlesi merozoites and inhibited erythrocyte invasion by P. knowlesi in a concentration-dependent manner, thereby suggesting a cross-species nature of anti-PvAARP antibody against PkAARP. These results can be explained by B cell epitopes predicted in conserved surface-exposed regions of the AARP N-terminus in both species. The long-lived anti-PvAARP antibody response, cross-reactivity, and invasion inhibitory activity of anti-PvAARP support a critical role of AARP during the erythrocyte invasion and suggest that PvAARP induces long-lived cross-species protective immunity against P. vivax and P. knowlesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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22
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New Technologies for Vaccine Development: Harnessing the Power of Human Immunology. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Bourgard C, Albrecht L, Kayano ACAV, Sunnerhagen P, Costa FTM. Plasmodium vivax Biology: Insights Provided by Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:34. [PMID: 29473024 PMCID: PMC5809496 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the vast omics field has revolutionized biological research, especially the genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics branches, as technological tools become available to the field researcher and allow difficult question-driven studies to be addressed. Parasitology has greatly benefited from next generation sequencing (NGS) projects, which have resulted in a broadened comprehension of basic parasite molecular biology, ecology and epidemiology. Malariology is one example where application of this technology has greatly contributed to a better understanding of Plasmodium spp. biology and host-parasite interactions. Among the several parasite species that cause human malaria, the neglected Plasmodium vivax presents great research challenges, as in vitro culturing is not yet feasible and functional assays are heavily limited. Therefore, there are gaps in our P. vivax biology knowledge that affect decisions for control policies aiming to eradicate vivax malaria in the near future. In this review, we provide a snapshot of key discoveries already achieved in P. vivax sequencing projects, focusing on developments, hurdles, and limitations currently faced by the research community, as well as perspectives on future vivax malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Bourgard
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana C A V Kayano
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Laboratory of Tropical Diseases, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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24
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Patankar S, Sharma S, Rathod PK, Duraisingh MT. Malaria in India: The Need for New Targets for Diagnosis and Detection of Plasmodium vivax. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700024. [PMID: 29193853 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan parasite that is one of the causative agents of human malaria. Due to several occult features of its life cycle, P. vivax threatens to be a problem for the recent efforts toward elimination of malaria globally. With an emphasis on malaria elimination goals, the authors summarize the major gaps in P. vivax diagnosis and describe how proteomics technologies have begun to contribute toward the discovery of antigens that could be used for various technology platforms and applications. The authors suggest areas where, in the future, proteomics technologies could fill in gaps in P. vivax diagnosis that have proved difficult. The discovery of new parasite antigens, host responses, and immune signatures using proteomics technologies will be a key part of the global malaria elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Manoj T Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Armistead JS, Adams JH. Advancing Research Models and Technologies to Overcome Biological Barriers to Plasmodium vivax Control. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:114-126. [PMID: 29153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria prevalence has declined in the past 10 years, especially outside of sub-Saharan Africa. However, the proportion of cases due to Plasmodium vivax is increasing, accounting for up to 90-100% of the malaria burden in endemic regions. Nonetheless, investments in malaria research and control still prioritize Plasmodium falciparum while largely neglecting P. vivax. Specific biological features of P. vivax, particularly invasion of reticulocytes, occurrence of dormant liver forms of the parasite, and the potential for transmission of sexual-stage parasites prior to onset of clinical illness, promote its persistence and hinder development of research tools and interventions. This review discusses recent advances in P. vivax research, current knowledge of its unique biology, and proposes priorities for P. vivax research and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Armistead
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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26
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França CT, White MT, He WQ, Hostetler JB, Brewster J, Frato G, Malhotra I, Gruszczyk J, Huon C, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Yadava A, Siba P, Galinski MR, Healer J, Chitnis C, Cowman AF, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Tham WH, Fairhurst RM, Rayner JC, King CL, Mueller I. Identification of highly-protective combinations of Plasmodium vivax recombinant proteins for vaccine development. eLife 2017; 6:28673. [PMID: 28949293 PMCID: PMC5655538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of antigenic targets of naturally-acquired immunity is essential to identify and prioritize antigens for further functional characterization. We measured total IgG antibodies to 38 P. vivax antigens, investigating their relationship with prospective risk of malaria in a cohort of 1–3 years old Papua New Guinean children. Using simulated annealing algorithms, the potential protective efficacy of antibodies to multiple antigen-combinations, and the antibody thresholds associated with protection were investigated for the first time. High antibody levels to multiple known and newly identified proteins were strongly associated with protection (IRR 0.44–0.74, p<0.001–0.041). Among five-antigen combinations with the strongest protective effect (>90%), EBP, DBPII, RBP1a, CyRPA, and PVX_081550 were most frequently identified; several of them requiring very low antibody levels to show a protective association. These data identify individual antigens that should be prioritized for further functional testing and establish a clear path to testing a multicomponent P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tenorio França
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael T White
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,MRC Center for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Qiang He
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jessica B Hostetler
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Jessica Brewster
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gabriel Frato
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Indu Malhotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Jakub Gruszczyk
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christele Huon
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Enmoore Lin
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Peter Siba
- Malaria Immuno-Epidemiology Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Yagaum, Papua New Guinea
| | - Mary R Galinski
- International Center for Malaria Research, Education, and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, United States.,Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Julie Healer
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chetan Chitnis
- Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Alan F Cowman
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Malaria Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Longley RJ, White MT, Takashima E, Morita M, Kanoi BN, Li Wai Suen CSN, Betuela I, Kuehn A, Sripoorote P, Franca CT, Siba P, Robinson LJ, Lacerda M, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Mueller I. Naturally acquired antibody responses to more than 300 Plasmodium vivax proteins in three geographic regions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005888. [PMID: 28892517 PMCID: PMC5614652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax remains an important cause of malaria in South America and the Asia-Pacific. Naturally acquired antibody responses against multiple P. vivax proteins have been described in numerous countries, however, direct comparison of these responses has been difficult with different methodologies employed. We measured antibody responses against 307 P. vivax proteins at the time of P. vivax infection, and at 2–3 later time-points in three countries. We observed that seropositivity rates at the time of infection were highest in Thailand, followed by Brazil then PNG, reflecting the level of antigenic input. The majority of sero-reactive antigens in all sites induced short-lived antibody responses with estimated half-lives of less than 6 months, although there was a trend towards longer-lived responses in PNG children. Despite these differences, IgG seropositivity rates, magnitude and longevity were highly and significantly rank-correlated between the different regions, suggesting such features are reflective of the individual protein. In the pursuit of eliminating all species of malaria, Plasmodium vivax presents one of the most substantial challenges, particularly in countries in Asia, the Western-Pacific and South America. This is primarily due to the ability of P. vivax to cause relapse infections months to years after the initial infectious bite. In areas with low levels of malaria transmission, serology has become an increasingly useful tool for surveillance, as anti-Plasmodium antibodies can be detected in individuals long after blood-stage parasites have cleared. In this study, we provide a detailed characterisation of the antibody response generated following P. vivax infection by measuring antibodies to over 300 P. vivax antigens in three different populations in Thailand, Brazil and Papua New Guinea. The individuals in these populations were followed for up to nine months allowing us to estimate the rate at which antibodies decay over time. This improved understanding of the magnitude and dynamics of the antibody response, validated in multiple populations, will contribute to the development of serological surveillance tools needed for enhanced control and elimination of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J. Longley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael T. White
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Bernard N. Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Connie S. N. Li Wai Suen
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Inoni Betuela
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Piyarat Sripoorote
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Camila T. Franca
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Siba
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Malaria: Parasites & Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Baquero LA, Moreno-Pérez DA, Garzón-Ospina D, Forero-Rodríguez J, Ortiz-Suárez HD, Patarroyo MA. PvGAMA reticulocyte binding activity: predicting conserved functional regions by natural selection analysis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:251. [PMID: 28526096 PMCID: PMC5438544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adhesin proteins are used by Plasmodium parasites to bind and invade target cells. Hence, characterising molecules that participate in reticulocyte interaction is key to understanding the molecular basis of Plasmodium vivax invasion. This study focused on predicting functionally restricted regions of the P. vivax GPI-anchored micronemal antigen (PvGAMA) and characterising their reticulocyte binding activity. Results The pvgama gene was initially found in P. vivax VCG-I strain schizonts. According to the genetic diversity analysis, PvGAMA displayed a size polymorphism very common for antigenic P. vivax proteins. Two regions along the antigen sequence were highly conserved among species, having a negative natural selection signal. Interestingly, these regions revealed a functional role regarding preferential target cell adhesion. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study describes PvGAMA reticulocyte binding properties for the first time. Conserved functional regions were predicted according to natural selection analysis and their binding ability was confirmed. These findings support the notion that PvGAMA may have an important role in P. vivax merozoite adhesion to its target cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2183-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Baquero
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Darwin A Moreno-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Heidy D Ortiz-Suárez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá DC, Colombia. .,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá DC, Colombia.
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29
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Muh F, Han JH, Nyunt MH, Lee SK, Jeon HY, Ha KS, Park WS, Hong SH, Ahmed MA, Na S, Takashima E, Tsuboi T, Han ET. Identification of a novel merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium vivax, PvMSA180. Malar J 2017; 16:133. [PMID: 28351409 PMCID: PMC5369000 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although a number of Plasmodium vivax proteins have been identified, few have been investigated as potential vaccine candidates. This study characterized the Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface antigen 180 (PvMSA180, PVX_094920), a novel P. vivax antigenic protein. Methods The target gene was amplified as four overlapping domains (D1, D2, D3 and D4) to enable expression of the recombinant protein using cell-free and bacterial expression systems. The recombinant PvMSA180 proteins were used in protein microarrays to evaluate the humoral immune response of 72 vivax-infected patients and 24 vivax-naïve individuals. Antibodies produced in mice against the PvMSA180-D1 and -D4 domains were used to assess the subcellular localization of schizont-stage parasites with immunofluorescence assays. A total of 51 pvmsa180 sequences from 12 countries (41 sequences from PlasmoDB and 6 generated in this study) were used to determine the genetic diversity and genealogical relationships with DNAsp and NETWORK software packages, respectively. Results PvMSA180 consists of 1603 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 182 kDa, and has a signal peptide at the amino-terminus. A total of 70.8% of patients (51/72) showed a specific antibody response to at least one of the PvMSA180 domains, and 20.8% (15/72) exhibited a robust antibody response to at least three of the domains. These findings suggest that PvMSA180 is targeted by the humoral immune response during natural infection with P. vivax. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that PvMSA180 is localized on the merozoite surface of schizont-stage parasites, and pvmsa180 sequences originating from various geographic regions worldwide showed low genetic diversity. Twenty-two haplotypes were found, and haplotype 6 (Hap_6, 77%) of pvmsa180 was detected in isolates from six countries. Conclusions A novel P. vivax surface protein, PvMSA180, was characterized in this study. Most of P. vivax-infected patients had specific antibodies against particular antigenic domains, indicating that this protein is immunogenic in naturally exposed populations. Genetic analysis of worldwide isolates showed that pvmsa180 is less polymorphic than other well-known candidates and that some haplotypes are common to several countries. However, additional studies with a larger sample size are necessary to evaluate the antibody responses in geographically separated populations, and to identify the function of PvMSA180 during parasite invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1760-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Muh
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Atique Ahmed
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Wang B, Lu F, Han JH, Lee SK, Cheng Y, Nyunt MH, Ha KS, Hong SH, Park WS, Han ET. Characterization of Caveola-Vesicle Complexes (CVCs) Protein, PHIST/CVC-81 95 in Plasmodium vivax. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 54:725-732. [PMID: 28095657 PMCID: PMC5266361 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax produces numerous caveola-vesicle complex (CVC) structures beneath the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Recently, a member helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) superfamily protein, PcyPHIST/CVC-8195, was identified as CVCs-associated protein in Plasmodium cynomolgi and essential for survival of this parasite. Very little information has been documented to date about PHIST/CVC-8195 protein in P. vivax. In this study, the recombinant PvPHIST/CVC-8195 N and C termini were expressed, and immunoreactivity was assessed using confirmed vivax malaria patients sera by protein microarray. The subcellular localization of PvPHIST/CVC-8195 N and C termini in blood stage parasites was also determined. The antigenicity of recombinant PvPHIST/CVC-8195 N and C terminal proteins were analyzed by using serum samples from the Republic of Korea. The results showed that immunoreactivities to these proteins had 61% and 43% sensitivity and 96.9% and 93.8% specificity, respectively. The N terminal of PvPHIST/CVC-8195 which contains transmembrane domain and export motif (PEXEL; RxLxE/Q/D) produced CVCs location throughout the erythrocytic-stage parasites. However, no fluorescence was detected with antibodies against C terminal fragment of PvPHIST/CVC-8195. These results suggest that the PvPHIST/CVC-8195 is localized on the CVCs and may be immunogenic in natural infection of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.,Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.,Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.,Department of Medical Research, Yangon 11191, Myanmar
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea
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31
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Uplekar S, Rao PN, Ramanathapuram L, Awasthi V, Verma K, Sutton P, Ali SZ, Patel A, G. SLP, Ravishankaran S, Desai N, Tandel N, Choubey S, Barla P, Kanagaraj D, Eapen A, Pradhan K, Singh R, Jain A, Felgner PL, Davies DH, Carlton JM, Das J. Characterizing Antibody Responses to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Antigens in India Using Genome-Scale Protein Microarrays. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005323. [PMID: 28118367 PMCID: PMC5291533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding naturally acquired immune responses to Plasmodium in India is key to improving malaria surveillance and diagnostic tools. Here we describe serological profiling of immune responses at three sites in India by probing protein microarrays consisting of 515 Plasmodium vivax and 500 Plasmodium falciparum proteins with 353 plasma samples. A total of 236 malaria-positive (symptomatic and asymptomatic) plasma samples and 117 malaria-negative samples were collected at three field sites in Raurkela, Nadiad, and Chennai. Indian samples showed significant seroreactivity to 265 P. vivax and 373 P. falciparum antigens, but overall seroreactivity to P. vivax antigens was lower compared to P. falciparum antigens. We identified the most immunogenic antigens of both Plasmodium species that were recognized at all three sites in India, as well as P. falciparum antigens that were associated with asymptomatic malaria. This is the first genome-scale analysis of serological responses to the two major species of malaria parasite in India. The range of immune responses characterized in different endemic settings argues for targeted surveillance approaches tailored to the diverse epidemiology of malaria across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Uplekar
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Nagesh Rao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lalitha Ramanathapuram
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Vikky Awasthi
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Verma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Patrick Sutton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Syed Zeeshan Ali
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Sector 1 Health Center, Raurkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ankita Patel
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Civil Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sri Lakshmi Priya G.
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangamithra Ravishankaran
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nisha Desai
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Civil Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Civil Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandhya Choubey
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Sector 1 Health Center, Raurkela, Odisha, India
| | - Punam Barla
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Sector 1 Health Center, Raurkela, Odisha, India
| | - Deena Kanagaraj
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khageswar Pradhan
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Sector 1 Health Center, Raurkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ranvir Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Civil Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jyoti Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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32
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Kassegne K, Abe EM, Chen JH, Zhou XN. Immunomic approaches for antigen discovery of human parasites. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:1091-1101. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1252675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kokouvi Kassegne
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eniola Michael Abe
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Plasmodium Helical Interspersed Subtelomeric (PHIST) Proteins, at the Center of Host Cell Remodeling. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:905-27. [PMID: 27582258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00014-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the asexual cycle, Plasmodium falciparum extensively remodels the human erythrocyte to make it a suitable host cell. A large number of exported proteins facilitate this remodeling process, which causes erythrocytes to become more rigid, cytoadherent, and permeable for nutrients and metabolic products. Among the exported proteins, a family of 89 proteins, called the Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) protein family, has been identified. While also found in other Plasmodium species, the PHIST family is greatly expanded in P. falciparum. Although a decade has passed since their first description, to date, most PHIST proteins remain uncharacterized and are of unknown function and localization within the host cell, and there are few data on their interactions with other host or parasite proteins. However, over the past few years, PHIST proteins have been mentioned in the literature at an increasing rate owing to their presence at various localizations within the infected erythrocyte. Expression of PHIST proteins has been implicated in molecular and cellular processes such as the surface display of PfEMP1, gametocytogenesis, changes in cell rigidity, and also cerebral and pregnancy-associated malaria. Thus, we conclude that PHIST proteins are central to host cell remodeling, but despite their obvious importance in pathology, PHIST proteins seem to be understudied. Here we review current knowledge, shed light on the definition of PHIST proteins, and discuss these proteins with respect to their localization and probable function. We take into consideration interaction studies, microarray analyses, or data from blood samples from naturally infected patients to combine all available information on this protein family.
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34
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Zhang C, Gu Y, Tang J, Lu F, Cao Y, Zhou H, Zhu G, Cao J, Gao Q. Production of Plasmodium vivax enolase in Escherichia coli and its protective properties. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2855-2861. [PMID: 27487171 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1208328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax predominates in South-East Asia and the American continent, causes significant morbidity and inflicts a huge socioeconomic burden. Sequencing completion of the Plasmodium vivax genome and transcriptome provides the chance to identify antigens. Enolase is the eighth enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which, apart from its glycolytic function, also possess antigenic properties and is present on the cell wall of many invasive organisms, such as Candida albicans. In order to assess whether enolase of Plasmodium vivax is also antigenic, in this study, we first reported the expression and purification of recombinant Plasmodium vivax enolase (r-Pven) in Escherichia coli, using prokaryotic expression vector. The r-Pven was expressed in soluble form in E. coli, and the expression was verified by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis. The r-Pven was purified to 90% purity by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni2+-NTA) resin chromatography. For reactivity with r-Pven, compared with the average values of the reactivity of control serum samples, the average values of the reactivity of 99 individual serums from vivax malaria patients appeared higher, and there was significant difference between them (p=0.0117<0.05). Mice anti-r-Pven antibodies inhibited the growth of in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. Mice immunized with r-Pven showed protection against a challenge with the mouse malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei. The antibodies raised against r-Pven were specific for Plasmodium and did not react to the host tissues. These observations established Plasmodium vivax enolase to be a potential protective antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,b Public Health Research Center , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yaping Gu
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jianxia Tang
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Feng Lu
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Huayun Zhou
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jun Cao
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,b Public Health Research Center , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Qi Gao
- a Key Laboratory on Technology for Disease Prevention and Control (Ministry of Health) , Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
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35
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Venkatesh A, Patel SK, Ray S, Shastri J, Chatterjee G, Kochar SK, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Proteomics ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria: new insights, progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:771-82. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1210515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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França CT, Hostetler JB, Sharma S, White MT, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Waltmann A, Darcy AW, Li Wai Suen CSN, Siba P, King CL, Rayner JC, Fairhurst RM, Mueller I. An Antibody Screen of a Plasmodium vivax Antigen Library Identifies Novel Merozoite Proteins Associated with Clinical Protection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004639. [PMID: 27182597 PMCID: PMC4868274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria would be greatly facilitated by the development of an effective vaccine. A comprehensive and systematic characterization of antibodies to P. vivax antigens in exposed populations is useful in guiding rational vaccine design. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated antibodies to a large library of P. vivax entire ectodomain merozoite proteins in 2 Asia-Pacific populations, analysing the relationship of antibody levels with markers of current and cumulative malaria exposure, and socioeconomic and clinical indicators. 29 antigenic targets of natural immunity were identified. Of these, 12 highly-immunogenic proteins were strongly associated with age and thus cumulative lifetime exposure in Solomon Islanders (P<0.001-0.027). A subset of 6 proteins, selected on the basis of immunogenicity and expression levels, were used to examine antibody levels in plasma samples from a population of young Papua New Guinean children with well-characterized individual differences in exposure. This analysis identified a strong association between reduced risk of clinical disease and antibody levels to P12, P41, and a novel hypothetical protein that has not previously been studied, PVX_081550 (IRR 0.46-0.74; P<0.001-0.041). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These data emphasize the benefits of an unbiased screening approach in identifying novel vaccine candidate antigens. Functional studies are now required to establish whether PVX_081550 is a key component of the naturally-acquired protective immune response, a biomarker of immune status, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila T. França
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica B. Hostetler
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Sharma
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. White
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Center for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enmoore Lin
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benson Kiniboro
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Andreea Waltmann
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Darcy
- National Health Training & Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Connie S. N. Li Wai Suen
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Siba
- Vector Borne Diseases Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JCR); (RMF); (IM)
| | - Rick M. Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCR); (RMF); (IM)
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JCR); (RMF); (IM)
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Chen JH, Chen SB, Wang Y, Ju C, Zhang T, Xu B, Shen HM, Mo XJ, Molina DM, Eng M, Liang X, Gardner MJ, Wang R, Hu W. An immunomics approach for the analysis of natural antibody responses to Plasmodium vivax infection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2354-63. [PMID: 26091354 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High throughput immunomics is a powerful platform to discover potential targets of host immunity and develop diagnostic tests for infectious diseases. We screened the sera of Plasmodium vivax-exposed individuals to profile the antibody response to blood-stage antigens of P. vivax using a P. vivax protein microarray. A total of 1936 genes encoding the P. vivax proteins were expressed, printed and screened with sera from P. vivax-exposed individuals and normal subjects. Total of 151 (7.8% of the 1936 targets) highly immunoreactive antigens were identified, including five well-characterized antigens of P. vivax (ETRAMP11.2, Pv34, SUB1, RAP2 and MSP4). Among the highly immunoreactive antigens, 5 antigens were predicted as adhesins by MAAP, and 11 antigens were predicted as merozoite invasion-related proteins based on homology with P. falciparum proteins. There are 40 proteins that have serodiagnostic potential for antibody surveillance. These novel Plasmodium antigens identified provide the clues for understanding host immune response to P. vivax infection and the development of antibody surveillance tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Changrob S, Wang B, Han JH, Lee SK, Nyunt MH, Lim CS, Tsuboi T, Chootong P, Han ET. Naturally-Acquired Immune Response against Plasmodium vivax Rhoptry-Associated Membrane Antigen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148723. [PMID: 26886867 PMCID: PMC4757550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (RAMA) is an abundant glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that is embedded within the lipid bilayer and is implicated in parasite invasion. Antibody responses against rhoptry proteins are produced by individuals living in a malaria-endemic area, suggesting the immunogenicity of Plasmodium vivax RAMA (PvRAMA) for induction of immune responses during P. vivax infection. To determine whether PvRAMA contributes to the acquisition of immunity to malaria and could be a rational candidate for a vaccine, the presence of memory T cells and the stability of the antibody response against PvRAMA were evaluated in P. vivax-exposed individuals. The immunogenicity of PvRAMA for the induction of T cell responses was evaluated by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). High levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 cytokines were detected in the culture supernatant of PBMCs, and the CD4+ T cells predominantly produced IL-10 cytokine. The levels of total anti-PvRAMA immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody were significantly elevated, and these antibodies persisted over the 12 months of the study. Interestingly, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 were the major antibody subtypes in the response to PvRAMA. The frequency of IgG3 in specific to PvRAMA antigen maintained over 12 months. These data could explain the immunogenicity of PvRAMA antigen in induction of both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity in natural P. vivax infection, in which IFN-γ helps antibody class switching toward the IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 isotypes and IL-10 supports PvRAMA-specific antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Guro Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chootong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PC); (E-TH)
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (PC); (E-TH)
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Abstract
SUMMARYPlasmodium vivaxis the most geographically widespread of the malaria parasites causing human disease, yet it is comparatively understudied compared withPlasmodium falciparum.In this article we review what is known about naturally acquired immunity toP. vivax, and importantly, how this differs to that acquired againstP. falciparum.Immunity to clinicalP. vivaxinfection is acquired more quickly than toP. falciparum, and evidence suggests humans in endemic areas also have a greater capacity to mount a successful immunological memory response to this pathogen. Both of these factors give promise to the idea of a successfulP. vivaxvaccine. We review what is known about both the cellular and humoral immune response, including the role of cytokines, antibodies, immunoregulation, immune memory and immune dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss where the future lies in terms of advancing our understanding of naturally acquired immunity toP. vivax, through the use of well-designed longitudinal epidemiological studies and modern tools available to immunologists.
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40
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Hostetler JB, Sharma S, Bartholdson SJ, Wright GJ, Fairhurst RM, Rayner JC. A Library of Plasmodium vivax Recombinant Merozoite Proteins Reveals New Vaccine Candidates and Protein-Protein Interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004264. [PMID: 26701602 PMCID: PMC4689532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vaccine targeting Plasmodium vivax will be an essential component of any comprehensive malaria elimination program, but major gaps in our understanding of P. vivax biology, including the protein-protein interactions that mediate merozoite invasion of reticulocytes, hinder the search for candidate antigens. Only one ligand-receptor interaction has been identified, that between P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) and the erythrocyte Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC), and strain-specific immune responses to PvDBP make it a complex vaccine target. To broaden the repertoire of potential P. vivax merozoite-stage vaccine targets, we exploited a recent breakthrough in expressing full-length ectodomains of Plasmodium proteins in a functionally-active form in mammalian cells and initiated a large-scale study of P. vivax merozoite proteins that are potentially involved in reticulocyte binding and invasion. Methodology/Principal Findings We selected 39 P. vivax proteins that are predicted to localize to the merozoite surface or invasive secretory organelles, some of which show homology to P. falciparum vaccine candidates. Of these, we were able to express 37 full-length protein ectodomains in a mammalian expression system, which has been previously used to express P. falciparum invasion ligands such as PfRH5. To establish whether the expressed proteins were correctly folded, we assessed whether they were recognized by antibodies from Cambodian patients with acute vivax malaria. IgG from these samples showed at least a two-fold change in reactivity over naïve controls in 27 of 34 antigens tested, and the majority showed heat-labile IgG immunoreactivity, suggesting the presence of conformation-sensitive epitopes and native tertiary protein structures. Using a method specifically designed to detect low-affinity, extracellular protein-protein interactions, we confirmed a predicted interaction between P. vivax 6-cysteine proteins P12 and P41, further suggesting that the proteins are natively folded and functional. This screen also identified two novel protein-protein interactions, between P12 and PVX_110945, and between MSP3.10 and MSP7.1, the latter of which was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Conclusions/Significance We produced a new library of recombinant full-length P. vivax ectodomains, established that the majority of them contain tertiary structure, and used them to identify predicted and novel protein-protein interactions. As well as identifying new interactions for further biological studies, this library will be useful in identifying P. vivax proteins with vaccine potential, and studying P. vivax malaria pathogenesis and immunity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00663546 Plasmodium vivax causes malaria in millions of people each year, primarily in Southeast Asia and Central and South America. P. vivax has a dormant liver stage, which can lead to disease recurrence in infected individuals even in the absence of mosquito transmission. The development of vaccines that target blood-stage P. vivax parasites is therefore likely to be an essential component of any worldwide effort to eradicate malaria. Studying P. vivax is very difficult as this parasite grows poorly in the laboratory and invades only small numbers of young red blood cells in patients. Due to these and other challenges, only a handful of P. vivax proteins have been tested as potential vaccines. To generate more vaccine candidates, we expressed the entire ectodomains of 37 proteins that are predicted to be involved in P. vivax invasion of red blood cells. Antibodies from Cambodian patients with P. vivax malaria recognized heat-sensitive epitopes in the majority of these proteins, suggesting that they are natively folded. We also used the proteins to screen for both predicted and novel protein-protein interactions, confirming that the proteins are functional and further supporting their potential as vaccine candidates. As a new community resource, this P. vivax recombinant protein library will facilitate future studies of P. vivax pathogenesis and immunity, and greatly expands the list of candidate vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Hostetler
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sumana Sharma
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S. Josefin Bartholdson
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RMF); (JCR)
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RMF); (JCR)
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41
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Current Mathematical Models for Analyzing Anti-Malarial Antibody Data with an Eye to Malaria Elimination and Eradication. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:738030. [PMID: 26770994 PMCID: PMC4684866 DOI: 10.1155/2015/738030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a steady reduction of the malaria burden worldwide. With various countries targeting disease elimination in the near future, the popular parasite infection or entomological inoculation rates are becoming less and less informative of the underlying malaria burden due to a reduced number of infected individuals or mosquitoes at the time of sampling. To overcome such problem, alternative measures based on antibodies against specific malaria antigens have gained recent interest in malaria epidemiology due to the possibility of estimating past disease exposure in absence of infected individuals. This paper aims then to review current mathematical models and corresponding statistical approaches used in antibody data analysis. The application of these models is illustrated with three data sets from Equatorial Guinea, Brazilian Amazonia region, and western Kenyan highlands. A brief discussion is also carried out on the future challenges of using these models in the context of malaria elimination.
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42
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Furman D, Davis MM. New approaches to understanding the immune response to vaccination and infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:5271-81. [PMID: 26232539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a network of specialized cell types and tissues that communicates via cytokines and direct contact, to orchestrate specific types of defensive responses. Until recently, we could only study immune responses in a piecemeal, highly focused fashion, on major components like antibodies to the pathogen. But recent advances in technology and in our understanding of the many components of the system, innate and adaptive, have made possible a broader approach, where both the multiple responding cells and cytokines in the blood are measured. This systems immunology approach to a vaccine response or an infection gives us a more holistic picture of the different parts of the immune system that are mobilized and should allow us a much better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms of such responses, as well as to predict vaccine efficacy in different populations well in advance of efficacy studies. Here we summarize the different technologies and methods and discuss how they can inform us about the differences between diseases and vaccines, and how they can greatly accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Furman
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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43
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Chuquiyauri R, Molina DM, Moss EL, Wang R, Gardner MJ, Brouwer KC, Torres S, Gilman RH, Llanos-Cuentas A, Neafsey DE, Felgner P, Liang X, Vinetz JM. Genome-Scale Protein Microarray Comparison of Human Antibody Responses in Plasmodium vivax Relapse and Reinfection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:801-9. [PMID: 26149860 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Large scale antibody responses in Plasmodium vivax malaria remains unexplored in the endemic setting. Protein microarray analysis of asexual-stage P. vivax was used to identify antigens recognized in sera from residents of hypoendemic Peruvian Amazon. Over 24 months, of 106 participants, 91 had two symptomatic P. vivax malaria episodes, 11 had three episodes, 3 had four episodes, and 1 had five episodes. Plasmodium vivax relapse was distinguished from reinfection by a merozoite surface protein-3α restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (MSP3α PCR-RFLP) assay. Notably, P. vivax reinfection subjects did not have higher reactivity to the entire set of recognized P. vivax blood-stage antigens than relapse subjects, regardless of the number of malaria episodes. The most highly recognized P. vivax proteins were MSP 4, 7, 8, and 10 (PVX_003775, PVX_082650, PVX_097625, and PVX_114145); sexual-stage antigen s16 (PVX_000930); early transcribed membrane protein (PVX_090230); tryptophan-rich antigen (Pv-fam-a) (PVX_092995); apical merozoite antigen 1 (PVX_092275); and proteins of unknown function (PVX_081830, PVX_117680, PVX_118705, PVX_121935, PVX_097730, PVX_110935, PVX_115450, and PVX_082475). Genes encoding reactive proteins exhibited a significant enrichment of non-synonymous nucleotide variation, an observation suggesting immune selection. These data identify candidates for seroepidemiological tools to support malaria elimination efforts in P. vivax-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chuquiyauri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas M Molina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eli L Moss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Malcolm J Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly C Brouwer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sonia Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip Felgner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Antigen Discovery Inc., Irvine, California; Malaria Research Group, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Seattle Biomed, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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44
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Cheng Y, Lu F, Lee SK, Kong DH, Ha KS, Wang B, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Han ET. Characterization of Plasmodium vivax Early Transcribed Membrane Protein 11.2 and Exported Protein 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127500. [PMID: 26011536 PMCID: PMC4444142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Plasmodium, the membrane of intracellular parasites is initially formed during invasion as an invagination of the red blood cell surface, which forms a barrier between the parasite and infected red blood cells in asexual blood stage parasites. The membrane proteins of intracellular parasites of Plasmodium species have been identified such as early-transcribed membrane proteins (ETRAMPs) and exported proteins (EXPs). However, there is little or no information regarding the intracellular parasite membrane in Plasmodium vivax. In the present study, recombinant PvETRAMP11.2 (PVX_003565) and PvEXP1 (PVX_091700) were expressed and evaluated antigenicity tests using sera from P. vivax-infected patients. A large proportion of infected individuals presented with IgG antibody responses against PvETRAMP11.2 (76.8%) and PvEXP1 (69.6%). Both of the recombinant proteins elicited high antibody titers capable of recognizing parasites of vivax malaria patients. PvETRAMP11.2 partially co-localized with PvEXP1 on the intracellular membranes of immature schizont. Moreover, they were also detected at the apical organelles of newly formed merozoites of mature schizont. We first proposed that these proteins might be synthesized in the preceding schizont stage, localized on the parasite membranes and apical organelles of infected erythrocytes, and induced high IgG antibody responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention (Ministry of Health), Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Parasite Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Seong-Kyun Lee
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hoon Kong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail: (ETH); (TT)
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (ETH); (TT)
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Immunoprofiling of the tryptophan-rich antigen family in Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3083-95. [PMID: 25987709 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03067-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAgs) are an antigen family that has been identified in human and rodent malaria parasites. TRAgs have been proposed as candidate antigens for potential vaccines. The Plasmodium vivax TRAg (PvTRAg) family includes 36 members. Each PvTRAg contains a tryptophan-rich (TR) domain in the C-terminal region. In this study, we recombinantly expressed all 36 PvTRAgs using a cell-free expression system, and, for the first time, profiled the IgG antibody responses against all PvTRAgs in the sera from 96 vivax malaria patients and 40 healthy individuals using protein microarray technology. The mean seropositive rate for all PvTRAgs was 60.3%. Among them, nine PvTRAgs were newly identified in this study and showed a seropositive rate of >50%. Five of them, PvTRAg_13, PvTRAg_15, PvTRAg_16, PvTRAg_26, and PvTRAg_29, produced higher levels of IgG antibody, even in low-endemicity countries. In addition, the results of an immunofluorescence analysis suggest that PvTRAgs are, at least in part, associated with caveola-vesicle complexes, a unique structure of P. vivax-infected erythrocytes. The mechanism of formation and the function of these abundant membrane structures are not known. Further investigation aimed at determining the functions of these proteins would lead to a better understanding of the blood-stage biology of P. vivax.
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Mo J, Li J. In silico analysis for structure, function and T-cell epitopes of a hypothetical conserved (HP-C) protein coded by PVX_092425 in Plasmodium vivax. Pathog Glob Health 2015; 109:61-7. [PMID: 25706099 DOI: 10.1179/2047773215y.0000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasmodium spp. merozoite glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) considered as protective immunogen in novel vaccines against malaria. To analyze the structure and function of a hypothetical conserved (HP-C) GPI-AP coded by gene PVX_092425 from Plasmodium vivax, and find its potential T-cell epitopes for further vivax malaria vaccine study. METHODS The structure, function and T-cell epitopes of the HP-C protein named Pvx_092425 were analyzed and predicted by online and offline bioinformatics software. RESULTS The bioinformatics data showed that the Pvx_092425 is an 830 amino acid (AA) long polypeptide encoded by five exons gene PVX_092425.It contains a pectin lyase-like superfamily, an AA repeats region, a cys-rich region and a transmembrane domain (TM) in C-terminal region. The alignment analysis drew it has a unique AA repeats region among Plasmodium spp. It was located in the cytoplasm, secretory system or cellular nucleus of P. vivax merozoite. For the sequence, the fragment of I823-V829 inserts in the interior side of the membrane, and M1--A812 belongs to the cytoplasmic tail. It has seven protein-protein binding sites. The peptides with the best predicted binding affinities were human leucocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-A*0203, HLA-DRB1*0101 and HLA- DRB1*0701.Among these predicted peptides, 582FLWDKALFD590 epitope interacted with HLA-DRB1*0101 allele showed best binding affinity compared to others. Structural analysis explained that the epitope fits well into the epitope-binding groove of HLA-DRB1*0101. CONCLUSIONS It proposes that the Pvx_092425 plays a key role during erythrocyte stage and generates information that is useful for development of blood-stage vaccine to block the merozoites invasion.
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Plasmodium vivax trophozoite-stage proteomes. J Proteomics 2014; 115:157-76. [PMID: 25545414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmodium vivax is the causative infectious agent of 80-300 million annual cases of malaria. Many aspects of this parasite's biology remain unknown. To further elucidate the interaction of P. vivax with its Saimiri boliviensis host, we obtained detailed proteomes of infected red blood cells, representing the trophozoite-enriched stage of development. Data from two of three biological replicate proteomes, emphasized here, were analyzed using five search engines, which enhanced identifications and resulted in the most comprehensive P. vivax proteomes to date, with 1375 P. vivax and 3209 S. boliviensis identified proteins. Ribosome subunit proteins were noted for both P. vivax and S. boliviensis, consistent with P. vivax's known reticulocyte host-cell specificity. A majority of the host and pathogen proteins identified belong to specific functional categories, and several parasite gene families, while 33% of the P. vivax proteins have no reported function. Hemoglobin was significantly oxidized in both proteomes, and additional protein oxidation and nitration was detected in one of the two proteomes. Detailed analyses of these post-translational modifications are presented. The proteins identified here significantly expand the known P. vivax proteome and complexity of available host protein functionality underlying the host-parasite interactive biology, and reveal unsuspected oxidative modifications that may impact protein function. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Plasmodium vivax malaria is a serious neglected disease, causing an estimated 80 to 300 million cases annually in 95 countries. Infection can result in significant morbidity and possible death. P. vivax, unlike the much better-studied Plasmodium falciparum species, cannot be grown in long-term culture, has a dormant form in the liver called the hypnozoite stage, has a reticulocyte host-cell preference in the blood, and creates caveolae vesicle complexes at the surface of the infected reticulocyte membranes. Studies of stage-specific P. vivax expressed proteomes have been limited in scope and focused mainly on pathogen proteins, thus limiting understanding of the biology of this pathogen and its host interactions. Here three P. vivax proteomes are reported from biological replicates based on purified trophozoite-infected reticulocytes from different Saimiri boliviensis infections (the main non-human primate experimental model for P. vivax biology and pathogenesis). An in-depth analysis of two of the proteomes using 2D LC/MS/MS and multiple search engines identified 1375 pathogen proteins and 3209 host proteins. Numerous functional categories of both host and pathogen proteins were identified, including several known P. vivax protein family members (e.g., PHIST, eTRAMP and VIR), and 33% of protein identifications were classified as hypothetical. Ribosome subunit proteins were noted for both P. vivax and S. boliviensis, consistent with this parasite species' known reticulocyte host-cell specificity. In two biological replicates analyzed for post-translational modifications, hemoglobin was extensively oxidized, and various other proteins were also oxidized or nitrated in one of the two replicates. The cause of such protein modification remains to be determined but could include oxidized heme and oxygen radicals released from the infected red blood cell's parasite-induced acidic digestive vacuoles. In any case, the data suggests the presence of distinct infection-specific conditions whereby both the pathogen and host infected red blood cell proteins may be subject to significant oxidative stress.
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Serologically defined variations in malaria endemicity in Pará state, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113357. [PMID: 25419900 PMCID: PMC4242530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of malaria endemicity is typically based on vector or parasite measures. A complementary approach is the detection of parasite specific IgG antibodies. We determined the antibody levels and seroconversion rates to both P. vivax and P. falciparum merozoite antigens in individuals living in areas of varying P. vivax endemicity in Pará state, Brazilian Amazon region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prevalence of antibodies to recombinant antigens from P. vivax and P. falciparum was determined in 1,330 individuals. Cross sectional surveys were conducted in the north of Brazil in Anajás, Belém, Goianésia do Pará, Jacareacanga, Itaituba, Trairão, all in the Pará state, and Sucuriju, a free-malaria site in the neighboring state Amapá. Seroprevalence to any P. vivax antigens (MSP1 or AMA-1) was 52.5%, whereas 24.7% of the individuals were seropositive to any P. falciparum antigens (MSP1 or AMA-1). For P. vivax antigens, the seroconversion rates (SCR) ranged from 0.005 (Sucuriju) to 0.201 (Goianésia do Pará), and are strongly correlated to the corresponding Annual Parasite Index (API). We detected two sites with distinct characteristics: Goianésia do Pará where seroprevalence curve does not change with age, and Sucuriju where seroprevalence curve is better described by a model with two SCRs compatible with a decrease in force of infection occurred 14 years ago (from 0.069 to 0.005). For P. falciparum antigens, current SCR estimates varied from 0.002 (Belém) to 0.018 (Goianésia do Pará). We also detected a putative decrease in disease transmission occurred ∼29 years ago in Anajás, Goianésia do Pará, Itaituba, Jacareacanga, and Trairão. CONCLUSIONS We observed heterogeneity of serological indices across study sites with different endemicity levels and temporal changes in the force of infection in some of the sites. Our study provides further evidence that serology can be used to measure and monitor transmission of both major species of malaria parasite.
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49
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Chia WN, Goh YS, Rénia L. Novel approaches to identify protective malaria vaccine candidates. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:586. [PMID: 25452745 PMCID: PMC4233905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccines against malaria have been the focus of substantial research activities for decades. Several categories of candidate vaccines are currently being developed for protection against malaria, based on antigens corresponding to the pre-erythrocytic, blood stage, or sexual stages of the parasite. Long lasting sterile protection from Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge has been observed in human following vaccination with whole parasite formulations, clearly demonstrating that a protective immune response targeting predominantly the pre-erythrocytic stages can develop against malaria. However, most of vaccine candidates currently being investigated, which are mostly subunits vaccines, have not been able to induce substantial (>50%) protection thus far. This is due to the fact that the antigens responsible for protection against the different parasite stages are still yet to be known and relevant correlates of protection have remained elusive. For a vaccine to be developed in a timely manner, novel approaches are required. In this article, we review the novel approaches that have been developed to identify the antigens for the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ni Chia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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50
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Moreno-Pérez DA, Dégano R, Ibarrola N, Muro A, Patarroyo MA. Determining the Plasmodium vivax VCG-1 strain blood stage proteome. J Proteomics 2014; 113:268-280. [PMID: 25316051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the second most prevalent parasite species causing malaria in humans living in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. There have been few P. vivax proteomic studies to date and they have focused on using clinical isolates, given the technical difficulties concerning how to maintain an in vitro culture of this species. This study was thus focused on identifying the P. vivax VCG-1 strain proteome during its blood lifecycle through LC-MS/MS; this led to identifying 734 proteins, thus increasing the overall number reported for P. vivax to date. Some of them have previously been related to reticulocyte invasion, parasite virulence and growth and others are new molecules possibly playing a functional role during metabolic processes, as predicted by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional analysis. This is the first large-scale proteomic analysis of a P. vivax strain adapted to a non-human primate model showing the parasite protein repertoire during the blood lifecycle. Database searches facilitated the in silico prediction of proteins proposed for evaluation in further experimental assays regarding their potential as pharmacologic targets or as component of a totally efficient vaccine against malaria caused by P. vivax. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE P. vivax malaria continues being a public health problem around world. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding genome- and transcriptome-related P. vivax biology, there are few proteome studies, currently representing only 8.5% of the predicted in silico proteome reported in public databases. A high-throughput proteomic assay was used for discovering new P. vivax intra-reticulocyte asexual stage molecules taken from parasites maintained in vivo in a primate model. The methodology avoided the main problem related to standardising an in vitro culture system to obtain enough samples for protein identification and annotation. This study provides a source of potential information contributing towards a basic understanding of P. vivax biology related to parasite proteins which are of significant importance for the malaria research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Moreno-Pérez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Calle 63D No. 24-31, Bogotá, Colombia; IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - R Dégano
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - N Ibarrola
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - A Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Calle 63D No. 24-31, Bogotá, Colombia.
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