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Xavier G, Navarrete Santos A, Hartmann C, Santoro ML, Flegel N, Reinsch J, Majer A, Ehrhardt T, Pfeifer J, Simm A, Hollemann T, Belangero SI, Rujescu D, Jung M. Comparison of Extracellular Vesicles from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3575. [PMID: 38612385 PMCID: PMC11011287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders is still poorly understood. Identification of biomarkers for these diseases could benefit patients due to better classification and stratification. Exosomes excreted into the circulatory system can cross the blood-brain barrier and carry a cell type-specific set of molecules. Thus, exosomes are a source of potential biomarkers for many diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated exosomal proteins produced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural stem cells, neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, microglia-like cells, and brain capillary endothelial cells. Of the 31 exosome surface markers analyzed, a subset of biomarkers were significantly enriched in astrocytes (CD29, CD44, and CD49e), microglia-like cells (CD44), and neural stem cells (SSEA4). To identify molecular fingerprints associated with disease, circulating exosomes derived from healthy control (HC) individuals were compared against schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) patients. A significant epitope pattern was identified for LOAD (CD1c and CD2) but not for SCZ compared to HC. Thus, analysis of cell type- and disease-specific exosome signatures of iPSC-derived cell cultures may provide a valuable model system to explore proteomic biomarkers for the identification of novel disease profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Xavier
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Alexander Navarrete Santos
- Centre for Medical Basic Research, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carla Hartmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Marcos L. Santoro
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Nicole Flegel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinsch
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Annika Majer
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Toni Ehrhardt
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Jenny Pfeifer
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Andreas Simm
- Clinic for Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- LiNC—Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 05039-032, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo CEP 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Jung
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.H.)
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2
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Rudkowski K, Waszczuk K, Tyburski E, Rek-Owodziń K, Plichta P, Podwalski P, Bielecki M, Mak M, Michalczyk A, Tarnowski M, Sielatycka K, Budkowska M, Łuczkowska K, Dołęgowska B, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Sagan L. Complement Activation Products in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041577. [PMID: 36836111 PMCID: PMC9967657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of a number of mental conditions, including schizophrenia (SCH). In terms of physiology, aside from its crucial protective function, the complement cascade (CC) is a critical element of the regeneration processes, including neurogenesis. Few studies have attempted to define the function of the CC components in SCH. To shed more light on this topic, we compared the levels of complement activation products (CAP) (C3a, C5a and C5b-9) in the peripheral blood of 62 patients with chronic SCH and disease duration of ≥ 10 years with 25 healthy controls matched for age, sex, BMI and smoking status. Concentrations of all the investigated CAP were elevated in SCH patients. However, after controlling for potential confounding factors, significant correlations were observed between SCH and C3a (M = 724.98 ng/mL) and C5a (M = 6.06 ng/mL) levels. In addition, multivariate logistic regression showed that C3a and C5b-9 were significant predictors of SCH. There were no significant correlations between any CAP and SCH symptom severity or general psychopathology in SCH patients. However, two significant links emerged between C3a and C5b-9 and global functioning. Increased levels of both complement activation products in the patient group as compared to healthy controls raise questions concerning the role of the CC in the etiology of SCH and further demonstrate dysregulation of the immune system in SCH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-(91)-3511306
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Plichta
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkoposlkich 72, 70-110 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
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Almandil NB, Alismail MA, Alsuwat HS, AlSulaiman A, AbdulAzeez S, Borgio JF. Exome-wide analysis identify multiple variations in olfactory receptor genes ( OR12D2 and OR5V1) associated with autism spectrum disorder in Saudi females. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1051039. [PMID: 36817779 PMCID: PMC9928728 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by deficits in communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable in Saudi Arabia; indecencies of affected individuals are increasing. Objectives To identify the most significant genes and SNPs associated with the increased risk of ASD in Saudi females to give an insight for early diagnosis. Methods Pilot case-control study mostly emphasized on the significant SNPs and haplotypes contributing to Saudi females with ASD patients (n = 22) compared to controls (n = 51) without ASD. With the use of allelic association analysis tools, 243,345 SNPs were studied systematically and classified according to their significant association. The significant SNPs and their genes were selected for further investigation for mapping of ASD candidate causal variants and functional impact. Results In females, five risk SNPs at p ≤ 2.32 × 10-05 was identified in association with autism. The most significant exonic variants at chromosome 6p22.1 with olfactory receptor genes (OR12D2 and OR5V1) clustered with high linkage disequilibrium through haplotyping analysis. Comparison between highly associated genes (56 genes) of male and female autistic patients with female autistic samples revealed that 39 genes are unique biomarkers for Saudi females with ASD. Conclusion Multiple variations in olfactory receptor genes (OR5V1 and OR12D2) and single variations on SPHK1, PLCL2, AKAP9 and LOC107984893 genes are contributing to ASD in females of Arab origin. Accumulation of these multiple predisposed coding SNPs can increase the possibility of developing ASD in Saudi females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor B. Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Noor B Almandil,
| | - Maram Adnan Alismail
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia,College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Saleh Alsuwat
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla AlSulaiman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Farhadfar N, Ahn KW, Bo-Subait S, Logan B, Stefanski HE, Hsu JW, Panch S, Confer D, Liu H, Badawy SM, Beitinjaneh A, Diaz MA, Hildebrandt GC, Kelkar AH, Lazarus HM, Murthy HS, Preussler JM, Schears RM, Sharma A, van der Poel M, Bruce JG, Pulsipher MA, Shaw BE, Wingard JR, Switzer GE. The Impact of Pre-Apheresis Health Related Quality of Life on Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Yield and Donor's Health and Outcome: Secondary Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcome Data from the RDSafe and BMT CTN 0201 Clinical Trials. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:603.e1-603.e7. [PMID: 35688325 PMCID: PMC9427696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence about how health-related quality of life (HRQoL), including psychosocial factors, might affect donation-related experiences and clinical markers in the context of hematopoietic stem cell donation. The broader literature suggests that psychological factors, including anxiety and depression, are associated with higher levels of inflammatory burden leading to poorer postprocedural outcomes including longer hospital stays and increased pain perception. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether predonation HRQoL markers predict toxicity profile and stem cell yield after peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation in healthy donors. The study population comprised adult granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilized PBSC-related donors (RD) (n = 157) and unrelated donors (URD) (n = 179) enrolled in the related donor safety study (RDSafe) and Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) 0201 clinical trials. Pre-donation HRQoL was assessed using the Short-Form-12 (SF-12) in RDSafe and SF-8 questionnaire in BMT CTN 0201 (higher score is better). The aims of this study were to (a) determine the impact of pre-donation HRQoL on peri-collection pain and acute toxicities experienced and (b) to investigate the pre-procedural HRQoL indicators on stem cells yield. URDs were younger than RDs (median age 35 versus 63). A higher proportion of RDs were female (50% versus 40%) and obese (41% versus 35%). A higher proportion of RD PBSC donations required 2 days or more of apheresis (44% versus 21%). More RD collections were lower volume procedures (<18L, 16% versus 28%), and required a central line (28% versus 11%). RDs were more likely to report pre-donation grade 1-2 pain (27% versus 8%) and other toxicities (16% versus 6%). Among RDs, a lower pre-donation physical component summary (PCS) score was associated with significantly more grade 2-4 pain at 1 month (P = .004) and at 1-year after donation (P = .0099) in univariable analyses. In multivariable analysis, pre-donation PCS remained significantly associated with grade 2-4 pain 1 month after donation (P = .0098). More specifically, RDs with predonation PCS scores in the highest quartile were less likely to report pain compared with donors with PCS scores in the lowest quartile (odds ratio 0.1; 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.83; P = .005). There was also a trend toward higher grade 2-4 pain at 1-year post-donation among RDs with lower predonation PCS score (P = .018). Among URDs, neither PCS nor mental component summary (MCS) scores were associated with pain or toxicities at any time point after donation based on the univariable analysis. Because of low rates of postdonation grade 2-4 pain and toxicities, multivariable analysis was not performed in the URD setting. Moreover, there was no correlation between preapheresis HRQoL score (PCS or MCS) and PBSC collection yield in either the RD or URD setting. Our study demonstrates that pre-donation HRQoL scores are significantly associated with the toxicity profile after PBSC donation in the RD setting, with adult RDs with lower predonation physical HRQoL experiencing higher levels of pain at 1 month and persisting up to 12 months after a PBSC collection procedure. There were no such associations found in URD. Our findings can help clinicians identify donors at higher risk of pain with donation, and lead to personalized information and interventions for specific donors. Lack of correlation between predonation HRQoL and stem cell yield may be due to a small sample size and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosha Farhadfar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kwang Woo Ahn
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie Bo-Subait
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brent Logan
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Heather E Stefanski
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jack W Hsu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sandhya Panch
- NIH-Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute - NIH, NIH Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dennis Confer
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hien Liu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sherif M Badawy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amer Beitinjaneh
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Miami Hospital and Clinics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Miguel A Diaz
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amar H Kelkar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hillard M Lazarus
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hemant S Murthy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jaime M Preussler
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raquel M Schears
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Marjolein van der Poel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jessica G Bruce
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Pulsipher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Intermountain Primary Children's Medical Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bronwen E Shaw
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
| | - John R Wingard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Galen E Switzer
- Departments of Medicine, Psychiatry, and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Waszczuk K, Kucharska-Mazur J, Tyburski E, Rek-Owodziń K, Plichta P, Rudkowski K, Podwalski P, Grąźlewski T, Mak M, Misiak B, Michalczyk A, Tarnowski M, Sielatycka K, Szczęśniak A, Łuczkowska K, Dołęgowska B, Budkowska M, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J. Psychopathology and Stem Cell Mobilization in Ultra-High Risk of Psychosis and First-Episode Psychosis Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106001. [PMID: 35627537 PMCID: PMC9141672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although regenerative and inflammatory processes are involved in the etiopathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders, their roles are poorly understood. We investigate the potential role of stem cells (SC) and factors influencing the trafficking thereof, such as complement cascade (CC) components, phospholipid substrates, and chemokines, in the etiology of schizophrenia. We measured sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), and CC cleavage fragments (C3a, C5a, and C5b-C9; also known as the membrane attack complex) in the peripheral blood of 49 unrelated patients: 9 patients with ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR), 22 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 18 healthy controls (HC). When compared with the HC group, the UHR and FEP groups had higher levels of C3a. We found no significant differences in hematopoietic SC, very small embryonic-like stem cell (VSEL), C5a, S1P, or SDF-1 levels in the UHR and FEP groups. However, among FEP patients, there was a significant positive correlation between VSELs (CD133+) and negative symptoms. These preliminary findings support the role of the immune system and regenerative processes in the etiology of schizophrenia. To establish the relevance of SC and other factors affecting the trafficking thereof as potential biomarkers of schizophrenia, more studies on larger groups of individuals from across the disease spectrum are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-91-35-11-322
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (E.T.); (K.R.-O.); (P.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (E.T.); (K.R.-O.); (P.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Piotr Plichta
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (E.T.); (K.R.-O.); (P.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Tomasz Grąźlewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (E.T.); (K.R.-O.); (P.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Angelika Szczęśniak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.-M.); (K.R.); (P.P.); (T.G.); (A.M.); (J.S.)
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6
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Kalinowski A, Liliental J, Anker LA, Linkovski O, Culbertson C, Hall JN, Pattni R, Sabatti C, Noordsy D, Hallmayer JF, Mellins ED, Ballon JS, O'Hara R, Levinson DF, Urban AE. Increased activation product of complement 4 protein in plasma of individuals with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:486. [PMID: 34552056 PMCID: PMC8458380 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural variation in the complement 4 gene (C4) confers genetic risk for schizophrenia. The variation includes numbers of the increased C4A copy number, which predicts increased C4A mRNA expression. C4-anaphylatoxin (C4-ana) is a C4 protein fragment released upon C4 protein activation that has the potential to change the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We hypothesized that elevated plasma levels of C4-ana occur in individuals with schizophrenia (iSCZ). Blood was collected from 15 iSCZ with illness duration < 5 years and from 14 healthy controls (HC). Plasma C4-ana was measured by radioimmunoassay. Other complement activation products C3-ana, C5-ana, and terminal complement complex (TCC) were also measured. Digital-droplet PCR was used to determine C4 gene structural variation state. Recombinant C4-ana was added to primary brain endothelial cells (BEC) and permeability was measured in vitro. C4-ana concentration was elevated in plasma from iSCZ compared to HC (mean = 654 ± 16 ng/mL, 557 ± 94 respectively, p = 0.01). The patients also carried more copies of the C4AL gene and demonstrated a positive correlation between plasma C4-ana concentrations and C4A gene copy number. Furthermore, C4-ana increased the permeability of a monolayer of BEC in vitro. Our findings are consistent with a specific role for C4A protein in schizophrenia and raise the possibility that its activation product, C4-ana, increases BBB permeability. Exploratory analyses suggest the novel hypothesis that the relationship between C4-ana levels and C4A gene copy number could also be altered in iSCZ, suggesting an interaction with unknown genetic and/or environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kalinowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Joanna Liliental
- Translational Applications Service Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Translational Research and Applied Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lauren A Anker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Collin Culbertson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jacob N Hall
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Neurology Center of Southern California, Temecula, CA, 92592, USA
| | - Reenal Pattni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Statistics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Douglas Noordsy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joachim F Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jacob S Ballon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander E Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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7
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Haj-Mirzaian A, Khosravi A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Rahbar A, Ramezanzadeh K, Nikbakhsh R, Pirri F, Talari B, Ghesmati M, Nikbakhsh R, Dehpour AR. The potential role of very small embryonic-like stem cells in the neuroinflammation induced by social isolation stress: Introduction of a new paradigm. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Esaki K, Balan S, Iwayama Y, Shimamoto-Mitsuyama C, Hirabayashi Y, Dean B, Yoshikawa T. Evidence for Altered Metabolism of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in the Corpus Callosum of Patients with Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1172-1181. [PMID: 32346731 PMCID: PMC7505171 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The disturbed integrity of myelin and white matter, along with dysregulation of the lipid metabolism, may be involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Considering the crucial role of sphingolipids in neurodevelopment, particularly in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, we examined the role of sphingolipid dynamics in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We performed targeted mass spectrometry-based analysis of sphingolipids from the cortical area and corpus callosum of postmortem brain samples from patients with schizophrenia and controls. We observed lower sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels, specifically in the corpus callosum of patients with schizophrenia, but not in major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, when compared with the controls. Patient data and animal studies showed that antipsychotic intake did not contribute to the lowered S1P levels. We also found that lowered S1P levels in the corpus callosum of patients with schizophrenia may stem from the upregulation of genes for S1P-degrading enzymes; higher expression of genes for S1P receptors suggested a potential compensatory mechanism for the lowered S1P levels. A higher ratio of the sum of sphingosine and ceramide to S1P, which can induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, was also observed in the samples of patients with schizophrenia than in controls. These results suggest that an altered S1P metabolism may underlie the deficits in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation, leading to the structural and molecular abnormalities of white matter reported in schizophrenia. Our findings may pave the way toward a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Esaki
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Howard Florey Laboratories, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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9
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Mongan D, Sabherwal S, Susai SR, Föcking M, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Peripheral complement proteins in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of serological studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:58-72. [PMID: 32456884 PMCID: PMC7594643 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is renewed focus on the complement system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In addition to providing aetiological insights, consistently dysregulated complement proteins in serum or plasma may have clinical utility as biomarkers. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review searching PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO for studies measuring complement system activity or complement protein concentrations in serum or plasma from patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled effect estimates (Hedges' g standardised mean difference [SMD]) for complement proteins whose concentrations were measured in three or more studies. The review was pre-registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42018109012). RESULTS Database searching identified 1146 records. Fifty-eight full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 24 studies included. Seven studies measured complement system activity. Activity of the classical pathway did not differ between cases and controls in four of six studies, and conflicting results were noted in two studies of alternative pathway activity. Twenty studies quantified complement protein concentrations of which complement components 3 (C3) and 4 (C4) were measured in more than three studies. Meta-analyses showed no evidence of significant differences between cases and controls for 11 studies of C3 (SMD 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.29-0.36) and 10 studies of C4 (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.21-0.41). CONCLUSIONS Serological studies provide mixed evidence regarding dysregulation of the complement system in schizophrenia. Larger studies of a longitudinal nature, focusing on early phenotypes, could provide further insights regarding the potential role of the complement system in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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10
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ATP-Nlrp3 Inflammasome-Complement Cascade Axis in Sterile Brain Inflammation in Psychiatric Patients and its Impact on Stem Cell Trafficking. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:497-505. [PMID: 31020518 PMCID: PMC6647482 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the occurrence of psychiatric disorders in patients is linked to a local “sterile” inflammation of brain or due to a systemic inflammation process that affects the central nervous system. This is supported by the observation that in peripheral blood of psychotic patients are detectable several mediators and markers of inflammation as well as clinical data on correlations between systemic chronic inflammatory processes and psychiatric disorders. This may explain why some reported anti-inflammatory treatment strategies have beneficial effects on ameliorating psychotic events. In this review we will present a concept that aberrant purinergic signaling and increases in extracellular level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the brain parenchyma may lead to activation of Nlrp3 inflammasome in microglia cells and as a consequence microglia released danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) proteins activate complement cascade (ComC) in mannan binding lectin (MBL) – dependent manner. Activation of ATP-Nlrp3 inflammasome-ComC axis may also orchestrate trafficking of stem cells released from bone marrow into peripheral blood observed in psychotic patients. Based on this, the ATP-Nlrp3 inflammasome-ComC axis may become a target for new therapeutic approaches, which justifies the development and clinical application of efficient anti-inflammatory treatment strategies targeting this axis in psychiatry.
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11
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Markers of Regenerative Processes in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Case-control Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070408. [PMID: 32629800 PMCID: PMC7408571 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in medical science has allowed the discovery of many factors affecting the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder, and among the most recent research directions are found regenerative and inflammatory processes. The role of regenerative processes remains particularly poorly explored, but available data encourage further research, which may explain the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the mobilization of stem cells into peripheral blood, in patients with bipolar disorder during stable phase, not treated with lithium salts. The study included 30 unrelated individuals with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, with disease duration of at least 10 years, not treated with lithium salts for at least five years prior to the study. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects, matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), origin, socio-demographic factors and nicotine use. Blood samples underwent cytometric analyses to assess concentrations of: Very Small Embryonic Like (VSEL) CD34+, VSEL AC133+, HSC CD34+, HSC AC133+. There were no significant differences in stem cell levels between patients with BD and healthy controls. However, the level of VSEL cells AC133 + was significantly higher in type I BD patients compared to healthy controls. Our results indicate a disturbance in regenerative processes in patients with bipolar disorder.
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12
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Mok SWF, Wong VKW, Lo HH, de Seabra Rodrigues Dias IR, Leung ELH, Law BYK, Liu L. Natural products-based polypharmacological modulation of the peripheral immune system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Woo JJ, Pouget JG, Zai CC, Kennedy JL. The complement system in schizophrenia: where are we now and what's next? Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:114-130. [PMID: 31439935 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a set of immune proteins involved in first-line defense against pathogens and removal of waste materials. Recent evidence has implicated the complement cascade in diseases involving the central nervous system, including schizophrenia. Here, we provide an up-to-date narrative review and critique of the literature on the relationship between schizophrenia and complement gene polymorphisms, gene expression, protein concentration, and pathway activity. A literature search identified 23 new studies since the first review on this topic in 2008. Overall complement pathway activity appears to be elevated in schizophrenia. Recent studies have identified complement component 4 (C4) and CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 (CSMD1) as potential genetic markers of schizophrenia. In particular, there is some evidence of higher rates of C4B/C4S deficiency, reduced peripheral C4B concentration, and elevated brain C4A mRNA expression in schizophrenia patients compared to controls. To better elucidate the additive effects of multiple complement genotypes, we also conducted gene- and gene-set analysis through MAGMA which supported the role of Human Leukocyte Antigen class (HLA) III genes and, to a lesser extent, CSMD1 in schizophrenia; however, the HLA-schizophrenia association was likely driven by the C4 gene. Lastly, we identified several limitations of the literature on the complement system and schizophrenia, including: small sample sizes, inconsistent methodologies, limited measurements of neural concentrations of complement proteins, little exploration of the link between complement and schizophrenia phenotype, and lack of studies exploring schizophrenia treatment response. Overall, recent findings highlight complement components-in particular, C4 and CSMD1-as potential novel drug targets in schizophrenia. Given the growing availability of complement-targeted therapies, future clinical studies evaluating their efficacy in schizophrenia hold the potential to accelerate treatment advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Woo
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
The development of regenerative medicine has provided new perspectives in many scientific fields, including psychiatry. Stem cell research is getting us closer to discovering the biological foundation of mental disorders. In this chapter, we consider the information relating to stem cells and factors involved in their trafficking in peripheral blood in some psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, and alcohol dependence). The authors also include the implementation of current research regarding neurogenesis in adult brain and induced pluripotent stem cells in investigating concerns in etiopathogenesis of mental disorders as well as the implication of research for treatment of these disorders.
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15
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Marlicz W, Misera A, Koulaouzidis A, Łoniewski I. Microbiome-The Missing Link in the Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Its Role in Gastrointestinal and Mental Health. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E521. [PMID: 30544486 PMCID: PMC6306769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicate through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Such communication is bi-directional and involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms. There is mounting data that gut microbiota is the source of a number of neuroactive and immunocompetent substances, which shape the structure and function of brain regions involved in the control of emotions, cognition, and physical activity. Most GI diseases are associated with altered transmission within the GBA that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment protocols for GI and non-GI disorders may positively or adversely affect the composition of intestinal microbiota with a diverse impact on therapeutic outcome(s). Alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with mood and depressive disorders. Moreover, mental health is frequently affected in GI and non-GI diseases. Deregulation of the GBA may constitute a grip point for the development of diagnostic tools and personalized microbiota-based therapy. For example, next generation sequencing (NGS) offers detailed analysis of microbiome footprints in patients with mental and GI disorders. Elucidating the role of stem cell⁻host microbiome cross talks in tissues in GBA disorders might lead to the development of next generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Psychobiotics are a new class of beneficial bacteria with documented efficacy for the treatment of GBA disorders. Novel therapies interfering with small molecules involved in adult stem cell trafficking are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agata Misera
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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16
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Abstract
Typical and atypical antipsychotics are the first-line treatments for schizophrenia, but these classes of drugs are not universally effective, and they can have serious side effects that impact compliance. Antipsychotic drugs generally target the dopamine pathways with some variation. As research of schizophrenia pathophysiology has shifted away from a strictly dopamine-centric focus, the development of new pharmacotherapies has waned. A field of inquiry with centuries-old roots is gaining traction in psychiatric research circles and may represent a new frontier for drug discovery in schizophrenia. At the forefront of this investigative effort is the immune system and its many components, pathways and phenotypes, which are now known to actively engage the brain. Studies in schizophrenia reveal an intricate association of environmentally-driven immune activation in concert with a disrupted genetic template. A consistent conduit through this gene-environmental milieu is the gut-brain axis, which when dysregulated can generate pathological autoimmunity. In this review, we present epidemiological and biochemical evidence in support of an autoimmune component in schizophrenia and depict gut processes and a dysbiotic microbiome as a source and perpetuator of autoimmune dysfunction in the brain. Within this framework, we review the role of infectious agents, inflammation, gut dysbioses and autoantibody propagation on CNS pathologies such as neurotransmitter receptor hypofunction and complement pathway-mediated synaptic pruning. We then review the new pharmacotherapeutic horizon and novel agents directed to impact these pathological conditions. At the core of this discourse is the understanding that schizophrenia is etiologically and pathophysiologically heterogeneous and thus its treatment requires individualized attention with disease state variants diagnosed with objective biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert H Yolken
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Jadczyk T, Baranski K, Syzdol M, Nabialek E, Wanha W, Kurzelowski R, Ratajczak MZ, Kucia M, Dolegowska B, Niewczas M, Zejda J, Wojakowski W. Bioactive Sphingolipids, Complement Cascade, and Free Hemoglobin Levels in Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Myocardial Infarction. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:2691934. [PMID: 30116144 PMCID: PMC6079520 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2691934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are associated with a pathogen-free inflammatory response (sterile inflammation). Complement cascade (CC) and bioactive sphingolipids (BS) are postulated to be involved in this process. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma levels of CC cleavage fragments (C3a, C5a, and C5b9), sphingosine (SP), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and free hemoglobin (fHb) in AMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) undergoing CABG. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study enrolled 37 subjects (27 male) including 22 AMI patients, 7 CABG patients, and 8 healthy individuals as the control group (CTRL). In the AMI group, blood samples were collected at 5 time points (admission to hospital, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post pPCI) and 4 time points in the CABG group (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post operation). SP and S1P concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of C3a, C5a, and C5b9 levels was carried out using high-sensitivity ELISA and free hemoglobin by spectrophotometry. RESULTS The plasma levels of CC cleavage fragments (C3a and C5b9) were significantly higher, while those of SP and S1P were lower in patients undergoing CABG surgery in comparison to the AMI group. In both groups, levels of CC factors showed no significant changes within 48 hours of follow-up. Conversely, SP and S1P levels gradually decreased throughout 48 hours in the AMI group but remained stable after CABG. Moreover, the fHb concentration was significantly higher after 24 and 48 hours post pPCI compared to the corresponding postoperative time points. Additionally, the fHb concentrations increased between 12 and 48 hours after PCI in patients with AMI. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory response after AMI and CABG differed regarding the release of sphingolipids, free hemoglobin, and complement cascade cleavage fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jadczyk
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K. Baranski
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Syzdol
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
| | - E. Nabialek
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
| | - W. Wanha
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
| | - R. Kurzelowski
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - M. Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA
| | - B. Dolegowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M. Niewczas
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - J. Zejda
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - W. Wojakowski
- Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45-47, Katowice, Poland
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18
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Wu H, Zhang Q, Gao J, Sun C, Wang J, Xia W, Cao Y, Hao Y, Wu L. Modulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) attenuates spatial learning and memory impairments in the valproic acid rat model of autism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:873-886. [PMID: 29218394 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a set of pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that manifest in early childhood, and it is growing up to be a major cause of disability in children. However, the etiology and treatment of ASD are not well understood. In our previous study, we found that serum levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were increased significantly in children with autism, indicating that S1P levels may be involved in ASD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify a link between increased levels of S1P and neurobehavioral changes in autism. METHODS We utilized a valproic acid (VPA) -induced rat model of autism to evaluate the levels of S1P and the expression of sphingosine kinase (SphK), a key enzyme for S1P production, in serum and hippocampal tissue. Furthermore, we assessed cognitive functional changes and histopathological and neurochemical alterations in VPA-exposed rats after SphK blockade to explore the possible link between increased levels of S1P and neurobehavioral changes in autism. RESULTS We found that SphK2 and S1P are upregulated in hippocampal tissue from VPA-exposed rats, while pharmacological inhibition of SphK reduced S1P levels, attenuated spatial learning and memory impairments, increased the expression of phosphorylated CaMKII and CREB and autophagy-related proteins, inhibited cytochrome c release, decreased the expression of apoptosis related proteins, and protected against neuronal loss in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that an increased level of SphK2/S1P is involved in the spatial learning and memory impairments of autism, and this signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic target and direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wu
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, China
| | - Quanzhi Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, China.,Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jingquan Gao
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yonggang Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University in Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang, 163319, China
| | - Yanqiu Hao
- Department of pediatrics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
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Stem cells, pluripotency and glial cell markers in peripheral blood of bipolar patients on long-term lithium treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018. [PMID: 28625858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of long-term lithium treatment on very-small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and the mRNA expression of pluripotency and glial markers, in peripheral blood, in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Fifteen BD patients (aged 53±7years) not treated with lithium, with duration of illness >10years, 15 BD patients (aged 55±6years) treated with lithium for 8-40years (mean 16years) and 15 control subjects (aged 50±5years) were included. The number of VSELs was measured by flow cytometric analysis. Assessment of the mRNA levels of pluripotency markers (Oct-4, Sox 2 and Nanog) and glial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein - GFAP, Olig1 and Olig2) was performed, using the Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS In BD patients not taking lithium, the number of VSELs was significantly higher than in control subjects and correlated with the duration of illness. The expression of pluripotency markers was significantly higher than in the controls and correlated with the number of VSELs. The mRNA levels of the Olig1 and Olig 2 were higher than in the controls and those of the GFAP were higher than in patients receiving lithium. In lithium-treated BD patients the number of VSELs was similar to controls and correlated negatively with the duration of lithium treatment and serum lithium concentration. The mRNA levels of Oct-4, Sox-2, GFAP and Olig1 were not different from controls. The mRNA expression of Nanog was significantly higher and correlated with the number of VSELs. The mRNA expression of Olig 2 was higher than in the BD patients not taking lithium. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with lithium may suppress the activation of regenerative processes by reducing the number of VSELs circulating in PB. These cells, in BD patients not treated with lithium, may provide a new potential biological marker of the illness and its clinical progress. The higher expression of peripheral mRNA markers in BD patients may involve ongoing inflammatory process, compensatory mechanisms and regenerative responses. Long-term lithium treatment may attenuate these mechanisms, especially in relation to the transcription factors Oct-4, Sox-2, GFAP and Olig1.
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Kucharska-Mazur J, Jabłoński M, Misiak B, Frydecka D, Rybakowski J, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J. Adult stem cells in psychiatric disorders - New discoveries in peripheral blood. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:23-27. [PMID: 28392482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The new area of research in psychiatric disorders is concerned with abnormal regeneration processes. The role of brain neurogenesis has been studied for decades. New discoveries, concerned with the pluripotency of VSEL cells and the role of factors involved in stem cell trafficking in peripheral blood create hope that it will be possible to develop a better understanding of the processes of neuroregeneration/neurodegeneration. There is an ongoing research investigating concentrations of: sphingosine -1-phosphate, SDF-1, elements of complement cascade, and stem cells in peripheral blood, including their possible connection to psychiatric disorders. Collected data, suggesting an abnormal course of regeneration processes in psychiatric disorders, raises hope of finding new potential markers of psychosis and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteur 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the pathophysiology or schizophrenia involves alterations in immune functions, both peripherally and centrally. Immunopsychiatric research has provided a number of candidate biomarkers that could aid estimating the risk of developing schizophrenia and/or predicting its clinical course or outcomes. This chapter summarizes the findings of immune dysfunctions along the clinical course of schizophrenia and discusses their potential value as predictive, trait or state biomarkers. Given the convergence of findings deriving from immunology, epidemiology, and genetics, the possibility of identifying immune-based biomarkers of schizophrenia seems realistic. Despite these promises, however, the field has realized that immune dysfunctions in schizophrenia may be as heterogeneous as the disorder itself. While challenging for psychiatric nosology, this heterogeneity offers the opportunity to define patient subgroups based on the presence or absence of distinct immune dysfunctions. This stratification may be clinically relevant for schizophrenic patients as it may help establishing personalized add-on therapies or preventive interventions with immunomodulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Reginia A, Kucharska-Mazur J, Jabłoński M, Budkowska M, Dołȩgowska B, Sagan L, Misiak B, Ratajczak MZ, Rybakowski JK, Samochowiec J. Assessment of Complement Cascade Components in Patients With Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 30538645 PMCID: PMC6277457 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The immune system is undoubtedly involved in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression. Although its role is not fully understood, it appears that this area of research can help to understand the etiology of mental illness. One of the components of the human immune system is the complement system, which forms a part of the innate immune response. Physiologically, except for its essential protective role, it is a vital element in the regeneration processes, including neurogenesis. To date, few studies have tried to clarify the role of the complement cascade in mental disorders. Materials and Methods: We evaluated concentrations of C3a, C5a, and C5b-9 complement cascade components in the peripheral blood of 30 patients suffering from bipolar disorder (BD) for at least 10 years, in euthymia, who were not treated with lithium salts. In addition, we divided our study sample into BD type I (BD-I, 22 persons), and BD type II (BD-II, 8 patients). The control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, BMI, and smoking habits. Results: Compared to healthy controls, BD patients had elevated concentrations of all the investigated components. Furthermore, in patients with BD-II, we observed higher concentrations of C5b-9 as compared to patients with BD-I. However, there was a significant effect of BD diagnosis only on the levels of C3a and C5a but not on the level of C5b-9 after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Conclusions: Increased concentrations of components C3a and C5a of the complement system in the investigated group as compared to healthy controls suggest involvement of the complement cascade in the pathogenesis of BD, and provides further evidence of immune system dysregulation in BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Reginia
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołȩgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Błazej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Ratajczak MZ, Pedziwiatr D, Cymer M, Kucia M, Kucharska-Mazur J, Samochowiec J. Sterile Inflammation of Brain, due to Activation of Innate Immunity, as a Culprit in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29541038 PMCID: PMC5835766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that the occurrence of psychiatric disorders is related to chronic inflammation. In support of this linkage, changes in the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the peripheral blood (PB) of psychiatric patients as well as correlations between chronic inflammatory processes and psychiatric disorders have been described. Furthermore, an inflammatory process known as "sterile inflammation" when initiated directly in brain tissue may trigger the onset of psychoses. In this review, we will present the hypothesis that prolonged or chronic activation of the complement cascade (ComC) directly triggers inflammation in the brain and affects the proper function of this organ. Based on the current literature and our own work on mechanisms activating the ComC we hypothesize that inflammation in the brain is initiated by the mannan-binding lectin pathway of ComC activation. This activation is triggered by an increase in brain tissue of danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) mediators, including extracellular ATP and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, which are recognized by circulating pattern-recognition receptors, including mannan-binding lectin (MBL), that activate the ComC. On the other hand, this process is controlled by the anti-inflammatory action of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). In this review, we will try to connect changes in the release of DAMPs in the brain with inflammatory processes triggered by the innate immunity involving activation of the ComC as well as the inflammation-limiting effects of the anti-inflammatory HO-1 pathway. We will also discuss parallel observations that during ComC activation subsets of stem cells are mobilized into PB from bone marrow that are potentially involved in repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Pedziwiatr
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Cymer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Jabłoński M, Mazur JK, Tarnowski M, Dołęgowska B, Pędziwiatr D, Kubiś E, Budkowska M, Sałata D, Wysiecka JP, Kazimierczak A, Reginia A, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J. Mobilization of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells and Changes in the Concentration of Plasma Factors Influencing their Movement in Patients with Panic Disorder. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:217-225. [PMID: 27914035 PMCID: PMC5380702 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we examined whether stem cells and factors responsible for their movement may serve as new biological markers of anxiety disorders. The study was carried out on a group of 30 patients diagnosed with panic disorder (examined before and after treatment), compared to 30 healthy individuals forming the control group. We examined the number of circulating HSCs (hematopoetic stem cells) (Lin−/CD45 +/CD34 +) and HSCs (Lin−/CD45 +/AC133 +), the number of circulating VSELs (very small embryonic-like stem cells) (Lin−/CD45−/CD34 +) and VSELs (Lin−/CD45−/AC133 +), as well as the concentration of complement components: C3a, C5a and C5b-9, SDF-1 (stromal derived factor) and S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate). Significantly lower levels of HSCs (Lin−/CD45 +/AC133 +) have been demonstrated in the patient group compared to the control group both before and after treatment. The level of VSELs (Lin−/CD45−/CD133 +) was significantly lower in the patient group before treatment as compared to the patient group after treatment. The levels of factors responsible for stem cell movement were significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group before and after treatment. It was concluded that the study of stem cells and factors associated with their movement can be useful in the diagnostics of panic disorder, as well as differentiating between psychotic and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daniel Pędziwiatr
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kubiś
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daria Sałata
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Justyna Pełka Wysiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Artur Reginia
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
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25
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Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Kucharska-Mazur J, Samochowiec J, Ratajczak MZ, Michalak M, Rybakowski JK. The effect of long-term lithium treatment of bipolar disorder on stem cells circulating in peripheral blood. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:54-62. [PMID: 27071327 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1174301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of long-term lithium treatment on very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulating in peripheral blood (PB), in bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS The study included 15 BD patients (aged 55 ± 6 years) treated with lithium for 8-40 years (mean 16 years), 15 BD patients (aged 53 ± 7 years) with duration of illness >10 years, who had never received lithium, and 15 healthy controls (aged 50 ± 5 years). The VSELs, HSCs, MSCs and EPCs were measured by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS In BD subjects not taking lithium the number of CD34+ VSELs was significantly higher, and MSCs and EPCs numerically higher, than in control subjects and the number of CD34+ VSELs correlated with the duration of illness. In lithium-treated patients these values were similar to controls and the number of CD34+ VSELs correlated negatively with the duration of lithium treatment and serum lithium concentration. CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with lithium may suppress the activation of regenerative processes by reducing the number of VSELs circulating in PB. These cells, in BD patients not treated with lithium, may provide a new potential biological marker of the illness and its clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- b Department of Psychiatry , Pomeranian University of Medicine , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- c Department of Physiology , Pomeranian University of Medicine , Szczecin , Poland.,d Stem Cell Biology Program at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , 40202 , USA
| | - Michal Michalak
- e Department of Computer Science and Statistics , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- a Department of Adult Psychiatry , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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26
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor therapies: Advances in clinical trials for CNS-related diseases. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bhartiya D, Shaikh A, Anand S, Patel H, Kapoor S, Sriraman K, Parte S, Unni S. Endogenous, very small embryonic-like stem cells: critical review, therapeutic potential and a look ahead. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 23:41-76. [PMID: 27614362 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were reported in 2006. In 2012, a Nobel Prize was awarded for iPS technology whereas even today the very existence of VSELs is not well accepted. The underlying reason is that VSELs exist in low numbers, remain dormant under homeostatic conditions, are very small in size and do not pellet down at 250-280g. The VSELs maintain life-long tissue homeostasis, serve as a backup pool for adult stem cells and are mobilized under stress conditions. An imbalance in VSELs function (uncontrolled proliferation) may result in cancer. SEARCH METHODS The electronic database 'Medline/Pubmed' was systematically searched with the subject heading term 'very small embryonic-like stem cells'. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The most primitive stem cells that undergo asymmetric cell divisions to self-renew and give rise to progenitors still remain elusive in the hematopoietic system and testes, while the presence of stem cells in ovary is still being debated. We propose to review the available literature on VSELs, the methods of their isolation and characterization, their ontogeny, how they compare with embryonic stem (ES) cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs) and iPS cells, and their role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The review includes a look ahead on how VSELs will result in paradigm shifts in basic reproductive biology. OUTCOMES Adult tissue-specific stem cells including hematopoietic, spermatogonial, ovarian and mesenchymal stem cells have good proliferation potential and are indeed committed progenitors (with cytoplasmic OCT-4), which arise by asymmetric cell divisions of pluripotent VSELs (with nuclear OCT-4). VSELs are the most primitive stem cells and postulated to be an overlapping population with the PGCs. Rather than migrating only to the gonads, PGCs migrate and survive in various adult body organs throughout life as VSELs. VSELs express both pluripotent and PGC-specific markers and are epigenetically and developmentally more mature compared with ES cells obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst-stage embryo. As a result, VSELs readily differentiate into three embryonic germ layers and spontaneously give rise to both sperm and oocytes in vitro. Like PGCs, VSELs do not divide readily in culture, nor produce teratoma or integrate in the developing embryo. But this property of being relatively quiescent allows endogenous VSELs to survive various kinds of toxic insults. VSELs that survive oncotherapy can be targeted to induce endogenous regeneration of non-functional gonads. Transplanting healthy niche (mesenchymal) cells have resulted in improved gonadal function and live births. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Being quiescent, VSELs possibly do not accumulate genomic (nuclear or mitochondrial) mutations and thus may be ideal endogenous, pluripotent stem cell candidates for regenerative and reproductive medicine. The presence of VSELs in adult gonads and the fact that they survive oncotherapy may obviate the need to bank gonadal tissue for fertility preservation prior to oncotherapy. VSELs and their ability to undergo spermatogenesis/neo-oogenesis in the presence of a healthy niche will help identify newer strategies toward fertility restoration in cancer survivors, delaying menopause and also enabling aged mothers to have better quality eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Ambreen Shaikh
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Sandhya Anand
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Hiren Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Sona Kapoor
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Kalpana Sriraman
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India.,The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, RG Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400018, India
| | - Seema Parte
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India.,Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Centre, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 2301 S 3rd St, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Sreepoorna Unni
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India.,Inter Disciplinary Studies Department, University College, Zayed University, Academic City, PO Box 19282, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Rybakowski JK. The effect of lithium on hematopoietic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Bienkowski P, Samochowiec J, Pelka-Wysiecka J, Grzywacz A, Skibinska M, Jasiewicz A, Tybura P, Wroński M, Jarema M, Samochowiec A. Functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) gene is not associated with schizophrenia and with its deficit subtype. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:442-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Very small embryonic-like stem cells are involved in regeneration of mouse pancreas post-pancreatectomy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:106. [PMID: 25182166 PMCID: PMC4355147 DOI: 10.1186/scrt494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite numerous research efforts, mechanisms underlying regeneration of pancreas remains controversial. Views are divided whether stem cells are involved during pancreatic regeneration or it involves duplication of pre-existing islets or ductal cells or whether pancreatic islet numbers are fixed by birth or they renew throughout life. Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been used by several groups to regenerate diabetic mouse pancreas but the beneficial effects are short-lived. It has been suggested that cells obtained after directed differentiation of ES/iPS cells resemble fetal and not their adult counterparts; thus are functionally different and may be of little use to regenerate adult pancreas. A novel population of pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) exists in several adult body tissues in both mice and humans. VSELs have been reported in the mouse pancreas, and nuclear octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4) positive, small-sized cells have also been detected in human pancreas. VSELs are mobilized into peripheral blood in streptozotocin treated diabetic mice and also in patients with pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to evaluate whether VSELs are involved during regeneration of adult mouse pancreas after partial pancreatectomy. Methods Mice were subjected to partial pancreatectomy wherein almost 70% of pancreas was surgically removed and residual pancreas was studied on Days 1, 3 and 5 post-surgery. Results VSELs were detected in Hematoxylin and Eosin stained smears of pancreatic tissue as spherical, small sized cells with a large nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm and could be sorted as LIN-/CD45-/SCA-1+ cells by flow cytometry. Results reveal that although neutrophils with multi-lobed nuclei are mobilized into the pancreas on day 1 after pancreatectomy, by day 5 VSELs with spherical nuclei, high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear OCT-4 are mobilized into the residual pancreas. VSELs undergo differentiation and give rise to PDX-1 and OCT-4 positive progenitors which possibly regenerate both acinar cells and islets. Conclusions Results provide direct evidence supporting the presence of VSELs in adult mouse pancreas and their role during regeneration. VSELs are an interesting alternative to ES/iPS cells to regenerate a diabetic pancreas in future.
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Ratajczak MZ, Marycz K, Poniewierska-Baran A, Fiedorowicz K, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Moniuszko M. Very small embryonic-like stem cells as a novel developmental concept and the hierarchy of the stem cell compartment. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:273-80. [PMID: 25170822 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of stem cells suffers from a lack of precision, as the stem cell compartment is a broad continuum between early stages of development and adult postnatal tissues, and it is not fully understood how this transition occurs. The definition of stem cell pluripotency is adapted from embryology and excludes the possibility that some early-development stem cells with pluri- and/or multipotential differentiation potential may reside in postnatal tissues in a dormant state in which they are protected from uncontrolled proliferation and thus do not form teratomas or have the ability to complement blastocyst development. We will discuss the concept that a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) could be a link between early-development stages and adult stem cell compartments and reside in a quiescent state in adult tissues. The epigenetic mechanism identified that changes expression of certain genes involved in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) in VSELs, on the one hand, keeps these cells quiescent in adult tissues and, on the other hand, provides a novel view of the stem cell compartment, IIS, tissue/organ rejuvenation, aging, and cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Zbucka-Kretowska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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