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Farley JB, O’Hara M, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Rathbone E, Milne N. Relationships between physical fitness characteristics, technical skill attributes, and sports injury in female Australian football players. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298267. [PMID: 38386636 PMCID: PMC10883547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the relationships between physical fitness and i) technical skills and ii) time-loss from Australian football injury in female players across the talent and participation pathways. METHODS This study uses a subset of data from two cross-sectional and one prospective cohort studies. A total of 223 female Australian football players across five competition levels (elite/non-elite senior, high-level junior, and non-elite junior (14-17 years)/(10-13 years)) were included in this study. Comprehensive physical fitness assessments and modified Australian football kicking and handballing tests were conducted in the 2018/19 pre-seasons. During the respective competitive in-season, time-loss injuries were recorded by team personnel. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed to determine the relationship between physical fitness and kicking and handballing scores. Cox proportional regressions were conducted to identify physical fitness factors associated with injury. RESULTS Increased running vertical jump height, greater hip abduction strength, and faster timed 6 m hop speed demonstrated a relationship with kicking accuracy when adjusted for years of Australian football playing experience (adjusted R2 = 0.522, p < 0.001). Faster agility time and increased lean mass were associated with better handballing accuracy (adjusted R2 = 0.221, p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression revealed an increased risk for sustaining a time-loss injury in less agile players (adjusted HR 2.41, 95% CI 1.23, 4.73, p = 0.010). However, this relationship no longer remained when adjusted for age and years of Australian football experience (adjusted HR 1.68, 95% CI 0.81, 3.50, p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS Physical fitness may be a significant factor contributing to development of Australian football technical skills in female players. However, its role is unclear in protecting against injury risk in this athlete population. Further research is needed to explore the multifactorial and complex phenomenon of talent development and injury risk reduction in female Australian football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Farley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Miranda O’Hara
- Brisbane Lions Women’s Australian Football Club, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Restore Function Physiotherapy, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Carl T. Woods
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyne Rathbone
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Nikki Milne
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Yao Y, Niu X. Construction of a physical fitness evaluation index system and model for high-level freestyle skiing aerials athletes in China. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295622. [PMID: 38064528 PMCID: PMC10707543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to enhance the competitive level of Chinese freestyle skiing aerials athletes by developing a specialized physical fitness evaluation index system and model tailored for high-level Chinese athletes. This system intends to provide theoretical references and training monitoring schemes in preparation for the 25th Milan Winter Olympics. METHODS A study was conducted on 29 high-level Chinese freestyle skiing aerials athletes. Physical fitness test indexes were selected using a literature review, expert interviews, and questionnaire surveys, and athletes were tested. Athletes were ensured to be in optimal physical condition before testing. Based on the test results, the representative indexes of the evaluation system are finally determined by combining R-type clustering analysis, multiple linear regression analysis. Determine index weights through weight questionnaires and normalization, and develop evaluation standards through methods such as percentile counting and weighted scoring. RESULTS Physical fitness evaluation system for Chinese freestyle skiing aerialists includes three aspects: evaluation index, index weight, and evaluation standard. The evaluation indexes include 3 first-level, 11 second-level, and 11 third-level indexes of body form, physiological function, and physical quality. In the evaluation weight, physical quality is ranked first, and physiological function and body form rank second and third, respectively. The evaluation standard consists of a scoring evaluation standard and a rating evaluation standard. Based on the index system, this study constructs the general and ideal physical fitness model of China's high-level freestyle aerials athletes. CONCLUSION The constructed physical fitness evaluation system effectively represents physical fitness development status of high-level freestyle skiing aerials athletes, providing a basis for creating personalized training plans. The established model serves as a reference for athletes' physical fitness development objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Yao
- School of Sports Training, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuesong Niu
- School of Social Sports, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
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Kwakye SK, Mostert K, Garnett D, Masenge A. Risk factors associated with football injury among male players from a specific academy in Ghana: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8070. [PMID: 37202453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There seems to be no information on the incidence of injury and associated risk factors for academy football players in Ghana. We determine the risk factors associated with match and training injuries among male football players at an academy in Ghana. Preseason measurements of players' height, weight, and ankle dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) were measured with a stadiometer (Seca 213), a digital weighing scale (Omron HN-289), and tape measure, respectively. The functional ankle instability (FAI) of players was measured using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and dynamic postural control was measured with the Star Excursion Balance Test. Injury surveillance data for all injuries were collected by resident physiotherapists throughout one season. Selected factors associated with injury incidence were tested using Spearman's rank correlation at a 5% significance level. Age was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.589, p = 0.000), match (r = - 0.294, p = 0.008), and training incidence (r = - 0.314, p = 0.005). Previous injury of U18s was associated with training injuries (r = 0.436, p = 0.023). Body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.513, p = 0.000), and training incidence (r = - 0.395, p = 0.000). CAIT scores were associated with overall injury incidence (n = 0.263, p = 0.019) and match incidence (r = 0.263, p = 0.029). The goalkeeper position was associated with match incidence (r = 0.241, p = 0.031) while the U16 attacker position was associated with training incidence. Exposure hours was negatively associated with overall injury incidence (r = - 0.599, p = 0.000). Age, BMI, previous injury, goalkeeper and attacker positions, ankle DF ROM, and self-reported FAI were associated with injury incidence among academy football players in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Koranteng Kwakye
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Karien Mostert
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel Garnett
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Andries Masenge
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Huang Y, Li C, Bai Z, Wang Y, Ye X, Gui Y, Lu Q. The impact of sport-specific physical fitness change patterns on lower limb non-contact injury risk in youth female basketball players: a pilot study based on field testing and machine learning. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1182755. [PMID: 37250119 PMCID: PMC10213459 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1182755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, identifying players with injury risk through physical fitness assessment has become a hot topic in sports science research. Although practitioners have conducted many studies on the relationship between physical fitness and the likelihood of injury, the relationship between the two remains indeterminate. Consequently, this study utilized machine learning to preliminary investigate the relationship between individual physical fitness tests and injury risk, aiming to identify whether patterns of physical fitness change have an impact on injury risk. Methods: This study conducted a retrospective analysis by extracting the records of 17 young female basketball players from the sport-specific physical fitness monitoring and injury registration database in Fujian Province. Sports-specific physical fitness tests included physical performance, physiological, biochemical, and subjective perceived responses. The data for each player was standardized individually using Z-scores. Synthetic minority over-sampling techniques and edited nearest neighbor algorithms were used to sample the training set to address the negative impact of class imbalance on model performance. Feature extraction was performed on the dataset using linear discriminant analysis, and the prediction model was constructed using the cost-sensitive neural network. Results: The 10 replicate 5-fold stratified cross-validation showed that the lower limb non-contact injury prediction model based on the cost-sensitive neural network had achieved good discrimination and calibration (average Precision: 0.6360; average Recall: 0.8700; average F2-Score: 0.7980; average AUC: 0.8590; average Brier-score: 0.1020), which could be well applied in training practice. According to the attribution analysis, agility and speed were important physical attributes that affect youth female basketball players' non-contact lower limb injury risk. Specifically, there was enhance in the performance of the 1-min double under, accompanied by an increase in urinary ketone and urinary blood levels following the agility test. The 3/4 basketball court sprint performance improved, while urinary protein and RPE levels decreased after the speed test. Conclusion: The sport-specific physical fitness change pattern can impact the lower limb non-contact injury risk of young female basketball players in Fujian Province, specifically in terms of agility and speed. These findings will provide valuable insights for planning athletes' physical training programs, managing fatigue, and preventing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Huang
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changfei Li
- Fujian Provincial Basketball and Volleyball Centre, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanshuang Bai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Tourism and Sports Health, Hezhou University, Hezhou, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Institute of Sport Business, Loughborough University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- Chengyi College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuheng Gui
- Fujian Provincial Basketball and Volleyball Centre, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of Science, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
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Bennett H, Chalmers S, Fuller J. The impact of concussion on subsequent injury risk in elite junior Australian football athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00069-5. [PMID: 37061396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concussion increases injury risk. However, this has not been investigated in junior Australian football and it is unknown whether the location, severity, and mechanism of subsequent injuries differ after concussion vs. non-concussion injury. DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS 1455 elite adolescent male Australian footballers were tracked across seven seasons to determine whether subsequent injury risk was greater after concussion compared to non-concussion index injury using multilevel survival analysis. Mixed-effects logistic regression compared location and mechanism. Mixed-effects Poisson regression compared severity. RESULTS Of 1455 athletes, 632 were injured and included in subsequent-injury analysis. There were no differences in injury incidence after a concussion compared to upper- (hazard ratio = 1.0, 0.6 to 1.9, P = 0.892; trivial effect) and lower (hazard ratio = 1.1, 0.6 to 1.9, P = 0.810; trivial effect) index injury, or in location. Subsequent injuries were more likely to be contact-based after a non-concussion injury than concussion (odds ratio = 4.6, 1.3 to 16.0; P = 0.017; large effect). There was no difference in subsequent injury severity after lower- (3.4 ± 3.0 missed matches; incidence rate ratio = 1.4, 0.9 to 2.1; P ≤ 0.117; small effect) and upper-limb injuries (3.4 ± 3.1 missed matches; incidence rate ratio = 1.4, 0.9 to 2.2; P = 0.189; small effect) compared to concussion (2.4 ± 2.0 missed matches). CONCLUSIONS Subsequent injury risk, severity, and location in junior Australian football are similar following concussion compared to non-concussion index injuries, although contact injuries are less likely.
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Zilles G, Grim C, Wegener F, Engelhardt M, Hotfiel T, Hoppe MW. [Groin pain in sports games: a systematic review]. SPORTVERLETZUNG SPORTSCHADEN : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT FUR ORTHOPADISCH-TRAUMATOLOGISCHE SPORTMEDIZIN 2023; 37:18-36. [PMID: 36878218 DOI: 10.1055/a-1912-4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sports games, epidemiological data show that groin pain is relatively common and can lead to repeated loss of time. Consequently, it is essential to be aware of the evidence-based prevention strategies. The aim of this systematic review was to examine risk factors and prevention strategies for groin pain and to rank them based on their evidence in sports games. METHODS The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, using a PICO-scheme in the PubMed, Web of Science and SPOLIT databases. We included all available intervention and observational studies on the influence of risk factors and prevention strategies on groin pain in sports games. The methodological quality and level of evidence was assessed using the PEDro-Scale and OCEBM model, respectively. Finally, the quantity, quality and level of evidence was used to rank each risk factor for its grade. RESULTS Moderate evidence was found for four risk factors that significantly influence the risk of groin pain: male sex, previous groin pain, hip adductor strength and not participating in the FIFA 11+ Kids. Moreover, moderate evidence was found for the following non-significant risk factors: older age, body height and weight, higher BMI, body fat percentage, playing position, leg dominance, training exposure, reduced hip abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, and internal rotation-ROM, hip flexor strength, hip abductor, adductor, flexor and core strengthening with balance exercises, clinical hip mobility tests and physical capacities. CONCLUSION The identified risk factors can be considered when developing prevention strategies to reduce the risk of groin pain in sports games. Thereby, not only the significant, but also the non-significant risk factors should be considered for prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zilles
- Bewegungs- und Trainingswissenschaft, Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, GERMANY
| | - Casper Grim
- Osnabrücker Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Chirurgie, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, GERMANY
| | - Florian Wegener
- Bewegungs- und Trainingswissenschaft, Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, GERMANY
| | - Martin Engelhardt
- Osnabrücker Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Chirurgie, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, GERMANY
| | - Thilo Hotfiel
- Osnabrücker Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Chirurgie, Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe
- Bewegungs- und Trainingswissenschaft, Sportwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, GERMANY
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Watanabe K, Kitamura T, Takasaki H. Preseason Prognostic Factors for Injuries and Match Loss in Collision Sports: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:3-8. [PMID: 36063824 DOI: 10.1055/a-1847-7108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify which preseason factors had strong evidence of risks for physical injury during the season of collision sports including rugby, American football, and Australian rules football using qualitative synthesis. Pubmed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were reviewed. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies were: studies involving the collision sports; prospective cohort studies; and studies with outcomes of relative risks, odds ratios, and correlations between players' preseason conditions and injury during the season. The risk of bias based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network quality checklists for cohort studies was assessed in 57 studies. The current study identified strong evidence that 1) anthropometric characteristics (body mass index and estimated mass moment of inertia of the body around a horizontal axis through the ankle), which are calculated with weight and height; 2) physical function, in particular for the trunk and lower limb (trunk-flexion hold and wall-sit hold); and 3) Oswestry Disability Index disability, which is a patient-reported outcome measure for disability due to low back pain, were positive prognostic factors for injury during the collision sports season, regardless of playing experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Watanabe
- Graduate school of Rehabilitation Science, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
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Adiposity as a Risk Factor for Sport Injury in Youth: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:418-426. [PMID: 33797475 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether high or low adiposity is associated with youth sport-related injury. DATA SOURCES Ten electronic databases were searched to identify prospective studies examining the association between adiposity [body mass index (BMI) or body fat] and a future time-loss or medical attention sport-related musculoskeletal injury or concussion in youth aged 20 years and younger. Two independent raters assessed the quality (Downs and Black criteria) and risk of bias (Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool). Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] of injury. MAIN RESULTS Of 11 424 potentially relevant records, 38 articles were included with 17 eligible for meta-analyses. In qualitative synthesis, no clear association was identified between adiposity and any sport injury; however, 16/22 studies identified high adiposity as a significant risk factor for lower-extremity injury. Meta-analyses revealed higher BMI in youth with any sport-related injury and lower BMI in youth who developed a bone stress injury (BSI) compared with noninjured controls. The pooled OR (95% CI) examining the association of BMI and injury risk (excluding bone injury) was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03-1.34). A major source of bias in included articles was inconsistent adjustment for age, sex, and physical activity participation. CONCLUSIONS Level 2b evidence suggests that high BMI is associated with greater risk of youth sport injury, particularly lower-extremity injury and excluding BSI or fracture. Although pooled mean differences were low, anthropometric risk of injury seems to be dependent on type and site of injury in youth sport.
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Analysis of the Running Ability Mining Model of Football Trainers Based on Dynamic Incremental Clustering Algorithm. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3255886. [PMID: 35814600 PMCID: PMC9259255 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3255886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fast-running ability is a very important basic quality of football players. However, players are dynamic. It is difficult for coaches to grasp the running speed, instantaneous acceleration, and other indicators of small athletes in real time with the naked eye. Therefore, to accurately test the performance of athletes in fast-running ability, this paper studies the running ability mining model of football coaches based on the dynamic incremental clustering algorithm. According to scientific procedures and methods, the evaluation model and standard of running ability of Chinese elite female football players are established. The effectiveness of the model is 0.83, as verified by the standard recognition method, which shows that the evaluation model is efficient. The research considers the denoising of the original data. The model has rich data and standard test methods and procedures. It can be used as a measure of the running ability of China's elite female football players in a certain period and range. The research solves the problem of the insufficient running ability of domestic football players. It provides an important reference for training the next generation of excellent national football players.
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Nordstrøm A, Bahr R, Clarsen B, Talsnes O. Association Between Preseason Fitness Level and Risk of Injury or Illness in Male Elite Ice Hockey Players: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221076849. [PMID: 35224120 PMCID: PMC8873563 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221076849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between physical fitness and the risk of injury or illness in ice hockey. The least-fit players may be more prone to injury and illness. PURPOSE To examine the association between preseason fitness level and injury or illness risk among elite ice hockey players during the regular season. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 133 male ice hockey players in the GET League (the premier professional league in Norway) completed 8 different exercises (40-m sprint, countermovement jump, 3000-m run, squat, bench press, chin-ups, brutal bench, and box jump) at the annual 1-day preseason testing combine. During the 2017-2018 competitive season, the players reported all health problems (acute injuries, overuse injuries, and illnesses) weekly (31 weeks) using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. RESULTS Overall, the players reported 191 acute injuries, 82 overuse injuries, and 132 illnesses. The least-fit tercile of players did not report more health problems (mean, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-3.8) compared with the most-fit (mean, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.6-4.2) or the medium-fit (mean, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.5) players. The most-fit players reported more substantial health problems (mean, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.5) compared with the medium-fit (mean, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8 -1.8) and least-fit (mean, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3) (P = .02) players. There was no association between low physical fitness and number of health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of the players with the rest of the cohort (P > .05); however, there was an association between low physical fitness and greater severity of all health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of players to the rest of the cohort after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age (P = .02). CONCLUSION Low physical fitness was not associated with increased rate of injury or illness but was associated with greater severity of all health problems after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Nordstrøm
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Disease Burden Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove Talsnes
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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The Relationship Between Performance and Injury in Junior Australian Football Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:761-767. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Determine the impact of preseason and between-seasons changes in individual physical performance on injury risk in elite junior Australian football players and if injuries sustained during a season impact subsequent-season performance improvement. Methods: This prospective cohort study assessed individual performance measures (sprint speed, jump, agility, and aerobic endurance) during preseason over 4 consecutive seasons. Injury status (injured/not injured) was tracked weekly to determine the relationship between individual performance and in-season injury occurrence. Mixed models were used to determine the relationship between physical performance and injury, and the effect of injury on physical performance improvement. Results: A total of 206 players played 2 consecutive seasons and were included (17.6 y, 181.9 cm, 75.7 kg). Faster players during preseason experienced higher injury incidence (injuries/season) during that playing season (incidence rate ratio = 0.127; P = .034). Injury incidence was not influenced by between-seasons change in any performance measure. Players injured during their first season maintained their aerobic fitness, which declined in noninjured players (d = 0.39; P = .013). Players who sustained a lower-limb injury during their first season saw smaller improvements in sprint speed than players who did not get injured (d = 0.39; P = .035). Conclusion: Faster players experience higher injury incidence than slower players and may require specific prevention interventions. Players who experience a lower-limb injury during the playing season do not improve sprint speed between seasons to the same extent as players who do not get injured, highlighting the need for targeted high-speed running ability development as part of rehabilitation.
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Bennett H, Chalmers S, Milanese S, Fuller J. The association between Y-balance test scores, injury, and physical performance in elite adolescent Australian footballers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:306-311. [PMID: 34801389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify how modified Lower-Quarter Y-Balance Test (mYBT-LQ) and Upper-Quarter Balance Test (mYBT-UQ) scores relate to injury risk and measures of physical performance in elite adolescent Australian Football (AF) athletes. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Pre-season mYBT-LQ, mYBT-UQ, and physical performance measures (speed, jump height, and agility) were obtained in 257 elite adolescent male AF athletes. Injury status was tracked across the 18-game season to determine the relationship between mYBT scores and injury risk based on time-to-event analysis. Cross-sectional analysis of mYBT-LQ scores and performance measures determined the relationships between these variables. RESULTS There were no significant associations between injury risk and any single mYBT parameter. However, athletes with high posteromedial asymmetry and good agility performance (top 25% of the cohort) had moderately increased injury risk with and tended to without a previous injury history (Hazard Ratio = 3.26 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.01, 10.54; p = 0.048] and 2.69 [95% Confidence Interval = 0.92, 7.82; p = 0.069], respectively). There were significant correlations between faster agility times and higher composite limb-length normalised mYBT-LQ (r = -0.210; CI = -0.324, -0.090), limb-length normalised average posteromedial reach score (r = -0.227; CI = -0.340, -0.108), and limb-length normalised average posterolateral reach score (r = -0.250: CI = -0.361, -0.132). CONCLUSION In isolation, the mYBT is not useful for identifying injury risk in junior AF athletes, and only small correlations between mYBT-LQ and physical performance variables were identified. However, high mYBT-LQ posteromedial asymmetry is associated with increased injury risk for athletes with good agility performance. This should be considered within athlete preparation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Steve Milanese
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence (iCAHE), University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Joel Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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Lower Physical Fitness Is Associated with Injuries in Iranian National Futsal Teams: A Prospective Study. Asian J Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies have investigated risk factors for injury in different sports. However, little scientific information is available in relation to futsal injuries. Objectives: This study prospectively analyzed the influence of physical fitness parameters on the occurrence of futsal injuries in Iranian national teams. Methods: Prior to the season, all 55 players of 3 Iranian national futsal teams took part in a series of tests for physical fitness parameters such as cardio-respiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, flexibility, agility, and speed. Team physicians recorded all injuries, medical attention, and time loss due to the injury throughout the match and training sessions. Results: During 18 months, 54 futsal injuries were sustained by 32 players. Injured players had poorer performance at baseline in agility, speed, and vertical jump than players who did not incur an injury during the season. Lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values were associated with a higher injury risk. No differences between injured and uninjured players were observed in age, anthropometric data, flexibility, and lower extremity strength. Conclusions: Some physical fitness parameters were associated with the risk of injuries in futsal. Therefore, improving physical fitness might help to reduce the number of futsal injuries.
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Mason J, Wellmann K, Groll A, Braumann KM, Junge A, Hollander K, Zech A. Game Exposure, Player Characteristics, and Neuromuscular Performance Influence Injury Risk in Professional and Youth Field Hockey Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121995167. [PMID: 33889643 PMCID: PMC8033403 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121995167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors that contribute to the occurrence of injury is an important step in designing training programs to minimize the risk of injury. However, despite high injury rates, variables contributing to injury in field hockey players remain relatively unexplored. PURPOSE To identify factors that may predict injury in professional and youth field hockey players. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHOD Professional and youth hockey players completed preseason neuromuscular performance testing and were monitored for injuries, training, and game exposure throughout the subsequent 12-month indoor and outdoor hockey season. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was conducted to identify injury risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were then calculated to determine the individual predictive accuracy of the identified variables. RESULTS A total of 83 players (mean ± SD age, 20.7 ± 4.9 years; 34.9% female) with complete performance, injury, and exposure data were included for data analysis. Almost half of players (44.6%) sustained a time-loss injury during the season, and 73% of these injuries occurred in the lower limb. Playing more games and having an older age, asymmetrical and poor dynamic postural control, and better explosive performance were identified as jointly influencing the risk of injury. When considered individually, number of games played throughout the season was the most accurate predictor of injury risk (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.74; P < .001), while asymmetrical and poor dynamic postural control (AUCs = 0.61-0.65; P = .01-.04) and better explosive athletic performance (AUCs = 0.65-0.67; P < .01) were identified as moderate individual predictors of sustaining a general or lower limb injury. CONCLUSION A number of modifiable factors were individually and jointly associated with an increased injury risk in field hockey players, providing initial evidence for the design of targeted and sport-specific training programs to mitigate the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Jena, Jena,
Germany
| | - Kai Wellmann
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Jena, Jena,
Germany
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund,
Germany
| | | | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding
Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Astrid Zech
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Jena, Jena,
Germany
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Sport-Specific Functional Tests and Related Sport Injury Risk and Occurrences in Junior Basketball and Soccer Athletes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8750231. [PMID: 33490258 PMCID: PMC7787717 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8750231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Sport-specific functional tests were used to assess the power, speed, and agility of the lower extremity for a specific sport, but comparison of the differences and association with sport injury was rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in sport-specific functional tests between junior basketball and soccer athletes and analyze the sport injury risk and occurrences. Methods All participants were evaluated using the sprint test, vertical jump (VJ) test, agility T test, and functional movement screen (FMS). There were significant intergroup differences in the sprint test, VJ test, agility T test, and FMS. Specific functional tests were compared against FMS score, either FMS ≤ 14 or FMS > 14. The FMS subtests, namely, in-line lunge, trunk stability push-up (TSPU), and quadruped rotary stability, were also performed. In one-year follow-up, the sport injury incidence was also recorded. Results Significant differences in sprint, agility, and FMS performance were found between the junior basketball and soccer athletes. Individual FMS scores of the in-line lunge, TSPU, and quadruped rotary stability were evaluated. No significant differences in sprint, VJ, and agility scores were found between FMS ≤ 14 and FMS > 14. FMS total score ≤ 14 was significantly associated with high sport injury occurrence. Conclusions The scores of sprint, agility, and FMS performance were differed between basketball and soccer athletes. The scores of sprint, VJ, and agility tests did not have differences with sport injury risks and occurrences, but the FMS score was associated with sport injury occurrence.
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Farley JB, Barrett LM, Keogh JWL, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2020; 6:45. [PMID: 32926228 PMCID: PMC7490320 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationships between physical fitness characteristics and sports injury may assist with the development of injury minimisation programs. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. METHODS Four scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus) and reference lists of relevant research were searched for eligible studies up to September 2, 2019. Full-text articles examining the relationship between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players were included. A modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality. Data synthesis determined summary conclusions based on the number of significant relationships divided by the total relationships investigated and reported as a percentage. Level of certainty was identified for summary conclusions based on level of evidence. Sub-analyses regarding competition level, age, and single injury types were also conducted. RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included. Data synthesis revealed no associations (low to moderate certainty) between body composition (1/9; 11%), flexibility (18-20%), and balance (2/8; 25%) and 'any injury' classification. No associations (mostly of moderate certainty) were found between flexibility (0-27%), muscular strength (0-27%), and body composition (14-33%) and various body region injury classifications, whereas mixed summary conclusions were shown for balance (0-48%). Many associations between physical fitness and sports injury were deemed 'unknown' or with an insufficient level of certainty. Sub-analyses revealed no association between strength and noncontact ACL injuries (0/5; 0%) or ankle sprains (0/12; 0%), and between flexibility and ankle sprains (1/5; 20%); however, insufficient certainty of these results exists. Clear associations were concluded between balance and lower body injuries in female, non-elite (10/16; 63%) and junior (9/12; 75%) team ball sport players, with moderate and insufficient certainty of these results, respectively. CONCLUSION Limited evidence is available to demonstrate relationships between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. High-quality evidence investigating the multifactorial nature of sports injury, including the interactions physical fitness qualities have with other injury determinants, is needed to better understand the role of physical fitness in minimising sports injuries in female, team ball sport players. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42017077374 (PROSPERO on September 14, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Farley
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | - Lily M. Barrett
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
- grid.252547.30000 0001 0705 7067Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- grid.1034.60000 0001 1555 3415Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia
- grid.411639.80000 0001 0571 5193Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Carl T. Woods
- grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Nikki Milne
- grid.1033.10000 0004 0405 3820Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
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17
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Jones SC, Fuller JT, Chalmers S, Debenedictis TA, Zacharia A, Tarca B, Townsley A, Milanese S. Combining physical performance and Functional Movement Screen testing to identify elite junior Australian Football athletes at risk of injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1449-1456. [PMID: 32297354 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and physical performance testing are often suggested to be related to sports injury risk. This study explored if the combination of FMS and physical performance testing improved identification of non-contact injury risk over FMS testing alone in an elite junior Australian football cohort. Over a 3-year period, 573 players completed pre-season injury history questionnaires, FMS, physical performance testing (20-m sprint, vertical jump, planned agility testing, and shuttle run test), and subsequent in-season injury surveillance. Results: Neither previous injury or FMS score <14 were related to an increased risk of subsequent injury in isolation. The combination of FMS composite score ≤14 and previous injury moderately increased the risk of injury (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.22 [1.09-4.54]). None of the physical performance measures improved the ability to predict injuries based on FMS composite score. FMS asymmetry was only associated with injury when combined with previous injury and vertical jump performance. Players with ≥1 FMS asymmetry and history of previous injury experienced a large increase in injury risk when vertical jump was poor (HR = 4.26 [1.35-13.42]) or good (HR = 3.17 [1.08-9.29]). Players with a combination of a good vertical jump, no previous injury, and no FMS asymmetries were also at moderately increased risk of injury (HR = 3.41 [1.11-10.42]). No physical performance tests improved the ability to identify non-contact injury risk using an FMS composite score threshold. However, a U-shaped relationship between vertical jump and injury risk was identified with both poor and good vertical jump height associated with a moderate-large increase in non-contact injury risk in the presence of ≥1 asymmetrical FMS sub-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jones
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Zacharia
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brett Tarca
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Townsley
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Steve Milanese
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Fouasson-Chailloux A, Mesland O, Menu P, Dauty M. Soccer injuries documented by F-MARC guidelines in 13- and 14-year old national elite players: A 5-year cohort study. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Lathlean TJH, Gastin PB, Newstead SV, Finch CF. Absolute and Relative Load and Injury in Elite Junior Australian Football Players Over 1 Season. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:511-519. [PMID: 31569071 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between training and match loads and injury in elite junior Australian football players over 1 competitive season. METHODS Elite junior Australian football players (n = 290, age 17.7 [0.3] y, range 16-18 y) were recruited from the under-18 state league competition in Victoria to report load and injury information. One-week load (session rating of perceived exertion multiplied by duration) and all time-loss injuries were reported using an online sport-injury surveillance system. Absolute load measures (weekly sums) enabled the calculation of relative measures such as the acute:chronic workload ratio. Load measures were modeled against injury outcome (yes/no) using a generalized estimating equation approach, with a 1-wk lag for injury. RESULTS Low (<300 arbitrary units [au]) and high (>4650 au) 1-wk loads were associated with significantly higher risk of injury. Furthermore, low (<100 au) and high (>850 au) session loads were associated with a higher risk of injury. High strain values (>13,000) were associated with up to a 5-fold increase in the odds of injury. There was a relatively flat-line association between the acute:chronic workload ratio and injury. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first investigation of elite junior athletes demonstrating linear and nonlinear relationships between absolute and relative load measures and injury. Coaches should focus player loads on, or at least close to, the point at which injury risk starts to increase again (2214 au for 1-wk load and 458 au for session load) and use evidence-based strategies across the week and month to help reduce the risk of injury.
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20
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Moseid CH, Myklebust G, Slaastuen MK, Bar‐Yaacov JB, Kristiansen AH, Fagerland MW, Bahr R. The association between physical fitness level and number and severity of injury and illness in youth elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1736-1748. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Holm Moseid
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Grethe Myklebust
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Marit Kyte Slaastuen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Jonathan Brun Bar‐Yaacov
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Aase Helen Kristiansen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Morten Wang Fagerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Oslo Norway
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21
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Hoffman DT, Dwyer DB, Tran J, Clifton P, Gastin PB. Australian Football League Injury Characteristics Differ Between Matches and Training: A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in the Setting, Site, and Time Span From 1997 to 2016. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119837641. [PMID: 31041327 PMCID: PMC6477771 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119837641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Injury surveillance has been used to quantify the scope of the injury burden
in Australian football. However, deeper statistical analyses are required to
identify major factors that contribute to the injury risk and to understand
how these injury patterns change over time. Purpose: To compare Australian Football League (AFL) injury incidence, severity,
prevalence, and recurrence by setting, site, and time span from 1997 to
2016. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A total of 15,911 injuries and medical illnesses recorded by team medical
staff at each club were obtained from the AFL’s injury surveillance system
and analyzed using linear mixed models with 3 fixed effects (setting, time
span, site) and 1 random effect (club). All types of injuries and medical
illnesses were included for analysis, provided that they caused the player
to miss at least 1 match during the regular season or finals. Five-season
time spans (1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, and 2012-2016) were used for
comparisons. Incidence rates were expressed at the player level. Recurrences
were recoded to quantify recurrent injuries across multiple seasons. Results: Compared with training injuries, match injuries had a 2.8 times higher
incidence per season per club per player (matches: 0.070 ± 0.093; training:
0.025 ± 0.043; P < .001). Match injuries resulted in 1.9
times more missed matches per club per season (matches: 17.2 ± 17.0;
training: 9.1 ± 10.5; P < .001). and were more likely to
be recurrences (matches: 11.6% ± 20.0%; training: 8.6% ± 21.8%;
P < .001). From the 1997-2001 to 2007-2011 time
spans, overall injury severity increased from a mean of 3.2 to 3.7 missed
matches (P ≤ .01). For the most recent 2012-2016 time span,
injuries resulted in 3.6 missed matches, on average. Hip/groin/thigh
injuries had the highest incidence (0.125 ± 0.120) and prevalence (19.2 ±
16.4) rates, and recurrences (29.3% ± 27.9%) were 15% more likely at this
site than any other injury site. Conclusion: The risks of match injuries are significantly higher than those of training
injuries in the AFL. Compared with the 1997-2001 time span, injuries became
more severe during the 2007-2011 time span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hoffman
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Dan B Dwyer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Tran
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Football Department, Geelong Cats Football Club, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Paul B Gastin
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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22
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The incidence, prevalence, severity, mechanism and body region of injury in elite junior Australian football players: A prospective cohort study over one season. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1013-1018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Fortington LV, van der Worp H, van den Akker-Scheek I, Finch CF. Reporting Multiple Individual Injuries in Studies of Team Ball Sports: A Systematic Review of Current Practice. Sports Med 2018; 47:1103-1122. [PMID: 27785773 PMCID: PMC5432578 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background To identify and prioritise targets for injury prevention efforts, injury incidence studies are widely reported. The accuracy and consistency in calculation and reporting of injury incidence is crucial. Many individuals experience more than one injury but multiple injuries are not consistently reported in sport injury incidence studies. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate current practice of how multiple injuries within individuals have been defined and reported in prospective, long-term, injury studies in team ball sports. Data Sources A systematic search of three online databases for articles published before 2016. Study Selection Publications were included if (1) they collected prospective data on musculoskeletal injuries in individual participants; (2) the study duration was >1 consecutive calendar year/season; and (3) individuals were the unit of analysis. Data Extraction Key study features were summarised, including definitions of injury, how multiple individual injuries were reported and results relating to multiple injuries. Results Of the 71 publications included, half did not specifically indicate multiple individual injuries; those that did were largely limited to reporting recurrent injuries. Eight studies reported the number/proportion of athletes with more than one injury, and 11 studies presented the mean/number of injuries per athlete. Conclusions Despite it being relatively common to collect data on individuals across more than one season, the reporting of multiple injuries within individuals is much more limited. Ultimately, better addressing of multiple injuries will improve the accuracy of injury incidence studies and enable more precise targeting and monitoring of the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0637-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Fortington
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, SMB Campus, PO Box 663, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia.
| | - Henk van der Worp
- Center for Sports Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van den Akker-Scheek
- Center for Sports Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline F Finch
- Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, SMB Campus, PO Box 663, Ballarat, VIC, 3353, Australia
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Gomez-Piqueras P, González-Víllora S, Grassi A, Gojanovic B, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Are we making SMART decisions regarding return to training of injured football players? Preliminary results from a pilot study. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-172201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gomez-Piqueras
- Faculty of Education, Department of Corporal Expression, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Faculty of Education, Department of Corporal Expression, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Alberto Grassi
- Laboratorio di Biomecanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Boris Gojanovic
- Hôpital de la Tour, Sports Medicine, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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26
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Johnston RD, Black GM, Harrison PW, Murray NB, Austin DJ. Applied Sport Science of Australian Football: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 48:1673-1694. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Haycraft JAZ, Kovalchik S, Pyne DB, Robertson S. Physical characteristics of players within the Australian Football League participation pathways: a systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:46. [PMID: 29260420 PMCID: PMC5736505 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Australian football (AF) players require endurance, strength, speed, and agility to be successful. Tests assessing physical characteristics are commonly used for talent identification; however, their ability to differentiate between players across the Australian Football League’s (AFL) participation pathway remains unclear. The objective of this review was to quantify the physical characteristics of male AF players across the AFL participation pathway. Methods A search of databases was undertaken. Studies examining tests of physical performance were included, with 27 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Study appraisal was conducted using a checklist of selection criteria. Results The 20-m sprint time was the most reported test, followed by vertical jump (VJ), AFL planned agility, and 20-m multi-stage fitness test (MSFT). The fastest times for 20-m sprint were for Elite AFL players (range 2.94–3.13 s), with local-level players the slowest (3.22–4.06 s). State Junior Under (U) 18s (58–66 cm) had higher jumps than senior players, with the lowest jumps reported for Local U10s (mean 31 cm). No elite-level data were reported for the AFL planned agility or 20-m MSFT. AFL planned agility times were only reported for talent pathway levels, with large performance variability evident across all levels (8.17–9.12 s). Only mean 20-m MSFT scores were reported from Local U10s to National Draft Camp (6.10–13.50 shuttles). Conclusions Talent pathway players exhibit similar mean test scores irrespective of the physical test, with the exception of 20-m sprint and VJ. Physical tests can discriminate between local participation level players but are less useful within the AFL talent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Z Haycraft
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Kovalchik
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - David B Pyne
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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Watson A, Brickson S, Brooks MA, Dunn W. Preseason Aerobic Fitness Predicts In-Season Injury and Illness in Female Youth Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117726976. [PMID: 28904982 PMCID: PMC5588804 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117726976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although preseason aerobic fitness has been suggested as a modifiable risk factor for injury in adult athletes, the relationship between aerobic fitness, injury, and illness in youth athletes is unknown. Purpose: To determine whether preseason aerobic fitness predicts in-season injury and illness risk in female adolescent soccer players. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Fifty-four female adolescent soccer players underwent preseason evaluation to determine years of experience, body mass index (BMI), maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and time to exhaustion (Tmax) during cycle ergometer testing. All injuries and illnesses during the subsequent 20-week season were recorded. Variables were compared between individuals with and without a self-reported injury and individuals with and without a self-reported illness. Separate Poisson regression models were developed to predict number of injuries and illnesses for each individual by use of age, years of experience, BMI, VO2max, and Tmax. Results: Twenty-eight injuries and 38 illnesses in 23 individuals were recorded during the season. Although not a statistically significant finding, individuals who reported an in-season injury had lower VO2max than those who did not (54.9 ± 7.3 vs 58.3 ± 8.5 mL/kg/min, P = .13). Individuals who reported an illness had significantly lower VO2max than those who did not (54.5 ± 9.9 vs 58.8 ± 6.2 mL/kg/min, P = .014). With the Poisson regression models, VO2max was a significant predictor of both injury (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; P = .046) and illness (OR, 0.94; P = .009), while no significant relationships were identified between injury or illness and age, years of experience, Tmax, or BMI (all P > .05). Conclusion: Among adolescent female soccer players, greater preseason aerobic fitness is associated with a reduced risk of in-season injury and illness. Off-season intervention to promote aerobic fitness may help reduce the risk of lost time during the season due to injury and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Watson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stacey Brickson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M Alison Brooks
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Warren Dunn
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Müller L, Hildebrandt C, Müller E, Fink C, Raschner C. Long-Term Athletic Development in Youth Alpine Ski Racing: The Effect of Physical Fitness, Ski Racing Technique, Anthropometrics and Biological Maturity Status on Injuries. Front Physiol 2017; 8:656. [PMID: 28912731 PMCID: PMC5583226 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpine ski racing is known to be a sport with a high risk of injuries. Because most studies have focused mainly on top-level athletes and on traumatic injuries, limited research exists about injury risk factors among youth ski racers. The aim of this study was to determine the intrinsic risk factors (anthropometrics, biological maturity, physical fitness, racing technique) for injury among youth alpine ski racers. Study participants were 81 youth ski racers attending a ski boarding school (50 males, 31 females; 9–14 years). A prospective longitudinal cohort design was used to monitor sports-related risk factors over two seasons and traumatic (TI) and overuse injuries (OI). At the beginning of the study, anthropometric characteristics (body height, body weight, sitting height, body mass index); biological maturity [status age at peak height velocity (APHV)]; physical performance parameters related to jump coordination, maximal leg and core strength, explosive and reactive strength, balance and endurance; and ski racing technique were assessed. Z score transformations normalized the age groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression (dependent variable: injury yes/no) and multivariate linear regression analyses (dependent variable: injury severity in total days of absence from training) were calculated. T-tests and multivariate analyses of variance were used to reveal differences between injured and non-injured athletes and between injury severity groups. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. Relatively low rates of injuries were reported for both traumatic (0.63 TI/athlete) and overuse injuries (0.21 OI/athlete). Athletes with higher body weight, body height, and sitting height; lower APHV values; better core flexion strength; smaller core flexion:extension strength ratio; shorter drop jump contact time; and higher drop jump reactive strength index were at a lower injury risk or more vulnerable for fewer days of absence from training. However, significant differences between injured and non-injured athletes were only observed with respect to the drop jump reactive strength index. Regular documentation of anthropometric characteristics, biological maturity and physical fitness parameters is crucial to help to prevent injury in youth ski racing. The present findings suggest that neuromuscular training should be incorporated into the training regimen of youth ski racers to prevent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Müller
- Department of Sport Science, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Fink
- Research Unit for Orthopedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute of Psychology (ISAG), The Health & Life Sciences University (UMIT)Hall, Austria.,Gelenkpunkt - Sports and Joint SurgeryInnsbruck, Austria
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30
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Preseason Aerobic Capacity Is an Independent Predictor of In-Season Injury in Collegiate Soccer Players. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27:302-307. [PMID: 27347859 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether preseason aerobic capacity is independently associated with in-season injury among collegiate soccer players. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University athletic department. PARTICIPANTS Forty-three NCAA Division I soccer athletes (male = 23). INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Gender and preseason lean body mass (LBM), body fat percentage (BF%), and maximal aerobic capacity (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In-season injuries were recorded during the season, and body composition and fitness variables were compared between injured and uninjured players. Multivariate regression models were developed to predict injury during the entire season and during the first 4 weeks of the season. RESULTS Thirty-five injuries among 25 players were recorded during the season. Players injured at any point during the season had lower V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (57.7 vs 63.4 mL·kg·min, P = 0.014) and Tmax (15.8 vs 17.2 minutes, P = 0.035), compared with uninjured players, but no differences were noted in age, gender, LBM, or BF%. Players injured during the first 4 weeks of the season had lower LBM (49.7 vs 56.0 kg, P = 0.038) and Tmax (15.1 vs 16.7 minutes, P = 0.043) than uninjured players. For injuries occurring throughout the entire season, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was an independent predictor of injury (P = 0.043), whereas gender, LBM, and BF% were not. During the first 4 weeks of the season, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (P = 0.035) and LBM (P = 0.049) were related to injury, whereas gender and BF% were not. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic fitness is an independent predictor of in-season injury. Early-season injuries are related to aerobic fitness and LBM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Efforts to increase aerobic capacity and LBM among soccer players in the off-season may help reduce in-season injury.
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31
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Functional Assessment and Injury Risk in a Professional Soccer Team. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010009. [PMID: 29910370 PMCID: PMC5969000 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At the last World Conference on Sport and Physical Therapy celebrated in Bern (Switzerland, 2015), it was confirmed that the functional skills of an athlete are a very important variable to be considered in the recovery of an injury. On the other hand, its use as a predictive risk tool still lacks solid evidence. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a battery of functional tests (FPT) could be used as a preliminary measure for the season in order to identify the injury risk in a professional soccer team in the Spanish Second Division B League. Fifty-two soccer players (ages of 25.3 ± 4.6 years, 10.33% ± 0.9% fat) were functionally assessed during two seasons (2012–2013 and 2013–2014) and analyzed from an injury perspective. A total of 125 injuries were recorded. The sample was grouped based on the number of injuries and the required absence days. Except for the bipodal vertical jump (CMJ), none of the functional tests revealed differences among the groups. The correlation study between the functional condition and the suffered injuries did not show any significant results.
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Roe M, Malone S. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Subelite Gaelic Football Players From Under Thirteen to Senior Age Groups. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3187-3193. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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LARSEN LISBETHRUNGE, KRISTENSEN PETERLUND, JUNGE TINA, MØLLER SIGNEFUGLKJÆR, JUUL-KRISTENSEN BIRGIT, WEDDERKOPP NIELS. Motor Performance as Risk Factor for Lower Extremity Injuries in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Whittaker JL, Small C, Maffey L, Emery CA. Risk factors for groin injury in sport: an updated systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:803-9. [PMID: 25833903 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of risk factors for groin injury in sport is important to develop and implement injury prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To identify and evaluate the evidence examining risk factors for groin injury in sport. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine electronic databases were systematically searched to June 2014. Studies selected met the following criteria: original data; analytic design; investigated a risk factor(s); included outcomes for groin injury sustained during sport participation. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed and two independent authors assessed the quality and level of evidence with the Downs and Black (DB) criteria and Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine model, respectively. RESULTS Of 2521 potentially relevant studies, 29 were included and scored. Heterogeneity in methodology and injury definition precluded meta-analyses. The most common risk factors investigated included age, hip range of motion, hip adductor strength and height. The median DB score across studies was 11/33 (range 6-20). The majority of studies represented level 2 evidence (cohort studies) however few considered the inter-relationships between risk factors. There is level 1 and 2 evidence that previous groin injury, higher-level of play, reduced hip adductor (absolute and relative to the hip abductors) strength and lower levels of sport-specific training are associated with increased risk of groin injury in sport. CONCLUSIONS We recommended that investigators focus on developing and evaluating preparticipation screening and groin injury prevention programmes through high-quality randomised controlled trials targeting athletes at greater risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie L Whittaker
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Lorrie Maffey
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Sport Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Department of Pediatrics and Department of Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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35
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Chalmers S, Magarey ME, Scase E. Junior Australian football injury research: Are we moving forward? Phys Ther Sport 2013; 14:175-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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