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Nunes H, Fernandes LG, Martins PN, Ferreira RM. The Effects of Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Performance and Injury in the Lower Extremities: An Umbrella Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1462. [PMID: 39120165 PMCID: PMC11311354 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their potential positive outcomes, hamstring eccentric exercises are becoming increasingly popular in training regimens. Among the various exercises, the Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is the most common. Despite its popularity, there are still some doubts about its benefits and risks. So, the aim of this umbrella review was to summarize the effects of NHE on performance and injury prevention. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple e-databases, according to the P (injured and non-injured athletes or recreationally active or healthy individuals) I (NHE) C (no intervention, placebo, or other interventions) O (performance or injury) S (systematic reviews) model. The quality of the studies was accessed with the AMSTAR-2. From the 916 systematic reviews found, only 10 could be included. They encompassed 125 studies, enrolling 17,260 subjects. The results from the studies indicate that NHE interventions demonstrated positive effects on sprint performance, muscle activation, eccentric strength, and muscle architecture (fascicle length, muscle thickness, and pennation angle). Furthermore, NHE is effective in preventing hamstring injuries (up to 51%). In conclusion, NHE should be integrated in training (especially, in the warm-up phase) for both enhancing athletic performance and preventing hamstring injuries. For achieving more positive results, it is recommended that high-volume is followed by low-volume maintenance, targeting 48 reps/week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Nunes
- Polytechnic Institute of Maia, N2i, Social Sciences, Education and Sports School, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal; (L.G.F.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Luís Gonçalves Fernandes
- Polytechnic Institute of Maia, N2i, Social Sciences, Education and Sports School, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal; (L.G.F.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Pedro Nunes Martins
- Polytechnic Institute of Maia, N2i, Social Sciences, Education and Sports School, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal; (L.G.F.); (P.N.M.)
| | - Ricardo Maia Ferreira
- Polytechnic Institute of Maia, N2i, Social Sciences, Education and Sports School, Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, Castêlo da Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal; (L.G.F.); (P.N.M.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, Scientific-Pedagogical Unit of Physiotherapy, Rua 5 de Outubro, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
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2
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Sadeghi M, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H. Acute effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on hip and knee joints proprioception. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:382-389. [PMID: 38876656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is one of the best exercises proposed for injury prevention of hamstring muscles. However, its effects on lower extremity proprioception are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a single bout of NHE on hip and knee joints' proprioception. METHODS Forty collegiate male soccer players participated in this study with a mean age of 22.85 ± 1.82 years and were randomized into either control (n = 20) or experimental (n = 20) groups. Each subject participated in pre-test measurements in which hip and knee active joints position sense (JPS) were assessed in standing and lying tasks using the image-capturing method. The experimental group then performed three sets of NHE with 10 repetitions in each set, while the control group rested for 10 min. Paired and independent t-tests were used for calculating the differences within and between groups on SPSS software, respectively. The level of significance was P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Hip JPS in the lying task and knee JPS in both of the standing and lying tasks were impaired significantly after performing a single bout of NHE (P ≤ 0.05). However, the effects of this exercise on hip JPS in the standing task were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NHE performing with three sets of 10 repetitions can significantly impair hip and knee JPS immediately after exercise and reduce the proprioception acuity of the lower limbs. It is recommended to perform this exercise at a time rather than before training or match sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sadeghi
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad H Alizadeh
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Sašek M, Šarabon N, Smajla D. Exploring the relationship between lower limb strength, strength asymmetries, and curvilinear sprint performance: Findings from a pilot study. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241247998. [PMID: 38651328 PMCID: PMC11036933 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241247998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Team sports involve various sprinting actions, including curvilinear sprints, yet their neuromuscular factors have been understudied. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between lower limb muscle strength, strength asymmetries, linear sprint and curvilinear sprint performance. At two visits 12 male (age: 24.8 ± 4.7 years, height: 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 80 ± 6.58 kg) and 6 female (age: 20.8 ± 1.33 years, body height: 1.60 ± 0.02 m, body mass: 55.3 ± 2.88 kg) student-athletes completed isometric strength measurements of the knee flexors (KF), knee extensors (KE), hip abductors (HABD), hip adductors (HADD), as well as linear sprint and curvilinear sprint to the right and left. Sprint split times over 30 m (t30) were measured and curvilinear sprint split time deficits (t30deficit) and inter-limb strength asymmetries were calculated. Very large negative correlations were observed between HADD and HABD strength on one side and t30 of curvilinear sprint to the left (r = -0.75 and -0.71; p < 0.001) and right (ρ = -0.81 and -0.70; p < 0.001) on the other. The regression model consisting of HADD, HABD, and KF explained 76% and 67% of the variance in left and right curvilinear sprint t30, respectively. Similarly, 59% of the left curvilinear sprint t30deficit variance was explained by the HABD and KF strength. High inter-limb HABD strength symmetry was related to better left and right curvilinear sprint t30 (r = 0.71 and ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001). These results highlight the pivotal role of hip strength for curvilinear sprint speed, and emphasize the need of symmetrical HABD muscle strength to optimize neuromuscular function during curvilinear sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Sašek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science To Practice, Ltd, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
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Murakami Y, Nishida S, Yoshida R, Kasahara K, Kumazaki A, Sakuma H, Fujimoto H, Kaneko Y, Abe O, Nakamura M. Relationship Between Nordic Hamstring Strength and Single Leg Bridge Test in University Soccer Players. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:27-32. [PMID: 37917973 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nordic hamstring strength (NH strength) and single leg bridge test (SLBT) scores are used to predict the risk of hamstring strain injury. Although NH strength and SLBT scores may be related, the relationship between NH strength and SLBT score remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relationship between NH strength and SLBT scores in university soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 38 male university soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES NH strength and SLBT scores. INTERVENTIONS A participant was instructed to lean forward gradually at the slowest possible speed from a kneeling posture with the knee joint flexed 90° for the NH strength measurement. Participants in the SLBT crossed their arms over their chests, pushed down from their heels, and lifted their hips off the ground as many times as they could until they failed. We investigated the relationship between NH strength and SLBT scores in the left and right sides using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Additionally, we calculated the percentage of left-right asymmetry in NH strength and SLBT scores and investigated the relationship between these variables using Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS There were no significant correlations between NH strength and SLBT scores in the right (rs = .239, P = .16) and left (rs = .311, P = .065) legs. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between NH strength and SLBT between-limb asymmetry (r = .073, P = .671). CONCLUSIONS NH strength and SLBT scores could be different indexes, indicating either maximal muscle strength or muscle endurance. Thus, the findings suggested that when assessing risk factors for hamstring strain injury, both NH strength and SLBT scores should be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishida
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Kumazaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sakuma
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirosi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuki Kaneko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Otoka Abe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
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Suskens JJM, Maas H, van Dieën JH, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Goedhart EA, Tol JL, Reurink G. The Effect of the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Muscle Activity: A Multichannel Electromyography Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:377-387. [PMID: 37567580 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Nordic hamstring exercise intervention on biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscle's activity and relative contributions through multichannel electromyography. Twenty-four injury-free male basketball players (mean age 20 [3] y) were randomly assigned to a 12-week intervention (n = 13) or control group (n = 11). The primary outcome measures were normalized muscle activity (percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction, %MVIC) and relative contribution of hamstring muscles over 12 weeks. No effects were found on any of the primary outcome measures. Between-group differences over 12 weeks were 2.7%MVIC (95% confidence interval 95% CI, -0.7 to 6.1) for the biceps femoris long head, 3.4%MVIC (95% CI, -1.4 to 8.2) for the semitendinosus, and 0.8%MVIC (95% CI, -3.0 to 4.6) for the semimembranosus, P = .366. Between-group differences over 12 weeks were 1.0% relative contribution (%con; 95% CI, -3.0 to 5.1) for the biceps femoris long head, 2.2% relative contribution (95% CI, -2.8 to 7.2) for the semitendinosus, and -3.3% relative contribution (95% CI, -6.4 to -0.1) for the semimembranosus P = .258. A positive value implies a higher value for the Nordic group. A Nordic hamstring exercise intervention did not affect the level of muscle activity and relative contribution of hamstring muscles in performance of the Nordic hamstring exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences (AMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Edwin A Goedhart
- FIFA Medical Center, Royal Netherlands Football Association, Zeist,The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha,Qatar
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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Alt T, Knicker AJ, Nodler YT, Strüder HK. What Are We Aiming for in Eccentric Hamstring Training: Angle-Specific Control or Supramaximal Stimulus? J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:782-789. [PMID: 37339771 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Different resistance exercise determinants modulate the musculotendinous adaptations following eccentric hamstring training. The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) can be performed 2-fold: the movement velocity irreversibly increases toward the end of the range of motion or it is kept constant. DESIGN This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate if the downward acceleration angle (DWAangle) can be used as a classification parameter to distinguish between increasing and constant velocity NHE execution. Furthermore, the kinetic and kinematic differences of these 2 NHE execution conditions were examined by analyzing the DWAangle in relation to the angle of peak moment. METHODS A total of 613 unassisted NHE repetitions of 12 trained male sprinters (22 y, 181 cm, 76 kg) were analyzed. RESULTS The majority of analyzed parameters demonstrated large effects. NHEs with constant velocity (n = 285) revealed significantly higher impulses (P < .001; d = 2.34; + 61%) and fractional time under tension (P < .001; d = 1.29; +143%). Although the generated peak moments were significantly higher for constant velocity (P = .003; d = 0.29; +4%), they emerged at similar knee flexion angles (P = .167; d = 0.28) and revealed on average just low relationships to the DWAangle (Rmean2=22.4%). DWAangle highly correlated with the impulse (Rmean2=60.8%) and δ (DWAangle-angle of peak moment; Rmean2=83.6%). CONCLUSIONS Relating DWAangle to angle of peak moment assists to distinguish between significantly different NHE execution, which will potentially elicit different musculotendinous adaptations. These insights are essential for coaches and athletes to understand how to manipulate eccentric hamstring training to change its purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Center Westphalia, Dortmund,Germany
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
| | - Axel J Knicker
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
- Research Center for Elite Sports (momentum),Cologne,Germany
| | - Yannick T Nodler
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne,Germany
- Research Center for Elite Sports (momentum),Cologne,Germany
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Raya-González J, Torres Martin L, Beato M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Sanchez-Sanchez J. The effects of training based on Nordic hamstring and sprint exercises on measures of physical fitness and hamstring injury prevention in U19 male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:588-603. [PMID: 34841995 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.2010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study analysed the effects of a training program based on Nordic hamstring and sprint exercises on physical performance and hamstring injuries in young male soccer players. Forty-nine U19 players were randomly assigned to a control (CG; n = 26) or experimental group (EG; n = 23). Linear sprint and with change of direction (COD) were assessed before and after a 14-week training period. Hamstring injuries were collected during the intervention period. Between-groups analysis revealed differences in linear sprint performance (p = 0.012-0.001) in favour of the EG. Pre-to-post performance increased significantly in the EG for 20 m (effect size [ES] = -0.56) and 30 m (ES = -0.62) sprints, but a significant reduction in some COD parameters was observed (ES = 0.45-0.57). In CG, only a significant reduction in COD with dominant leg was found (ES = 0.63). Significant differences in injury burden in favour of the EG was reported such as (27.87 [CG] vs. 3.82 [EG] absence days/1000 h of exposure, rate ratio = 7.30, 95% CI 3.34-15.99). While injury incidence was not different between the EG and CG. These findings suggest that the training program implemented can improve sprint performance and reduce injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Torres Martin
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Crawford SK, Hickey J, Vlisides J, Chambers JS, Mosiman SJ, Heiderscheit BC. The effects of hip- vs. knee-dominant hamstring exercise on biceps femoris morphology, strength, and sprint performance: a randomized intervention trial protocol. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:72. [PMID: 37365624 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hamstrings are an important muscle group that contribute to horizontal force during sprint acceleration and are also the most injured muscle group in running-based sports. Given the significant time loss associated with hamstrings injury and impaired sprinting performance following return to sport, identifying exercises that drive adaptations that are both protective of strain injury and beneficial to sprint performance is important for the strength and conditioning professional. This paper describes the study protocol investigating the effects of a 6-week training program using either the hip-dominant Romanian deadlift (RDL) or the knee-dominant Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) on hamstring strain injury risk factors and sprint performance. METHODS A permuted block randomized (1:1 allocation) intervention trial will be conducted involving young, physically-active men and women. A target sample size of 32 will be recruited and enrolled participants will undergo baseline testing involving extended-field-of-view ultrasound imaging and shear wave elastography of the biceps femoris long head muscle, maximal hamstrings strength testing in both the RDL and NHE, and on-field sprint performance and biomechanics. Participants will complete the 6-week training intervention using either the RDL or NHE, according to group allocation. Baseline testing will be repeated at the end of the 6-week intervention followed by 2 weeks of detraining and a final testing session. The primary outcome will be regional changes in fascicle length with secondary outcomes including pennation angle, muscle cross sectional area, hamstring strength, and maximal sprint performance and biomechanics. An exploratory aim will determine changes in shear wave velocity. DISCUSSION Despite extensive research showing the benefits of the NHE on reducing hamstring strain injury risk, alternative exercises, such as the RDL, may offer similar or potentially even greater benefits. The findings of this study will aim to inform future researchers and practitioners investigating alternatives to the NHE, such as the RDL, in terms of their effectiveness in reducing rates of hamstring strain injury in larger scale prospective intervention studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05455346; July 15, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Crawford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Jack Hickey
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Sport Science and Nutrition, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jessica Vlisides
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chambers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samuel J Mosiman
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryan C Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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9
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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10
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Kang YH, Ha WB, Geum JH, Woo H, Han YH, Park SH, Lee JH. Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Flexibility: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1089. [PMID: 37107922 PMCID: PMC10137847 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, there have been no systematic reviews on the effects of multiple manual therapies, including muscle energy technique (MET), on the hamstrings. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide clinical evidence for the effectiveness of the MET on hamstring flexibility. We queried 10 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, KISS, NDSL, KMBASE, KISTI, RISS, Dbpia, and OASIS) up to the end of March 2022. This study only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of MET for the hamstring. The literature was organized using Endnote. Literature screening and data extraction were conducted by two researchers independently. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 1.0, and the meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. In total, 949 patients from 19 RCTs were selected according to the inclusion criteria. During active knee extension tests, the efficacy between MET and other manipulations did not significantly differ. For sit and reach tests, MET groups had higher flexibility compared to stretching (MD = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.66 to 2.73, p = 0.001) and no treatment (MD = 2.02, 95% CI: 0.70 to 3.33, p = 0.003) groups. No significant differences were observed in the occurrence of adverse reactions. Overall, we found that MET is more efficacious for improving hamstring flexibility compared to stretching and having no treatment during sit and reach tests because it combines isometric contraction with stretching. Owing to clinical heterogeneity, uncertain risk of bias, and the small number of included studies, further high-quality studies should assess the effectiveness of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Hyun Kang
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bae Ha
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Geum
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjun Woo
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Han
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeok Park
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Han Lee
- Chuna Manual Medicine Research Group, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Won-Kwang University, 895 Muwang-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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11
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Suskens JJM, Secondulfo L, Kiliç Ö, Hooijmans MT, Reurink G, Froeling M, Nederveen AJ, Strijkers GJ, Tol JL. Effect of two eccentric hamstring exercises on muscle architectural characteristics assessed with diffusion tensor MRI. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:393-406. [PMID: 36514886 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of a Nordic hamstring exercise or Diver hamstring exercise intervention on biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle's fascicle length and orientation through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS In this three-arm, single-center, randomized controlled trial, injury-free male basketball players were randomly assigned to a Nordic, Diver hamstring exercise intervention or control group. The primary outcome was the DTI-derived fascicle length and orientation of muscles over 12 weeks. RESULTS Fifty-three participants were included for analysis (mean age 22 ± 7 years). Fascicle length in the semitendinosus over 12 weeks significantly increased in the Nordic-group (mean [M]: 20.8 mm, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 7.8 to 33.8) compared with the Control-group (M: 0.9 mm, 95% CI: -7.1 to 8.9), mean between-groups difference: 19.9 mm, 95% CI: 1.9 to 37.9, p = 0.026. Fascicle orientation in the biceps femoris long head over 12 weeks significantly decreased in the Diver-group (mean: -2.6°, 95% CI: -4.1 to -1.0) compared with the Control-group (mean: -0.2°, 95% CI: -1.4 to 1.0), mean between-groups difference: -2.4°, 95% CI: -4.7 to -0.1, p = 0.039. CONCLUSION The Nordic hamstring exercise intervention did significantly increase the fascicle length of the semitendinosus and the Diver hamstring exercise intervention did significantly change the orientation of fascicles of the biceps femoris long head. As both exercises are complementary to each other, the combination is relevant for preventing hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Secondulfo
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Özgür Kiliç
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa T Hooijmans
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustav J Strijkers
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Moran J, Vali N, Drury B, Hammami R, Tallent J, Chaabene H, Ramirez-Campillo R. The effect of volume equated 1- versus 2-day formats of Nordic hamstring exercise training on fitness in youth soccer players: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277437. [PMID: 36580466 PMCID: PMC9799302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This randomised controlled trial examined the effect of an 8-week volume-equated programme of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) training, executed at frequencies of 1- or 2-days per week, on fitness (10 m and 40 m sprint, '505' change of direction [COD] and standing long jump [SLJ]) in male youth soccer players (mean age: 16.4 ± 0.81 years). METHOD Players were divided into an experimental group (n = 16) which was further subdivided into 1-day (n = 8) and 2-day (n = 8) per week training groups and a control group (n = 8). RESULTS There were significant group-by-time interactions for 10-m sprint (p<0.001, η2 = 0.120, d = 2.05 [0.57 to 3.53]), 40-m sprint (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.041, d = 1.09 [-0.23 to 2.4]) and COD (p = 0.002, η2 = 0.063, d = 1.25 [-0.09 to 2.59). The experimental group demonstrated a 'very large' effect size (d = 3.02 [1.5 to 4.54]) in 10-m sprint, and 'large' effect sizes in 40-m sprint (d = 1.94 [0.98 to 2.90]) and COD (d = 1.84 [0.85 to 2.83). The control group showed no significant changes. There were no significant differences between the 1-day and 2-day training groups. In three of the four tests (40 m, COD, SLJ) the 2-day group demonstrated larger effect sizes. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were significantly lower in the 2-day group (p<0.001, 3.46 [1.83 to 5.04). CONCLUSION The NHE increases fitness in youth soccer players and there may be advantages to spreading training over two days instead of one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Norodin Vali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Universite de La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Križaj L, Kozinc Ž, Löfler S, Šarabon N. The chronic effects of eccentric exercise interventions in different populations: an umbrella review. Eur J Transl Myol 2022; 32:10876. [PMID: 36269123 PMCID: PMC9830406 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.10876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of eccentric exercise interventions (EEI) has been extensively explored in different populations. The aim of our umbrella review was to combine all systematic reviews about the chronic efficiency of EEI and to summarize the literature on the chronic effects of different types of eccentric exercise protocols, with or without extra loads and devices (e.g., Flywheel device), compared to other therapeutic interventions, exercise interventions, or no intervention. We screened four major electronic scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PEDro), using one combined string for all included databases (eccentric exercise OR flywheel OR isoinertial exercise OR eccentric training). Included reviews needed to be based on any human population, that executed EEI in comparison with any other type of intervention. The methodological quality of the included reviews was assessed using AMSTAR 2 tool. Considering the inclusion criteria, we included 35 reviews. EEI were found suitable for chronic or long-term pain reduction in patient populations. EEI largely improved muscle performance (muscle strength, and muscle power), muscle architecture (e.g., pennation angle, fascicle length, cross-sectional area, muscle thickness, and muscle mass), decreased risk of injury, incidence, and severity of the injury, and increased range of motion of the joints There is less evidence about the effects of EEI in older adult populations, compared to athletes and younger populations, however, eccentric exercise seems promising for these populations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Križaj
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia, University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Löfler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria, InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Izola, Slovenia, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia,University of Primorska Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0747-3735
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14
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Abdelkader M, Hammami R, Drury B, Clark N, Sandercock G, Shaw I, Shaw BS, Chortane SG, Moran J. A randomised controlled trial of 1- versus 2-day per week formats of Nordic hamstring training on explosive athletic tasks in prepubertal soccer players. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2173-2181. [PMID: 36383389 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2145737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This randomised controlled trial examined the effect of volume-equated programmes of Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) training, executed at frequencies of 1- or 2-days per week, on explosive athletic tasks (30 m sprint, 15 m manoeuvrability and standing long jump [SLJ]) in male youth soccer players (mean age: 10.3 ± 0.5 years). Players were divided into an experimental group (n = 31) which was further subdivided into 1-day (n = 16) and 2-days (n = 15) per week training conditions, and a control group (n = 14). There were significant group-by-time interactions for 30-m sprint (p < 0.001, d = 0.6), SLJ (p = 0.001, d = 1.27) and 15 m manoeuvrability (p < 0.001, d = 0.61). The experimental group demonstrated small to moderate effect sizes in 30-m sprint (d = 0.42, p = 0.077), SLJ (d = 0.97, p < 0.001) and 15 m manoeuvrability (d = 0.61, p < 0.001). The control group showed small significant performance decrements or no change in these variables. There were no significant differences between the 1-day and 2-day training groups. In two of the three tests (30 m sprint, SLJ) the 2-day group demonstrated larger effect sizes. The NHE enhances explosive athletic task performance in prepubertal youth soccer players and there may be only small advantages to spreading training over two days instead of one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoudi Abdelkader
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Universite de La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Universite de La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (EM2S, UR15JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ben Drury
- Department of Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Nicholas Clark
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Gavin Sandercock
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Ina Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Brandon S Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Universite de La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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15
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Van Hooren B, Vanwanseele B, van Rossom S, Teratsias P, Willems P, Drost M, Meijer K. Muscle forces and fascicle behavior during three hamstring exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:997-1012. [PMID: 35307884 PMCID: PMC9314024 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about muscular forces and fascicle behavior during hamstring exercises can optimize exercise prescription, but information on these outcomes across different exercises is lacking. We aimed to characterize and compare lower‐limb muscle forces and biceps femoris long head muscle fascicle behavior between three hamstring exercises: the Nordic hamstring curl (NHC), single‐leg Roman chair (RCH), and single‐leg deadlift (DL). Ten male participants performed the exercises while full‐body kinematics, ground reaction forces, surface muscle activation, and biceps femoris long head fascicle behavior were measured. Mean fascicle length was highest in the DL, followed by the RCH and NHC. Fascicle lengthening was higher in the NHC compared with the RCH and DL, with no difference between the RCH and DL. Biceps femoris short and long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus peak forces were generally higher in the NHC compared with the RCH and DL, while mean forces during the eccentric phase were generally not different between the NHC and RCH. Peak forces in the NHC coincided with low biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus muscle activation. The NHC generally has the highest peak hamstring muscle forces and results in more fascicle lengthening when compared to the DL and RCH. The NHC may therefore be most effective to promote increases in fascicle length. While the NHC may be effective to promote biceps femoris short head and semitendinosus strength adaptations, the RCH and DL may be more effective to promote strength increases in the biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam van Rossom
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Panayiotis Teratsias
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Willems
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Drost
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Ferri-Caruana A, Mollà-Casanova S, Baquedano-Moreno M, Serra-Añó P. Electromyographic activity of posterior kinetic chain muscles during hamstring strengthening exercises. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 55:205-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Nishida S, Ito W, Ohishi T, Yoshida R, Sato S, Nakamura M. The Effect of Ankle Position on Peak Eccentric Force during The Nordic Hamstring Exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:43-48. [PMID: 35250332 PMCID: PMC8851116 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peak eccentric force during the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is recognized as a predictive factor for hamstring strain injury (HSI). During the NHE, the knee flexor muscles are eccentrically contracting to resist the knee joint extension. Therefore, it is thought that the action of the gastrocnemius muscle, and thus the ankle position, influences peak eccentric force during the NHE. However, the effect of ankle position on peak eccentric force during the NHE remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ankle position on peak eccentric force during the NHE in a cohort of 50 healthy young male rugby players (mean age, 18.7 ± 1.2 years; mean body mass, 81.7 ± 15.2 kg; height, 1.72 ± 0.06 m) with no history of HSI. Each participant performed NHE strength testing with the ankle dorsiflexed or plantarflexed position and was instructed to fall forward as far as possible within 3 s. Peak eccentric force, reported relative to body mass (N/kg), of both legs was recorded, and the mean values of both legs were compared in both ankle positions. The mean peak eccentric force was significantly greater with the ankle plantarflexed position than the dorsiflexed position (3.8 ± 1.1 vs. 3.5 ± 1.1 N/kg, respectively, p = 0.049). These results indicate that ankle position should be carefully considered when measuring peak eccentric force during the NHE and performing NHE training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nishida
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ito
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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18
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Nishida S, Nakamura M, Kiyono R, Sato S, Yasaka K, Yoshida R, Nosaka K. Relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary eccentric, concentric and isometric knee flexion torque. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264465. [PMID: 35213652 PMCID: PMC8880649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordic hamstring exercise is performed to prevent knee flexor muscle strain injuries and used to assess their injury risks. However, what exactly Nordic hamstring strength indicates is not clear. We investigated the relationship between Nordic hamstring strength and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee flexors measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. Sixteen healthy young men who had not experienced hamstring strain injuries participated in the study. In Nordic hamstring, each participant was instructed to lean forward as far as possible in 3 s (approximately 30°/s), and force at the ankle joint of the dominant leg was measured during the movement. The force was multiplied by lower leg length and converted into torque. MVC torque of the knee flexors was measured isometrically at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° knee flexion joint angles, and concentrically and eccentrically at 30°/s and 60°/s in 10°–90° knee flexion for the dominant leg in a prone position. Correlations among the dependent variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Peak Nordic hamstring torque ranged 96.8–163.5 Nm, and peak MVC eccentric torque ranged 50.7–109.4 Nm at 30°/s and 59.2–121.2 Nm at 60°/s. No significant correlations were evident between the peak Nordic hamstring torque and peak eccentric knee flexion torque (r = 0.24–0.3, p = 0.26–0.4). This was also the case for the Nordic hamstring torque and MVC torque of isometric (r = −0.03–0.1, p = 0.71–0.92) and concentric contractions (r = 0.28–0.49, p = 0.053–0.29). These results show that Nordic hamstring strength is not associated with the knee flexor torque measured by an isokinetic dynamometer. It may be that other factors than static and dynamic hamstring strengths affect Nordic hamstring strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nishida
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koki Yasaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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19
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Changes in Amplitude of Hamstring Electromyographic Activity and Its Peak Location During Nordic Hamstring Exercise by Adding External Load. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This crossover trial aimed to investigate whether additional loading of unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise on a sloped platform would increase the biceps femoris long head electromyographic activity. Participants were randomly allocated to unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise under three conditions: bodyweight only (BW) or BW with an added weighted ball of 3 kg (BW + 3 kg) or 6 kg (BW + 6 kg), respectively. The biceps femoris long head electromyographic activity was significantly higher for BW + 6 kg (p < .001) than for BW and BW + 3 kg (p < .01). Therefore, adding a load to unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise on a sloped platform might be effective for rehabilitation and prevention of hamstring strain injury recurrence.
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20
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Sánchez-Sánchez AJ, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, Chirosa-Ríos IJ, García-Vega AJ, Jerez-Mayorga D. Test-retest reliability of a functional electromechanical dynamometer on swing eccentric hamstring exercise measures in soccer players. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11743. [PMID: 34316399 PMCID: PMC8286058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) has been proposed as a valid and effective tool to evaluate specific movement patterns. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of FEMD on swing eccentric hamstring exercise (SEHE) measures in soccer players. Methods Nineteen federated male soccer players (20.74 ± 4.04 years) performed the SEHE at three different isokinetic velocities (20–40–60 cm/s). These evaluations were conducted in four sessions, two for familiarization and two for registration. The average and maximum load (N) of the three isokinetic velocities was calculated from the values obtained from the FEMD (Dynasystem®, Bangalore). Results The main results of this research showed that the reliability was high for the average load in the condition of 40 cm/s, presenting the highest ICC value (0.94). For maximum load, reliability was high in the condition of 20 cm/s. The manifestation of the most reliable load was the maximum load (ICC = 0.91–0.87). Conclusions FEMD (Dynasystem®, Bangalore) is a reliable device to evaluate the eccentric strength of the hamstring muscles in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos
- Department Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jesús Chirosa-Ríos
- Department Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín José García-Vega
- Department Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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