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Alves FL, Oliveira MAF, de Morais ANP, Martins SD, de Sá NAR, Ceccatto VM, Watanabe YF, Araújo VR. Supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate disrupts spermatogenesis but did not interfere on embryo rate. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4025-4034. [PMID: 37999756 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02847-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 mg/kg/week of nandrolone decanoate (DECA - Deca Durabolin®) on body composition, hormonal levels, spermatic parameters, redox status, and morphometric parameters of testicle and epididymis; furthermore, the fertility capacity of Wistar rats was measured thought in vitro fertilization (IVF). The animals (n = 16) were divided into two groups: control group (CTRL, n = 8), which received only vehicle composed by peanut oil and 10% of the benzoic alcohol and nandrolone decanoate group (DECA, n = 8), which received intramuscular injections of DECA for 8 weeks, both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The results demonstrate significative decrease in visceral fat, testosterone levels, and thiol content on epididymis, reduction on normal sperm parameters, and deleterious effect on testicles and epididymis tissue morphology showing reduction of germ height and luminal diameter on the DECA group. Thus, it can be concluded that high doses of nandrolone decanoate impairs male reproductive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lima Alves
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Felipe Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Federal University of Ceara, 100, Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Ponte Avenue, Sobral, CE, CEP 62041-040, Brazil
| | - Ana Normélia Pereira de Morais
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Solano Dantas Martins
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGB), Federal University of Ceara, 100, Comandante Maurocélio Rocha Ponte Avenue, Sobral, CE, CEP 62041-040, Brazil
| | - Naiza Arcângela Ribeiro de Sá
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vânia Marilande Ceccatto
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Gene Expression (LABIEX), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yeda Fumie Watanabe
- Vitrogen - YVF Biotech Ltda EPP, 203, Coronel Nogueira Terra Avenue, Cravinhos, SP, CEP: 14140-000, Brazil
| | - Valdevane Rocha Araújo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCF), Higher Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ISCB), State University of Ceará (UECE), Dr. Silas Munguba Avenue, 1700, Fortaleza, CE, CEP: 60714-903, Brazil.
- Undergraduate Course in Biological Sciences, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, 2819, São Sebastião Avenue, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
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Sahoo DK, Chainy GBN. Hormone-linked redox status and its modulation by antioxidants. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 121:197-246. [PMID: 36707135 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hormones have been considered as key factors involved in the maintenance of the redox status of the body. We are making considerable progress in understanding interactions between the endocrine system, redox status, and oxidative stress with the dynamics of life, which encompasses fertilization, development, growth, aging, and various pathophysiological states. One of the reasons for changes in redox states of vertebrates leading to oxidative stress scenario is the disruption of the endocrine system. Comprehending the dynamics of hormonal status to redox state and oxidative stress in living systems is challenging. It is more difficult to come to a unifying conclusion when some hormones exhibit oxidant properties while others have antioxidant features. There is a very limited approach to correlate alteration in titers of hormones with redox status and oxidative stress with growth, development, aging, and pathophysiological stress. The situation is further complicated when considering various tissues and sexes in vertebrates. This chapter discusses the beneficial impacts of hormones with antioxidative properties, such as melatonin, glucagon, insulin, estrogens, and progesterone, which protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce pathophysiological effects. Additionally, we discuss the protective effects of antioxidants like vitamins A, E, and C, curcumin, tempol, N-acetyl cysteine, α-lipoic acid, date palm pollen extract, resveratrol, and flavonoids on oxidative stress triggered by hormones such as aldosterone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines. Inflammation, pathophysiology, and the aging process can all be controlled by understanding how antioxidants and hormones operate together to maintain cellular redox status. Identifying the hormonal changes and the action of antioxidants may help in developing new therapeutic strategies for hormonal imbalance-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa States University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Gagan B N Chainy
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Dantas PS, Guzzoni V, Perez JD, Arita DY, Novaes PD, Marcondes FK, Casarini DE, Cunha TS. Nandrolone combined with strenuous resistance training impairs myocardial proteome profile of rats. Steroids 2021; 175:108916. [PMID: 34492258 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of high doses of nandrolone decanoate and resistance training (RT) on the proteomic profile of the left ventricle (LV) of rats, using a label-free quantitative approach. Male rats were randomized into four groups: untrained vehicle (UTV), trained vehicle (TV), untrained nandrolone (UTN), and trained nandrolone (TN). Rats were familiarized with the exercise training protocol (jump exercise) for one week. Jump-exercise was performed five days a week for 6 weeks, with 30 s of inter-set rest intervals. Nandrolone was administrated for 6 weeks (5 mg/kg, twice a week, via intramuscular). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate were measured 48 h post-training. LV was isolated and collagen content was measured. The expression of cardiac proteins was analyzed by ultra-efficiency liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry high / low collision energy (UPLC/MSE). Nandrolone and RT led to cardiac hypertrophy, even though high doses of nandrolone counteracted the RT-induced arterial pressures lowering. Nandrolone also affected the proteome profile negatively in LV of rats, including critical proteins related to biological processes (metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation), structural function and membrane transporters. Our findings show physiological relevance since high doses of nandrolone induced detrimental effects on the proteome profile of heart tissue and hemodynamic parameters of rats. Furthermore, as nandrolone abuse has become increasingly common among recreational athletes and casual fitness enthusiasts, we consider that our findings have clinical relevance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sousa Dantas
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Guzzoni
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dinéia Perez
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Duarte Novaes
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Morphology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Carteri RB, Kopczynski A, Rodolphi MS, Strogulski NR, Wannmacher CMD, Franceschi ID, Hammerschmitt ME, Driemeier D, Portela LV. Anabolic-androgenic steroids impair mitochondrial function and redox status in the heart and liver of mice. Steroids 2021; 172:108861. [PMID: 33984388 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supraphysiological doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) may cause long-term functional abnormalities, particularly in the heart and liver, which may only represent the later-stage of the cumulative damage caused by dysfunctional organelles. We investigated whether mid-term supraphysiological doses of Testosterone and Nandrolone impair mitochondrial Ca2+ and membrane potential (ΔΨm) dynamics, and redox machinery in the heart and liver of mice. CF1 albino mice were treated daily with 15 mg/kg of Nandrolone (ND) or Testosterone (T), or oil (vehicle) for 19 days. Preparations enriched in mitochondria from the heart or liver were used to perform assays of Ca2+ influx/efflux, ΔΨm, and H2O2 production. ND significantly impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ influx in the heart, and ΔΨm in both organs. ND and T increased H2O2 levels in the heart and liver relative to controls. Also, ND increased oxidative damage to lipids and proteins (TBARS and carbonyls) in the heart, and both AAS decreased glutathione peroxidase activity in the heart and liver. In summary, supraphysiological doses of ND, and in a lesser extend T, impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ influx and ΔΨm, and redox homeostasis being early mechanistic substrates for inducing heart and liver tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randhall B Carteri
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Metodista - Instituto Porto Alegre (IPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Rodolphi
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathan R Strogulski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clovis M D Wannmacher
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Itiane D Franceschi
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia E Hammerschmitt
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma and Biomarkers, PPG-Ciências Biológicas Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010097. [PMID: 33477800 PMCID: PMC7832337 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a large group of molecules including endogenously produced androgens, such as testosterone, as well as synthetically manufactured derivatives. AAS use is widespread due to their ability to improve muscle growth for aesthetic purposes and athletes’ performance, minimizing androgenic effects. AAS use is very popular and 1–3% of US inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS users. However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and body functions, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is considered a public health issue. The aim of the proposed review is to highlight the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs and their unwanted effects on organs and lifestyle, as well as suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to adverse effects in all body tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related damage in the whole body. The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most frequently involved apparatuses. Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects of AAS abuse are still unclear, further research is needed in this field. In addition, diagnostically reliable tests for AAS abuse should be standardized. In this regard, to prevent the use of AASs, public health measures in all settings are crucial. These measures consist of improved knowledge among healthcare workers, proper doping screening tests, educational interventions, and updated legislation.
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Magalhães SC, de Oliveira KA, Freiras PA, Moreira Gomes MD, Pereira LM, Boa LF, de Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS, Carneiro Loureiro AC, Brito LC, de Oliveira AC. High-dose Nandrolone Decanoate induces oxidative stress and inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 203:105728. [PMID: 32712213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-therapeutic use of the androgenic anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate is popular due to its effects on physical performance and body composition, especially for its lipolytic and anabolic effects associated. However, high doses of such drugs are often associated with a series of pathologies related to unbalanced redox homeostasis, which, in turn, can be linked to inflammation. The oxidative stress onset could deregulate the secretion of cytokines, evidencing a dysfunctional adipocyte. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supraphysiological doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on redox homeostasis of retroperitoneal fatpad of male rats and its relationship with cytokines-based inflammatory signaling. Hydrogen peroxide production was assessed in the retroperitoneal fat pad of adult male rats which received either 10 mg kg of Nandrolone Decanoate or only a vehicle. Also, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured, together with total reduced thiols and protein carbonylation, as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 local levels. High doses of Nandrolone Decanoate caused an increase in the hydrogen peroxide production, together with lower activities of the antioxidant enzymes and lower levels of total reduced thiol. There were also higher protein carbonylation and greater levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the treated group compared to control group. Therefore, it was possible to verify that high doses of Nandrolone Decanoate cause oxidative stress and induce higher inflammatory signaling in retroperitoneal fat pad of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Chaves Magalhães
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Keciany Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paula Alexandre Freiras
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Matta Pereira
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fonte Boa
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Dóris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Sinalização Redox, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cesar Carneiro Loureiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Expressão Gênica, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Catunda Brito
- Instututo de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil.
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Seara FAC, Olivares EL, Nascimento JHM. Anabolic steroid excess and myocardial infarction: From ischemia to reperfusion injury. Steroids 2020; 161:108660. [PMID: 32492466 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic testosterone-derivatives developed by the pharmaceutical industry to mimic testosterone biological effects. So far, AS have been implicated in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as hypogonadism, anemia, and cachexia. Since their discovery, though, AS have been illicitly used by elite and recreational athletes, bodybuilders and weightlifters in order to enhance athletic and aesthetic performance. This practice is characterized by cycles of administration and withdrawal, the combination of different AS compounds, and administration of doses 50 - 1000 times higher than those recommended for therapeutic purposes. AS excess has been correlated to cardiovascular detrimental effects, including cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Particularly, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been extensively reported by clinical and post-mortem studies. Atherosclerosis, hypercoagulability state, increased thrombogenesis and vasospasm have arisen as potential causes of myocardial ischemia in AS users. Additionally, several experimental reports have demonstrated that AS can increase the susceptibility to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas the cardioprotection elicited by physical exercise and ischemic postconditioning is blunted. Altogether, these factors can contribute to increased AMI morbidity and mortality during AS excess, particularly when AS are combined with other compounds, such as thyroid hormones, growth hormones, insulin, and diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Akbari Z, Esmailidehaj M, Avarand E, Shariati M, Pourkhalili K. Ischemic Preconditioning Efficacy Following Anabolic Steroid Usage: A Clear Difference Between Sedentary and Exercise-Trained Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:287-296. [PMID: 30535662 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that anabolic steroids impair innate cardioprotective mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effect of supraphysiological doses of nandrolone on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) as a potent cardioprotective tool against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in rat hearts. Male Wistar rats in two experimental settings of sedentary and exercise-trained (60 min/day swimming, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks) were either pretreated with intramuscular injections of arachis oil (Arach, n = 16) as vehicle or nandrolone decanoate (ND, n = 8), 10 mg/kg/week, for 8 weeks. At the end, the hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff system. Then, the vehicle-treated hearts subdivided into the IR (30 min of LAD coronary artery occlusion and 120 min reperfusion, n = 8) and IPC (three cycles of 3-min ischemia and 3-min reperfusion before test ischemia, n = 8) groups and nandrolone-treated hearts served as ND + IPC (nandrolone pretreatment before IR and IPC protocols, n = 8) group. Post-ischemic cardiac function and infarct size were assessed. Reperfusion arrhythmias were analyzed using a standard scoring system. In sedentary hearts, ND slightly increased heart-to-body weight ratio and increased baseline cardiac contractile function. In trained hearts, ND markedly increased heart-to-body weight ratio which was also associated with enhanced baseline cardiac function. ND pretreatment enhanced protective effects of IPC in sedentary group; however, abolished these effects in exercise-trained group. The arrhythmia score was not significantly different between nandrolone-treated groups vs. respective preconditioned groups. Our findings show that ND impairs IPC-induced cardioprotection in exercise-trained rat hearts. Cardiac hypertrophy seems to play a crucial role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akbari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mansour Esmailidehaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Avarand
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | | | - Khalil Pourkhalili
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Abstract
In aerobes, oxygen is essential for maintenance of life. However, incomplete reduction of oxygen leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. These oxidants oxidise biological macromolecules present in their vicinity and thereby impair cellular functions causing oxidative stress (OS). Aerobes have evolved both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defences to protect themselves from OS. Although hormones as means of biological coordination involve in regulation of physiological activities of tissues by regulating metabolism, any change in their normal titre leads to pathophysiological states. While, hormones such as melatonin, insulin, oestrogen, progesterone display antioxidant features, thyroid hormone, corticosteroids and catecholamines elicit free radical generation and OS, and the role of testosterone in inducing OS is debateable. This review is an attempt to understand the impact of free radical generation and cross talk between the hormones modulating antioxidant defence system under various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan B N Chainy
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Seara FAC, Arantes PC, Domingos AE, Barbosa RAQ, Olivares EL, Sudo RT, Campos de Carvalho AC, Nascimento JHM. Cardiac electrical and contractile disorders promoted by anabolic steroid overdose are associated with late autonomic imbalance and impaired Ca 2+ handling. Steroids 2019; 148:1-10. [PMID: 31028764 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Investigate cardiac electrical and mechanical dysfunctions elicited by chronic anabolic steroid (AS) overdose. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (DECA) or vehicle (CTL) for 8 weeks. Electrocardiography and heart rate variability were assessed at weeks 2, 4, and 8. Cardiac reactivity to isoproterenol was investigated in isolated rat hearts. Action potential duration (APD) was measured from left ventricular (LV) muscle strips. L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL), and transient outward potassium current (Ito) were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp in LV cardiomyocytes. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+-induced contractile response sensitivity were evaluated in skinned cardiac fibers. Muscarinic type 2 receptor (M2R), β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR), sarcoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA-2a), type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), L-type Ca2+ channel (CACNA1), Kv4.2 (KCND2), and Kv4.3 (KCND3) mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with CTL group, DECA group exhibited decreased high frequency band power density (HF) and increased low frequency power density (LF), Cardiac M2R mRNA level was decreased. QTc interval at 2nd, 4th, and 8th week as well as APD30 and APD90 were increased by DECA. Ito density was decreased, while ICaL density was increased by DECA. SR Ca2+ loading and release were decreased by DECA, while contractile sensitivity to Ca2+ was increased versus CTL group. CONCLUSION DECA overdose induced cardiac rhythmic and mechanical abnormalities that can be associated with autonomic imbalance, up-regulated ICaL and down-regulated Ito, abnormal SR Ca2+ mobilization, and increased contractile sensitivity to Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Arantes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ainá E Domingos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana A Q Barbosa
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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Seara FAC, Barbosa RAQ, Santos MVN, Domingos AE, Monnerat G, Carvalho AB, Olivares EL, Mill JG, Nascimento JHM, Campos de Carvalho AC. Paradoxical effect of testosterone supplementation therapy on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury in aged rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105335. [PMID: 30930218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is followed by numerous physiological limitations that reduce health span, particularly cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) has been widely used in the treatment of aging dysfunctions in either adult or aged patients, although recent evidence have suggested that the incidence of myocardial infarction might be increased in elderly patients. So far, though, the effects of TST in the progression of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in aged hearts remain unclear. Male aged (23-24 months old) and adult (6 months old) Wistar rats were treated with placebo (Old + Placebo n = 5 / Adult + Placebo n = 5) or TST (Old + TST n = 7 / Adult + TST n = 5) for 30 days. After euthanasia, artificially-perfused isolated rat hearts were submitted to IR. Cardiac expression levels of genes encoding α and β myosin heavy chain (MHC), ryanodine receptor (RyR), brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), caspase 3 and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were accessed by qRT-PCR. Protein levels of CHOP, p-Akt, and p-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK-3β) were measured by Western Blot. Compared to placebo-treated aged rats, Old + TST group exhibited increased heart weight and up-regulation of αMHC mRNA expression levels, whereas βMHC mRNA expression (p < 0.05). During reperfusion, left ventricular developed pressure, dP/dt+, dP/dt-, and cardiac contractile function index were increased in Old + TST rat hearts (p < 0.05), whereas infarct size was increased (p < 0.05) in comparison with Old + Placebo group. p-Akt levels of Old + TST rat hearts were decreased when compared to Old + Placebo group. Conversely, TST did not promote significant effects in adult rat hearts. Taken together, these findings suggest that myocardial stunning and infarct size of aged hearts were distinctly affected by TST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Raiana A Q Barbosa
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus V N Santos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ainá E Domingos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Monnerat
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - José G Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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de Souza BR, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Simão VA, Camargo ICC. Histopathological changes in androgenized ovaries are recovered by melatonin treatment. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:158-171. [PMID: 30256483 PMCID: PMC6157297 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a synthetic steroid, which promotes adverse effects on the ovarian tissue, and melatonin (MLT) exhibits a number of beneficial properties in the reproductive system. This study evaluated the general features of the ovarian tissue and the immunoexpression of sex steroid receptors in ND-treated rats that were submitted to short-term melatonin treatment. Adult rats received mineral oil (control group) and ND at doses of 7.5 mg/kg for 15 days (ND-treated group). The treatment with MLT (10mg/kg for 7 days) was given alone, before or in combination with ND. All ND-treated animals showed persistent dioestrus. In the androgenized groups that received MLT, ovarian morphology and size, and the number/area of corpora lutea were recovered. The number of healthy and atretic follicles was recovered when MLT was administered prior to ND; this was similar to the ovaries of control and MLT groups. There was a decrease in estrogen receptors immunostaining in the follicles of androgenized rats that were treated with MLT, and pretreatment with MLT reduced the expression of androgen receptor in atretic follicles and corpora lutea, when compared with ND-treated group. We conclude that MLT treatment recovered the histopathological aspects of the androgenized ovaries, and MLT pretreatment was the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R. de Souza
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em BiociênciasDepartamento de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista – UNESPAssisSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Vinícius Augusto Simão
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em BiociênciasDepartamento de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista – UNESPAssisSão PauloBrazil
| | - Isabel C. C. Camargo
- Departamento de BiotecnologiaFaculdade de Ciências e LetrasUniversidade Estadual Paulista – UNESPAssisSão PauloBrazil
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13
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Seara FAC, Maciel L, Barbosa RAQ, Rodrigues NC, Silveira ALB, Marassi MP, Carvalho AB, Nascimento JHM, Olivares EL. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is inversely affected by thyroid hormones excess or deficiency in male Wistar rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190355. [PMID: 29304184 PMCID: PMC5755761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Thyroid dysfunctions can increase the risk of myocardial ischemia and infarction. However, the repercussions on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury remain unclear so far. We report here the effects of hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis in the susceptibility to IR injury in isolated rat hearts compared to euthyroid condition and the potential role of antioxidant enzymes. METHODS Hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis were induced by administration of methimazole (MMZ, 300 mg/L) and thyroxine (T4, 12 mg/L), respectively in drinking water for 35 days. Isolated hearts were submitted to IR and evaluated for mechanical dysfunctions and infarct size. Superoxide dismutase types 1 and 2 (SOD1 and SOD2), glutathione peroxidase types 1 and 3 (GPX 1 and GPX3) and catalase mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR to investigate the potential role of antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS Thyrotoxicosis elicited cardiac hypertrophy and increased baseline mechanical performance, including increased left ventricle (LV) systolic pressure, LV developed pressure and derivatives of pressure (dP/dt), whereas in hypothyroid hearts exhibited decreased dP/dt. Post-ischemic recovery of LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), LVDP and dP/dt was impaired in thyrotoxic rat hearts, whereas hypothyroid hearts exhibited improved LVEDP and decreased infarct size. Catalase expression was decreased by thyrotoxicosis. CONCLUSION Thyrotoxicosis was correlated, at least in part, to cardiac remodeling and increased susceptibility to IR injury possibly due to down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, whereas hypothyroid hearts were less vulnerable to IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. C. Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiana A. Q. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nayana C. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson L. B. Silveira
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Education, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle P. Marassi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana B. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Hamilton M. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro–Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson L. Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica–RJ, Brazil
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Bayat G, Javan M, Khalili A, Safari F, Shokri S, Hajizadeh S. Chronic endurance exercise antagonizes the cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 protein up-regulation induced by nandrolone decanoate. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:609-614. [PMID: 28902623 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence revealed that chronic treatment of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is accompanied with some cardiovascular side effects and in addition they also negatively mask the beneficial effects of exercise training on cardiac performance. METHODS The present study examined whether the nandrolone decanoate (ND)-induced cardiac effects were mediated by changing the cardiac uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and 3 (UCP3) expression. Five groups of male wistar-albino rats including sedentary control (SC), sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary nandrolone decanoate (SND), exercise control (EC), and exercise nandrolone decanoate (END) were used. ND was injected (10 mg/kg/week, intramuscular) to the animals in the SND and END groups and endurance exercise training was performed on a treadmill five times per week. RESULTS The protein expressions of cardiac UCP2 and UCP3 have significantly increased in both the SND and EC groups compared to the SC ones. In contrast to UCP3, no significant differences were found between UCP2 protein expressions of the END and SC groups. Compared with the SND group, the exercise training significantly decreased the UCP2 and UCP3 protein expressions in the END group. CONCLUSIONS The study has indicated that endurance exercise in combination with ND can result in that the exercise effectively antagonizes the effects of ND treatment on UCP2 and UCP3 up-regulation.
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15
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Cahuê F, Souza S, Dos Santos CFM, Machado V, Nascimento JHM, Barcellos L, Salerno VP. Short-term consumption of Ilex paraguariensis extracts protects isolated hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury and contradicts exercise-mediated cardioprotection. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1149-1157. [PMID: 28683208 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfusion of hearts with extracts of Ilex paraguariensis (IP/mate) appears to reduce ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. To determine if oral consumption of IP/mate can provide similar cardioprotection, short-term consumption was investigated alone or in association with exercise in rats. Animals were grouped into control (C), IP/mate consumption (M), exercise (E), and exercise with mate (E+M). M and E+M groups consumed IP/mate (1 g·kg-1 body weight in 1 mL water) by gavage. E and E+M groups swam 7× per week for 30 min carrying an additional 5% of body weight. After 1 week, hearts were tested ex vivo to measure left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP), systolic and end diastolic pressure (LVSP/LVEDP), maximum velocity of contraction and relaxation (dP/dt+ and dP/dt-) during I/R and infarction size. In addition, cardiac tissue was analyzed for oxidative stress by lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels along with activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). LVDP was higher in hearts from M and E groups as well as decreased infarction sizes than others. At the end of reperfusion, dP/dt+ was increased in E and M and dP/dt- was higher in M. LVSP was higher in M and E compared with C. Protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were higher in M while SOD activity was increased in E. No differences were observed in other activities. The results suggest that short-term consumption of IP/mate has protective effects on heart I/R injury similar to exercise, but the combination of these interventions appears to contradict the beneficial adaptations from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Cahuê
- a Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Simone Souza
- b Laboratório de Ergoespirometria e Cineantropometria, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Camilli Fernanda Martins Dos Santos
- a Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado
- a Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - José H M Nascimento
- c Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antônio Paes de Carvalho - Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Luciane Barcellos
- b Laboratório de Ergoespirometria e Cineantropometria, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Verônica P Salerno
- a Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil
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16
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Seara FDAC, Barbosa RAQ, de Oliveira DF, Gran da Silva DLS, Carvalho AB, Freitas Ferreira AC, Matheus Nascimento JH, Olivares EL. Administration of anabolic steroid during adolescence induces long-term cardiac hypertrophy and increases susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:34-42. [PMID: 28179209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic administration of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in adult rats results in cardiac hypertrophy and increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. Molecular analyses demonstrated that hyperactivation of type 1 angiotensin II (AT1) receptor mediates cardiac hypertrophy induced by AAS and also induces down-regulation of myocardial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), resulting in loss of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exposure to AAS during adolescence promoted long-term cardiovascular dysfunctions, such as dysautonomia. We tested the hypothesis that chronic AAS exposure in the pre/pubertal phase increases the susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in adult rats. Male Wistar rats (26day old) were treated with vehicle (Control, n=12) or testosterone propionate (TP) (AAS, 5mgkg-1 n=12) 5 times/week during 5 weeks. At the end of AAS exposure, rats underwent 23days of washout period and were submitted to euthanasia. Langendorff-perfused hearts were submitted to IR injury and evaluated for mechanical dysfunctions and infarct size. Molecular analysis was performed by mRNA levels of α-myosin heavy chain (MHC), βMHC and brain-derived natriuretic peptide (BNP), ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of AT1 receptor and KATP channel subunits (Kir6.1 and SURa) was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. NADPH oxidase (Nox)-related reactive oxygen species generation was assessed by spectrofluorimetry. The expression of antioxidant enzymes was measured by qRT-PCR in order to address a potential role of redox unbalance. AAS exposure promoted long-term cardiac hypertrophy characterized by increased expression of βMHC and βMHC/αMHC ratio. Baseline derivative of pressure (dP/dt) was impaired by AAS exposure. Postischemic recovery of mechanical properties was impaired (decreased left ventricle [LV] developed pressure and maximal dP/dt; increased LV end-diastolic pressure and minimal dP/dt) and infarct size was larger in the AAS group. Catalase mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the AAS group. In conclusion, chronic administration of AAS during adolescence promoted long-term pathological cardiac hypertrophy and persistent increase in the susceptibility to myocardial IR injury possible due to disturbances on catalase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Azevedo Cruz Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana Andrade Quintanilha Barbosa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Dahienne Ferreira de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Diorney Luiz Souza Gran da Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bastos Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil; NUMPEX-Bio, Pólo de Xerém, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - José Hamilton Matheus Nascimento
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 RJ, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil.
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Pergolizzi B, Carriero V, Abbadessa G, Penna C, Berchialla P, De Francia S, Bracco E, Racca S. Subchronic nandrolone administration reduces cardiac oxidative markers during restraint stress by modulating protein expression patterns. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:51-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Caliman IF, Bernabe CS, de Melo AF, Brasil GA, do Nascimento AM, de Lima EM, Figueiredo SG, de Andrade TU, Bissoli NS. Long-term treatment with Nandrolone Decanoate impairs mesenteric vascular relaxation in both sedentary and exercised female rats. Steroids 2017; 120:7-18. [PMID: 28192127 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is an Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) that under abusive regimen can lead to multiple physiological adverse effects. Studies of AAS-mediated cardiovascular (CV) alterations were mostly taken from male subjects, even though women are also susceptible to the effects of AAS and gender-specific differences in susceptibility to vascular diseases exist. Here we investigate ND-induced vascular reactivity alterations in both sedentary and exercised female rats and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors. We show that chronic exposure of female Wistar rats to ND (20mg/Kg/week for 4weeks) impaired the vascular mesenteric bed (MVB) reactivity to vasodilator (acetylcholine) agonist. The endothelium-dependent Nitric Oxide (NO) component was reduced in ND-treated rats, whereas neither the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component nor prostanoids were altered in the MVBs. Endothelial dysfunction observed in ND-treated rats was associated with decreased eNOS (Ser1177) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation sites and upregulation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression. Exercise training by weight lifting in water did not improve the vascular alterations induced by ND treatment. ND treatment also significantly reduced the serum levels of estradiol in females, overriding its CV protective effect. These results help uncover the role of ND modulating endothelial function in the setting of CV disease caused by the abuse of AAS in females. If this translates to humans, young women abusing AAS can potentially lose the cardio protective effect rendered by estrogen and be more susceptible to CV alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela F Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Cristian S Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Program in Medical Neurosciences, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antônio F de Melo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Girlândia A Brasil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andrews M do Nascimento
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ewelyne M de Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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Christou GA, Christou KA, Nikas DN, Goudevenos JA. Acute myocardial infarction in a young bodybuilder taking anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and critical review of the literature. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016; 23:1785-1796. [PMID: 27184497 DOI: 10.1177/2047487316651341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case report of a 30-year-old bodybuilder suffering acute myocardial infarction (AMI). He had been taking stanozolol and testosterone for two months. The coronary angiogram showed high thrombotic burden in the left anterior descending artery without underlying atherosclerosis. Few case reports of AMI in athletes taking anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been reported so far. AAS-related AMI is possibly underreported in the medical literature due to the desire of the affected individuals to hide AAS use. Physicians should always consider the possibility of AAS abuse in the context of a young athlete suffering AMI. AASs can predispose to AMI through the acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis. Additionally, thrombosis without underlying atherosclerosis or vasospasm is highly possible to cause AMI in AAS users. Complications after AMI may be more frequent in AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios N Nikas
- First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
| | - John A Goudevenos
- First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
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20
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Tostes RC, Carneiro FS, Carvalho MHC, Reckelhoff JF. Reactive oxygen species: players in the cardiovascular effects of testosterone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R1-14. [PMID: 26538238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are essential for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and sexual function and for overall health and well being. Testosterone, the predominant and most important androgen, not only affects the male reproductive system, but also influences the activity of many other organs. In the cardiovascular system, the actions of testosterone are still controversial, its effects ranging from protective to deleterious. While early studies showed that testosterone replacement therapy exerted beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, some recent safety studies point to a positive association between endogenous and supraphysiological levels of androgens/testosterone and cardiovascular disease risk. Among the possible mechanisms involved in the actions of testosterone on the cardiovascular system, indirect actions (changes in the lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and hemostatic mechanisms, modulation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), as well as direct actions (modulatory effects on proinflammatory enzymes, on the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide bioavailability, and on vasoconstrictor signaling pathways) have been reported. This mini-review focuses on evidence indicating that testosterone has prooxidative actions that may contribute to its deleterious actions in the cardiovascular system. The controversial effects of testosterone on ROS generation and oxidant status, both prooxidant and antioxidant, in the cardiovascular system and in cells and tissues of other systems are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Tostes
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jane F Reckelhoff
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Women's Health Research Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Bayat G, Javan M, Safari F, Khalili A, Shokri S, Goudarzvand M, Salimi M, Hajizadeh S. Nandrolone decanoate negatively reverses the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiac muscle via sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:324-31. [PMID: 26909616 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels are supposed to have a substantial role in improvement of cardiac performance. This study was performed to evaluate whether nandrolone decanoate (ND) and (or) exercise training could affect the expression of cardiac K(ATP) channel subunits. Thirty-five male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sedentary control (SC), sedentary vehicle (SV), sedentary ND (SND), exercise control (EC), and exercise and ND (E+ND). Exercise training was performed on a treadmill 5 times per week. ND was injected (10 mg/kg/week, i.m.) to the rats in the SND and E+ND groups. Following cardiac isolation, the expression of both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial subunits of K(ATP) channel was measured using Western blot method. The expression of sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial, subunits of K(ATP) channel (Kir6.2 and SUR2) of EC group was significantly higher compared with SC group while ND administration (SND group) did not show any change in their expression. In the E+ND group, ND administration led to decrease of the over-expression of sarcolemmal Kir6.2 and SUR2 which was previously induced by exercise. There was no significant association between the mitochondrial expression of either Kir6.2 or SUR2 proteins and administration of ND or exercise. Supra-physiological dosage of ND negatively reverses the effects of exercise on the cardiac muscle expression of sarcolemmal, but not mitochondrial, K(ATP) channel subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Bayat
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- c Deptartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Khalili
- d Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Shokri
- e Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Goudarzvand
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salimi
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sohrab Hajizadeh
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Nikolic T, Zivkovic V, Jevdjevic M, Djuric M, Srejovic I, Djuric D, Jeremic N, Djuric D, Bolevich S, Jakovljevic V. The effects of chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate on redox status in exercised rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:95-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Brasil GA, Lima EMD, Nascimento AMD, Caliman IF, Medeiros ARSD, Silva MSB, Abreu GRD, Reis AMD, Andrade TUD, Bissoli NS. Nandrolone decanoate induces cardiac and renal remodeling in female rats, without modification in physiological parameters: The role of ANP system. Life Sci 2015; 137:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Crisafulli A, Mancardi D, Marongiu E, Rastaldo R, Penna C, Pagliaro P. Preconditioning cardioprotection and exercise performance: a radical point of view. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Barbosa Dos Santos G, Machado Rodrigues MJ, Gonçalves EM, Cintra Gomes Marcondes MC, Areas MA. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and cardiovascular changes induced by stanozolol in rats exposed to swimming exercise. Eurasian J Med 2015; 45:155-62. [PMID: 25610273 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are nominated for clinical use to promote protein synthesis in many therapeutic conditions. However, the indiscriminate use of AAS is related to hazardous cardiac disturbances and oxidative stress. We designed a study to investigate whether prolonged treatment with high doses of stanozolol modifies the activities of some antioxidant enzymes in the heart in sedentary and trained rats and whether this treatment causes alterations of cardiovascular parameters. In addition, the effectiveness of melatonin as an antioxidant and as a modulator of the cardiovascular side effects of stanozolol (STA) treatment was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into the following six groups: sedentary (S), stanozolol sedentary (SS), stanozolol-melatonin sedentary (SMS), trained (T), stanozolol trained (ST) and stanozolol-melatonin trained (SMT). The stanozolol-treatment rats received 5 mg.kg(-1) by subcutaneous injection before each exercise session (5 d.wk(-1), i.e., 25 mg.kg(-1).wk(-1)), while control groups received only saline solution injection. The melatonin-treatment groups received intraperitoneal injections of melatonin (10 mg.kg(-1)), 5 d.wk(-1) for 6 wk. Electrocardiography, blood pressure and antioxidant enzyme activity measurements were performed at the end of the experimental period for cardiac function and molecular assessment. RESULTS This is the first time that the in vivo effects of melatonin treatment on stanozolol-induced cardiovascular side effects have been studied. Stanozolol induced bradycardia and significantly increased cardiac superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Trained stanozolol-treated rats experienced an increase in blood pressure and relative heart weight, and they developed left cardiac axis deviation. Although melatonin did not prevent cardiac hypertrophy in exercised stanozolol-treated animals, it maintained blood pressure and cardiac catalase activity, and it prevented stanozolol-induced cardiac electrical axis deviation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, chronic stanozolol administration induced mild cardiovascular side effects that were partly attenuated by melatonin treatment. However, these results showed that the combination of melatonin and exercise could minimize the stanozolol side effects in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Barbosa Dos Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Machado Rodrigues
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela Maria Gonçalves
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Arcanjo Areas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Frati P, Busardò FP, Cipolloni L, Dominicis ED, Fineschi V. Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) related deaths: autoptic, histopathological and toxicological findings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:146-59. [PMID: 26074749 PMCID: PMC4462039 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210225414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) represent a large group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone, produced to maximize anabolic effects and minimize the androgenic ones. AAS can be administered orally, parenterally by intramuscular injection and transdermally. Androgens act by binding to the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) in the cytoplasm and then translocate into the nucleus. This binding results in sequential conformational changes of the receptor affecting the interaction between receptor and protein, and receptor and DNA. Skeletal muscle can be considered as the main target tissue for the anabolic effects of AAS, which are mediated by ARs which after exposure to AASs are up-regulated and their number increases with body building. Therefore, AASs determine an increase in muscle size as a consequence of a dose-dependent hypertrophy resulting in an increase of the cross-sectional areas of both type I and type II muscle fibers and myonuclear domains. Moreover, it has been reported that AASs can increase tolerance to exercise by making the muscles more capable to overload therefore shielding them from muscle fiber damage and improving the level of protein synthesis during recovery. Despite some therapeutic use of AASs, there is also wide abuse among athletes especially bodybuilders in order to improve their performances and to increase muscle growth and lean body mass, taking into account the significant anabolic effects of these drugs. The prolonged misuse and abuse of AASs can determine several adverse effects, some of which may be even fatal especially on the cardiovascular system because they may increase the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), myocardial infarction, altered serum lipoproteins, and cardiac hypertrophy. The aim of this review is to focus on deaths related to AAS abuse, trying to evaluate the autoptic, histopathological and toxicological findings in order to investigate the pathophysiological mechanism that underlines this type of death, which is still obscure in several aspects. The review of the literature allowed us to identify 19 fatal cases between 1990 and 2012, in which the autopsy excluded in all cases, extracardiac causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Neuromed, Istituto Mediterraneo Neurologico (IRCCS), Via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, 86077 Isernia, Italy
| | - Francesco P. Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Borges JP, Verdoorn KS, Daliry A, Powers SK, Ortenzi VH, Fortunato RS, Tibiriçá E, Lessa MA. Delta opioid receptors: the link between exercise and cardioprotection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113541. [PMID: 25415192 PMCID: PMC4240613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of opioid receptor (OR) subtypes as a mechanism by which endurance exercise promotes cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Wistar rats were randomly divided into one of seven experimental groups: 1) control; 2) exercise-trained; 3) exercise-trained plus a non-selective OR antagonist; 4) control sham; 5) exercise-trained plus a kappa OR antagonist; 6) exercise-trained plus a delta OR antagonist; and 7) exercise-trained plus a mu OR antagonist. The exercised animals underwent 4 consecutive days of treadmill training (60 min/day at ∼70% of maximal oxygen consumption). All groups except the sham group were exposed to an in vivo myocardial IR insult, and the myocardial infarct size (IS) was determined histologically. Myocardial capillary density, OR subtype expression, heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) expression, and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured in the hearts of both the exercised and control groups. Exercise training significantly reduced the myocardial IS by approximately 34%. Pharmacological blockade of the kappa or mu OR subtypes did not blunt exercise-induced cardioprotection against IR-mediated infarction, whereas treatment of animals with a non-selective OR antagonist or a delta OR antagonist abolished exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exercise training enhanced the activities of myocardial superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase but did not increase the left ventricular capillary density or the mRNA levels of HSP72, SOD, and catalase. In addition, exercise significantly reduced the protein expression of kappa and delta ORs in the heart by 44% and 37%, respectively. Together, these results indicate that ORs contribute to the cardioprotection conferred by endurance exercise, with the delta OR subtype playing a key role in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P. Borges
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Anissa Daliry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Scott K. Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Victor H. Ortenzi
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Fortunato
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Adriano Lessa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Mohamed HM, Mohamed MAH. Effect of different doses of nandrolone decanoate on lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, sperm abnormality and histopathology of testes of male Wister rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:1-11. [PMID: 25440442 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims of to investigate the effects of low and high doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on histopathology and apoptosis of the spermatogenic cells as well as lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, sperm abnormality and DNA fragmentation. Eighteen animals were divided into three groups each group contain six animals. The rats were divided into three groups as following: Group 1 was administered saline (control). Group 2, received nandrolone decanoate (3 mg/kg/weekly) (low dose) with intramuscular injection. Group 3, received intramuscular injection dose of nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/weekly) (high dose). After 8 weeks, caspase-3 assay was used to determine the apoptotic cells. The sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and testosterone concentration were also investigated in the experimental groups of both low and high dose compared to the control groups. Treated group with high dose showed degenerated germinal epithelial cells sloughed in the lumina of seminiferous tubules, where almost seminiferous tubules were devoid of spermatids and spermatozoa compared to control and group treated with low dose. Also, a significant increase of lipid peroxidation levels and heat shock proteins was observed in two groups administrated with two different doses of ND while, antioxidant enzyme activities, and testosterone concentration was significantly decreased in two treated group when compared with control. Administration of ND at high and low doses leads to deteriorated sperm parameters, DNA fragmentation and testicular apoptosis. In conclusion, the administration ND at high doses more effective on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, sperm abnormality, histopathology, apoptotic and DNA changes compared to low dose group and to control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem Street, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Salah Salem Street, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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Frankenfeld SP, Oliveira LP, Ortenzi VH, Rego-Monteiro ICC, Chaves EA, Ferreira AC, Leitão AC, Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS. The anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate disrupts redox homeostasis in liver, heart and kidney of male Wistar rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102699. [PMID: 25225984 PMCID: PMC4165578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) may cause side effects in several tissues. Oxidative stress is linked to the pathophysiology of most of these alterations, being involved in fibrosis, cellular proliferation, tumorigenesis, amongst others. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) on the redox balance of liver, heart and kidney. Wistar male rats were treated with intramuscular injections of vehicle or DECA (1 mg.100 g−1 body weight) once a week for 8 weeks. The activity and mRNA levels of NADPH Oxidase (NOX), and the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the reduced thiol and carbonyl residue proteins, were measured in liver, heart and kidney. DECA treatment increased NOX activity in heart and liver, but NOX2 mRNA levels were only increased in heart. Liver catalase and SOD activities were decreased in the DECA-treated group, but only catalase activity was decreased in the kidney. No differences were detected in GPx activity. Thiol residues were decreased in the liver and kidney of treated animals in comparison to the control group, while carbonyl residues were increased in the kidney after the treatment. Taken together, our results show that chronically administered DECA is able to disrupt the cellular redox balance, leading to an oxidative stress state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Frankenfeld
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor H Ortenzi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor C C Rego-Monteiro
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elen A Chaves
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Ferreira
- Polo de Xerém/Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Leitão
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Marques-Neto SR, Ferraz EB, Rodrigues DC, Njaine B, Rondinelli E, Campos de Carvalho AC, Nascimento JHM. AT1 and aldosterone receptors blockade prevents the chronic effect of nandrolone on the exercise-induced cardioprotection in perfused rat heart subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:125-35. [PMID: 24258356 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial tolerance to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is improved by exercise training, but this cardioprotection is impaired by the chronic use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The present study evaluated whether blockade of angiotensin II receptor (AT1-R) with losartan and aldosterone receptor (mineralocorticoid receptor, MR) with spironolactone could prevent the deleterious effect of AAS on the exercise-induced cardioprotection. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were exercised and treated with either vehicle, nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/week i.m.) or the same dose of nandrolone plus losartan or spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day orally) for 8 weeks. Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to I/R and evaluated for the postischaemic recovery of left ventricle (LV) function and infarct size. mRNA and protein expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and KATP channels were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Postischaemic recovery of LV function was better and infarct size was smaller in the exercised rat hearts than in the sedentary rat hearts. Nandrolone impaired the exercise-induced cardioprotection, but this effect was prevented by losartan (AT1-R antagonist) and spironolactone (MR antagonist) treatments. Myocardial AT1-R and MR expression levels were increased, and the expression of the KATP channel subunits SUR2a and Kir6.1 was decreased and Kir6.2 increased in the nandrolone-treated rat hearts. The nandrolone-induced changes of AT1-R, MR, and KATP subunits expression was normalized by the losartan and spironolactone treatments. CONCLUSION The chronic nandrolone treatment impairs the exercise-induced cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by activating the cardiac renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and downregulating KATP channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Rodrigues Marques-Neto
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G, 21.941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chaves EA, Fortunato RS, Carvalho DP, Nascimento JHM, Oliveira MF. Exercise-induced cardioprotection is impaired by anabolic steroid treatment through a redox-dependent mechanism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:267-72. [PMID: 23831356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) impair the cardioprotective effects of exercise against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult, possibly through cellular redox imbalance. Here, the effect of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) treatment on heart redox metabolism was investigated during I/R in sedentary and exercised rats. DECA treatment significantly reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities in exercised rats after heart reperfusion. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not affected by DECA in both sedentary and trained rats, regardless the I/R period. DECA also induced myocardial oxidative stress, as evidenced by the reduced levels of total reduced thiols after heart reperfusion in exercised rats treated with the anabolic steroid. These results indicate that cardiotoxic effects of supraphysiological doses of AAS involve reduced heart antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen A Chaves
- Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Inflamação e Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INBEB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Marques Neto SR, Silva ADH, Santos MCPD, Ferraz EF, Nascimento JHM. The blockade of angiotensin AT1 and aldosterone receptors protects rats from synthetic androgen-induced cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:166-71. [PMID: 23279762 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of exercise and antagonists of the angiotensin II and aldosterone receptors on cardiac autonomic regulation and ventricular repolarization in rats chronically treated with nandrolone decanoate (ND), a synthetic androgen. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: sedentary, trained, ND-treated, trained and ND-treated, trained and treated with both ND and spironolactone, and trained and treated with both ND and losartan. ND (10 mg kg(-1) weekly) and the antagonists (20 mg kg(-1) daily) of the angiotensin II AT1 (losartan) and aldosterone (spironolactone) receptors were administered for 8 weeks. Exercise training was performed using a treadmill five times each week for 8 weeks. Following this 8-week training and treatment period, electrocardiogram recordings were obtained to determine the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) and corrected QT interval (QTc). RESULTS Nandrolone decanoate treatment increased the QTc interval and reduced the parasympathetic indexes of HRV (RMSSD, pNN5 and high-frequency power) in sedentary and trained rats. The ratio between low- and high-frequency power (LF/HF) was higher in ND-treated groups. Both losartan and spironolactone treatments prevented the effects of ND on the QTc interval and the HRV parameters (RMSSD, pNN5, high-frequency power, and the LF/HF ratio). CONCLUSION Our results show that chronic treatment with a high dose of ND induces cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction and disturbances in ventricular repolarization in both sedentary and exercised rats. Furthermore, inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system using losartan, or spironolactone, prevented these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. da H. Silva
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. C. P. dos Santos
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - E. F. Ferraz
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - J. H. M. Nascimento
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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Shokri S, Hemadi M, Bayat G, Bahmanzadeh M, Jafari-Anarkooli I, Mashkani Β. Combination of running exercise and high dose of anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, increases protamine deficiency and DNA damage in rat spermatozoa. Andrologia 2013; 46:184-90. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Shokri
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS); Zanjan Iran
| | - M. Hemadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Fertility; Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundi-shapour University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS); Ahvaz Iran
| | - G. Bayat
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Alborz University of Medical Sciences (AUMS); Karaj Iran
| | - M. Bahmanzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Ahvaz Jundi-shapour University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS); Ahvaz Iran
| | - I. Jafari-Anarkooli
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine; Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS); Zanjan Iran
| | - Β. Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS); Mashhad Iran
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High-dose testosterone propionate treatment reverses the effects of endurance training on myocardial antioxidant defenses in adolescent male rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012; 11:118-27. [PMID: 21312070 PMCID: PMC3085793 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluation of changes in activities of selected antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and contents of key nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, protein thiol groups, and α- and γ-tocopherols) in the left heart ventricle of young male Wistar rats subjected to endurance training (treadmill running, 1 h daily, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks) or/and testosterone propionate treatment (8 or 80 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly, once a week, for 6 weeks) during adolescence. The training alone increased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, but lowered the pool of nonenzymatic antioxidants and enhanced myocardial oxidative stress as evidenced by elevation of the lipid peroxidation biomarker malondialdehyde. The lower-dose testosterone treatment showed mixed effects on the individual components of the antioxidant defense system, but markedly enhanced lipid peroxidation. The higher-dose testosterone treatment decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, lowered the contents of the nonenzymatic antioxidants, except for that of γ-tocopherol, reversed the effect of endurance training on the antioxidant enzymes activities, and enhanced lipid peroxidation more than the lower-dose treatment. These data demonstrate the potential risk to cardiac health from exogenous androgen use, either alone or in combination with endurance training, in adolescents.
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Soares MCR, Abreu ICD, Assenço F, Borges MODR. Decanoato de nandrolona aumenta a parede ventricular esquerda, mas atenua o aumento da cavidade provocado pelo treinamento de natação em ratos. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922011000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAAs) são drogas sintetizadas a partir da testosterona. Sua ação anabólica deve-se principalmente ao aumento da síntese e redução na degradação das proteínas musculares. Este trabalho investiga os efeitos do treinamento de natação associado ao tratamento com decanoato de nandrolona sobre a pressão arterial, as dimensões cardíacas e reatividade vascular. Quarenta ratos Wistar machos, com idade de 60 dias, foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): sedentário (SN), sedentário tratado (ST), treinados (TN) e treinados tratados (TT). Animais TN e TT realizaram um treinamento de natação durante 12 semanas, enquanto os animais ST e TT receberam decanoato de nandrolona semanalmente (15mg/kg). O coração e os testículos foram removidos e pesados. O diâmetro da cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo (DcVE) e a espessura da parede ventricular (EspVE) foram medidos com um paquímetro eletrônico. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram medidas semanalmente; ainda, foi estudada a reatividade vascular das artérias mesentéricas em resposta à noradrenalina. Em nosso trabalho não houve alterações no peso do coração; no entanto, verificamos aumento no DcVE (p < 0,05) em ratos TN, enquanto a EspVE aumentou (p < 0,05) nos ratos ST e TT, ambos em relação ao SN. O peso do testículo diminuiu (p < 0,05) em ST e TT em relação a SN. Tanto a pressão arterial quanto a reatividade vascular não foram alteradas. Concluímos que o treinamento de natação aumentou o diâmetro da cavidade ventricular esquerda, enquanto o tratamento com decanoato de nandrolona aumentou a espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, sugerindo uma hipertrofia concêntrica
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Frasier CR, Moore RL, Brown DA. Exercise-induced cardiac preconditioning: how exercise protects your achy-breaky heart. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:905-15. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of exercise to protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is well known in both human epidemiological studies and experimental animal models. In this review article, we describe what is currently known about the ability of exercise to precondition the heart against infarction. Just 1 day of exercise can protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion damage, and this protection is upheld with months of exercise, making exercise one of the few sustainable preconditioning stimuli. Exercise preconditioning depends on the model and intensity of exercise, and appears to involve heightened oxidant buffering capacity, upregulated subunits of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and adaptations to cardiac mitochondria. We review the putative mechanisms involved in exercise preconditioning and point out many areas where future research is necessary to advance our understanding of how this stimulus confers resistance against I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R. Frasier
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University; and
| | - Russell L. Moore
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Office of the Provost, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - David A. Brown
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University; and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; and
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Maior AS, Menezes P, Pedrosa RC, Carvalho DP, Soares PP, Nascimento JHM. Abnormal cardiac repolarization in anabolic androgenic steroid users carrying out submaximal exercise testing. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 37:1129-33. [PMID: 20880189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse by comparing the electrocardiographic parameters before and after submaximal exercise between AAS users and non-AAS users. 2. A total of 22 men who regularly engaged in both resistance and aerobic exercise at fitness academies volunteered for the study (control group: n = 11, age 25 ± 4 years; AAS group: n = 11, age 27 ± 5 years). All subjects were submitted to submaximal exercise testing using an Astrand-Rhyming protocol. Heart rate and electrocardiography parameters were measured at rest and at the third minute of the post-exercise recovery time. 3. AAS users presented higher QTc and QTd at rest (10% and 55%, respectively) and at the post-exercise period (17% and 43%, respectively), compared with control subjects. The maximal and minimum QTc interval of the AAS group was significantly prolonged at the post-exercise period (12% and 15%, respectively). The haemodynamic parameters were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). The AAS group showed a lower heart rate recovery at the first minute after the test (P = 0.0001), and a higher exertion score (P < 0.0001) at a lower workload, compared with the control group. 4. Our results show that the QTc interval and dispersion are increased in individuals who abuse AAS, suggesting the presence of ventricular repolarization abnormalities that could potentially increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Maior
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ischemia/reperfusion injury is increased and cardioprotection by a postconditioning protocol is lost as cardiac hypertrophy develops in nandrolone treated rats. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 106:409-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Maior AS, Simão R, de Salles BF, Alexander JL, Rhea M, Nascimento JHM. Acute cardiovascular response in anabolic androgenic steroid users performing maximal treadmill exercise testing. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1688-95. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181dc46c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Shokri S, Aitken RJ, Abdolvahhabi M, Abolhasani F, Ghasemi FM, Kashani I, Ejtemaeimehr S, Ahmadian S, Minaei B, Naraghi MA, Barbarestani M. Exercise and Supraphysiological Dose of Nandrolone Deconoate Increase Apoptosis in Spermatogenic Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 106:324-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Melling CWJ, Thorp DB, Milne KJ, Noble EG. Myocardial Hsp70 phosphorylation and PKC-mediated cardioprotection following exercise. Cell Stress Chaperones 2009; 14:141-50. [PMID: 18668351 PMCID: PMC2727986 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both protein kinase C (PKC) activation and Hsp70 expression have been shown to be key components for exercise-mediated myocardial protection during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Given that Hsp70 has been shown to undergo inducible phosphorylation in striated muscle and liver, we hypothesized that PKC may regulate myocardial Hsp70 function and subsequent exercise-conferred cardioprotection through this phosphorylation. Hence, acute exercise of male Sprague-Dawley rats (30 m/min for 60 min at 2% grade) was employed to assess the role of PKC and its selected isoforms in phosphorylation of Hsp70 and protection of the myocardium during ischemia-reperfusion injury. It was observed that administration of the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (5 mg/kg) suppressed the activation of three exercise-induced PKC isoforms (PKCalpha, PKCdelta, and PKCepsilon) and attenuated the exercise-mediated reduction of myocardial infarct size during ischemia-reperfusion injury. While this study also demonstrated that exercise led to an alteration in the phosphorylation status of Hsp70, this posttranslational modification appeared to be dissociated from PKC activation, as exercise-induced phosphorylation of Hsp70 was unchanged following inhibition of PKC. Taken together, these results indicate that selected isoforms of PKC play an important role in exercise-mediated protection of the myocardium during ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, exercise-induced phosphorylation of Hsp70 does not appear to be a mechanism by which PKC induces this cardioprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. W. James Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada N6A 3K7
| | - David B. Thorp
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Kevin J. Milne
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Earl G. Noble
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada N6A 3K7
- Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada N6A 3K7
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Brown DA, Moore RL. Perspectives in innate and acquired cardioprotection: cardioprotection acquired through exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1894-9. [PMID: 17556492 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00464.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that exercise training can provide significant protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this brief review, we provide a synthesis of current literature in the field and summarize the findings to date. Our intent is to identify the unique elements of cardioprotection acquired by exercise, and to illustrate what distinguishes this physiological acquisition of cardioprotection from all other known types of acquired cardioprotection. Finally, we point to future directions for research in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brown
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Gregg A, Bottle SE, Devine SM, Figler H, Linden J, White P, Pouton CW, Urmaliya V, Scammells PJ. Dual acting antioxidant A1 adenosine receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5437-41. [PMID: 17689079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of some potent and selective A(1) adenosine receptor agonists, which incorporate a functionalised linker attached to an antioxidant moiety. N(6)-(2,2,5,5-Tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-yloxyl-3-ylmethyl)adenosine (VCP28, 2e) proved to be an agonist with high affinity (K(i)=50nM) and good selectivity (A(3)/A(1) > or = 400) for the A(1) adenosine receptor. N(6)-[4-[2-[1,1,3,3-Tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl-5-amido]ethyl]phenyl]adenosine (VCP102, 5a) has higher binding affinity (K(i)=7 nM), but lower selectivity (A(3)/A(1)= approximately 3). All compounds bind weakly (K(i)>1 microM) to A(2A) and A(2B) receptors. The combination of A(1) agonist activity and antioxidant activity has the potential to produce cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gregg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
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