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Kameni M, Musaigwa F, Kamguia LM, Kamdem SD, Mbanya G, Lamberton PHL, Komguep Nono J. Harnessing Schistosoma-associated metabolite changes in the human host to identify biomarkers of infection and morbidity: Where are we and what should we do next? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012009. [PMID: 38512811 PMCID: PMC10956858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most widespread parasitic disease affecting humans. A key component of today's infection control measures is the diagnosis and monitoring of infection, informing individual- and community-level treatment. However, newly acquired infections and/or low parasite burden are still difficult to diagnose reliably. Furthermore, even though the pathological consequence of schistosome egg sequestration in host tissues is well described, the evidence linking egg burden to morbidity is increasingly challenged, making it inadequate for pathology monitoring. In the last decades, omics-based instruments and methods have been developed, adjusted, and applied in parasitic research. In particular, the profiling of the most reliable determinants of phenotypes, metabolites by metabolomics, emerged as a powerful boost in the understanding of basic interactions within the human host during infection. As such, the fine detection of host metabolites produced upon exposure to parasites such as Schistosoma spp. and the ensuing progression of the disease are believed to enable the identification of Schistosoma spp. potential biomarkers of infection and associated pathology. However, attempts to provide such a comprehensive understanding of the alterations of the human metabolome during schistosomiasis are rare, limited in their design when performed, and mostly inconclusive. In this review, we aimed to briefly summarize the most robust advances in knowledge on the changes in host metabolic profile during Schistosoma infections and provide recommendations for approaches to optimize the identification of metabolomic signatures of human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Kameni
- Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Bamenda, Bambili, North-West Region, Cameroon
| | - Fungai Musaigwa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leonel Meyo Kamguia
- Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Severin Donald Kamdem
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Gladice Mbanya
- Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Unit of Immunobiology and Helminth Infections, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zangeneh FZ, Hantoushzadeh S. The physiological basis with uterine myometrium contractions from electro-mechanical/hormonal myofibril function to the term and preterm labor. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22259. [PMID: 38034762 PMCID: PMC10687101 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most labor-related problems can be attributed to the uterine myometrium muscle, as this irritable tissue must suppress its irritability potential during pregnancy. Unfortunately, fewer studies have investigated the causes of this lack of suppression in preterm labor. Methods We conducted a scoping narrative review using three online databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct). Results The review focused on ion channel functions in the myometrium, including sodium channels [Na K-ATPase, Na-activated K channels (Slo2), voltage-gated (SCN) Na+, Na+ leaky channels, nonselective (NALCN) channels], potassium channels [KATP (Kir6) channels, voltage-dependent K channels (Kv4, Kv7, and Kv11), twin-pore domain K channels (TASK, TREK), inward rectifier Kir7.1, Ca2+-activated K+ channels with large (KCNMA1, Slo1), small (KCNN1-3), intermediate (KCNN4) conductance], and calcium channels [L-Type and T-type Ca2+ channels, calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCC)], as well as hyperpolarization-activated cation channels. These channels' functions are associated with hormonal effects such as oxytocin, estrogen/progesterone, and local prostaglandins. Conclusion Electromechanical/hormonal activity and environmental autocrine factors can serve as the primary practical basis for premature uterine contractions in term/preterm labor. Our findings highlight the significance of.1.the amplitude rate of hyperpolarization and the frequency of contractions,2.changes in the estrogen/progesterone ratio,3.Prostaglandins E/F involvement in initiating potential spikes and the increase of intracytoplasmic Ca2+.This narrative study highlights the range of hyperpolarization and the frequency of myometrium contractions as crucial factors. The synchronized complex progress of estrogen to progesterone ratio and prostaglandins plays a significant role in initiating potential spikes and increasing intracytoplasmic Ca2+, which further influences the contraction process during labor. Insights into myometrium physiology gained from this study may pave the way for much-needed new treatments to reduce problems associated with normal and preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Zafari Zangeneh
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedighe Hantoushzadeh
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF. Biosynthesis of estetrol in human pregnancy: Potential pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106359. [PMID: 37390976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Estetrol (E4) has emerged as a novel and highly promising estrogen for therapeutic use. E4 is a weak natural estrogen produced only in pregnancy. Because of its novelty, there is considerable interest by clinicians in how it is produced in pregnancy. Although the fetal liver plays a key role in its production, the placenta is also involved. A current view is that estradiol (E2) formed in the placenta enters the fetal compartment and is then rapidly sulfated. E2 sulfate then undergoes 15α-/16α-hydroxylation in the fetal liver thereby forming E4 sulfate (phenolic pathway). However, another pathway involving 15α,16α-dihydroxy-DHEAS formed in the fetal liver and converted to E4 in the placenta also plays a significant role (neutral pathway). It is not known which pathway predominates, but both pathways appear to be important in E4 biosynthesis. In this commentary, we summarize the well-established pathways in the formation of estrogens in the nonpregnant and pregnant female. We then review what is known about the biosynthesis of E4 and describe the 2 proposed pathways involving the fetus and placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - David F Archer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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Wannowius M, Karakus E, Aktürk Z, Breuer J, Geyer J. Role of the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter (SOAT/SLC10A6) in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9926. [PMID: 37373074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3'- and 17'-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues. Although SOAT expression has been detected in several hormone-responsive peripheral tissues, its quantitative contribution to steroid sulfate uptake in different organs is still not completely clear. Given this fact, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the SOAT by summarizing all experimental findings obtained since its first cloning in 2004 and by processing SOAT/SLC10A6-related data from genome-wide protein and mRNA expression databases. In conclusion, despite a significantly increased understanding of the function and physiological significance of the SOAT over the past 20 years, further studies are needed to finally establish it as a potential drug target for endocrine-based therapy of steroid-responsive diseases such as hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wannowius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zekeriya Aktürk
- General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janina Breuer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Alodaib AN, Nimer RM, Alhumaidy R, Alhenaky A, Abdel Jabar M, AlMalki RH, Abdel Rahman AM. Biomarker discovery in galactosemia: Metabolomics with UPLC/HRMS in dried blood spots. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1154149. [PMID: 37081853 PMCID: PMC10110906 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1154149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Galactosemia (GAL) is a genetic disorder that results in disturbances in galactose metabolism and can lead to life-threatening complications. However, the underlying pathophysiology of long-term complications in GAL remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, a metabolomics approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate metabolomic changes in dried blood spots of 15 patients with GAL and 39 healthy individuals. Results: The study found that 2,819 metabolites underwent significant changes in patients with GAL compared to the control group. 480 human endogenous metabolites were identified, of which 209 and 271 were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. PA (8:0/LTE4) and ganglioside GT1c (d18:0/20:0) metabolites showed the most significant difference between GAL and the healthy group, with an area under the curve of 1 and 0.995, respectively. Additionally, the study identified potential biomarkers for GAL, such as 17-alpha-estradiol-3-glucuronide and 16-alpha-hydroxy DHEA 3-sulfatediphosphate. Conclusion: This metabolomics study deepened the understanding of the pathophysiology of GAL and presented potential biomarkers that might serve as prognostic biomarkers to monitor the progression or support the clinical diagnosis of GAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N. Alodaib
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refat M. Nimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rowan Alhumaidy
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alhenaky
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Abdel Jabar
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem H. AlMalki
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M. Abdel Rahman
- Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Anas M. Abdel Rahman,
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Presence of entry receptors and viral markers suggest a low level of placental replication of hepatitis B virus in a proportion of pregnant women infected with chronic hepatitis B. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17795. [PMID: 36272995 PMCID: PMC9588053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplacental route of vertical transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has been known for over a decade. Here we present evidence which suggest HBV can replicate in placenta. Forty-one HBsAg positive and 10 control pregnant women were enrolled in the study after obtaining informed consent. HBV positives were further divided in the High Viral Load (HVL) Group and Low Viral Load (LVL) Group according to INASL guidelines 2018. The Presence of the HBV DNA and expression of NTCP in the placenta was analyzed by qPCR/RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC). The presence of cccDNA was assessed using Digital Droplet PCR while the presence of pre-genomic (pg) RNA was assessed through qRT-PCR and sequencing. The presence of HBeAg and HBcAg in the placenta was assessed by IHC. Immunostaining of NTCP, HBeAg and HBcAg on trophoblasts along with the presence of total HBV DNA, cccDNA and pgRNA indicated, that these cells are not only susceptible to HBV infection but may also support viral replication. This is further supported by the finding that trophoblasts of the several HBeAg seronegative samples harbored the HBeAg. Although, we did not find any correlation in NTCP expression and viral markers with viral load indicates placental replication may not aping hepatocytes. The presence of the HBV receptor, NTCP along with the presence of cccDNA, pgRNA, and HBeAg in placenta of HBV infected females without circulating HBeAg suggest that placenta act as a replication host.
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Tarkhan AH, Anwardeen NR, Sellami M, Donati F, Botrè F, de la Torre X, Elrayess MA. Comparing metabolic profiles between female endurance athletes and non-athletes reveals differences in androgen and corticosteroid levels. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 219:106081. [PMID: 35182726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training is associated with physiological changes in elite athletes, but little is known about female-specific effects of endurance training. Despite the significant rise in female sports participation, findings from studies performed on male athletes are largely extrapolated to females without taking into consideration sex-specific differences in metabolism. Subsequently, this study aimed to investigate the steroid hormone profiles of elite female endurance athletes in comparison with their non-athletic counterparts. Untargeted metabolomics-based mass spectroscopy combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography was performed on serum samples from 51 elite female endurance athletes and 197 non-athletic females. The results showed that, compared to non-athletic females, certain androgen, pregnenolone, and progestin steroid hormones were reduced in elite female endurance athletes, while corticosteroids were elevated. The most significantly altered steroid hormones were 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17alpha-diol monosulfate (FDR = 1.90 × 10-05), androstenediol (3alpha, 17alpha) monosulfate (FDR = 2.93 × 10-04), and cortisol (FDR = 2.93 × 10-04). Conclusively, the present study suggests that elite female endurance athletes have a unique steroid hormone profile with implications on their general health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mohamed A Elrayess
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Vice President for Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Karakus E, Schmid A, Leiting S, Fühler B, Schäffler A, Jakob T, Geyer J. Role of the Steroid Sulfate Uptake Transporter Soat (Slc10a6) in Adipose Tissue and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:863912. [PMID: 35573729 PMCID: PMC9095825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.863912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the endocrine and paracrine systems, peripheral tissues such as gonads, skin, and adipose tissue are involved in the intracrine mechanisms responsible for the formation of sex steroids via the transformation of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA/DHEAS) into potent androgenic and estrogenic hormones. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between overweight, central obesity, and plasma levels of DHEA and DHEAS. The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter Soat (Slc10a6) is a plasma membrane uptake transporter for sulfated steroids. Significantly increased expression of Slc10a6 mRNA has been previously described in organs and tissues of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, including white adipose tissue. These findings suggest that Soat plays a role in the supply of steroids in peripheral target tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of Soat in adipocytes and its role in adipogenesis. Soat expression was analyzed in mouse white intra-abdominal (WAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and brown (BAT) adipose tissue samples and in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, adipose tissue mass and size of the adipocytes were analyzed in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. Soat expression was detected in mouse WAT, SAT, and BAT using immunofluorescence. The expression of Slc10a6 mRNA was significantly higher in 3T3-L1 adipocytes than that of preadipocytes and was significantly upregulated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Slc10a6 mRNA levels were also upregulated in the adipose tissue of LPS-treated mice. In Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, adipocytes increased in size in the WAT and SAT of female mice and in the BAT of male mice, suggesting adipocyte hypertrophy. The serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, and leptin were comparable in wild-type and Slc10a6−/− knockout mice. The treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with DHEA significantly reduced lipid accumulation, while DHEAS did not have a significant effect. However, following LPS-induced Soat upregulation, DHEAS also significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes. In conclusion, Soat-mediated import of DHEAS and other sulfated steroids could contribute to the complex pathways of sex steroid intracrinology in adipose tissues. Although in cell cultures the Soat-mediated uptake of DHEAS appears to reduce lipid accumulation, in Slc10a6−/− knockout mice, the Soat deletion induced adipocyte hyperplasia through hitherto unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Fühler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Giessen University Hospital, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Joachim Geyer,
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Dai B, Bai M, Lu S, Lin N, Zhou H, Jiang H. Bilirubin Reduces the Uptake of Estrogen Precursors and the Followed Synthesis of Estradiol in Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblasts via Inhibition and Down-regulation of OAT4. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:341-350. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sunny DE, Hammer E, Ittermann T, Krüger EL, Hübner S, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA, Völker U, Heckmann M. Fetal Zone Steroids and Estrogen Show Sex Specific Effects on Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Response to Oxidative Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126586. [PMID: 34205405 PMCID: PMC8234485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen causes white matter damage in preterm infants and male sex is a major risk factor for poor neurological outcome, which speculates the role of steroid hormones in sex-based differences. Preterm birth is accompanied by a drop in 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone along with increased levels of fetal zone steroids (FZS). We performed a sex-based analysis on the FZS concentration differences in urine samples collected from preterm and term infants. We show that, in preterm urine samples, the total concentration of FZS, and in particular the 16α-OH-DHEA concentration, is significantly higher in ill female infants as compared to males. Since we previously identified Nup133 as a novel target protein affected by hyperoxia, here we studied the effect of FZS, allopregnanolone (Allo) and E2 on differentiation and Nup133 signaling using mouse-derived primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). We show that the steroids could reverse the effect of hyperoxia-mediated downregulation of Nup133 in cultured male OPCs. The addition of FZS and E2 protected cells from oxidative stress. However, E2, in presence of 16α-OH-DHEA, showed a negative effect on male cells. These results assert the importance of sex-based differences and their potential implications in preterm stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Elizabeth Sunny
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.L.K.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elke Hammer
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Luise Krüger
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.L.K.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Stephanie Hübner
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.L.K.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Michaela Friederike Hartmann
- Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.H.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Stefan Alexander Wudy
- Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.H.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Matthias Heckmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University of Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (E.L.K.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
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Bangma J, Szilagyi J, Blake BE, Plazas C, Kepper S, Fenton SE, Fry RC. An assessment of serum-dependent impacts on intracellular accumulation and genomic response of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a placental trophoblast model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1395-1405. [PMID: 32790152 PMCID: PMC7738272 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of environmental contaminants, have been detected in human placenta and cord blood. The mechanisms driving PFAS-induced effects on the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes are not well understood. This study investigated the impact of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and a replacement PFAS known as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, tradename GenX) on placental trophoblasts in vitro. Several key factors were addressed. First, PFAS levels in cell culture reagents at baseline were quantified. Second, the role of supplemental media serum in intracellular accumulation of PFAS in a human trophoblast (JEG3) cell line was established. Finally, the impact of PFAS on the expression of 96 genes involved in proper placental function in JEG3 cells was evaluated. The results revealed that serum-free media (SFM) contained no detectable PFAS. In contrast, fetal bovine serum-supplemented media (SSM) contained PFNA, PFUdA, PFTrDA, and 6:2 FTS, but these PFAS were not detected internally in cells. Intracellular accumulation following 24 hr treatments was significantly higher when cultured in SFM compared to SSM for PFOS and PFOA, but not HFPO-DA. Treatment with PFAS was associated with gene expression changes (n = 32) in pathways vital to placental function, including viability, syncytialization, inflammation, transport, and invasion/mesenchymal transition. Among the most robust PFAS-associated changes were those observed in the known apoptosis-related genes, BAD and BAX. These results suggest a complex relationship between PFAS, in vitro culture conditions, and altered expression of key genes necessary for proper placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Szilagyi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bevin E. Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cinthya Plazas
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stewart Kepper
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Corresponding author: Rebecca Fry, PhD, , Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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13
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Gorczyca L, Du J, Bircsak KM, Wen X, Vetrano AM, Aleksunes LM. Low oxygen tension differentially regulates the expression of placental solute carriers and ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:811-827. [PMID: 32978975 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen concentration, or hypoxia, is an important physiological regulator of placental function including chemical disposition. Here, we compared the ability of low oxygen tension to alter the expression of solute carriers (SLC) and ABC transporters in two human placental models, namely BeWo cells and term placental explants. We found that exposure to low oxygen concentration differentially regulates transporter expression in BeWo cells, including downregulation of ENT1, OATP4A1, OCTN2, BCRP, and MRP2/3/5, and upregulation of CNT1, OAT4, OATP2B1, SERT, SOAT, and MRP1. Similar upregulation of MRP1 and downregulation of MRP5 and BCRP were observed in explants, whereas uptake transporters were decreased or unchanged. Furthermore, a screening of transcriptional regulators of transporters revealed that hypoxia leads to a decrease in the mRNA levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and retinoid x receptor alpha in both human placental models. These data suggest that transporter expression is differentially regulated by oxygen concentration across experimental human placental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Gorczyca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jianyao Du
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristin M Bircsak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna M Vetrano
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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14
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Placental Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:505-548. [PMID: 31571173 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is the only organ linking two different individuals, mother and fetus, termed as blood-placental barrier. The functions of the blood-placental barrier are to regulate material transfer between the maternal and fetal circulation. The main functional units are the chorionic villi within which fetal blood is separated by only three or four cell layers (placental membrane) from maternal blood in the surrounding intervillous space. A series of drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP4A1, OATP1A2, OATP1B3, and OATP3A1), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN1 and OCTN2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT1 and ENT2) have been demonstrated on the apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblast, some of which also expressed on the basolateral membrane of syncytiotrophoblast or fetal capillary endothelium. These transporters are involved in transport of most drugs in the placenta, in turn, affecting drug distribution in fetus. Moreover, expressions of these transporters in the placenta often vary along with the gestational ages and are also affected by pathophysiological factor. This chapter will mainly illustrate function and expression of these transporters in placentas, their contribution to drug distribution in fetus, and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Wang R, Hartmann MF, Tiosano D, Wudy SA. Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: A GC-MS study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105412. [PMID: 31202857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intact steroid hormone biosynthesis is essential for growth and development of the human fetus and embryo. In the present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to characterize the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid (n = 65; male: female = 35: 30) of mid-gestation (median: 18.8th week, range: 16.0th - 24.6th week) by a comprehensive targeted steroid hormone metabolomics approach. The levels of 52 steroids including pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone metabolites, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolites, progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone metabolites, sex hormones as well as corticosterone and cortisol metabolites were measured. The dominating steroids were the group of pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone metabolites (mean ± SD: 138.0 ± 59.3 ng/mL), followed by the group of progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone metabolites (107.3 ± 44.3 ng/mL), and thereafter DHEA and its metabolites (97.1 ± 56.5 ng/mL). With respect to sex steroids, only testosterone showed a significantly higher value in male fetuses (p < 0.0001). Of all estrogen metabolites, estriol showed by far the highest concentrations (33.2 ± 26.1 ng/mL). Interestingly, cortisol metabolites were clearly present (59.6 ± 13.6 ng/mL) though fetal de novo synthesis of cortisol is assumed to start from gestational 28th week onwards. Our comprehensive characterization of the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation shows presence of all relevant classes of steroid hormones and provides reference data. We conclude that the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid mirrors the steroidome of the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 30196, Israel
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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16
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Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Analysis of membrane transport mechanisms of endogenous substrates using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4495. [PMID: 30661254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are expressed in various bodily tissues and play essential roles in the homeostasis of endogenous substances and the absortion, distribution and/or excretion of xenobiotics. For transporter assays, radioisotope-labeled compounds have been mainly used. However, commercially available radioisotope-labeled compounds are limited in number and relatively expensive. Chromatographic analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorptiometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry have also been applied for transport assays. To elucidate the transport properties of endogenous substrates, although there is no difficulty in performing assays using radioisotope-labeled probes, the endogenous background and the metabolism of the compound after its translocation across cell membranes must be considered when the intact compound is assayed. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the transport of endogenous substrates via membrane transporters as determined by chromatographic techniques is summarized. Chromatographic techniques have contributed to our understanding of the transport of endogenous substances including amino acids, catecholamines, bile acids, prostanoids and uremic toxins via membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Wang R, Tiosano D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: A LC-MS/MS study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:47-56. [PMID: 30031148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development of an embryo or fetus during human pregnancy mainly depend on intact hormone biosynthesis and metabolism in maternal amniotic fluid (AF). We investigated the hormonal milieu in AF and developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 14 sulfated and 6 unconjugated steroids in AF. 65 A F samples (male: female = 35: 30) of mid-gestation ranging from 16th week of gestation to 25th week of gestation were analyzed. Reference data of 20 steroid levels in AF of healthy women were provided. 13 sulfated and 3 unconjugated steroids were for the first time quantified in AF by LC-MS/MS. Highest concentrations were found for pregnenolone sulfate (PregS: mean ± SD, 8.6 ± 3.7 ng/mL), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPregS: 4.9 ± 2.0 ng/mL), epitestosterone sulfate (eTS: 7.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL), 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16OH-DHEAS: 21.5 ± 10.7 ng/mL), androsterone sulfate (AnS: 9.2 ± 7.4 ng/mL), estrone sulfate (E1S: 3.0 ± 3.0 ng/mL), estriol 3-sulfate (E3S: 8.1 ± 4.0 ng/mL) and estriol (E3: 1.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL). Only testosterone (T) showed a significant sex difference (p < 0.0001). Correlations between AF steroids mirrored the steroid metabolism of the feto-placental unit, and not only confirmed the classical steroid pathway, but also pointed to a sulfated steroid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 30196, Israel
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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18
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Jójárt R, Pécsy S, Keglevich G, Szécsi M, Rigó R, Özvegy-Laczka C, Kecskeméti G, Mernyák E. Pd-Catalyzed microwave-assisted synthesis of phosphonated 13α-estrones as potential OATP2B1, 17β-HSD1 and/or STS inhibitors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2838-2845. [PMID: 30498534 PMCID: PMC6244214 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 2- or 4-phosphonated 13α-estrone derivatives were synthesized via the Hirao reaction. Bromo regioisomers (2- or 4-) of 13α-estrone and its 3-benzyl or 3-methyl ether were reacted with diethyl phosphite or diphenylphosphine oxide using Pd(PPh3)4 as catalyst under microwave irradiation. The influence of the new compounds on the transport function of the organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP2B1 was investigated by measuring Cascade Blue uptake. Derivatives bearing a 3-benzyl ether function displayed substantial submicromolar OATP2B1 inhibitory activity. The inhibitory effects of the compounds on human placental steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 isozyme (17β-HSD1) were investigated by in vitro radiosubstrate incubation methods. None of the test compounds inhibited the STS markedly. The structure-activity relationship evaluation revealed that 2-substituted 3-hydroxy derivatives are able to inhibit the 17β-HSD1 enzyme with submicromolar IC50 values. Dual OATP2B1 and 17β-HSD1 inhibitors have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jójárt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Pécsy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Szécsi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8-10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Rigó
- Membrane protein research group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Membrane protein research group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Fujiki J, Maeda N, Sato M, Ieko T, Inoue H, Iwasaki T, Iwano H, Yokota H. Corticosterone biosynthesis in mouse clonal myoblastic C2C12 cells. Steroids 2018; 138:64-71. [PMID: 30018003 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT), the major glucocorticoid in rodents, is secreted from the adrenal gland, affects various organs in the body and regulates energy metabolism as a stress response. Although local steroidogenesis of androgens and estrogens in skeletal muscles has been previously reported, local CORT synthesis in skeletal muscle remains unconfirmed. In the present study, we investigated steroidogenic activities in a clonal myoblastic cell line, C2C12 cells. Three enzymes involved in CORT synthesis, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD), cytochrome P450c21 and cytochrome P45011ß, were identified in C2C12 cells by detecting the enzymatic reaction products with LC-MS/MS analysis. Only one enzyme that mediates cholesterol cleavage was not detected in the cells. After the addition of pregnenolone-sulfate conjugates to the cell culture medium, pregnenolone was detected and increased according to the incubation time. In conclusion, CORT synthesis occurs in C2C12 cells, and it is suggested that the initial steroidogenesis substrate is the pregnenolone-sulfate conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Fujiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Maeda
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd., Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 004-0839, Japan; Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Michiko Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ieko
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Iwano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yokota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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20
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Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K, Ellinger I. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Steroid Biosynthesis, Transport and Metabolism in the Human Placenta. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 30258364 PMCID: PMC6144938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormones progestagens, estrogens, androgens, and glucocorticoids as well as their precursor cholesterol are required for successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and proper development of the fetus. The human placenta forms at the interface of maternal and fetal circulation. It participates in biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids as well as their regulated exchange between maternal and fetal compartment. This review outlines the mechanisms of human placental handling of steroid compounds. Cholesterol is transported from mother to offspring involving lipoprotein receptors such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SRB1) as well as ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters, ABCA1 and ABCG1. Additionally, cholesterol is also a precursor for placental progesterone and estrogen synthesis. Hormone synthesis is predominantly performed by members of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme family including CYP11A1 or CYP19A1 and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) such as 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD. Placental estrogen synthesis requires delivery of sulfate-conjugated precursor molecules from fetal and maternal serum. Placental uptake of these precursors is mediated by members of the solute carrier (SLC) family including sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT), organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1). Maternal-fetal glucocorticoid transport has to be tightly regulated in order to ensure healthy fetal growth and development. For that purpose, the placenta expresses the enzymes 11β-HSD 1 and 2 as well as the transporter ABCB1. This article also summarizes the impact of diverse compounds and diseases on the expression level and activity of the involved transporters, receptors, and metabolizing enzymes and concludes that the regulatory mechanisms changing the physiological to a pathophysiological state are barely explored. The structure and the cellular composition of the human placental barrier are introduced. While steroid production, metabolism and transport in the placental syncytiotrophoblast have been explored for decades, few information is available for the role of placental-fetal endothelial cells in these processes. With regard to placental structure and function, significant differences exist between species. To further decipher physiologic pathways and their pathologic alterations in placental steroid handling, proper model systems are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Chatuphonprasert
- Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Pathophysiology of the Placenta, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Karakus E, Zahner D, Grosser G, Leidolf R, Gundogdu C, Sánchez-Guijo A, Wudy SA, Geyer J. Estrone-3-Sulfate Stimulates the Proliferation of T47D Breast Cancer Cells Stably Transfected With the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter SOAT (SLC10A6). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:941. [PMID: 30186172 PMCID: PMC6111516 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a pivotal role in the development and proliferation of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Apart from free estrogens, which can directly activate the estrogen receptor (ER) of tumor cells, sulfo-conjugated steroids, which maintain high plasma concentrations even after menopause, first have to be imported into tumor cells by carrier-mediated uptake and then can be cleaved by the steroid sulfatase to finally activate ERs and cell proliferation. In the present study, expression of the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT was analyzed in breast cancer and its role for hormone-dependent proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells was elucidated. The SOAT protein was localized to the ductal epithelium of the mammary gland by immunohistochemistry. SOAT showed high expression in different pathologies of the breast with a clear ductal localization, including ductal hyperplasia, intraductal papilloma, and intraductal carcinoma. In a larger breast cancer cDNA array, SOAT mRNA expression was high in almost all adenocarcinoma specimen, but expression did not correlate with either the ER, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. Furthermore, SOAT expression did not correlate with tumor stage or grade, indicating widespread SOAT expression in breast cancer. To analyze the role of SOAT for breast cancer cell proliferation, T47D cells were stably transfected with SOAT and incubated under increasing concentrations of estrone-3-sulfate (E1S) and estradiol at physiologically relevant concentrations. Cell proliferation was significantly increased by 10-9 M estradiol as well as by E1S with EC50 of 2.2 nM. In contrast, T47D control cells showed 10-fold lower sensitivity to E1S stimulation with EC50 of 21.7 nM. The E1S-stimulated proliferation of SOAT-T47D cells was blocked by the SOAT inhibitor 4-sulfooxymethylpyrene. In conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates expression of SOAT in breast cancer tissue with ductal localization. SOAT inhibition can block the E1S-stimulated proliferation of T47D breast cancer cells, demonstrating that SOAT is an interesting novel drug target from the group of E1S uptake carriers for anti-proliferative breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Regina Leidolf
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Cemal Gundogdu
- Department of Pathology, Private Practitioner of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
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23
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Bakhaus K, Bennien J, Fietz D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann M, Serafini R, Love CC, Golovko A, Wudy SA, Bergmann M, Geyer J. Sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (Slc10a6 -/-) knockout mice show normal spermatogenesis and reproduction, but elevated serum levels for cholesterol sulfate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:45-54. [PMID: 28743544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT (gene name SLC10A6 in man and Slc10a6 in mice) is a plasma membrane transporter for sulfated steroids, which is highly expressed in germ cells of the testis. SOAT can transport biologically inactive sulfated steroids into specific target cells, where they can be reactivated by the steroid sulfatase (STS) to biologically active, unconjugated steroids known to regulate spermatogenesis. Significantly reduced SOAT mRNA expression was previously found in different forms of impaired spermatogenesis in man. It was supposed that SOAT plays a role for the local supply of steroids in the testis and consequently for spermatogenesis and fertility. Thus, an Slc10a6-/- Soat knockout mouse model was established by recombination-based target deletion of the Slc10a6 gene to elucidate the role of Soat in reproduction. However, the Slc10a6-/- knockout mice were fertile, produced normal litter sizes, and had normal spermatogenesis and sperm vitality. This phenotype suggests that the loss of Soat can be compensated in the knockout mice or that Soat function is not essential for reproduction. In addition to reproductive phenotyping, a comprehensive targeted steroid analysis including a set of 9 un-conjugated and 12 sulfo-conjugated steroids was performed in serum of Slc10a6-/- knockout and Slc10a6+/+ wildtype mice. Only cholesterol sulfate, corticosterone, and testosterone (only in the males) could be detected in considerable amounts. Interestingly, male Slc10a6-/- knockout mice showed significantly higher serum levels for cholesterol sulfate compared to their wildtype controls. As cholesterol sulfate has a broader impact apart from the testis, further analysis of this phenotype will include other organs such as skin and lung, which also show high Soat expression in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Josefine Bennien
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rosanna Serafini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Charles C Love
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | | | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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Grosser G, Bennien J, Sánchez-Guijo A, Bakhaus K, Döring B, Hartmann M, Wudy SA, Geyer J. Transport of steroid 3-sulfates and steroid 17-sulfates by the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT (SLC10A6). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:20-25. [PMID: 28951227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT/Soat shows highly specific transport activity for sulfated steroids. SOAT substrates identified so far include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone-3-sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate, and androstenediol sulfate. Apart from these compounds, many other sulfated steroids occur in mammals. Therefore, we aimed to expand the substrate spectrum of SOAT and analyzed the SOAT-mediated transport of eight different sulfated steroids by combining in vitro transport experiments in SOAT-transfected HEK293 cells with LC-MS/MS analytics of cell lysates. In addition, we aimed to better understand the structural requirements for SOAT substrates and so selected structural pairs varying only at specific positions: 3α/3β-sulfate, 17α/17β-sulfate, mono-sulfate/di-sulfate, and 17α-hydroxylation. We found significant and sodium-dependent SOAT-mediated transport of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate, androsterone sulfate, epiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone sulfate, epitestosterone sulfate, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone sulfate. However, 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate was not transported by SOAT. IN CONCLUSION SOAT substrates from the group of sulfated steroids are characterized by a planar and lipophilic steroid backbone in trans-trans-trans conformation of the rings and a negatively charged mono-sulfate group at positions 3' or 17' with flexibility for α- or β- orientation. Furthermore, 5α-reduction, 16α-hydroxylation, and 17α-hydroxylation are acceptable for SOAT substrate recognition, whereas addition of a second negatively charged sulfate group seems to abolish substrate binding to SOAT, and so 17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate is not transported by SOAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Josefine Bennien
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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25
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Schuler G, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Simultaneous profiles of sulfonated androgens, sulfonated estrogens and sulfonated progestogens in postpubertal boars (sus scrofa domestica) measured by LC-MS/MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:55-63. [PMID: 29030154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated steroids (s-St) have been usually regarded as inactive metabolites but are progressively considered as precursors for the intra-tissue formation of bioactive steroids. Moreover, independent effects without preceding removal of the sulfate group have been observed. We use the porcine testicular-epididymal compartment as a model to investigate the still largely unknown s-St physiology as the boar exhibits an intriguingly broad s-St spectrum predominantly originating from the testis. The application of LC-MS/MS in steroidomics enables the determination of unconjugated and intact sulfonated steroids with currently highest specificity and good sensitivity, allowing the concurrent measuring of numerous analytes in larger quantities of samples. Profiles (6h, 20min intervals) were generated for sulfonated 5-androstene-3ß,17ß-diol (Adiol-S), androsterone (A-S), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA-S), epiandrosterone (EA-S), epitestosterone (ET-S), estrone (E1-S), estradiol-17β (E2-S), pregnenolone (P5-S), 17αOH-pregnenolone (OHP5-S) and unconjugated testosterone (T) in four unstimulated and four hCG-stimulated boars. Moreover, concentrations were measured in individual samples collected from testicular afferent and efferent blood to differentiate between testicular vs. extratesticular origin. Highest concentrations were found for EA-S, followed by ET-S, Adiol-S and DHEA-S, which mostly exceeded the levels of E1-S and A-S. Lowest concentrations were obtained for E2-S, P5-S and OHP5-S. The analytical profile also included sulfonated T, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and cholesterol. However, their concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Profiles of quantifiable s-St were consistent with a wave-like pattern associated with T pulses. In postpartal females (n=5) concentrations of all analytes assessed were undetectable, suggesting that in pigs the adrenals are not a quantitatively significant source of s-St.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Bakhaus K, Fietz D, Kliesch S, Weidner W, Bergmann M, Geyer J. The polymorphism L204F affects transport and membrane expression of the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT (SLC10A6). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:36-44. [PMID: 28951225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT) represents a membrane transporter specific for sulfated steroid hormones, which are supposed to participate in the regulation of reproductive processes. In man, SOAT shows predominant mRNA expression in the testis and here was localized to primary spermatocytes. SOAT mRNA expression is significantly downregulated in different disorders of spermatogenesis, including hypospermatogenesis. The resulting decline of SOAT-mediated transport of sulfated steroids may participate in the impairment of functional spermatogenesis. Apart from downregulation of SOAT mRNA expression, genetic polymorphisms affecting the transport function of SOAT may have the same negative effect on spermatogenesis. Therefore, in the present study we searched for functionally relevant SOAT polymorphisms, aiming to comparatively analyze their occurrence in patients with impaired spermatogenesis vs. patients with intact spermatogenesis. We found that the SOAT polymorphism L204F showed a significantly reduced transport function for DHEAS when expressed in HEK293 cells. Although the Km value was identical with that of the SOAT wildtype, the Vmax value dramatically declined for the SOAT-L204F variant (942.5 vs. 313.6pmol×mg protein-1×min-1). Although the same amount of total SOAT-L204F protein was detected in transfected HEK293 cells compared to the SOAT wildtype, plasma membrane expression was significantly reduced, which points to a plasma membrane sorting defect of the SOAT-L204F variant. Groups of 20 subjects with normal spermatogenesis and 26 subjects with hypospermatogenesis were genotyped for this polymorphism. Both groups showed nearly identical distributions of the SOAT-L204F polymorphism (∼10% heterozygous and ∼5% homozygous), indicating that this polymorphism seems not be causative for hypospermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Department of Clinical Andrology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weidner
- Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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27
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Wudy SA, Schuler G, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF. The art of measuring steroids: Principles and practice of current hormonal steroid analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:88-103. [PMID: 28962971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are small and highly important structural or signalling molecules in living organisms and their metabolism is complex. Due to the multiplicity of enzymes involved there are many different steroid related disorders. E.g., an individual enzyme defect is rather rare but can share various clinical symptoms and can thus be hardly diagnosed clinically. Therefore, reliable hormonal determination still presents the most reasonable initial diagnostic approach and helps to avoid uncritical and expensive attempts at molecular diagnostic testing. It also presents a backbone of monitoring these complex patients. In science, reliable hormone measurement is indispensable for the elucidation of new mechanisms of steroid hormone actions. Steroid analytics is highly challenging and should never be considered trivial. Most common methods for steroid determination comprise traditionally immunoassay, or more recently, mass spectrometry based methods. It is absolutely necessary that clinicians and scientists know the methods they are applying by heart. With the introduction of automated direct assays, a loss of quality could be observed over the last two decades in the field of steroid immunoassays. This review wants to meet the need for profound information and orientation in the field of steroid analysis. The pros and cons of the most important methods, such as immunoassays and mass spectrometry based methods will be discussed. The focus of the latter will lie on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Selected analytical applications from our Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Group FOR 1369 "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" will illustrate the contents. In brief, immunoassays have for long presented the traditional technique for steroid analysis. They are easy to set up. Only one analyte can be measured per immunoassay. Specificity problems can arise and caution has to be exerted especially regarding direct assays lacking purification steps. Mass spectrometry based methods provide structural information on the analyte and thus higher specificity. In combination with chromatographic techniques, they permit the simultaneous determination of a multitude of analytes. Highest specificity can be obtained using GC-MS, a sophisticated but most powerful tool for characterizing steroid metabolomes. LC-MS is a true high throughput technique and highly suited for detecting complex steroids. GC-MS and LC-MS are not competing but complementary techniques. Since reliable steroid determination requires extremely high expertise in the field of analytics as well as steroid biochemistry, it is recommended that collaborations and networking with highly specialized centers of expertise are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics in Paediatric Endocrinology, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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28
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Bennien J, Fischer T, Geyer J. Rare genetic variants in the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT (SLC10A6): Effects on transport function and membrane expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:26-35. [PMID: 28893621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfo-conjugated steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), pregnenolone sulfate or estrone-3-sulfate are abundant in the body, but are biologically inactive at classical androgen and estrogen steroid receptors. However, after carrier-mediated import and de-conjugation by the steroid sulfatase, these compounds participate in the overall steroid regulation of reproductive organs. The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT, coded by the SLC10A6 gene, is specific for the transport of steroid sulfates and is highly expressed in testicular germ cells, including pachytene spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids. Therefore, SOAT is supposed to be involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis and male fertility. In the present study, the SLC10A6 gene was analyzed for rare genetic variants, which might affect transport function or membrane expression of SOAT. Among the 31 SOAT variants analyzed, L44P, Q75R, P107L, G109S, S112F, N113K, S133F, G241D, G263E, G294R, and Y308N showed no transport activity for DHEAS at all. In the case of P107L, G241D, G263E, and Y308N, this was most likely due to significantly reduced expression in the plasma membrane. Other variants are located directly at (Q75R, S112F, N113K) or close to (G109S, S133F, and G263E) the supposed SOAT Na+ binding sites and thus could disable the sodium-coupled transport cycle. If these loss-of-function SOAT variants are more frequent in men with impaired spermatogenesis or infertility needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Bennien
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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29
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Geyer J, Bakhaus K, Bernhardt R, Blaschka C, Dezhkam Y, Fietz D, Grosser G, Hartmann K, Hartmann MF, Neunzig J, Papadopoulos D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Scheiner-Bobis G, Schuler G, Shihan M, Wrenzycki C, Wudy SA, Bergmann M. The role of sulfated steroid hormones in reproductive processes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:207-221. [PMID: 27392637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated steroid hormones, such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or estrone-3-sulfate, have long been regarded as inactive metabolites as they cannot activate classical steroid receptors. Some of them are present in the blood circulation at quite high concentrations, but generally sulfated steroids exhibit low membrane permeation due to their hydrophilic properties. However, sulfated steroid hormones can actively be imported into specific target cells via uptake carriers, such as the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT, and, after hydrolysis by the steroid sulfatase (so-called sulfatase pathway), contribute to the overall regulation of steroid responsive organs. To investigate the biological significance of sulfated steroid hormones for reproductive processes in humans and animals, the research group "Sulfated Steroids in Reproduction" was established by the German Research Foundation DFG (FOR1369). Projects of this group deal with transport of sulfated steroids, sulfation of free steroids, desulfation by the steroid sulfatase, effects of sulfated steroids on steroid biosynthesis and membrane receptors as well as MS-based profiling of sulfated steroids in biological samples. This review and concept paper presents key findings from all these projects and provides a broad overview over the current research on sulfated steroid hormones in the field of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Bakhaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carina Blaschka
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yaser Dezhkam
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fietz
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michaela F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Georgios Scheiner-Bobis
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mazen Shihan
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Wrenzycki
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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30
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Yu D, Zhang H, Lionarons DA, Boyer JL, Cai SY. Na +-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/SLC10A1) ortholog in the marine skate Leucoraja erinacea is not a physiological bile salt transporter. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R477-R484. [PMID: 28077388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00302.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Na+-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP/SLC10A1) is a hepatocyte-specific solute carrier, which plays an important role in maintaining bile salt homeostasis in mammals. The absence of a hepatic Na+-dependent bile salt transport system in marine skate and rainbow trout raises a question regarding the function of the Slc10a1 gene in these species. Here, we have characterized the Slc10a1 gene in the marine skate, Leucoraja erinacea The transcript of skate Slc10a1 (skSlc10a1) encodes 319 amino acids and shares 46% identity to human NTCP (hNTCP) with similar topology to mammalian NTCP. SkSlc10a1 mRNA was mostly confined to the brain and testes with minimal expression in the liver. An FXR-bile salt reporter assay indicated that skSlc10a1 transported taurocholic acid (TCA) and scymnol sulfate, but not as effectively as hNTCP. An [3H]TCA uptake assay revealed that skSlc10a1 functioned as a Na+-dependent transporter, but with low affinity for TCA (Km = 92.4 µM) and scymnol sulfate (Ki = 31 µM), compared with hNTCP (TCA, Km = 5.4 µM; Scymnol sulfate, Ki = 3.5 µM). In contrast, the bile salt concentration in skate plasma was 2 µM, similar to levels seen in mammals. Interestingly, skSlc10a1 demonstrated transport activity for the neurosteroids dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and estrone-3-sulfate at physiological concentration, similar to hNTCP. Together, our findings indicate that skSlc10a1 is not a physiological bile salt transporter, providing a molecular explanation for the absence of a hepatic Na+-dependent bile salt uptake system in skate. We speculate that Slc10a1 is a neurosteroid transporter in skate that gained its substrate specificity for bile salts later in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongke Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Daniel A Lionarons
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - James L Boyer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and.,Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine
| | - Shi-Ying Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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Grosser G, Baringhaus KH, Döring B, Kramer W, Petzinger E, Geyer J. Identification of novel inhibitors of the steroid sulfate carrier 'sodium-dependent organic anion transporter' SOAT (SLC10A6) by pharmacophore modelling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:133-41. [PMID: 27033324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter SOAT specifically transports sulfated steroid hormones and is supposed to play a role in testicular steroid regulation and male fertility. The present study aimed to identify novel specific SOAT inhibitors for further in vitro and in vivo studies on SOAT function. More than 100 compounds of different molecular structures were screened for inhibition of the SOAT-mediated transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in stably transfected SOAT-HEK293 cells. Twenty-five of these with IC50 values covering four orders of magnitude were selected as training set for 3D pharmacophore modelling. The SOAT pharmacophore features were calculated by CATALYST and consist of three hydrophobic sites and two hydrogen bond acceptors. By substrate database screening, compound T 0511-1698 was predicted as a novel SOAT inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 μM. This value was confirmed by cell-based transport assays. Therefore, the developed SOAT pharmacophore model demonstrated its suitability in predicting novel SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Grosser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Baringhaus
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Structure, Design and Informatics, Building G 878, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Kramer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, LGCR, Structure, Design and Informatics, Building G 878, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ernst Petzinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Tomi M, Eguchi H, Ozaki M, Tawara T, Nishimura S, Higuchi K, Maruyama T, Nishimura T, Nakashima E. Role of OAT4 in Uptake of Estriol Precursor 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Into Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblasts From Fetus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2704-12. [PMID: 25919187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estriol biosynthesis in human placenta requires the uptake of a fetal liver-derived estriol precursor, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16α-OH DHEAS), by placental syncytiotrophoblasts at their basal plasma membrane (BM), which faces the fetal circulation. The aim of this work is to identify the transporter(s) mediating 16α-OH DHEAS uptake at the fetal side of syncytiotrophoblasts by using human placental BM-enriched vesicles and to examine the contribution of the putative transporter to estriol synthesis at the cellular level, using choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. Organic anion transporter (OAT)-4 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 proteins were enriched in human placental BM vesicles compared with crude membrane fraction. Uptake of [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS by BM vesicles was partially inhibited in the absence of sodium but was significantly increased in the absence of chloride and after preloading glutarate. Uptake of [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS by BM vesicles was significantly inhibited by OAT4 substrates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone-3-sulfate, and bromosulfophthalein but not by cyclosporin A, tetraethylammonium, p-aminohippuric acid, or cimetidine. These characteristics of vesicular [(3)H]16α-OH DHEAS uptake are in good agreement with those of human OAT4-transfected COS-7 cells as well as forskolin-differentiated JEG-3 cells. Estriol secretion from differentiated JEG-3 cells was detected when the cells were incubated with 16α-OH DHEAS for 8 hours but was inhibited in the presence of 50 μM bromosulfophthalein. Our results indicate that OAT4 at the BM of human placental syncytiotrophoblasts plays a predominant role in the uptake of 16α-OH DHEAS for placental estriol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Eguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ozaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tawara
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachika Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy (M.T., H.E., M.O., T.T., S.N., K.H., T.N., E.N.), Keio University, Minato-ku 105-8512, Tokyo, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku 160-8512, Tokyo, Japan
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Noguchi S, Nishimura T, Fujibayashi A, Maruyama T, Tomi M, Nakashima E. Organic Anion Transporter 4-Mediated Transport of Olmesartan at Basal Plasma Membrane of Human Placental Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3128-35. [PMID: 25820021 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating fetal transfer of olmesartan, an angiotensin-II receptor type 1 antagonist, are important as potential determinants of life-threatening adverse fetal effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the olmesartan transport mechanism through the basal plasma membrane (BM) of human syncytiotrophoblasts forming the placental barrier. Uptake of olmesartan by human placental BM vesicles was potently inhibited by dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estrone 3-sulfate, and bromosulfophthalein, which are all typical substrates of organic anion transporter (OAT) 4 localized at the BM of syncytiotrophoblasts, and was increased in the absence of chloride. In tetracycline-inducible OAT4-expressing cells, [(3) H]olmesartan uptake was increased by tetracycline treatment. Olmesartan uptake via OAT4 was concentration dependent with a Km of 20 μM, and was increased in the absence of chloride. [(3) H]Olmesartan efflux via OAT4 was also observed and was trans-stimulated by extracellular chloride and DHEAS. Thus, OAT4 mediates bidirectional transport of olmesartan and appears to regulate fetal transfer of olmesartan at the BM of syncytiotrophoblasts. Efflux transport of olmesartan via OAT4 from syncytiotrophoblasts to the fetal circulation might be facilitated in the presence of an inwardly directed physiological chloride gradient and extracellular DHEAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | | | - Ayasa Fujibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maruyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8512, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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Grosser G, Döring B, Ugele B, Geyer J, Kulling SE, Soukup ST. Transport of the soy isoflavone daidzein and its conjugative metabolites by the carriers SOAT, NTCP, OAT4, and OATP2B1. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2253-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tomi M, Miyata Y, Noguchi S, Nishimura S, Nishimura T, Nakashima E. Role of protein kinase A in regulating steroid sulfate uptake for estrogen production in human placental choriocarcinoma cells. Placenta 2014; 35:658-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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