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Li M, Hu S, Sun J, Zhang Y. The role of vitamin D3 in follicle development. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:148. [PMID: 39020390 PMCID: PMC11253454 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 plays a crucial role in female reproduction. As research progresses, the mechanisms of action of vitamin D3 on follicular development have been widely discussed. Firstly, key enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of vitamin D3 have been discovered in the ovary, suggesting that vitamin D3 can be synthesized and metabolized locally within the ovary. Additionally, the detection of vitamin D3 receptors (VDR) in follicles suggests that vitamin D3 may exert its effects by binding specifically to these receptors during follicular development. Further research indicates that vitamin D3 promotes follicular growth by enhancing the development of granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes. Currently, the mechanism of action of vitamin D3 in follicular development is becoming increasingly clear. Vitamin D3 promotes oocyte development by regulating molecules involved in meiotic arrest in oocytes. It also enhances granulosa cell proliferation by stimulating steroid hormone synthesis and cell cycle regulation. Additionally, vitamin D3 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by reducing oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), mitigating the detrimental effects of inflammation on follicular development. These functions of vitamin D3 have clinical applications, such as in treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), improving female fertility, and enhancing outcomes in in vitro fertilization (IVF). This review summarizes the research progress on the role and mechanisms of vitamin D3 in follicular development and briefly summarizes its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, Huangpu, 200011, China
| | - Shuhui Hu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, Huangpu, 200011, China
| | - Jiaxiang Sun
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, Huangpu, 200011, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, Huangpu, 200011, China.
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Jain SK, Justin Margret J, Abrams SA, Levine SN, Bhusal K. The Impact of Vitamin D and L-Cysteine Co-Supplementation on Upregulating Glutathione and Vitamin D-Metabolizing Genes and in the Treatment of Circulating 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients 2024; 16:2004. [PMID: 38999752 PMCID: PMC11243476 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues, which suggests that vitamin D (VD) affects physiological functions beyond its role in maintaining bone health. Deficiency or inadequacy of 25(OH)VD is widespread globally. Population studies demonstrate that a positive association exists between a high incidence of VD deficiency and a high incidence of chronic diseases, including dementia, diabetes, and heart disease. However, many subjects have difficulty achieving the required circulating levels of 25(OH)VD even after high-dose VD supplementation, and randomized controlled clinical trials have reported limited therapeutic success post-VD supplementation. Thus, there is a discordance between the benefits of VD supplementation and the prevention of chronic diseases in those with VD deficiency. Why this dissociation exists is currently under debate and is of significant public interest. This review discusses the downregulation of VD-metabolizing genes needed to convert consumed VD into 25(OH)VD to enable its metabolic action exhibited by subjects with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and other chronic diseases. Research findings indicate a positive correlation between the levels of 25(OH)VD and glutathione (GSH) in both healthy and diabetic individuals. Cell culture and animal experiments reveal a novel mechanism through which the status of GSH can positively impact the expression of VD metabolism genes. This review highlights that for better success, VD deficiency needs to be corrected at multiple levels: (i) VD supplements and/or VD-rich foods need to be consumed to provide adequate VD, and (ii) the body needs to be able to upregulate VD-metabolizing genes to convert VD into 25(OH)VD and then to 1,25(OH)2VD to enhance its metabolic action. This review outlines the association between 25(OH)VD deficiency/inadequacy and decreased GSH levels, highlighting the positive impact of combined VD+LC supplementation on upregulating GSH, VD-metabolizing genes, and VDR. These effects have the potential to enhance 25(OH)VD levels and its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Justin Margret
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Steven A. Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA;
| | - Steven N. Levine
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.N.L.); (K.B.)
| | - Kamal Bhusal
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.N.L.); (K.B.)
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Slominski RM, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Podgorska E, Dixon KM, Mason RS, Tuckey RC, Sharma R, Crossman DK, Elmets C, Raman C, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Slominski AT. Malignant Melanoma: An Overview, New Perspectives, and Vitamin D Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 38927967 PMCID: PMC11201527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating through malignant transformation of melanin-producing melanocytes, is a formidable malignancy, characterized by local invasiveness, recurrence, early metastasis, resistance to therapy, and a high mortality rate. This review discusses etiologic and risk factors for melanoma, diagnostic and prognostic tools, including recent advances in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics, and provides an overview of its therapy. Since the incidence of melanoma is rising and mortality remains unacceptably high, we discuss its inherent properties, including melanogenesis, that make this disease resilient to treatment and propose to use AI to solve the above complex and multidimensional problems. We provide an overview on vitamin D and its anticancerogenic properties, and report recent advances in this field that can provide solutions for the prevention and/or therapy of melanoma. Experimental papers and clinicopathological studies on the role of vitamin D status and signaling pathways initiated by its active metabolites in melanoma prognosis and therapy are reviewed. We conclude that vitamin D signaling, defined by specific nuclear receptors and selective activation by specific vitamin D hydroxyderivatives, can provide a benefit for new or existing therapeutic approaches. We propose to target vitamin D signaling with the use of computational biology and AI tools to provide a solution to the melanoma problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS—National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Wimalawansa SJ. Physiology of Vitamin D-Focusing on Disease Prevention. Nutrients 2024; 16:1666. [PMID: 38892599 PMCID: PMC11174958 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a crucial micronutrient, critical to human health, and influences many physiological processes. Oral and skin-derived vitamin D is hydroxylated to form calcifediol (25(OH)D) in the liver, then to 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) in the kidney. Alongside the parathyroid hormone, calcitriol regulates neuro-musculoskeletal activities by tightly controlling blood-ionized calcium concentrations through intestinal calcium absorption, renal tubular reabsorption, and skeletal mineralization. Beyond its classical roles, evidence underscores the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and reduction of the severity of diverse conditions such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders, infection, and cancer. Peripheral target cells, like immune cells, obtain vitamin D and 25(OH)D through concentration-dependent diffusion from the circulation. Calcitriol is synthesized intracellularly in these cells from these precursors, which is crucial for their protective physiological actions. Its deficiency exacerbates inflammation, oxidative stress, and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders and infections; deficiency also causes premature deaths. Thus, maintaining optimal serum levels above 40 ng/mL is vital for health and disease prevention. However, achieving it requires several times more than the government's recommended vitamin D doses. Despite extensive published research, recommended daily intake and therapeutic serum 25(OH)D concentrations have lagged and are outdated, preventing people from benefiting. Evidence suggests that maintaining the 25(OH)D concentrations above 40 ng/mL with a range of 40-80 ng/mL in the population is optimal for disease prevention and reducing morbidities and mortality without adverse effects. The recommendation for individuals is to maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/mL (125 nmol/L) for optimal clinical outcomes. Insights from metabolomics, transcriptomics, and epigenetics offer promise for better clinical outcomes from vitamin D sufficiency. Given its broader positive impact on human health with minimal cost and little adverse effects, proactively integrating vitamin D assessment and supplementation into clinical practice promises significant benefits, including reduced healthcare costs. This review synthesized recent novel findings related to the physiology of vitamin D that have significant implications for disease prevention.
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Collins L, Boehm E, Luxford C, Clifton‐Bligh R, Grill V. Hypervitaminosis D Secondary to a CYP24A1 Loss-of-Function Mutation: An Unusual Cause of Hypercalcemia in Two Siblings. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10788. [PMID: 37701149 PMCID: PMC10494500 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypervitaminosis D as a cause of hypercalcemia may be due to vitamin D intoxication, granulomatous diseases, or abnormalities of vitamin D metabolism. The CYP24A1 gene encodes for the 24-hydroxylase enzyme, which is responsible for the catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). Mutations in CYP24A1 can result in elevated 1,25(OH)2D causing parathyroid hormone (PTH)-independent hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis. We present the cases of two siblings exhibiting hypercalcemia secondary to a CYP24A1 loss-of-function mutation. Case 1 presented initially with PTH-dependent hypercalcemia, with localization of a left upper parathyroid adenoma on parathyroid technetium sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) uptake study. Despite parathyroidectomy (180 mg adenoma), hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and low normal PTH levels persisted. A repeat parathyroid 99mTc-MIBI uptake study localized a second adenoma and a right inferior parathyroidectomy was performed (170 mg adenoma). PTH subsequently became undetectable, however hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria persisted. A new presentation of PTH-independent hypercalcemia found to be secondary to a CYP24A1 loss-of-function mutation in his sibling, Case 2, signaled the underlying cause. Cascade testing confirmed both siblings were homozygous for the pathogenic variant c.1186C>T, p.Arg396Trp (R396W) of CYP24A1 (NM_000782.5). In clinical practice CYP24A1 loss-of-function mutations should be considered in patients presenting with PTH-independent hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and 1,25(OH)2D levels in the upper normal or elevated range. Although in our case assays of 24,25(OH)2D were not available, calculation of the 25(OH)D:24,25(OH)2D ratio can assist in the diagnostic process. Possible treatments to manage the risk of hypercalcemia in patients with a CYP24A1 loss-of-function mutation include avoidance of vitamin D oversupplementation and excessive sun exposure. Hydration and bisphosphonate therapy can be useful in managing the hypercalcemia. Although not utilized in our cases, treatment with ketoconazole, fluconazole, and rifampicin have been described as potential therapeutic options. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Collins
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesWestern HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Emma Boehm
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesWestern HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catherine Luxford
- Royal North Shore HospitalKolling InstituteSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Roderick Clifton‐Bligh
- Royal North Shore HospitalKolling InstituteSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of EndocrinologyRoyal North Shore HospitalSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vivian Grill
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesWestern HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Norlin M, Wikvall K. Enzymatic activation in vitamin D signaling - Past, present and future. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 742:109639. [PMID: 37196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D signaling is important in regulating calcium homeostasis essential for bone health but also displays other functions in cells of several tissues. Disturbed vitamin D signaling is linked to a large number of diseases. The multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing the different hydroxylations in bioactivation of vitamin D3 are crucial for vitamin D signaling and function. This review is focused on the progress achieved in identification of the bioactivating enzymes and their genes in production of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other active metabolites. Results obtained on species- and tissue-specific expression, catalytic reactions, substrate specificity, enzyme kinetics, and consequences of gene mutations are evaluated. Matters of incomplete understanding regarding the physiological roles of some vitamin D hydroxylases are critically discussed and the authors will give their view of the importance of each enzyme for vitamin D signaling. Roles of different vitamin D receptors and an alternative bioactivation pathway, leading to 20-hydroxylated vitamin D3 metabolites, are also discussed. Considerable progress has been achieved in knowledge of the vitamin D3 bioactivating enzymes. Nevertheless, several intriguing areas deserve further attention to understand the pleiotropic and diverse activities elicited by vitamin D signaling and the mechanisms of enzymatic activation necessary for vitamin D-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Wikvall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Tamura I, Tamura H, Kawamoto-Jozaki M, Shirafuta Y, Fujimura T, Doi-Tanaka Y, Mihara Y, Taketani T, Sugino N. Effects of Melatonin on the Transcriptome of Human Granulosa Cells, Fertilization and Blastocyst Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126731. [PMID: 35743171 PMCID: PMC9223589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a promising reagent that can improve assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in infertility patients. However, melatonin is not effective for all infertile patients, and it remains unclear for which patients melatonin would be effective. This study examined the effects of melatonin on ART outcomes and examined its mechanisms. Melatonin increased the fertilization rate in patients whose fertilization rates in the previous cycle were less than 50%, but not in patients whose fertilization rates were more than 50% in the previous cycle. Melatonin increased the blastocyst formation rate in patients whose embryo development rates in the previous cycle were less than 50%, but not in patients whose embryo development rates were more than 50% in the previous cycle. To clarify its mechanisms, transcriptome changes by melatonin treatment in granulosa cells (GCs) of the patients were examined by RNA-sequence. Melatonin treatment altered the transcriptomes of GCs of patients with poor ART outcomes so that they were similar to the transcriptomes of patients with good ART outcomes. The altered genes were associated with the inhibition of cell death and T-cell activity, and the activation of steroidogenesis and angiogenesis. Melatonin treatment was effective for patients with poor fertilization rates and poor embryo development rates in the previous ART cycle. Melatonin alters the GCs transcriptome and, thus, their functions, and this could improve the oocyte quality, leading to good ART outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2288; Fax: +81-836-22-2287
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Vitamin D and Phosphate Interactions in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:37-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Miller WL. Steroidogenic electron-transfer factors and their diseases. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26:138-148. [PMID: 34610701 PMCID: PMC8505039 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2142154.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most steroidogenesis disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoding the steroidogenic enzymes, but work in the past 20 years has identified related disorders caused by mutations in the genes encoding the cofactors that transport electrons from NADPH to P450 enzymes. Most P450s are microsomal and require electron donation by P450 oxidoreductase (POR); by contrast, mitochondrial P450s require electron donation via ferredoxin reductase (FdxR) and ferredoxin (Fdx). POR deficiency is the most common and best-described of these new forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Severe POR deficiency is characterized by the Antley-Bixler skeletal malformation syndrome and genital ambiguity in both sexes, and hence is easily recognized, but mild forms may present only with infertility and subtle disorders of steroidogenesis. The common POR polymorphism A503V reduces catalysis by P450c17 (17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) and the principal drugmetabolizing P450 enzymes. The 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17 requires the allosteric action of cytochrome b5, which promotes interaction of P450c17 with POR, with consequent electron transfer. Rare b5 mutations are one of several causes of 17,20-lyase deficiency. In addition to their roles with steroidogenic mitochondrial P450s, Fdx and FdxR participate in the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters used by many enzymes. Disruptions in the assembly of Fe-S clusters is associated with Friedreich ataxia and Parkinson disease. Recent work has identified mutations in FdxR in patients with neuropathic hearing loss and visual impairment, somewhat resembling the global neurologic disorders seen with mitochondrial diseases. Impaired steroidogenesis is to be expected in such individuals, but this has not yet been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Address for correspondence: Walter L. Miller Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
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Bakhamis S, Imtiaz F, Ramzan K, De Vol E, Al-Sagheir O, Al-Rajhi A, Alashwal A, Bin Abbas B, Sakati N, Al-Sagheir A. 25-Hydroxylase vitamin D deficiency in 27 Saudi Arabian subjects: a clinical and molecular report on CYP2R1 mutations. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:767-775. [PMID: 34137732 PMCID: PMC8346186 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency remains a major cause of rickets worldwide. Nutritional factors are the major cause and less commonly, inheritance causes. Recently, CYP2R1 has been reported as a major factor for 25-hydroxylation contributing to the inherited forms of vitamin D deficiency. We conducted a prospective cohort study at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to review cases with 25-hydroxylase deficiency and describe their clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic features. We analyzed 27 patients from nine different families who presented with low 25-OH vitamin D and not responding to usual treatment. Genetic testing identified two mutations: c.367+1G>A (12/27 patients) and c.768dupT (15/27 patients), where 18 patients were homozygous for their identified mutation and 9 patients were heterozygous. Both groups had similar clinical manifestations ranging in severity, but none of the patients with the heterozygous mutation had hypocalcemic manifestations. Thirteen out of 18 homozygous patients and all the heterozygous patients responded to high doses of vitamin D treatment, but they regressed after decreasing the dose, requiring lifelong therapy. Five out of 18 homozygous patients required calcitriol to improve their biochemical data, whereas none of the heterozygous patients and patients who carried the c.367+1G>A mutation required calcitriol treatment. To date, this is the largest cohort series analyzing CYP2R1-related 25-hydroxylase deficiency worldwide, supporting its major role in 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. It is suggested that a higher percentage of CYP2R1 mutations might be found in the Saudi population. We believe that our study will help in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of similar cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bakhamis
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward De Vol
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Al-Sagheir
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Rajhi
- Department of Orthopedics, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Bin Abbas
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Sakati
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Al-Sagheir
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence should be addressed to A AlSagheir:
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Werneke U, Gaughran F, Taylor DM. Vitamin D in the time of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic - a clinical review from a public health and public mental health perspective. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2021; 11:20451253211027699. [PMID: 34290856 PMCID: PMC8274110 DOI: 10.1177/20451253211027699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with serious mental disorders (SMD) may have a higher risk of vitamin D (VIT-D) deficiency. They also experience higher mortality because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Therefore, we have conducted a comprehensive review to examine the significance of VIT-D for public health and public mental health during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This review had three specific aims, from a global perspective to (a) create a profile of VIT-D and review the epidemiology of VIT-D deficiency, (b) explore VIT-D deficiency as risk factor for SMD and COVID-19 infections and (c) examine the effectiveness of VIT-D supplementation for both conditions. We found that, in terms of SMD, the evidence from laboratory and observational studies points towards some association between VIT-D deficiency and depression or schizophrenia. Mendelian randomisation studies, however, suggest no, or reverse, causality. The evidence from intervention studies is conflicting. Concerning COVID-19 infection, on proof of principle, VIT-D could provide a plausible defence against the infection itself and against an adverse clinical course. But data from observational studies and the first preliminary intervention studies remain conflicting, with stronger evidence that VIT-D may mitigate the clinical course of COVID-19 infection rather than the risk of infection in the first place. From a public health and public mental health point of view, based on the currently limited knowledge, for individuals with SMD, the benefits of VIT-D optimisation through supplementation seem to outweigh the risks. VIT-D supplementation, however, should not substitute for vaccination or medical care for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Werneke
- Sunderby Research Unit – Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College and National Psychosis Service, South London & the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David M. Taylor
- Maudsley Hospital, Pharmacy Department Denmark Hill, King’s College London and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, UK
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12
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Papadopoulou A, Bountouvi E, Karachaliou FE. The Molecular Basis of Calcium and Phosphorus Inherited Metabolic Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050734. [PMID: 34068220 PMCID: PMC8153134 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) hold a leading part in many skeletal and extra-skeletal biological processes. Their tight normal range in serum mirrors their critical role in human well-being. The signalling “voyage” starts at Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) localized on the surface of the parathyroid glands, which captures the “oscillations” of extracellular ionized Ca and transfers the signal downstream. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vitamin D, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF23) and other receptors or ion-transporters, work synergistically and establish a highly regulated signalling circuit between the bone, kidneys, and intestine to ensure the maintenance of Ca and P homeostasis. Any deviation from this well-orchestrated scheme may result in mild or severe pathologies expressed by biochemical and/or clinical features. Inherited disorders of Ca and P metabolism are rare. However, delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis may cost patient’s quality of life or even life expectancy. Unravelling the thread of the molecular pathways involving Ca and P signaling, we can better understand the link between genetic alterations and biochemical and/or clinical phenotypes and help in diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention.
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13
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Lee HJ, Shin C, Chun YS, Kim J, Jung H, Choung J, Shim SM. Physicochemical properties and bioavailability of naturally formulated fat-soluble vitamins extracted from agricultural products for complementary use for natural vitamin supplements. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5660-5672. [PMID: 33133568 PMCID: PMC7590293 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties, digestive stability, storage stability, and intestinal absorption of formulated natural vitamins (FNV) by mixing fat-soluble vitamins extracted from agricultural products with their synthetic vitamin (SYNV) counterparts using a 6 to 4 ratio (w:w, dry weight). The FNV A, D, E, and K were evenly dispersed without crystal growth in the dispersion specifications for the functional tablet foods. The FNV A, D, E, and K had 89, 73, 65, and 36% of the digestive recovery, respectively, which was comparable to that of the SYNV. FNV D, E, and K were retained over 77%, but rapidly decreased to 15% after 6 months during accelerated storage at 25 30 and 35℃. The comparable radical scavenging capacity was found between the FNV and the SYNV. Results from the current study suggest that fat-soluble vitamins extracted from agricultural products could be reasonable complementary use for natural vitamin supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologySejong UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Changho Shin
- Department of Sports ScienceSungkyunkwan UniversityGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Jongkyu Kim
- Aribio Co., Ltd.Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - Hansang Jung
- Department of Physical EducationKangnam UniversityGyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Soon Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologySejong UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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14
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Sun M, Wu X, Yu Y, Wang L, Xie D, Zhang Z, Chen L, Lu A, Zhang G, Li F. Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and the Proteomics/Metabolomics-Based Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576110. [PMID: 33015068 PMCID: PMC7511772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since calcium and phosphorus play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems, disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism always lead to severe consequences such as skeletal-related and cardiovascular morbidity, or even life-threatening. Physiologically, the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis is achieved via a variety of concerted actions of hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF23), which could be regulated mainly at three organs, the intestine, kidney, and bone. Disruption of any organ or factor might lead to disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Currently, lacking of accurate diagnostic approaches and unknown molecular basis of pathophysiology will result in patients being unable to receive a precise diagnosis and personalized treatment timely. Therefore, it is urgent to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and develop therapeutic strategies. Fortunately, proteomics and metabolomics offer promising tools to discover novel indicators and further understanding of pathological mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we will give a systematic introduction on PTH-1,25(OH)2D-FGF23 axis in the disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, diagnostic biomarkers identified, and potential altered metabolic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiheng Sun
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duoli Xie
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Disease, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangfei Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong.,Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Reactive Sterol Electrophiles: Mechanisms of Formation and Reactions with Proteins and Amino Acid Nucleophiles. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 2:390-417. [PMID: 35372835 PMCID: PMC8976181 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated lipid oxidation and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides has been a focal point in the investigation of a number of human pathologies. Lipid peroxidation has long been linked to the inflammatory response and more recently, has been identified as the central tenet of the oxidative cell death mechanism known as ferroptosis. The formation of lipid electrophile-protein adducts has been associated with many of the disorders that involve perturbations of the cellular redox status, but the identities of adducted proteins and the effects of adduction on protein function are mostly unknown. Both cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), which is the immediate biosynthetic precursor to cholesterol, are oxidizable by species such as ozone and oxygen-centered free radicals. Product mixtures from radical chain processes are particularly complex, with recent studies having expanded the sets of electrophilic compounds formed. Here, we describe recent developments related to the formation of sterol-derived electrophiles and the adduction of these electrophiles to proteins. A framework for understanding sterol peroxidation mechanisms, which has significantly advanced in recent years, as well as the methods for the study of sterol electrophile-protein adduction, are presented in this review.
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16
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Williams EAJ, Douard V, Sugimoto K, Inui H, Devime F, Zhang X, Kishida K, Ferraris RP, Fritton JC. Bone Growth is Influenced by Fructose in Adolescent Male Mice Lacking Ketohexokinase (KHK). Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:541-552. [PMID: 31996963 PMCID: PMC9466006 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fructose is metabolized in the cytoplasm by the enzyme ketohexokinase (KHK), and excessive consumption may affect bone health. Previous work in calcium-restricted, growing mice demonstrated that fructose disrupted intestinal calcium transport. Thus, we hypothesized that the observed effects on bone were dependent on fructose metabolism and took advantage of a KHK knockout (KO) model to assess direct effects of high plasma fructose on the long bones of growing mice. Four groups (n = 12) of 4-week-old, male, C57Bl/6 background, congenic mice with intact KHK (wild-type, WT) or global knockout of both isoforms of KHK-A/C (KHK-KO), were fed 20% glucose (control diet) or fructose for 8 weeks. Dietary fructose increased by 40-fold plasma fructose in KHK-KO compared to the other three groups (p < 0.05). Obesity (no differences in epididymal fat or body weight) or altered insulin was not observed in either genotype. The femurs of KHK-KO mice with the highest levels of plasma fructose were shorter (2%). Surprisingly, despite the long-term blockade of KHK, fructose feeding resulted in greater bone mineral density, percent volume, and number of trabeculae as measured by µCT in the distal femur of KHK-KO. Moreover, higher plasma fructose concentrations correlated with greater trabecular bone volume, greater work-to-fracture in three-point bending of the femur mid-shaft, and greater plasma sclerostin. Since the metabolism of fructose is severely inhibited in the KHK-KO condition, our data suggest mechanism(s) that alter bone growth may be related to the plasma concentration of fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edek A J Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Veronique Douard
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Hiroshi Inui
- Center for Research and Development of Bioresources & Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fabienne Devime
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xufei Zhang
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Kunihiro Kishida
- Department of Science and Technology On Food Safety, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J Christopher Fritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Grove School of Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Hall T401, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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17
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Zeisel SH. Precision (Personalized) Nutrition: Understanding Metabolic Heterogeneity. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:71-92. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
People differ in their requirements for and responses to nutrients and bioactive molecules in the diet. Many inputs contribute to metabolic heterogeneity (including variations in genetics, epigenetics, microbiome, lifestyle, diet intake, and environmental exposure). Precision nutrition is not about developing unique prescriptions for individual people but rather about stratifying people into different subgroups of the population on the basis of biomarkers of the above-listed sources of metabolic variation and then using this stratification to better estimate the different subgroups’ dietary requirements, thereby enabling better dietary recommendations and interventions. The hope is that we will be able to subcategorize people into ever-smaller groups that can be targeted in terms of recommendations, but we will never achieve this at the individual level, thus, the choice of precision nutrition rather than personalized nutrition to designate this new field. This review focuses mainly on genetically related sources of metabolic heterogeneity and identifies challenges that need to be overcome to achieve a full understanding of the complex interactions between the many sources of metabolic heterogeneity that make people differ from one another in their requirements for and responses to foods. It also discusses the commercial applications of precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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18
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-Alpha-Hydroxylase ( CYP27B1) Gene: The Risk of Malignant Tumors and Other Chronic Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030801. [PMID: 32197412 PMCID: PMC7146376 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
: Vitamin D is widely known for its roles in the promotion of apoptosis and differentiation, with simultaneous inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Modern literature lacks complete information on polymorphisms in CYP27B1, the only enzyme capable of vitamin D activation. This review presents gathered data that relate to genetic variants in CYP27B1 gene in correlation to multiple diseases, mostly concerning colorectal, prostate, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, as well as on other pathologies, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, oral lichen planus, or multiple sclerosis.
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19
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Underland L, Markowitz M, Gensure R. Calcium and Phosphate Hormones: Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23. Pediatr Rev 2020; 41:3-11. [PMID: 31894068 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Underland
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Morri Markowitz
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Robert Gensure
- Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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20
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Parsanathan R, Jain SK. Glutathione deficiency induces epigenetic alterations of vitamin D metabolism genes in the livers of high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14784. [PMID: 31616013 PMCID: PMC6794254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been correlating with low levels of glutathione (GSH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)VD3). The liver is the principal site for the 25(OH)VD3 biosynthesis. This study investigated whether GSH deficiency induces epigenetic alterations that impair Vitamin D (VD) metabolism genes in the livers of HFD-fed mice. The expression of the VD metabolism genes CYP2R1 and CYP27A1 (25-hydroxylase), CYP27B1 (1-α-hydroxylase), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were downregulated in the livers of mice fed an HFD (GSH- deficient) compared with control diet-fed group. The expression of CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) was significantly increased, which catabolizes both 25(OH)VD3 and 1α,25-hydroxyvitaminD3. Gene-specific hypermethylation of 25-hydroxylase, 1-α-hydroxylase, and VDR, and hypomethylation of CYP24A1 was observed in HFD-fed mice. GSH deficiency induced in cultured hepatocytes caused an increase in oxidative stress and alterations in VD regulatory genes. Similarly, elevated global DNA methylation, Dnmt activity, and 5-methylcytosine but decreased Tet activity and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were observed in the GSH-deficient hepatocytes and the liver of HFD-fed mice. Replenishment of GSH by its prodrugs treatment beneficially altered epigenetic enzymes, and VD-metabolism genes in hepatocytes. HFD-induces GSH deficiency and epigenetically alters VD-biosynthesis pathway genes. This provides a biochemical mechanism for the VD-deficiency and potential benefits of GSH treatment in reducing 25(OH)VD3-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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21
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Kim YM, Jang YY, Jeong JE, Park HJ, Jang JH, Kim JK. A case of vitamin D hydroxylation-deficient rickets type 1A caused by 2 novel pathogenic variants in CYP27B1 gene. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 24:137-141. [PMID: 31261480 PMCID: PMC6603605 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2019.24.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D hydroxylation-deficient rickets type 1A (VDDR1A, OMIM 264700) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder. Pathogenic variants in the CYP27B1 gene lead to loss of 1α-hydroxylase activity. We report the case of a 22-month-old toddler who presented with growth retardation and delayed development. The patient exhibited the typical laboratory findings of VDDR1A, including hypocalcemia (calcium: 5.2 mg/dL), elevated serum level of alkaline phosphatase (2,600 U/L), elevated serum level of intact-parathyroid hormone (238 pg/mL), low 1,25(OH)2D3 level (11.2 pg/mL), and normal 25(OH)D3 level (40.7 ng/mL). His height and weight were 76.5 cm and 9.5 kg, respectively (both <3rd percentile). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development II indicated significantly delayed development (mental development index <50, psychomotor development index <50). The patient was a compound heterozygous for two novel pathogenic variants in the CYP27B1 gene: c.57_69del (p.Glu20Profs*2) and c.171dupG (p.Leu58Alafs*275), inherited from his mother and father, respectively. The patient showed remarkable improvement after treatment with calcitriol and calcium carbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea,Address for correspondence: Jin-Kyung Kim, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17- gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea Tel: +82-53-650-4240 Fax: +82-53-621-4106 E-mail:
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22
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Vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020030. [PMID: 31083546 PMCID: PMC6627346 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in vitamin D research indicate that this vitamin, a secosteroid hormone, has beneficial effects on several body systems other than the musculoskeletal system. Both 25 dihydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)2D] and its active hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] are essential for human physiological functions, including damping down inflammation and the excessive intracellular oxidative stresses. Vitamin D is one of the key controllers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory function, and thus, the aging process in humans. In turn, molecular and cellular actions form 1,25(OH)2D slow down oxidative stress, cell and tissue damage, and the aging process. On the other hand, hypovitaminosis D impairs mitochondrial functions, and enhances oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. The interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with its intracellular receptors modulates vitamin D–dependent gene transcription and activation of vitamin D-responsive elements, which triggers multiple second messenger systems. Thus, it is not surprising that hypovitaminosis D increases the incidence and severity of several age-related common diseases, such as metabolic disorders that are linked to oxidative stress. These include obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, pregnancy complications, memory disorders, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, certain cancers, and systemic inflammatory diseases. Vitamin D adequacy leads to less oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial and endocrine functions, reducing the risks of disorders, such as autoimmunity, infections, metabolic derangements, and impairment of DNA repair; all of this aids a healthy, graceful aging process. Vitamin D is also a potent anti-oxidant that facilitates balanced mitochondrial activities, preventing oxidative stress-related protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. New understandings of vitamin D-related advances in metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, in relation to its ability to control oxidative stress in conjunction with micronutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants, following normalization of serum 25(OH)D and tissue 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, likely to promise cost-effective better clinical outcomes in humans.
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23
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Grant DJ, Manichaikul A, Alberg AJ, Bandera EV, Barnholtz‐Sloan J, Bondy M, Cote ML, Funkhouser E, Moorman PG, Peres LC, Peters ES, Schwartz AG, Terry PD, Wang X, Keku TO, Hoyo C, Berchuck A, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, O’Brien KM, Velez Edwards DR, Edwards TL, Beeghly‐Fadiel A, Wentzensen N, Pearce CL, Wu AH, Whittemore AS, McGuire V, Sieh W, Rothstein JH, Modugno F, Ness R, Moysich K, Rossing MA, Doherty JA, Sellers TA, Permuth‐Way JB, Monteiro AN, Levine DA, Setiawan VW, Haiman CA, LeMarchand L, Wilkens LR, Karlan BY, Menon U, Ramus S, Gayther S, Gentry‐Maharaj A, Terry KL, Cramer DW, Goode EL, Larson MC, Kaufmann SH, Cannioto R, Odunsi K, Etter JL, Huang R, Bernardini MQ, Tone AA, May T, Goodman MT, Thompson PJ, Carney ME, Tworoger SS, Poole EM, Lambrechts D, Vergote I, Vanderstichele A, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Anton‐Culver H, Ziogas A, Brenton JD, Bjorge L, Salvensen HB, Kiemeney LA, Massuger LFAG, Pejovic T, Bruegl A, Moffitt M, Cook L, Le ND, Brooks‐Wilson A, Kelemen LE, Pharoah PD, Song H, Campbell I, Eccles D, DeFazio A, Kennedy CJ, Schildkraut JM. Evaluation of vitamin D biosynthesis and pathway target genes reveals UGT2A1/2 and EGFR polymorphisms associated with epithelial ovarian cancer in African American Women. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2503-2513. [PMID: 31001917 PMCID: PMC6536963 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was previously reported in women of African ancestry (AA). We sought to examine associations between genetic variants in VDR and additional genes from vitamin D biosynthesis and pathway targets (EGFR, UGT1A, UGT2A1/2, UGT2B, CYP3A4/5, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, CYP11A1, and GC). Genotyping was performed using the custom-designed 533,631 SNP Illumina OncoArray with imputation to the 1,000 Genomes Phase 3 v5 reference set in 755 EOC cases, including 537 high-grade serous (HGSOC), and 1,235 controls. All subjects are of African ancestry (AA). Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We further evaluated statistical significance of selected SNPs using the Bayesian False Discovery Probability (BFDP). A significant association with EOC was identified in the UGT2A1/2 region for the SNP rs10017134 (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7, P = 1.2 × 10-6 , BFDP = 0.02); and an association with HGSOC was identified in the EGFR region for the SNP rs114972508 (per allele OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.6-3.4, P = 1.6 × 10-5 , BFDP = 0.29) and in the UGT2A1/2 region again for rs1017134 (per allele OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7, P = 2.3 × 10-5 , BFDP = 0.23). Genetic variants in the EGFR and UGT2A1/2 may increase susceptibility of EOC in AA women. Future studies to validate these findings are warranted. Alterations in EGFR and UGT2A1/2 could perturb enzyme efficacy, proliferation in ovaries, impact and mark susceptibility to EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delores J. Grant
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research ProgramJLC‐Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health GenomicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Anthony J. Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth Carolina
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Department of Population ScienceRutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew Jersey
| | - Jill Barnholtz‐Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University School of MedicineClevelandOhio
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences ProgramBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Michele L. Cote
- Department of Oncology and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Population Studies and Disparities Research ProgramWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichigan
| | - Ellen Funkhouser
- Division of Preventive MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabama
| | - Patricia G. Moorman
- Department of Community and Family MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Lauren C. Peres
- Center for Public Health GenomicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Edward S. Peters
- Epidemiology ProgramLouisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Public HealthNew OrleansLouisisana
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Department of Oncology and the Karmanos Cancer Institute Population Studies and Disparities Research ProgramWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichigan
| | - Paul D. Terry
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Tennessee Medical Center – KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTennessee
| | - Xin‐Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Temitope O. Keku
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Jack A. Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Katie M. O’Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina
| | - Digna R. Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Todd L. Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Alicia Beeghly‐Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology CenterInstitute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMaryland
| | - Celeste Leigh Pearce
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMichigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and PolicyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical Data ScienceStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and PolicyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Joseph H. Rothstein
- Department of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvania
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPennsylvania
- Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, Womens Cancer Research ProgramMagee‐Womens Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer InstitutePittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Roberta Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public HealthHoustonTexas
| | - Kirsten Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWashington
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Department of Population Health SciencesHuntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of SurgeryMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Pearlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNew York
| | | | - Christopher A. Haiman
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology ProgramUniversity of Hawaii Cancer CenterHawaii
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer ProgramSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC CTU at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and MethodologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Susan Ramus
- School of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of New South WalesNew South WalesAustralia
- The Kinghorn Cancer CentreGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon Gayther
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Translational GenomicsSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology CenterBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassauchusetts
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology CenterBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassauchusetts
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of EpidemiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Melissa C. Larson
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Departments of Medicine and PharmacologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesota
| | - Rikki Cannioto
- Cancer Pathology & Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population SciencesRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecological OncologyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - John L. Etter
- Department of Cancer Prevention and ControlRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Ruea‐Yea Huang
- Center For ImmunotherapyRoswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffaloNew York
| | - Marcus Q. Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Alicia A. Tone
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Taymaa May
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital, University Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and ControlSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCommunity and Population Health Research Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention and ControlSamuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Michael E. Carney
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyJohn A. Burns School of Medicine, University of HawaiiHonoluluHawaii
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Channing Division of Network MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIBLeuvenBelgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of OncologyUniversity of LeuvenBelgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adriaan Vanderstichele
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Hoda Anton‐Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, Center for Cancer Genetics Research & Prevention, School of MedicineUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCalifornia
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCalifornia
| | - James D. Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Line Bjorge
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Helga B. Salvensen
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Health SciencesNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud Institute for Molecular Life sciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Amanda Bruegl
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Melissa Moffitt
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Linda Cook
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Angela Brooks‐Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and KinesiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Hollings Cancer Center and Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth Carolina
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Strangeways Research laboratory, Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary CareUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Honglin Song
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Department of OncologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ian Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research DivisionPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Anna DeFazio
- Centre for Cancer ResearchThe Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Gynaecological OncologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine J. Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer ResearchThe Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Gynaecological OncologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Humphrey E, Clardy C. A Framework for Approaching Refractory Hypocalcemia in Children. Pediatr Ann 2019; 48:e208-e211. [PMID: 31067338 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20190423-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcemia is a potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance with complications that include seizures, tetany, prolonged QT interval, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure. In chi dren, persistent hypocalcemia can also be detrimental to bone growth and health. Therefore, it is important to recognize the many ways this electrolyte imbalance may present and determine its etiology. This article provides a framework for assessing hypocalcemia and describes in detail a case with a rare cause of refractory hypocalcemia. [Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(5):e208-e211.].
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Thakur M. Familial Vitamin D-dependent rickets Type 2A: A report of two cases with alopecia and oral manifestations. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:130-133. [PMID: 30967742 PMCID: PMC6421925 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_309_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickets is a metabolic bone disease that develops as a result of inadequate mineralization of growing bone due to disruption of calcium, phosphorus and/or Vitamin D metabolism. In addition, several rare genetic causes of rickets have also been described, which can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of genetic disorders of Vitamin D biosynthesis and action, such as Vitamin D-dependent rickets Type 1A, Type 1B, Type 2A (VDDR2A) and Type 2B. The second group involves genetic disorders of excessive renal phosphate loss (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets). VDDR2A is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the Vitamin D receptor gene, leading to end-organ resistance to 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3. It clinically represents growth retardation presenting in the 1st year of life and frequently associated with alopecia totalis, which differentiates it from VDDR Type 1. Due to target organ resistance, its response to Vitamin D is poor. We report two cases of familial VDDR2A, with alopecia and oral manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moni Thakur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
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26
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Huovinen J, Haj Hussain M, Niemelä M, Laaksonen S, Voipio HM, Jyrkäs J, Mannila J, Lassila T, Tolonen A, Turunen S, Bergmann U, Lehenkari P, Huhtakangas JA. Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular vitamin D analogue calcipotriol in sheep and metabolism in human synovial and mesenchymal stromal cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:172-184. [PMID: 30562554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcipotriol (MC903) is a side chain analogue of the biologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects on stromal cells, calcipotriol is a promising candidate for the local treatment of arthritis. In this preliminary work, we studied the pharmacokinetics and safety of calcipotriol after an IV (0.1 mg/kg given to one sheep) and intra-articular dose (0.054 mg/kg, 0.216 mg/kg and 0.560 mg/kg given to three sheep). The terminal half-life of calcipotriol was approximately 1 h after an IV dose. After intra-articular dosing, the systemic absorption was between 1 and 13% during the observed 24 h. Hypercalcemia or other clinical adverse effects did not occur in any animal during the study, and no macroscopic or microscopic alterations were seen in the synovium of the calcipotriol-injected knees compared to the vehicle knees. The in vitro metabolism of calcipotriol was analyzed with LC-MS from human synovial and mesenchymal stromal cell cultures. Both cell types were able to metabolize calcipotriol with MC1080 and MC1046 as the main metabolites. CYP24A1 transcripts were strongly induced by a 48-hour calcipotriol exposure in mesenchymal stromal cells, but not consistently in synovial stromal cells, as determined by RT-qPCR. Calcipotriol proved to be safe after a single intra-articular dose with applied concentrations, and it is metabolized by the cells of the joint. Slow dissolution of calcipotriol crystals in the joint can extend the pharmaceutical impact on the synovium, cartilage and subcortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Huovinen
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Maija Haj Hussain
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Niemelä
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Laaksonen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Laboratory Animal Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna-Marja Voipio
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Laboratory Animal Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sanna Turunen
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Lehenkari
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Division of Operative Care, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 10, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna A Huhtakangas
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, MRC, Oulu, P.O. Box 10, 90029 OYS, Finland
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27
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Abstract
Resistance to vitamin D has been known for decades as vitamin D resistant rickets, caused by mutations of the gene encoding for vitamin D receptor (VDR). Findings of extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D and learning of the molecular mechanisms used by its biologically active metabolite calcitriol revealed other ways leading to its impaired sensitivity. Calcitriol takes advantage of both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms through its binding to vitamin D receptor, located not only in the cell nuclei but also in a perinuclear space. On the genomic level the complex of calcitriol bound to VDR binds to the DNA responsive elements of the controlled gene in concert with another nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor, and expression of the VDR itself is controlled by its own ligand. These elements were found not only in the promotor region, but are scattered over the gene DNA. The gene expression includes a number of nuclear transcription factors which interact with the responsive elements and with each other and learning how they operate would further contribute to revealing causes of the impaired vitamin D sensitivity. Finally, the examples of major disorders are provided, associated with impairment of the vitamin D function and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Máčová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Jain SK, Parsanathan R, Achari AE, Kanikarla-Marie P, Bocchini JA. Glutathione Stimulates Vitamin D Regulatory and Glucose-Metabolism Genes, Lowers Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Increases 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Blood: A Novel Approach to Treat 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1792-1807. [PMID: 30160165 PMCID: PMC6208166 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VD] deficiency/inadequacy is a major public health issue affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide. A convincing association exists between low levels of circulating 25(OH)VD and the poor health outcomes associated with chronic diseases. However, high supraphysiological doses of VD are needed to achieve the required 25(OH)VD levels in the blood, because many subjects respond poorly to supplementation. RESULTS This study reports a link between 25(OH)VD deficiency and a reduction in glutathione (GSH) in obese adolescents. The improvement in GSH status that results from cosupplementation with VD and l-cysteine (LC; a GSH precursor) significantly reduced oxidative stress in a mouse model of 25(OH)VD deficiency. It also positively upregulated VD regulatory genes (VDBP/VD-25-hydroxylase/VDR) in the liver and glucose metabolism genes (PGC-1α/VDR/GLUT-4) in muscle, boosted 25(OH)VD, and reduced inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) levels in the blood compared with supplementation with VD alone. In vitro GSH deficiency caused increased oxidative stress and downregulation of VDBP/VD-25-hydroxylase/VDR and upregulation of CYP24a1 in hepatocytes and downregulation of PGC-1α/VDR/GLUT-4 in myotubes. This study demonstrates that improvement in the GSH status exerts beneficial effects on the blood levels of 25(OH)VD, as well as on the inflammation and IR in a VD-deficient mouse model. Thus, the VD supplements widely consumed by the public are unlikely to be successful unless the GSH status is also corrected. INNOVATION These studies demonstrate a previously undiscovered mechanism by which GSH status positively upregulates the bioavailability of 25(OH)VD. CONCLUSION Supplementation with a combination of VD and LC or GSH precursor, rather than supplementation with VD alone, is beneficial and helps achieve more successful VD supplementation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Rajesh Parsanathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Arunkumar E Achari
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Preeti Kanikarla-Marie
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Joseph A Bocchini
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
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30
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Wallace TC, Bultman S, D'Adamo C, Daniel CR, Debelius J, Ho E, Eliassen H, Lemanne D, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN, Tian Q, Vahdat LT. Personalized Nutrition in Disrupting Cancer - Proceedings From the 2017 American College of Nutrition Annual Meeting. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:1-14. [PMID: 30511901 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem and is the second leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide; nearly one in six deaths are attributable to cancer. Approximately 20% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States are attributable to unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and body fatness. Individual cancers are distinct disease states that are multifactorial in their causation, making them exceedingly cumbersome to study from a nutrition standpoint. Genetic influences are a major piece of the puzzle and personalized nutrition is likely to be most effective in disrupting cancer during all stages. Increasing evidence shows that after a cancer diagnosis, continuing standard dietary recommendations may not be appropriate. This is because powerful dietary interventions such as short-term fasting and carbohydrate restriction can disrupt tumor metabolism, synergizing with standard therapies such as radiation and drug therapy to improve efficacy and ultimately, cancer survival. The importance of identifying dietary interventions cannot be overstated, and the American College of Nutrition's commitment to advancing knowledge and research is evidenced by dedication of the 2017 ACN Annual Meeting to "Disrupting Cancer: The Role of Personalized Nutrition" and this resulting proceedings manuscript, which summarizes the meeting's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Wallace
- a Department of Nutrition and Food Studies , George Mason University , Fairfax, VA , USA.,b Think Healthy Group, Inc , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Scott Bultman
- c Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Chris D'Adamo
- d Departments of Family and Community Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health , Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Carrie R Daniel
- e Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Justine Debelius
- f Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Emily Ho
- g Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University
| | - Heather Eliassen
- h Channing Division of Network Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School.,i Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Dawn Lemanne
- j Department of Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson.,k National Institute of Integrative Medicine , Melbourne , Australia.,l Oregon Integrative Oncology , Ashland , Oregon
| | | | | | - Qiang Tian
- n Institute for Systems Biology, P4 Medicine Institute
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31
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Borges CC, Bringhenti I, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates the liver metabolism and inflammation in ovariectomized mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:878-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Agnello L, Scazzone C, Lo Sasso B, Ragonese P, Milano S, Salemi G, Ciaccio M. CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR-α Polymorphisms, Vitamin D, and Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:77-84. [PMID: 30088172 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Hypovitaminosis D seems to contribute to MS susceptibility as both an environmental and a genetic risk factor. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of SNPs in CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR- α genes, vitamin D status, and MS risk. We performed a nested case-control study on patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels and genotyping of CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR-α -SNPs were investigated both in MS patients and in healthy controls. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Molecular analysis was performed by real-time PCR. The distribution of genotypic and allelic frequencies was not significantly different between patients and controls, except for rs2248137 CYP24A1. In particular, CC genotype (C minor allele) showed a higher frequency in MS patients in comparison to healthy controls. Moreover, we observed significantly lower serum 25(OH)D3 levels in MS patients with CC genotype in comparison to MS patients with GG and GC genotype. The findings of our study suggest a role of rs2248137 CYP24A1 in multiple sclerosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ragonese
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Milano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy.
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Michałus I, Rusińska A. Rare, genetically conditioned forms of rickets: Differential diagnosis and advances in diagnostics and treatment. Clin Genet 2018; 94:103-114. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Michałus
- Department of Propedeutics Pediatrics and Bone Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - A. Rusińska
- Department of Propedeutics Pediatrics and Bone Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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Estrada DF. The cytochrome P450 24A1 interaction with adrenodoxin relies on multiple recognition sites that vary among species. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4167-4179. [PMID: 29371396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (P450s) are responsible for important metabolic reactions, including steps involved in steroid and vitamin D metabolism. The mitochondrial P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) is responsible for deactivation of the bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3. Its function relies on formation of a P450-redox partner complex with the ferredoxin and electron donor adrenodoxin (Adx). However, very little is known about how the Adx-CYP24A1 complex forms. In this study, we report the results of solution NMR in which we monitor isotopically labeled full-length Adx as it binds CYP24A1 in complex with the P450 inhibitor clotrimazole. The NMR titration data suggested a mode for P450-Adx interactions in which formation of the complex relies on contributions from multiple recognition sites on the Adx core domain, some of which have not previously been reported. To evaluate differences among CYP24A1-Adx complexes from different mammalian species and displaying distinct regioselectivity for 1,25(OH)2D3, all bound spectra were acquired in parallel for human (carbon-23 and -24 hydroxylase), rat (carbon-24 hydroxylase), and opossum (carbon-23 hydroxylase) CYP24A1 isoforms. Binding data from a series of single and double charge-neutralizing substitutions of Adx confirmed that species-specific CYP24A1 isoforms differ in binding to Adx, providing evidence that variations in redox partner interactions correlate with P450 regioselectivity. In summary, these findings reveal that CYP24A1-Adx interactions rely on several recognition sites and that variations in CYP24A1 isoforms modulate formation of the complex, thus providing insight into the variable and complex nature of mitochondrial P450-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernando Estrada
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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35
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Abstract
Rickets is a metabolic bone disease that develops as a result of inadequate mineralization of growing bone due to disruption of calcium, phosphorus and/or vitamin D metabolism. Nutritional rickets remains a significant child health problem in developing countries. In addition, several rare genetic causes of rickets have also been described, which can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of genetic disorders of vitamin D biosynthesis and action, such as vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1A (VDDR1A), vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1B (VDDR1B), vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2A (VDDR2A), and vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2B (VDDR2B). The second group involves genetic disorders of excessive renal phosphate loss (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets) due to impairment in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption as a result of FGF23-related or FGF23-independent causes. In this review, we focus on clinical, laboratory and genetic characteristics of various types of hereditary rickets as well as differential diagnosis and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Acar
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yufei Shi
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Department of Genetics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Rickets is a bone disease associated with abnormal serum calcium and phosphate levels. The clinical presentation is heterogeneous and depends on the age of onset and pathogenesis but includes bowing deformities of the legs, short stature and widening of joints. The disorder can be caused by nutritional deficiencies or genetic defects. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in vitamin D metabolism or action, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production or degradation, renal phosphate handling or bone mineralization have been identified. The prevalence of nutritional rickets has substantially declined compared with the prevalence 200 years ago, but the condition has been re-emerging even in some well-resourced countries; prematurely born infants or breastfed infants who have dark skin types are particularly at risk. Diagnosis is usually established by medical history, physical examination, biochemical tests and radiography. Prevention is possible only for nutritional rickets and includes supplementation or food fortification with calcium and vitamin D either alone or in combination with sunlight exposure. Treatment of typical nutritional rickets includes calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation, although instances infrequently occur in which phosphate repletion may be necessary. Management of heritable types of rickets associated with defects in vitamin D metabolism or activation involves the administration of vitamin D metabolites. Oral phosphate supplementation is usually indicated for FGF23-independent phosphopenic rickets, whereas the conventional treatment of FGF23-dependent types of rickets includes a combination of phosphate and activated vitamin D; an anti-FGF23 antibody has shown promising results and is under further study.
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Yoshikawa R, Yamamoto H, Nakahashi O, Kagawa T, Tajiri M, Nakao M, Fukuda S, Arai H, Masuda M, Iwano M, Takeda E, Taketani Y. The age-related changes of dietary phosphate responsiveness in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and renal Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 gene expression is associated with renal α-Klotho gene expression in mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 62:68-74. [PMID: 29371756 PMCID: PMC5773827 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relationship between age-related changes in renal α-Klotho gene expression, vitamin D metabolism and the responsiveness of dietary phosphate in 1, 2 and 13 month-old mice fed a high phosphate (phosphate 1.2%) diet or low phosphate (phosphate 0.02%) diet for 5 days. We found that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in plasma were significantly lower in the high phosphate group than the low phosphate group for 1 and 2 month-old mice, but not 13 month-old mice. In addition, in the high phosphate group plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were decreased in 2 month-old mice relative to 1 month-old mice, but 13 month-old mice had higher levels than 2 month-old mice. In fact, plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels showed a significant correlation with vitamin D metabolism gene Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 mRNA expression in the high phosphate group. Interestingly, renal α-Klotho mRNA and protein levels were significant change with age. Furthermore, α-Klotho mRNA expression showed a significant negative correlation with plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the high phosphate group. Our results suggest that age-related alterations in renal α-Klotho expression could affect the responsiveness of dietary phosphate to vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouhei Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jin-ai University, 3-1-1 Ohde-cho, Echizen-city, Fukui 915-8586, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Otoki Nakahashi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.,Division of Functional Food Chemistry, Institute for Health Science, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamahoji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kagawa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mari Tajiri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mari Nakao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shiori Fukuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Arai
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwano
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Eiji Takeda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Hobrath JV, Oak ASW, Tang EKY, Tieu EW, Li W, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM. Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as "biased" agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:42-56. [PMID: 27693422 PMCID: PMC5373926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical pathway of vitamin D activation follows the sequence D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3 with the final product acting on the receptor for vitamin D (VDR). An alternative pathway can be started by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of D3, primarily producing 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Some of these metabolites are hydroxylated by CYP27B1 at C1α, by CYP24A1 at C24 and C25, and by CYP27A1 at C25 and C26. The products of these pathways are biologically active. In the epidermis and/or serum or adrenals we detected 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 17,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20,22(OH)3D3, 20,24(OH)2D3, 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 20,25(OH)2D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3, 20,26(OH)2D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3. 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 are non-calcemic, while the addition of an OH at C1α confers some calcemic activity. Molecular modeling and functional assays show that the major products of the pathway can act as "biased" agonists for the VDR with high docking scores to the ligand binding domain (LBD), but lower than that of 1,25(OH)2D3. Importantly, cell based functional receptor studies and molecular modeling have identified the novel secosteroids as inverse agonists of both RORα and RORγ receptors. Specifically, they have high docking scores using crystal structures of RORα and RORγ LBDs. Furthermore, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 have been tested in a cell model that expresses a Tet-on RORα or RORγ vector and a RORE-LUC reporter (ROR-responsive element), and in a mammalian 2-hybrid model that test interactions between an LBD-interacting LXXLL-peptide and the LBD of RORα/γ. These assays demonstrated that the novel secosteroids have ROR-antagonist activities that were further confirmed by the inhibition of IL17 promoter activity in cells overexpressing RORα/γ. In conclusion, endogenously produced novel D3 hydroxy-derivatives can act both as "biased" agonists of the VDR and/or inverse agonists of RORα/γ. We suggest that the identification of large number of endogenously produced alternative hydroxy-metabolites of D3 that are biologically active, and of possible alternative receptors, may offer an explanation for the pleiotropic and diverse activities of vitamin D, previously assigned solely to 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/metabolism
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Vitamins/metabolism
- Vitamins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
| | | | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Moon RJ, Harvey NC, Cooper C, D’Angelo S, Curtis EM, Crozier SR, Barton SJ, Robinson SM, Godfrey KM, Graham NJ, Holloway JW, Bishop NJ, Kennedy S, Papageorghiou AT, Schoenmakers I, Fraser R, Gandhi SV, Prentice A, Inskip HM, Javaid MK. Response to Antenatal Cholecalciferol Supplementation Is Associated With Common Vitamin D-Related Genetic Variants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2941-2949. [PMID: 28575224 PMCID: PMC5546866 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to vitamin D metabolism have been associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, but these relationships have not been examined following antenatal cholecalciferol supplementation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether SNPs in DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and GC are associated with the response to gestational cholecalciferol supplementation. DESIGN Within-randomization group analysis of the Maternal Vitamin D Osteoporosis Study trial of antenatal cholecalciferol supplementation. SETTING Hospital antenatal clinics. PARTICIPANTS In total, 682 women of white ethnicity (351 placebo, 331 cholecalciferol) were included. SNPs at rs12785878 (DHCR7), rs10741657 (CYP2R1), rs6013897 (CYP24A1), and rs2282679 (GC) were genotyped. INTERVENTIONS 1000 IU/d cholecalciferol from 14 weeks of gestation until delivery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE 25(OH)D at randomization and 34 weeks of gestation were measured in a single batch (Liaison; Diasorin, Dartford, UK). Associations between 25(OH)D and the SNPs were assessed by linear regression using an additive model [β represents the change in 25(OH)D per additional common allele]. RESULTS Only rs12785878 (DHCR7) was associated with baseline 25(OH)D [β = 3.1 nmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0 to 5.2 nmol/L; P < 0.004]. In contrast, rs10741657 (CYP2R1) (β = -5.2 nmol/L; 95% CI, -8.2 to -2.2 nmol/L; P = 0.001) and rs2282679 (GC) (β = 4.2 nmol/L; 95% CI, 0.9 to 7.5 nmol/L; P = 0.01) were associated with achieved 25(OH)D status following supplementation, whereas rs12785878 and rs6013897 (CYP24A1) were not. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in DHCR7, which encodes 7-dehyrocholesterol reductase in the epidermal vitamin D biosynthesis pathway, appears to modify baseline 25(OH)D. In contrast, the response to antenatal cholecalciferol supplementation was associated with SNPs in CYP2R1, which may alter 25-hydroxylase activity, and GC, which may affect vitamin D binding protein synthesis or metabolite affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Moon
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospitals Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Harvey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania D’Angelo
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Curtis
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. Crozier
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila J. Barton
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sian M. Robinson
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Nikki J. Graham
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bishop
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Aris T. Papageorghiou
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Inez Schoenmakers
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Fraser
- Sheffield Hospitals National Health Service Trust (University of Sheffield), Sheffield S10 2SF, United Kingdom
| | - Saurabh V. Gandhi
- Sheffield Hospitals National Health Service Trust (University of Sheffield), Sheffield S10 2SF, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Prentice
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M. Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - M. Kassim Javaid
- National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
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40
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Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. J Transl Med 2017; 97:706-724. [PMID: 28218743 PMCID: PMC5446295 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB), in addition to having carcinogenic activity, is required for the production of vitamin D3 (D3) in the skin which supplies >90% of the body's requirement. Vitamin D is activated through hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylases (CYP2R1 or CYP27A1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to produce 1,25(OH)2D3, or through the action of CYP11A1 to produce mono-di- and trihydroxy-D3 products that can be further modified by CYP27B1, CYP27A1, and CYP24A1. The active forms of D3, in addition to regulating calcium metabolism, exert pleiotropic activities, which include anticarcinogenic and anti-melanoma effects in experimental models, with photoprotection against UVB-induced damage. These diverse effects are mediated through an interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or as most recently demonstrated through action on retinoic acid orphan receptors (ROR)α and RORγ. With respect to melanoma, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with thicker tumors and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDP) genes affect melanomagenesis or disease outcome. Clinicopathological analyses have shown positive correlation between low or undetectable expression of VDR and/or CYP27B1 in melanoma with tumor progression and shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Paradoxically, this correlation was reversed for CYP24A1 (inactivating 24-hydroxylase), indicating that this enzyme, while inactivating 1,25(OH)2D3, can activate other forms of D3 that are products of the non-canonical pathway initiated by CYP11A1. An inverse correlation has been found between the levels of RORα and RORγ expression and melanoma progression and disease outcome. Therefore, we propose that defects in vitamin D signaling including D3 activation/inactivation, and the expression and activity of the corresponding receptors, affect melanoma progression and the outcome of the disease. The existence of multiple bioactive forms of D3 and alternative receptors affecting the behavior of melanoma should be taken into consideration when applying vitamin D management for melanoma therapy.
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41
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Penna-Martinez M, Badenhoop K. Inherited Variation in Vitamin D Genes and Type 1 Diabetes Predisposition. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040125. [PMID: 28425954 PMCID: PMC5406872 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes remain largely elusive with no established concepts for a causal therapy. Efforts to clarify genetic susceptibility and screening for environmental factors have identified the vitamin D system as a contributory pathway that is potentially correctable. This review aims at compiling all genetic studies addressing the vitamin D system in type 1 diabetes. Herein, association studies with case control cohorts are presented as well as family investigations with transmission tests, meta-analyses and intervention trials. Additionally, rare examples of inborn errors of vitamin D metabolism manifesting with type 1 diabetes and their immune status are discussed. We find a majority of association studies confirming a predisposing role for vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and those of the vitamin D metabolism, particularly the CYP27B1 gene encoding the main enzyme for vitamin D activation. Associations, however, are tenuous in relation to the ethnic background of the studied populations. Intervention trials identify the specific requirements of adequate vitamin D doses to achieve vitamin D sufficiency. Preliminary evidence suggests that doses may need to be individualized in order to achieve target effects due to pharmacogenomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Zalewski A, Ma NS, Legeza B, Renthal N, Flück CE, Pandey AV. Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets Type 1 Caused by Mutations in CYP27B1 Affecting Protein Interactions With Adrenodoxin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3409-18. [PMID: 27399352 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT CYP27B1 converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, playing a vital role in calcium homeostasis and bone growth. Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 (VDDR-1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in CYP27B1. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was an enzymatic and structural analysis of mutations in a patient with calcipenic rickets. Design, Setting, Patient, and Intervention: Two siblings presented with calcipenic rickets and normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels. CYP27B1 gene analysis showed compound heterozygous mutations confirming VDDR-1. We studied wild-type CYP27B1 and mutations H441Y and R459L by computational homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and functional studies using a luciferase assay. The patients were successfully treated with calcitriol. MAIN OUTCOME The main outcomes of the study were novel mutations leading to a severe loss of CYP27B1 activities for metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. RESULTS Mitochondrial cytochrome P450s require adrenodoxin (FDX1) and adrenodoxin reductase. We created models of CYP27B1-FDX1 complex, which revealed negative effects of mutations H441Y and R459L. Upon structural analysis, near-identical folds, protein contact areas, and orientations of heme/iron-sulfur cluster suggested that both mutations may destabilize the CYP27B1-FDX1 complex by negating directional interactions with adrenodoxin. This system is highly sensitive to small local changes modulating the binding/dissociation of adrenodoxin, and electron-transporting efficiency might change with mutations at the surface. Functional assays confirmed this hypothesis and showed severe loss of activity of CYP27B1 by both mutations. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of mutations in CYP27B1 causing VDDR-1 by affecting protein-protein interactions with FDX1 that results in reduced CYP27B1 activities. Detailed characterization of mutations in CYP27B1 is required for understanding the novel molecular mechanisms causing VDDR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zalewski
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Nina S Ma
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Balazs Legeza
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Nora Renthal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism (A.Z., B.L., C.E.F., A.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, and Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; and Division of Endocrinology (N.S.M., N.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Midzak A, Papadopoulos V. Adrenal Mitochondria and Steroidogenesis: From Individual Proteins to Functional Protein Assemblies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:106. [PMID: 27524977 PMCID: PMC4965458 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is critical for physiological function as the central site of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis. It possesses a great degree of specialized compartmentalization at multiple hierarchical levels, ranging from the tissue down to the molecular levels. In this paper, we discuss this functionalization, beginning with the tissue zonation of the adrenal cortex and how this impacts steroidogenic output. We then discuss the cellular biology of steroidogenesis, placing special emphasis on the mitochondria. Mitochondria are classically known as the "powerhouses of the cell" for their central role in respiratory adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and attention is given to mitochondrial electron transport, in both the context of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial steroid metabolism. Building on work demonstrating functional assembly of large protein complexes in respiration, we further review research demonstrating a role for multimeric protein complexes in mitochondrial cholesterol transport, steroidogenesis, and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact. We aim to highlight with this review the shift in steroidogenic cell biology from a focus on the actions of individual proteins in isolation to the actions of protein assemblies working together to execute cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Midzak
- Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Andrew Midzak, ; Vassilios Papadopoulos,
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Andrew Midzak, ; Vassilios Papadopoulos,
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