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Gómez M, Grimes S, Fowler G. Development of complete hydrometallurgical processes for gold recovery from ICs and CPUs using ionic liquids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 362:121306. [PMID: 38833918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Integrated circuits (ICs) and central processing units (CPUs), essential components of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), are complex composite materials rich in recyclable high-value strategic and critical metals, with many in concentrations higher than in their natural ores. With gold the most valuable metal present, increase in demand for gold for EEE and its limited availability have led to a steep rise in the market price of gold, making gold recycling a high priority to meet demand. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional technologies for recycling e-waste, the use of greener technologies (ionic liquids (ILs) as leaching agents), offers greater potential for the recovery of gold from e-waste components. While previous studies have demonstrated the efficiency and feasibility of using ILs for gold recovery, these works predominantly concentrate on the extraction stage and often utilise simulated solutions, lacking the implementation of a complete process validated with real samples to effectively assess its overall effectiveness. In this work, a simulated Model Test System was used to determine the optimal leaching and extraction conditions before application to real samples. With copper being the most abundant metal in the e-waste fractions, to access the gold necessitated a two-stage pre-treatment (nitric acid leaching followed by aqua regia leaching) to ensure complete removal of copper and deliver a gold-enriched leach liquor. Gold extraction from the leach liquor was achieved by liquid-liquid extraction using Cyphos 101 (0.1 M in toluene with an O:A = 1:1, 20 °C, 150 rpm, and 15 min) and as a second process by sorption extraction with loaded resins (Amberlite XAD-7 with 300 mg of Cyphos 101/g of resins at 20 °C, 150 rpm and 3 h). In both processes, complete stripping and desorption of gold was achieved (0.5 M thiourea in 0.5 M HCl) and gold recovered, as nanoparticles of purity ≥95%, via a reduction step using a sodium borohydride solution (0.1 M NaBH4 in 0.1 M NaOH). These two hydrometallurgical processes developed can achieve overall efficiencies of ≥95% for gold recovery from real e-waste components, permit the reuse of the IL and resins up to five consecutive times, and offer a promising approach for recovery from any e-waste stream rich in gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Gómez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sue Grimes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Fowler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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2
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Shang G, Dong H, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Chen T, He Y, He H, Li W, Deng X, Nie Z, Zhao S. A Triazine Membrane for Sustainable Acquisition of Au(III) from Wastewater. Molecules 2024; 29:2051. [PMID: 38731541 PMCID: PMC11085286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The recovery of Au(III) from solution using adsorbents in the form of granules or powders is challenging due to issues such as instability during the recovery process or mass loss caused by small particle size. This study introduces a PEI-TCT/PVDF composite membrane designed to intercept and capture Au(III) in wastewater. Experimental results demonstrated that the PEI-TCT/PVDF membrane exhibits a broad pH range (1-8) and a high retention efficiency for Au(III) of 97.8%, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 294.5 mg/g. The mechanism of Au(III) adsorption on the PEI-TCT/PVDF membrane was mainly through electrostatic adsorption, which caused AuCl4- to aggregate on the surface of the membrane and gradually reduced to Au0 and Au+. Furthermore, the membrane can be entirely regenerated within 20 min and maintains its performance in subsequent adsorption cycles. This study highlights the potential of PEI-TCT/PVDF membranes for the recovery of precious Au(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Haonan Dong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Conghuan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Ting Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yunhua He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Hongxing He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Weili Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zhifeng Nie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; (G.S.); (W.L.); (Z.N.)
| | - Sibiao Zhao
- Kunming Institute for Food and Drug Control, Kunming 650034, China;
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3
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Hu B, Yang M, Huang H, Song Z, Tao P, Wu Y, Tang K, Chen X, Yang C. Triazine-crosslinked polyethyleneimine for efficient adsorption and recovery of gold from wastewater. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Kumari R, Samadder SR. A critical review of the pre-processing and metals recovery methods from e-wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115887. [PMID: 35933880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
E-wastes being potential sources of numerous valuable metals are promoted to undergo recycling and recovery under the umbrella of urban mining and circular economy. Thus, the present study provides a critical review of the technological details of different metal recycling processes, pre-treatment methods, and the advancements made in these techniques. Critical evaluation of different metal recovery techniques has also been presented based on the available life cycle assessment (LCA), techno-economic, and industrial-scale studies. The study revealed that the integrated metal recovery techniques serve better in terms of recovery efficiency and environmental performance than any single recovery technique. Also, scaling up of biometallurgical, electrochemical, and super critical fluid extraction methods needs to be promoted due to their better environmental performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Sukha Ranjan Samadder
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
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Lin X, Tran DT, Song MH, Yun YS. Development of quaternized polyethylenimine-cellulose fibers for fast recovery of Au(CN) 2- in alkaline wastewater: Kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126940. [PMID: 34419850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to fabricate quaternized polyethylenimine-cellulose fibers (QPCFs) for the fast recovery of Au(I) from alkaline e-waste leachate. QPCFs were prepared by quaternizing PEI-modified cellulose fibers using a (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride solution. The maximum Au(I) adsorption capacity of QPCFs was estimated to be 109.87 ± 3.67 mg/g at pH 9.5 using the Langmuir model. The values of k1 and k2 calculated by the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order models were 1.79 ± 0.15 min-1 and 0.045 ± 0.003 g/mg min, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 5 min. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the Au(I) adsorption process by the QPCFs was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and exothermic (ΔH° < 0). The characterization and adsorption mechanism of QPCFs were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. Quaternary amine sites were well developed in the QPCFs. Oxidation or reduction of adsorbed Au(I) was not observed. When QPCFs were applied to the solution obtained by bioleaching of e-waste, the recovery efficiencies of Au and Cu were 61.7 ± 3.1% and 11.1 ± 2.9%, respectively, indicating that QPCFs have Au selectivity. Therefore, QPCFs are suitable for actual wastewater applications because of their high adsorption performance and fast adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lin
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Duy Tho Tran
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea.
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University (formerly Chonbuk National University), Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea.
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6
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Yaashikaa PR, Priyanka B, Senthil Kumar P, Karishma S, Jeevanantham S, Indraganti S. A review on recent advancements in recovery of valuable and toxic metals from e-waste using bioleaching approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132230. [PMID: 34826922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review is intent on the environmental pollution generated from printed circuit boards and the methods employed to retrieve valuable and hazardous metals present in the e-wastes. Printed circuit boards are the key components in the electronic devices and considered as huge e-pollutants in polluting our surroundings and the environment as a whole. Composing of toxic heavy metals, it causes serious health effects to the plants, animals and humans in the environment. A number of chemical, biological and physical approaches were carried out to recover the precious metals and to remove the hazardous metals from the environment. Chemical leaching is one of the conventional PCBs recycling methods which was carried out by using different organic solvents and chemicals. Need of high cost for execution, generation of secondary wastes in the conventional methods, forces to discover the advanced recycling methods such as hydrometallurgical, bio-metallurgical and bioleaching processes to retrieve the valuable metals generate through e-wastes. Among them, bioleaching process gain extra priority due to its higher efficiency of metal recovery from printed circuit boards. There are different classes of microorganisms have been utilized for precious metal recovery from the PCBs through bioleaching process such as chemolithoautotrophy, heterotrophy and different fungal species including Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. The current status and scope for further studies in printed circuit boards recycling are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - B Priyanka
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - S Karishma
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - S Jeevanantham
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Sravya Indraganti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India
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7
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Ultrahigh and selective adsorption of Au(III) by rich sulfur and nitrogen-bearing cellulose microspheres and their applications in gold recovery from gold slag leaching solution. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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E-waste management: A review of recycling process, environmental and occupational health hazards, and potential solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Cyganowski P. Fully recyclable gold-based nanocomposite catalysts with enhanced reusability for catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Cyganowski P, Dzimitrowicz A. A Mini-Review on Anion Exchange and Chelating Polymers for Applications in Hydrometallurgy, Environmental Protection, and Biomedicine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E784. [PMID: 32252240 PMCID: PMC7240740 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing demand for technologies aiming to resolve challenges of separations and environmental protection causes a sharp increase in the demand for ion exchange (IX) and chelating polymers. These unique materials can offer target-selective adsorption properties vital for the removal or recovery of harmful and precious materials, where trace concentrations thereof make other techniques insufficient. Hence, recent achievements in syntheses of IX and chelating resins designed and developed in our research group are discussed within this mini-review. The aim of the present work is to reveal that, due to the diversified and unique physiochemical characteristics of the proposed materials, they are not limited to traditional separation techniques and could be used in multifunctional areas of applications, including catalysis, heat management, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cyganowski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dzimitrowicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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11
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Cyganowski P. Synthesis of Adsorbents with Anion Exchange and Chelating Properties for Separation and Recovery of Precious Metals – A Review. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1720117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cyganowski
- Department of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Rao MD, Singh KK, Morrison CA, Love JB. Challenges and opportunities in the recovery of gold from electronic waste. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4300-4309. [PMID: 35495234 PMCID: PMC9049023 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07607g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid global technological development has led to the rising production of electronic waste that presents both challenges and opportunities in its recycling. In this review, we highlight the value of metal resources in the printed circuit boards (PCBs) commonly found in end-of-life electronics, the differences between primary (ore) mining applications and secondary (‘urban’) mining, and the variety of metallurgical separations, in particular those that have the potential to selectively and sustainably recover gold from waste PCBs. Rapid global technological development has led to the rising production of electronic waste that presents both challenges and opportunities in its recycling.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudila Dhanunjaya Rao
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Kamalesh K. Singh
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Joseph Black Building
- The King's Buildings
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Joseph Black Building
- The King's Buildings
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
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13
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Zhang W, Wu L, Han X, Yao L, Zhao S, Sun J, Xu Y, Li J, Xiong C. Green chemical synthesis of new chelating fiber and its mechanism for recovery gold from aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120674. [PMID: 31301556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel environmentally-friendly polyacrylonitrile-2-amino-2-thiazoline chelating fiber (PANF-ATL) with good adsorption performance and thermal stability was synthesized in one step by nucleophilic addition reaction using water as a solvent. The optimum synthesis conditions for the chelating fibers are determined by controlling the synthesis temperature and the molar ratio of the reagents. The sulfur content and functional group capacity of the finally synthesized PANF-ATL were 3.82% and 1.19 mmol/g, respectively. PANF-ATL was characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, TGA, SEM and XPS. Meanwhile, the adsorption characteristics and mechanism of PANF-ATL were evaluated. The Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model well described the adsorption of Au(Ⅲ) by PANF-ATL. The adsorption capacity of PANF-ATL obtained from Langmuir isotherm model towards Au(Ⅲ) was 130.58 mg/g (298 K). In addition, Au(Ⅲ) adsorbed on the fibers was completely eluted using a mixed solution of 4 mol/L HCl and 12% thiourea. It still has good adsorption performance after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, PANF-ATL is a cost-effective adsorbent that can effectively adsorb Au(Ⅲ) in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Lanying Yao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Shengze Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Jionghui Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Chunhua Xiong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, No.149 Jiaogong Road, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China.
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Silva MSBD, Melo RACD, Lopes-Moriyama AL, Souza CP. Electrochemical extraction of tin and copper from acid leachate of printed circuit boards using copper electrodes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:410-417. [PMID: 31200175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents new results for the recycling of electronic waste, specifically those from printed circuit boards (PCBs) of obsolete computers of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The main objective of this study is the comprehension of the extraction process of tin and cop per from PCBs by a hydrometallurgical route followed by electrodeposition using copper electrodes. PCBs powder were leached using 1N HNO3 and 3N HCl (aqua regia) aqueous solutions. The process permitted the extraction of all tin present on the PCBs. The electrodeposition processes were performed with currents from 0.5 to 1.5 A, at a constant time of 60 min, with and without mechanical stirring, and with different concentrations of leachate. The results showed that diluting the leachate favors the extraction of tin from the solution. At certain conditions we were able to extract approximately 100% of the tin, copper and lead present in the leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S B da Silva
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Central, CEP, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Raffael A C de Melo
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Central, CEP, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - André L Lopes-Moriyama
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Central, CEP, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Carlson P Souza
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte - UFRN, Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia Química, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho S/N, Campus Central, CEP, 59078-970, Brazil.
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15
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Cyganowski P, Lesniewicz A, Dzimitrowicz A, Wolska J, Pohl P, Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak D. Molecular reactors for synthesis of polymeric nanocomposites with noble metal nanoparticles for catalytic decomposition of 4-nitrophenol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 541:226-233. [PMID: 30690266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS A new, facile in-situ method for synthesis of polymeric nanocomposites (NCs) with nanoparticles (NPs) of Au, Pt and Pd is proposed. The method involves reduction-coupled sorption of Au(III), Pt(VI), and Pd(II), which avoids diffusion limitations, allowing the precipitation and stabilization of the NPs directly in the polymeric matrix. EXPERIMENTS The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). NPs loaded into polymers were also investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). FINDINGS Based on the results, it was concluded that the amino functionalities simultaneously reduced noble metals ions and capped the NPs. The average diameter of the obtained AuNPs ranged from 25 to 109 nm, while reduction-coupled sorption was carried out in 1 and 3 mol L-1 HCl solutions, respectively. Applying a 0.1 mol L-1 HCl solution containing Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(VI), a NC with AuNPs and cubic-like PdNPs was fabricated, while using a solution of the same composition, but in 3 mol L-1 HCl, resulted in formation of a NC with flower-like PtNPs. Ultimately, the selected NC based on a resin with functionalities derived from 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine and with bi-metallic active sites, i.e. AuNPs and PdNPs, revealed catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cyganowski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Lesniewicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dzimitrowicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Wolska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Cyganowski P, Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak D. Experimental review of microwave-assisted methods for synthesis of functional resins for sorption of rhenium(VII). SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2018.1496603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cyganowski
- Division of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Lin G, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu T, Peng J, Cheng S, Fu L. Synthesis and evaluation of thiosemicarbazide functionalized corn bract for selective and efficient adsorption of Au(III) from aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Polymerization-Driven Immobilization of dc-APGD Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles into a Quaternary Ammonium-Based Hydrogel Resulting in a Polymeric Nanocomposite with Heat-Transfer Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040377. [PMID: 30966412 PMCID: PMC6415246 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method for the production of nanocomposites, composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride-co-N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (VBTAC-co-MBA) hydrogel, is described. Raw-AuNPs of defined optical and granulometric properties were synthesized using direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD) generated in contact with a solution of HAuCl4. Different approaches to the polymerization-driven synthesis of Au/VBTAC-co-MBA nanocomposites were tested. It was established that homogenous dispersion of AuNPs in this new nanomaterial with was achieved in the presence of NaOH in the reaction mixture. The new nanocomposite was found to have excellent heat-transfer properties.
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Cyganowski P, Leśniewicz A, Polowczyk I, Chęcmanowski J, Koźlecki T, Pohl P, Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak D. Surface-activated anion exchange resins for synthesis and immobilization of gold and palladium nano- and microstructures. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wolska J, Cyganowski P, Koźlecki T. Fine polymer imprinted layers for the monitoring of bisphenol A in aqueous solutions. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1385627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wolska
- Division of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Cyganowski
- Division of Polymer and Carbonaceous Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Koźlecki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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