Telemedicine in Pediatric Sleep

The Role of Telemedicine in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS): A Review of the Literature

The advent of telemedicine marked a significant turning point in the healthcare landscape, introducing a revolutionary approach to the delivery of medical care. Digital technologies easily connect health professionals and patients, overcoming geographical and temporal barriers. Telemedicine has been used for sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) since the mid-1990s. In adult patients with OSAS, telemedicine is helpful both for consultation and diagnosis, the latter obtained through remote recordings of oxygen saturation and further parameters registered with telemonitored respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography. Remote monitoring can be used to follow up the patient and verify adherence to daily treatments including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In children, studies on the role of telemedicine in OSAS are scarce. This narrative review aims to describe the application of telemedicine in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), assessing its advantages and disadvantages. In patients with OSA, telemedicine is applicable at every stage of patient management, from diagnosis to treatment monitoring also in pediatric and adolescent ages. While telemedicine offers convenience and accessibility in healthcare delivery, its application in managing OSAS could be associated with some disadvantages, including limitations in physical examination, access to diagnostic tools, and education and counseling; technology barriers; and privacy concerns. The adoption of a hybrid approach, integrating both in-office and virtual appointments, could effectively meet the needs of children with OSAS. However, more studies are needed to fully assess the effectiveness and safety of telemedicine in the pediatric population.

The Ongoing Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Obesity

In the developed world, pediatric obesity (PO) has been a major health concern since the last century, and this condition may lead to detrimental life-long physical and mental comorbidities. Currently, its prevalence has increased in low- and middle-income countries and in many high-income countries. Thus, the provision of effective and tailored care for children and their families has become vital. The social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are known everywhere, and among these, it has been argued that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on PO. Overall, the growth of PO over the last decade has been enhanced by the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, children, adolescents and young adults gained weight as the pediatric population dealt with sedentary lifestyles and changes in food habits. In this review, we want to highlight the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on PO.

Telehealth parent training for sleep disturbances in young children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Young children with autism spectrum disorder (autism) have bedtime and sleep disturbances at much higher frequency and persistency than their neurotypical counterparts. Hence, access to early, effective treatment is critical in view of the importance of sleep in early childhood. Telehealth delivery could be a means to expand access to such early treatment if efficacious. The aim of this randomized control trial (RCT) was to compare a manualized, telehealth delivered, behaviorally based sleep parent training (SPT) intervention for parents of young children with autism and sleep disturbances to a control condition, a telehealth delivered parent education program with one sleep focused session (SPE). We hypothesized that the SPT group would show more improvements on child measures of sleep outcome measures, and daytime behaviors and parent measures of stress and sense of competence. We further aimed to explore the overall feasibility of telehealth delivery of SPT and SPE.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS

Parents of 77 young children, ages 2-7 years, with autism and co-occurring sleep disturbances were enrolled in this study. Participants were randomized to either SPT or a comparison arm that included non-sleep related parent education except for one session. Each participant was individually administered a 5 session program delivered over 10 weeks. Outcome measures, including child sleep measures, child daytime behavior and parent stress and sense of competency were collected at weeks 5 and 10 after the baseline time point. Feasibility indicators (treatment fidelity, parent adherence, and parent attendance), and safety measures were also collected.

RESULTS

Of 77 randomized participants, data were available for 36 participants randomized to SPT and 38 participants randomized to SPE. The mean age was 3 years, 8 months. Results support the efficacy of this manualized SPT intervention for bedtime and sleep disturbances. Sleep outcome measures were significantly improved in the SPT group compared to SPE on the Modified Simonds & Parraga Sleep Questionnaire-Composite Sleep Index (MSPSQ - CSI) (p < 0.001) with a large effect size of 0.83 at week 10. Positive response to treatment, as determined from the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale (CGI-I) at week 10 was observed in 56% of SPT participants compared to 32% in SPE (p = 0.037). There were no significant group differences in either the ABC-I as measure of daytime behaviors or in parental stress. There were group differences in favor of SPT over SPE on the PSOC, a measure of parent sense of competency. Feasibility and safety were further demonstrated with telehealth delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

This RCT demonstrated the efficacy of a telehealth delivered parent training intervention for bedtime and sleep disturbances in young autistic children compared to an active control condition. Further, parents in SPT reported more confidence in their parenting role than those in the SPE group, but SPT did not result in overall decreases in parental stress. Telehealth delivery allowed for a much broader reach with enrolled participants from 24 states. This study supports a telehealth approach to a manualized behavioral parent mediated intervention for sleep disturbance in young autistic children and offers an alternative to in-person delivered approaches. This telehealth delivery has the potential to improve access for families who have a young autistic child with sleep disturbances. Given the small sample size, determining predictors and moderators of treatment response was not possible and should be examined in a larger trial.

Bridging the gap: leveraging implementation science to advance pediatric behavioral sleep interventions

STUDY OBJECTIVES

This review synthesizes the pediatric behavioral sleep intervention (BSI) evidence base, summarizes challenges in translating BSIs from research to practice, and provides recommendations for integrating implementation science methods to advance pediatric BSI research.

METHODS

We briefly review the common behavioral sleep disturbances among youth, discuss the pediatric BSIs with well-established evidence, and identify gaps in pediatric BSI research. We then identify contributors to the dearth of research evaluating pediatric BSIs in accessible settings and present a model for applying implementation science strategies to address identified gaps across the continuum of translational research.

RESULTS

Relatively few BSI trials include older children and adolescents. Similarly, there is limited research evaluating BSIs among racially and ethnically minoritized children and families and/or those of lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. Access to scalable and easily disseminable tools to treat pediatric sleep disturbances early in their development is crucial for promoting positive child outcomes. To address these gaps, researchers should apply implementation science theories, models, and frameworks to design new interventions for implementation, adapt existing interventions with end users and settings in mind, conduct hybrid effectiveness-implementation trials, and test implementation strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the prevalence and consequences of poor sleep across developmental periods, pediatric BSIs must be effective as well as adaptable, scalable, and easily disseminable. Implementation science theories, models, and frameworks can enhance access to, engagement in, and the implementation and dissemination of scalable BSIs across diverse pediatric care settings and heterogeneous populations.

CITATION

Levenson JC, Williamson AA. Bridging the gap: leveraging implementation science to advance pediatric behavioral sleep interventions. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(7):1321-1336.

Sleep During the Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly affected childhood sleep. Decreased sleep quality and duration, more bedtime resistance, difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and higher rates of parasomnias have all been noted. The mental health crisis with doubling rates of anxiety and depression has also had a profound influence on youth sleep. The pediatric sleep medicine field has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by adapting existing practices for safety and greatly expanding telemedicine services. Research and training considerations are further discussed.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adherence to noninvasive ventilation in children

STUDY OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to measure changes in adherence to noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in children during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Retrospective chart review of children (0-18 years) using home NIV through the Stollery's Pediatric NIV program in Edmonton, Canada during March 2019 to March 2021. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and adherence information from machine downloads were collected prior to and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Paired t tests and Chi-square compared adherence prepandemic and during pandemic and repeated analysis of variance tests compared adherence pre- and 0-6 and 6-12 months during pandemic.

RESULTS

Eighty-two children met inclusion criteria (62% male; age 8.6 ± 4.6 years). Overall, there were no changes in NIV adherence during pandemic (average NIV minutes pre- and during pandemic of 390 ± 219 and 405 ± 300 minutes, respectively). When separated into increased vs decreased adherence groups, adherence differences pre- compared to during pandemic became significant, with no differences across demographic/clinical variables or prepandemic adherence. There were no changes in NIV adherence during the initial 6 months of pandemic compared to prepandemic, but NIV use significantly increased by 9-57 minutes during the following 6-12 months. Bilevel positive airway users had longer NIV use than continuous positive airway pressure users at all time points, with an overall increasing trend over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the significant life disruption created by COVID-19 and changes to virtual care, children using home NIV maintained adequate adherence. Qualitative research is needed to understand the nuances of using NIV during the pandemic and potential advantages of virtual care for support of these children and families.

CITATION

Halperin H, Chalifour M, Bedi PK, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adherence to noninvasive ventilation in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(1):179-188.

Patient Satisfaction and Perceived Quality of Care with Telemedicine in a Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic

INTRODUCTION

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic necessitated a shift to telemedicine for many clinics. This study aimed to better understand patient perception regarding telemedicine visits in a pediatric subspecialty clinic and to describe differences in management provided virtually versus in-person.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This survey study and chart review was conducted at the Doernbecher Children's Hospital gastroenterology outreach clinics from May to June, 2020. The main hospital is located in Portland, Oregon, with the outreach clinics located in Salem, Eugene, and Medford, Oregon. Families were surveyed within 2 weeks of their visit, with a 6-month follow up survey.

RESULTS

There were 111 respondents to the initial survey (34% response rate). The majority of patients had initial positive impressions of telemedicine, with 75% feeling that the quality of telemedicine visits were as good as or better than in-person visits. At 6 months, there were 80 respondents (34% response rate), and this positive impression persisted with 72% of families reporting no negatives from their telemedicine experience. New patients seen via telemedicine were prescribed medications more frequently than those seen in-person (73% versus 45%, p = 0.02).

DISCUSSION

Patients and families felt the benefits of telemedicine visits outweighed the limitations both initially and at 6-month follow up. Telemedicine offers an effective alternative for pediatric subspecialty care especially for select conditions and follow up visits. However, the more frequent prescriptions could reflect the adaptation of clinical practice with the telemedicine platform, and further studies are needed.

To Wear or Not Wear the Mask: Decline in Positive Airway Pressure Usage in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

PURPOSE

Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is an effective treatment prescribed to children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB); however, PAP adherence remains challenging. Given that COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact sleep and daily life, the aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal trajectory of PAP usage in children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study. Children aged 1-18 years with SDB prescribed PAP at The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Canada) were evaluated for PAP adherence. Demographics, medical history and PAP adherence data during four consecutive 3-month time periods from December 2019 to December 2020 were collected. These four time periods included i) prior to COVID-19 lockdown, ii) during the first three months of lockdown, iii) summer and iv) return to school period. Percentage of days where PAP was used for ≥4 hours and average nightly usage of PAP were primary outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 149 children (61.7% male, mean (±SD) age=12.8 ± 4.1 years, BMI (±SD) z-score=1.45±1.43) were enrolled. Compared to prior to lockdown, the median (IQR) of percentage of PAP usage ≥4 hours and average nightly usage of PAP declined significantly during the summer and return to school periods (p<0.001 for all). By the end of the return to school period, only 69/149 (46%) showed sustained PAP usage and 80/149 (54%) had decreased PAP usage. Obesity was a risk factor for a decline in PAP usage after returning to school (β=-15.36, p=0.03).

CONCLUSION

Compared to COVID-19 pre-pandemic PAP usage, there was a significant decline in PAP usage across COVID-19 pandemic. There is critical under usage of PAP in children diagnosed with SDB, resulting in an urgent need to address barriers to mitigate poor adherence to PAP long-term. Targeted strategies are required to optimize PAP adherence in children with SDB.

Telemedicine-based sleep services for a complex child: optimizing care during a pandemic and beyond

A 12-year-old male with nonverbal autism and morbid obesity was referred to a pediatric sleep center during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for complaints of snoring with tonsillar hypertrophy and difficulty falling asleep. Due to social challenges, the family had not sought in-person care in the past. Through telemedicine consultation and home sleep apnea testing, the patient was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea as well as an irregular sleep-wake disorder. This unique utilization of the health care system in the care of a complex patient with multiple sleep disorders demonstrates the utility of remote care and testing. There is a great benefit to continuing to provide pediatric sleep care in this way beyond the pandemic.

Pediatric behavioral sleep medicine in the era of telemedicine: psychology trainee perspectives

The worldwide coronavirus pandemic in 2020 radically changed the landscape of psychology service provision and training, with rapid rollouts of telemedicine to promote safe access to care. In this perspective article, we share the experiences of 4 psychology trainees, all of whom worked as psychology interns or postdoctoral fellows in pediatric behavioral sleep medicine during the pandemic. With restricted in-person visits and upheaval of children's normative sleep and school schedules, we directly observed growth in both need for psychological care and opportunity to provide this care remotely. Here, we summarize the unique challenges and learning opportunities we faced when trying to learn and implement evidence-based assessment and treatment of child and adolescent sleep difficulties during the pandemic.

CITATION

McQuillan ME, Anderson A, Russo KD, Truss A, Honaker SM, Walsh KL. Pediatric behavioral sleep medicine in the era of telemedicine: psychology trainee perspectives. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(9):1965-1967.

The use of telemedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine update

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The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread use of telemedicine and highlighted its importance in improving access to sleep care and advocating for sleep health. This update incorporates the lessons learned from such widespread utilization of telehealth to build on the American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2015 position paper on the use of telemedicine for diagnosing and treating sleep disorders. Important key factors in this update include an emphasis on quality and value, privacy and safety, health advocacy through sleep telemedicine, and future directions.