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Hameed H, Faheem S, Khan MA, Hameed A, Ereej N, Ihsan H. Ethosomes: a potential nanovesicular carrier to enhancing the drug delivery against skin barriers. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:204-225. [PMID: 38456667 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2024.2326085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Ethosomes, which are liposomes like structures, mainly composed primarily of ethanol, have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to enhance the drug permeation via skin. The article discusses the formulation and preparation methods of ethosomes, offering insights into the various factors that influence their size, shape, and stability. Moreover, it explores the techniques used to assess the physicochemical properties of ethosomes and their impact on drug delivery effectiveness. The article also elucidates the mechanism by which ethosomes enhance skin permeation, emphasising their ability to modify the lipid structure and fluidity of the stratum corneum. Additionally, the review investigates the applications of ethosomes in diverse drug delivery scenarios, including the delivery of small molecules, peptides, and phytoconstituents. It highlights the potential of ethosomes to improve drug bioavailability, extend drug release, and achieve targeted delivery to specific skin layers or underlying tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saleha Faheem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahtab Ahmad Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Anam Hameed
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nelofer Ereej
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Ihsan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Maheshwari R, Sharma M, Chidrawar VR. Niosomes based formulation containing tenoxicam: A newer solution for the rheumatic diseases. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:473-482. [PMID: 37923009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation aimed to explore the potential of non-ionic surfactant based niosomal vesicles encapsulating tenoxicam (TN; anti-rheumatic drug) for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mechanical dispersion technique with controlled pressure was employed to prepare different niosomal formulations. The effects of different ratios of surfactant (span-60), lipid, and sodium deoxycholate on noisome's physicochemical properties have been examined. Moreover, inhibition of TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-activated cultured Human leukemia monocytic (THP-1) cells were demonstrated to assess the in vitro inflammation profile. Finally, the optimized niosomal formulation (TN3) was prepared in gel matrix consist of carbopol 934 (termed as TN34) and stability was also tested at 4±2 ̊C, 25±2 ̊C, 37±2 ̊C and 45±2 ̊C for 6 months. RESULTS The optimized niosomal formulation exhibited a small vesicle size (165±14nm) and high drug encapsulation (79.64±1.5%). Niosomal gel formulation TN34 showed pH (6.7), viscosity (6810±3.34 cps), spreadability (19.11±1.87gm.cm/sec) and also displayed sustained release pattern of drug release (98.16±0.07% TN released from gel matrix in 24h) in vitro release study. TN34 exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory response, with ∼75% inhibition of TNF-α in 48h. Stability investigation revealed that refrigerator temperature is most suitable for the storage of niosomal gel. CONCLUSION Transdermal niosomal formulation displayed promising potential in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC, Jadcherla-509301, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Mayank Sharma
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Shirpur-425405, MH, India
| | - Vijay R Chidrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC, Jadcherla-509301, Hyderabad, India
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Maheshwari R, Sharma M, Chidrawar VR. Development of engineered transferosomal gel containing meloxicam for the treatment of osteoarthritis. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024:S0003-4509(24)00063-4. [PMID: 38657858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE .In this study, we investigated the potential of meloxicam (MLX) developed as transferosomal gel as a novel lipidic drug delivery system to address osteoarthritis (OTA), a degenerative joint disease that causes pain and stiffness. By incorporating meloxicam into a transferosomal gel, our aim was to provide a targeted and efficient delivery system capable of alleviating symptoms and slowing down the progression of OTA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Classical lipid film hydration technique was utilized to formulate different transferosomal formulations. Different transferosomal formulations were prepared by varying the molar ratio of phospholipon-90H (phosphodylcholine) to DSPE (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10) and per batch, 80mg of total lipid was used. The quality control parameters such as entrapment efficiency, particle size and morphology, polydispersity and surface electric charge, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation and stability were measured. RESULTS The optimized transferosomal formulations revealed a small vesicle size (121±12nm) and greater MLX entrapment (68.98±2.3%). Transferosomes mediated gel formulation MLX34 displayed pH (6.3±0.2), viscosity (6236±12.3 cps), spreadability (13.77±1.77 gm.cm/sec) and also displayed sustained release pattern of drug release (81.76±7.87% MLX released from Carbopol-934 gel matrix in 24h). MLX34 revealed close to substantial anti-inflammatory response, with ∼81% inhibition of TNF-α in 48h. Physical stability analysis concluded that refrigerator temperature was the preferred temperature to store transferosomal gel. CONCLUSION MLX loaded transferosomes containing gel improved the skin penetration and therefore resulted into increased inhibition of TNF-α level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC, Jadcherla, Hyderabad 509301, India.
| | - Mayank Sharma
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Vijay R Chidrawar
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS) Deemed-to-University, Green Industrial Park, TSIIC, Jadcherla, Hyderabad 509301, India
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4
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Munir M, Zaman M, Waqar MA, Hameed H, Riaz T. A comprehensive review on transethosomes as a novel vesicular approach for drug delivery through transdermal route. J Liposome Res 2024; 34:203-218. [PMID: 37338000 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2221354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery through transdermal route is one of the effective methods for the application of drugs. It overcomes many drawbacks which are encountered with the oral route. Moreover, many drugs are not able to pass through the stratum corneum, which is the main barrier for the transdermal drug delivery. Formation of ultra-deformable vesicles (UDVs) is a novel technique for the transdermal applications of the drugs. Transethosomes (TEs), ethosomes, and transferosomes are all part of the UDV. Because of the presence of increased concentrations of ethanol, phospholipids, and edge activators, TEs provide improved drug permeation through the stratum corneum. Because of the elasticity of TEs, drug penetration into the deeper layer of skin also increases. TEs can be prepared using a variety of techniques, including the cold method, hot method, thin film hydration method, and the ethanol injection method. It increases patient adherence and compliance because it is a non-invasive procedure of administering drugs. Characterization of the TEs includes pH determination, size and shape, zeta potential, particle size determination, transition temperature, drug content, vesicle stability, and skin permeation studies. These vesicular systems can be utilized to deliver a variety of medications transdermally, including analgesics, antibiotics, antivirals, and anticancer and arthritis medications. This review aims to describe vesicular approaches that had been used to overcome the barrier for the transdermal delivery of drug and also describes brief composition, method of preparation, characterization tests, mechanism of penetration of TEs, as well as highlighted various applications of TEs in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minahal Munir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Waqar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehseen Riaz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Singh S, Patil VM, Paliwal SK, Masand N. Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery of Topical Antifungal Agents. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:185-196. [PMID: 37594096 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230818125031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Among the various prominent fungal infections, superficial ones are widespread. A large number of antifungal agents and their formulations for topical use are commercially available. They have some pharmacokinetic limitations which cannot be retracted by conventional delivery systems. While nanoformulations composed of lipidic and polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional systems. The broad spectrum category of antifungals i.e. azoles (ketoconazole, voriconazole, econazole, miconazole, etc.) nanoparticles have been designed, prepared and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile was established. This review briefly elaborates on the types of nano-based topical drug delivery systems and portrays their advantages for researchers in the related field to benefit the available antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan, India
- Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishali M Patil
- Charak School of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Neeraj Masand
- Department of Pharmacy, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Maheshwari N, Sharma MC. Photoresponsive 'chemo-free' phytotherapy: formulation development for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:5-24. [PMID: 38179960 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present investigation aimed to develop a chemo-free, nanophytosomal system to treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via a phyto-photo dual treatment strategy. Method: Size, shape, surface analysis, photoprovoked release profile, photothermal stability, (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, apoptotic assay, DNA fragmentation, in vitro cellular uptake evaluation, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 assay, and photodynamic evaluation. Results: Biological experiments using MDA-MB-231 cells displayed dose-dependent synergistic anti-TNBC activity of PhytoS/Houttuynia cordata extract (HCE)/IR780 as compared with Phyto/HCE, PhytoS/IR780 and even more promising under laser treatment. Apoptotic assay and DNA fragmentation analysis also showed enhanced anti-TNBC effects. Investigation found that HCE acts via suppression of mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing caspase-3 activity in cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that photo-empowered phytotherapy can be employed effectively and safely against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Maheshwari
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshila Campus, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
| | - Mukesh C Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshila Campus, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452001, India
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Keshwania P, Kaur N, Chauhan J, Sharma G, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Almalki WH. Superficial Dermatophytosis across the World's Populations: Potential Benefits from Nanocarrier-Based Therapies and Rising Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31575-31599. [PMID: 37692246 PMCID: PMC10483660 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent infection in the world is dermatophytosis, which is a major issue with high recurrence and can affect the entire body including the skin, hair, and nails. The major goal of this Review is to acquire knowledge about cutting-edge approaches for treating dermatophytosis efficiently by adding antifungals to formulations based on nanocarriers in order to overcome the shortcomings of standard treatment methods. Updates on nanosystems and research developments on animal and clinical investigations are also presented. Along with the currently licensed formulations, the investigation also emphasizes novel therapies and existing therapeutic alternatives that can be used to control dermatophytosis. The Review also summarizes recent developments on the prevalence, management approaches, and disadvantages of standard dosage types. There are a number of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dermatophytosis that have good clinical cure rates but also drawbacks such as antifungal drug resistance and unfavorable side effects. To improve therapeutic activity and get around the drawbacks of the traditional therapy approaches for dermatophytosis, efforts have been described in recent years to combine several antifungal drugs into new carriers. These formulations have been successful in providing improved antifungal activity, longer drug retention, improved effectiveness, higher skin penetration, and sustained drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Keshwania
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Jyoti Chauhan
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
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Raj A, Dua K, Nair RS, Sarath Chandran C, Alex AT. Transethosome: An ultra-deformable ethanolic vesicle for enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 255:105315. [PMID: 37356610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery through the skin improves solubility, bioavailability, and unwanted systemic side effects of the drug. The selection of a suitable carrier is a challenging process. The conventional lipid vesicles have some limitations. They deliver the drug in the stratum corneum and have poor colloidal stability. Here comes the need for ultra-deformable lipid vesicles to provide the drug beyond the stratum corneum. Transethosomes are novel ultra-deformable vesicles that can deliver drugs into deeper tissues. The composition of transethosomes includes phospholipid, ethanol and surfactants. Each ingredient has a pivotal role in the properties of the carrier. This review covers the design, preparation method, characterisation, and characteristics of the novel vesicle. Also, we cover the impact of surfactants on vesicular properties and the skin permeation behaviour of novel vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C Sarath Chandran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Medical College Kannur, Pariyaram, Kerala, India
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Duangjit S, Takayama K, Bumrungthai S, Mahadlek J, Ngawhirunpat T, Opanasopit P. Development of invaethosomes and invaflexosomes for dermal delivery of clotrimazole: optimization, characterization and antifungal activity. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:611-624. [PMID: 37357890 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2229104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop novel invaethosomes (I-ETS) and invaflexosomes (I-FXS) to enhance the dermal delivery of clotrimazole (CZ). Twenty model CZ-loaded I-ETS and I-FXS formulations were created according to a face-centered central composite experimental design. CZ-loaded vesicle formulations containing a constant concentration of 0.025% w/v CZ and various amounts of ethanol, d-limonene, and polysorbate 20 as penetration enhancers were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The physicochemical characteristics, skin permeability, and antifungal activity were characterized. The skin permeability of the experimental CZ-loaded I-ETS/I-FXS was significantly higher than that of conventional ethosomes, flexosomes, and the commercial product (1% w/w CZ cream). The mechanism of action was confirmed to be skin penetration of low ethanol base vesicles through the disruption of the skin microstructure. The optimal I-ETS in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans differed significantly from that of ETS and the commercial cream (control). The response surface methodology predicted by Design Expert® was helpful in understanding the complicated relationship between the causal factors and the response variables of the 0.025% w/v CZ-loaded I-ETS/I-FXS formulation. Based on the available information, double vesicles seem to be promising versatile carriers for dermal drug delivery of CZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureewan Duangjit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sureewan Bumrungthai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Jongjan Mahadlek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Messire G, Serreau R, Berteina-Raboin S. Antioxidant Effects of Catechins (EGCG), Andrographolide, and Curcuminoids Compounds for Skin Protection, Cosmetics, and Dermatological Uses: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1317. [PMID: 37507856 PMCID: PMC10376544 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we have chosen to highlight the main natural molecules extracted from Camellia sinensis, Andrographis paniculata, and Curcuma longa that may possess antioxidant activities of interest for skin protection. The molecules involved in the antioxidant process are, respectively, catechins derivatives, in particular, EGCG, andrographolide, and its derivatives, as well as various curcuminoids. These plants are generally used as beverages for Camellia sinensis (tea tree), as dietary supplements, or as spices. The molecules they contain are known for their diverse therapeutic activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, and dermatological treatment. Their common antioxidant activities and therapeutic applications are widely documented, but their use in cosmetics is more recent. We will see that the use of pharmacomodulated derivatives, the addition of co-antioxidants, and the use of various formulations enable better skin penetration and greater ingredient stability. In this review, we will endeavor to compile the cosmetic uses of these natural molecules of interest and the various structural modulations reported with the aim of improving their bioavailability as well as establishing their different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatien Messire
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, Université d'Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres-BP 6759, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 02, France
| | - Raphaël Serreau
- Unité de Recherche PSYCOMADD, APHP Université Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 12 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Addictologie EPSM Georges DAUMEZON, GHT Loiret, 1 Route de Chanteau, 45400 Fleury les Aubrais, France
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique ICOA, Université d'Orléans-Pôle de Chimie, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres-BP 6759, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 02, France
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Nasr AM, Badawi NM, Tartor YH, Sobhy NM, Swidan SA. Development, Optimization, and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation of Azelaic Acid Transethosomal Gel for Antidermatophyte Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040707. [PMID: 37107069 PMCID: PMC10135108 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of dermatophytosis is quite challenging. This work aims to investigate the antidermatophyte action of Azelaic acid (AzA) and evaluate its efficacy upon entrapment into transethosomes (TEs) and incorporation into a gel to enhance its application. Optimization of formulation variables of TEs was carried out after preparation using the thin film hydration technique. The antidermatophyte activity of AzA-TEs was first evaluated in vitro. In addition, two guinea pig infection models with Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes and Microsporum (M.) canis were established for the in vivo assessment. The optimized formula showed a mean particle size of 219.8 ± 4.7 nm and a zeta potential of -36.5 ± 0.73 mV, while the entrapment efficiency value was 81.9 ± 1.4%. Moreover, the ex vivo permeation study showed enhanced skin penetration for the AzA-TEs (3056 µg/cm2) compared to the free AzA (590 µg/cm2) after 48 h. AzA-TEs induced a greater inhibition in vitro on the tested dermatophyte species than free AzA (MIC90 was 0.01% vs. 0.32% for T. rubrum and 0.032% for T. mentagrophytes and M. canis vs. 0.56%). The mycological cure rate was improved in all treated groups, specially for our optimized AzA-TEs formula in the T. mentagrophytes model, in which it reached 83% in this treated group, while it was 66.76% in the itraconazole and free AzA treated groups. Significant (p < 0.05) lower scores of erythema, scales, and alopecia were observed in the treated groups in comparison with the untreated control and plain groups. In essence, the TEs could be a promising carrier for AzA delivery into deeper skin layers with enhanced antidermatophyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala 43713, Egypt
| | - Noha M Badawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Shady A Swidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo 11837, Egypt
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12
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Current Advances in Lipid Nanosystems Intended for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020656. [PMID: 36839978 PMCID: PMC9967415 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin delivery is an exciting and challenging field. It is a promising approach for effective drug delivery due to its ease of administration, ease of handling, high flexibility, controlled release, prolonged therapeutic effect, adaptability, and many other advantages. The main associated challenge, however, is low skin permeability. The skin is a healthy barrier that serves as the body's primary defence mechanism against foreign particles. New advances in skin delivery (both topical and transdermal) depend on overcoming the challenges associated with drug molecule permeation and skin irritation. These limitations can be overcome by employing new approaches such as lipid nanosystems. Due to their advantages (such as easy scaling, low cost, and remarkable stability) these systems have attracted interest from the scientific community. However, for a successful formulation, several factors including particle size, surface charge, components, etc. have to be understood and controlled. This review provided a brief overview of the structure of the skin as well as the different pathways of nanoparticle penetration. In addition, the main factors influencing the penetration of nanoparticles have been highlighted. Applications of lipid nanosystems for dermal and transdermal delivery, as well as regulatory aspects, were critically discussed.
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Panchal K, Katke S, Dash SK, Gaur A, Shinde A, Saha N, Mehra NK, Chaurasiya A. An expanding horizon of complex injectable products: development and regulatory considerations. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:433-472. [PMID: 35963928 PMCID: PMC9376055 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been a constant evolution in the pharmaceutical market concerning the new technologies imbibed in delivering drug substances for various indications. This is either market-driven or technology-driven to improve the overall therapeutic efficacy and patients' quality of life. The pharmaceutical industry has experienced rapid growth in the area of complex injectable products because of their effectiveness in the unmet market. These novel parenteral products, viz, the nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, suspensions, and emulsions, have proven their worth as "Safe and Effective" products. However, the underlying challenges involved in the development, scalability, and characterization of these injectable products are critical. Moreover, the guidelines available do not provide a clear understanding of these complex products, making it difficult to anticipate the regulatory requirements. Thus, it becomes imperative to comprehend the criticalities and develop an understanding of these products. This review discusses various complexities involved in the parenteral products such as complex drug substances, excipients, dosage forms, drug administration devices like pre-filled syringes and injector pens, and its different characterization tools and techniques. The review also provides a brief discussion on the regulatory aspects and associated hurdles with other parenteral products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanan Panchal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Sumeet Katke
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Sanat Kumar Dash
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Ankit Gaur
- Formulation Development, Par Formulations Pvt. Ltd, Navi Mumbai, Endo India, 400 708, India
| | - Aishwarya Shinde
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Nithun Saha
- Research & Development - Injectables, MSN Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Pashamaylaram, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502307, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 037, India
| | - Akash Chaurasiya
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Medchal District, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Telangana, 500078, India.
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Zaki RM, Seshadri VD, Mutayran AS, Elsawaf LA, Hamad AM, Almurshedi AS, Yusif RM, Said M. Wound Healing Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Transethosomal Gel, I Optimal Optimization, Histological and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112521. [PMID: 36432712 PMCID: PMC9692372 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to make a formulation and statistical optimization of transethosomal formulations of rosuvastatin (ROS) to enhance its topical wound healing efficiency. Design-Expert® software was used to employ I optimal design. The formulation variables in the study were surfactant concentration (%w/v), ethanol concentration (%w/v) and surfactant type (span 60 or tween 80), while the dependent responses were entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), vesicle size (VS) and zeta potential (ZP). The numerical optimization process employed by the design expert software resulted in an optimum formula composed of 0.819439 (%w/v) span 60, 40 (%w/v) ethanol and 100 mg lecithin with a desirability of 0.745. It showed a predicted EE% value of 66.5517 vs. 277.703 nm and a ZP of -33. When it was prepared and validated, it showed less than a 5% deviation from the predicted values. The optimum formula was subjected to further characterizations, such as DSC, XRD, TEM, in vitro release, the effect of aging and wound healing efficiency. The DSC thermogram made a confirmation of the compatibility of ROS with the ingredients used in the formulation. XRD showed the encapsulation of ROS in the transethosomal vesicles. The TEM image pointed out the spherical nature of the nanovesicles with the absence of aggregation. Additionally, the optimum formula revealed an enhancement of drug release in comparison with the drug suspension. It also showed good stability for one month. Furthermore, it revealed good wound healing efficiency when compared with the standard silver sulphadiazine (1% w/w) ointment or the drug-loaded gel, which could be related to the enhanced penetration of the nanosized vesicles of TESMs into the skin, which enhances the wound healing process. So, it could be regarded as a promising carrier of ROS for the treatment of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Mohammed Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-540-617-870
| | - Vidya Devanathadesikan Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud S. Mutayran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lara A. Elsawaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abubaker M. Hamad
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Health Sciences, AL-Rayan Colleges, Al-Hijra Road, Madinah Al Munawwarah 42541, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanood S. Almurshedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Mohammad Yusif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30039, Madinah Al Munawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayada Said
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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15
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36249328 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cfxpnvx7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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16
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36249328 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6214720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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17
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Khalid H, Batool S, Din FU, Khan S, Khan GM. Macrophage targeting of nitazoxanide-loaded transethosomal gel in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220428. [PMID: 36249328 PMCID: PMC9532992 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Topical delivery is preferable over systemic delivery for cutaneous leishmaniasis, because of its easy administration, reduced systemic adverse effects and low cost. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has broad-spectrum activity against various parasites and has the potential to avoid drug resistance developed by enzymatic mutations. NTZ oral formulation is associated with severe dyspepsia and stomach pain. Herein, NTZ-transethosomes (NTZ-TES) were prepared and loaded into chitosan gel (NTZ-TEG) for topical delivery. NTZ-TES were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized statistically via the Box-Behnken method. The optimized formulation indicated excellent particle size (176 nm), polydispersity index (0.093), zeta potential (-26.4 mV) and entrapment efficiency (86%). The transmission electron microscopy analysis showed spherical-sized particles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated no interaction among the excipients. Similarly, NTZ-TEG showed optimal pH, desirable viscosity and good spreadability. NTZ-TES and NTZ-TEG showed prolonged release behaviour and higher skin penetration and deposition in the epidermal/dermal layer of skin in comparison with the NTZ-dispersion. Moreover, NTZ-TES showed higher percentage inhibition, lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against promastigotes and higher macrophage uptake. Additionally, skin irritation and histopathology studies indicated the safe and non-irritant behaviour of the NTZ-TEG. The obtained findings suggested the enhanced skin permeation and improved anti-leishmanial effect of NTZ when administered as NTZ-TEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husna Khalid
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sibgha Batool
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar ud Din
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gul Majid Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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18
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Gadag S, Narayan R, Sabhahit JN, Hari G, Nayak Y, Pai KSR, Garg S, Nayak UY. Transpapillary iontophoretic delivery of resveratrol loaded transfersomes for localized delivery to breast cancer. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 140:213085. [PMID: 36037762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Localized drug delivery to the breast tissues is an area of interest as a potential route to ensure site-specific drug delivery. Transpapillary delivery via the mammary papilla has advantages as most breast tumors arise from the milk ducts. The present study explored the plausibility of transpapillary delivery of a phytochemical, resveratrol (RVT), for breast cancer treatment. RVT was encapsulated within the transfersomes (RVT-TRF) to enable a sustained release of the drug using the biomaterial soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC). Iontophoresis was applied to further accelerate the penetration of the RVT-TRF across the mammary papilla to the breast tissue. The RVT-TRF development was optimized by the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The in vitro transpapillary iontophoresis study on porcine mammary papilla showed an enhanced penetration of RVT-TRF when compared to passive diffusion. The transpapillary delivery was further confirmed from the in vitro fluorescent microscopy study using FITC conjugated RVT-TRF. The optimized RVT-TRF delivered via transpapillary route showed a higher Cmax and AUC when compared to pure RVT given orally. A significant reduction in the tumor volume and the serum biomarker CA 15-3, when evaluated in a chemically induced breast cancer rat model, provided evidence of the effectiveness of the developed formulation when delivered locally via transpapillary route compared to the oral route. Thus the developed RVT-TRF administered via transpapillary iontophoresis technique is a promising strategy enabling a localized delivery for effective breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Gadag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Reema Narayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayalakshmi N Sabhahit
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gangadhar Hari
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Karkala Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Garg
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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19
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Todke P, Polaka S, Raval N, Gondaliya P, Tambe V, Maheshwari R, Kalia K, Tekade RK. 'Transfersome-embedded-gel' for dual-mechanistic delivery of anti-psoriatic drugs to dermal lymphocytes. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:495-511. [PMID: 35993180 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Develop a platform for co-delivering clobetasol propionate (CP) and cyclosporine (CyA) to the epidermis and dermis to treat psoriasis. METHODS The transfersomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method. Transfersomes were characterised by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then, the gel stability, viscosity, pH, and spreadability were measured. Cytotoxicity of the CyA-loaded transfersome embedded in CP-dispersed gel (TEG-CyA-CP) was assessed on both human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and Jurkat cells. In vitro cellular uptake and ex vivo dermal distribution was measured. The expression of inflammatory markers was assessed by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS Nanoscale (<150 nm) transferosomes with high CyA encapsulation efficiency (>86%) were made. TEG-CyA-CP demonstrated higher viscosity (4808.8 ± 12.01 mPas), which may help control dual drug release. Ex vivo results showed TEG-CyA-CP ability to deliver CyA in the dermis and CP in the epidermis. RT-PCR studies showed the optimised formulation helps reduce the tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels to relieve psoriasis symptoms. CONCLUSION The developed TEG-CyA-CP represents a promising fit-to-purpose delivery platform for the dual-site co-delivery of CyA and CP in treating psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Todke
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Suryanarayana Polaka
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nidhi Raval
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vishakha Tambe
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rahul Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad (An Institute of National Importance, Government of India), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gandhinagar, India
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20
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Dol HS, Hajare AA, Patil KS. Statistically designed novel ranolazine-loaded ethosomal transdermal gel for the treatment of angina pectoris. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Sharma T, Thakur S, Kaur M, Singh A, Jain SK. Novel Hyaluronic Acid ethosomes based gel formulation for topical use with reduced toxicity, better skin permeation, deposition, and improved pharmacodynamics. J Liposome Res 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35730480 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2087675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) has been applied as an anti-ageing molecule in the form of topical products. Current topical commercial formulations of HA face the limitations of very small and stagnant skin permeation, thereby demanding enduring administration of the formulation to sustain its action. In this study, Lipid-based nanocarriers in the form of ethosomes were formulated in a 1% w/w HA strength and were extensively evaluated in vitro, ex-vivo, and in vivo parameters along with a comparison to it's commercial counterpart. The optimised ethosomes-based HA gel formulation revealed required pH (6.9 ± 0.2), small globule size (1024 ± 9 nm), zeta potential of -6.39 ± 0.2 mV, and 98 ± 1.1% HA content. The ex vivo skin permeation and deposition potenwere conferred on synthetic membrane Strat-M, Human cadaver skin, mice skin, rat skin, and pig skin, and both parameters were found to be much higher in comparison to the commercial topical formulation. Skin deposition capacity of the optimised HA formulation was further confirmed by Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and it was observed that the developed ethosomal gel formulation got deposited more on the treated skin. The in vivo anti-ageing effect of optimised ethosomal gel on rats was found to be greater when compared to commercial formulation of HA and the developed carrier-based system proved to deliver the HA molecule in very small amounts into the systemic circulation. The results endorse the ethosomal carrier-based formulation of HA as a attractive technique for better local bioavailability of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushit Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manjot Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Subheet Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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22
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Jafari A, Daneshamouz S, Ghasemiyeh P, Mohammadi-Samani S. Ethosomes as dermal/transdermal drug delivery systems: applications, preparation and characterization. J Liposome Res 2022; 33:34-52. [PMID: 35695714 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2085742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have gained substantial attention during the last decade. TDDS are versatile delivery systems in which active components are delivered to skin for local effects or systemic delivery of active pharmaceutical through the skin. Overcoming stratum corneum is the most challenging step of delivering drugs through the skin. Lipid-based vesicular delivery systems due to the capability of the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs are becoming more popular during the recent years. Ethosomes are innovative, biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic form of lipid-based vesicles that efficiently enable to entrap drugs of various physicochemical properties. These are other forms of liposome which contain high amounts of ethanol in their structure that enabling ethosomes to efficiently penetrate through deeper layers of skin. Ethosomes have various compositions based on their type but are mainly composed of phospholipids, ethanol, water and the active components. Ethosomes are easily manufactured and they are superior compared to liposomes in terms of different aspects due to the presence of ethanol. The purpose of this review is to thoroughly focus on various aspects of ethosomes, including mechanism of penetration, advantages and disadvantages, characterisation and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atoosa Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Daneshamouz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Counil C, Abenojar E, Perera R, Exner AA. Extrusion: A New Method for Rapid Formulation of High-Yield, Monodisperse Nanobubbles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200810. [PMID: 35587613 PMCID: PMC9233137 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shell-stabilized gas microbubbles (MB) and nanobubbles (NB) are frequently used for biomedical ultrasound imaging and therapeutic applications. While it is widely recognized that monodisperse bubbles can be more effective in these applications, the efficient formulation of uniform bubbles at high concentrations is difficult to achieve. Here, it is demonstrated that a standard mini-extruder setup, commonly used to make vesicles or liposomes, can be used to quickly and efficiently generate monodisperse NBs with high yield. In this highly reproducible technique, the NBs obtained have an average diameter of 0.16 ± 0.05 µm and concentration of 6.2 ± 1.8 × 1010 NBs mL-1 compared to 0.32 ± 0.1 µm and 3.2 ± 0.7 × 1011 mL-1 for NBs made using mechanical agitation. Parameters affecting the extrusion and NB generation process including the temperature, concentration of the lipid solution, and the number of passages through the extruder are also examined. Moreover, it is demonstrated that extruded NBs show a strong acoustic response in vitro and a strong and persistent US signal enhancement under nonlinear contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging in mice. The extrusion process is a new, efficient, and scalable technique that can be used to easily produce high yield smaller monodispersed nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Counil
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
| | - Eric Abenojar
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
| | - Reshani Perera
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7207, USA
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Yücel Ç, Şeker Karatoprak G, Yalçıntaş S, Eren Böncü T. Ethosomal (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:491-502. [PMID: 35707628 PMCID: PMC9174841 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release systems containing natural compounds have been successfully applied in cosmetics as antiaging products to enhance the penetration of active compounds through the skin. In this study, we aimed to develop novel ethosomal formulations containing a potent antioxidant, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and to evaluate their potential for use in cosmetics by determining their antioxidant and antiaging effects. Ethosomes (ETHs) were prepared via mechanical dispersion and characterized in vitro in terms of particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%), and in vitro release. The best ETH formulation was used to prepare the ethosome-based gel (ETHG) by using Carbopol 980 as a gelling agent at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The gel formulation was evaluated regarding organoleptic properties, pH values, and viscosity. Stability studies were conducted for three months and changes in characterization parameters and residual EGCG content of ETHs were examined. Besides, for ETHG, organoleptic properties, pH values (every two weeks), and viscosity (first and twelfth week) were determined for three months. The 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to test the cytotoxicity of the formulations and different EGCG solutions on the L929 cell line. The cell permeation properties and inhibitory effects of ETHs and ETHGs on collagenase and elastase enzymes were investigated compared to those of the solution form. Within the scope of antioxidant activity studies, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+•) radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation inhibitory effects were carried out. The optimized EGCG-loaded ETHs (F3) were within the nanoscale range (238 ± 1.10 nm). The highest encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release values were 51.7 ± 1.15% and 50.8 ± 1.70%, respectively. The ETHG was successfully formulated with F3-coded ETHs and the cytotoxicity test revealed that the formulations and the EGCG solution at different concentrations were nontoxic. In terms of cell permeability, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant activity, the ethosomal formulations yielded better results compared to the EGCG solution. It was observed that the formulations had a long-term effect due to the stability of EGCG. The findings of the study underline the potential of antioxidant and antiaging effects of the developed ethosomal formulations for use in the cosmetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Yücel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sena Yalçıntaş
- Erciyes University, Ziya Eren Drug Application and Research Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Eren Böncü
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
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25
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Tuntiyasawasdikul S, Sripanidkulchai B. Curcuma comosa loaded transfersomal gel for transdermal application: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1824-1834. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2064486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarunya Tuntiyasawasdikul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products (CRD-HHP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
| | - Bungorn Sripanidkulchai
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products (CRD-HHP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
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26
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Wal P, Saraswat N, Vig H. A detailed insight on the molecular and cellular mechanism of action of the antifungal drugs used in the treatment of superficial fungal infections. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885517666220328141054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Dermatomycosis, a type of fungal infection that can infect human skin, hair, and nails; day by day the growth of fungal infections ranging from superficial to systemic infection is alarming. Common causative agents included are Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis species.
Objective:
The effective treatment of the fungal infection includes the use of proper antifungal drug therapy. Antifungal drugs are classified into various classes. This paper focuses on understanding and interpreting the detailed molecular and cellular mechanism of action of various classes of an anti-fungal drug along with their important characteristics along with the safety and efficacy data of individual drugs of the particular class.
Methods:
The data selection for carrying out the respective study has been done by studying the combination of review articles and research papers from different databases like Research Gate, PubMed, MDPI, Elsevier, Science Direct, and Med Crave ranging from the year 1972 to 2019 by using the keywords like “anti-fungal agents”, “dermatophytes”, “cutaneous candidiasis”, “superficial fungal infections”, “oral candidiasis”, “amphotericin”, “echinocandins”, “azoles”, “polyenes” “ketoconazole”, “terbinafine”, “griseofulvin”, “azoles”.
Result:
Based on interpretation, we have concluded that the different classes of antifungal drugs follow the different mechanisms of action and target the fungal cell membrane, and are efficient in reducing fungal disease by their respective mechanism.
Conclusion:
The prevention and cure of fungal infections can be done by oral or topical antifungal drugs that aim to destroy the fungal cell membrane. These drugs show action by their respective pathways that are either preventing the formation of ergosterol or squalene or act by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase enzyme. All the drugs are effective in treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- Dean & Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Nikita Saraswat
- Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Himangi Vig
- Research Scholar, Institute of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
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Mahmoud DB, ElMeshad AN, Fadel M, Tawfik A, Ramez SA. Photodynamic therapy fortified with topical oleyl alcohol-based transethosomal 8-methoxypsoralen for ameliorating vitiligo: Optimization and clinical study. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121459. [PMID: 35026313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common autoimmune skin disorder that is characterized by patchy depigmentation of the skin due to melanocytes and melanin loss. Herein, photodynamic therapy mediated 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), has been used fortified with topical oleyl alcohol-based transethosomes; to overcome the poor solubility and adverse effects associated with 8-MOP oral delivery. A 23 factorial design was used to study the formulation variables. In vitro and ex-vivo characterization besides a clinical study were conducted to assess therapeutic efficacy of the formulation. Results revealed that transethosomes were superior to transfersomes regarding drug protection from degradation. The optimized transethosomal formulation, composed of 50 mg oleyl alcohol, 10 mg Tween 80® and 20% v/v ethanol, exhibited high entrapment efficiency (83.87 ± 4.1%) and drug loading (105.0 ± 0.2%). Moreover, it showed small vesicular size (265.0 ± 2.9 nm) and PDI (0.19). The formulation depicted core and shell structure, high deformability index (12.45 ± 0.7 mL/s) and high ex-vivo skin permeation. The topical application of the developed 8-MOP transethosomal gel enhanced the effect of NB UVB radiation in the treatment of vitiligo patients and exhibited no side effects. Hence, it can be used as a future strategy for delivering 8-MOP without the need of systemic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutics Department, Egyptian Drug Authority formerly known as National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| | - Aliaa N ElMeshad
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, The Egyptian Chinese University, Gesr El Suez St., PO 11786, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha Fadel
- Department of Medical Applications of Laser, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Abeer Tawfik
- Department of Medical Applications of Laser, Dermatology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Shahenda A Ramez
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Moazeni M, Saeedi M, Kelidari H, Roohi B, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T, Nabili M, Asare-Addo K, Nokhodchi A. Role of nanostructured lipid carriers in the expression alterations of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:561-566. [PMID: 36644547 PMCID: PMC9809133 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study was proposed to assess the potential role of efflux transporters in reversing fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata isolates treated with fluconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (FLZ-NLCs). Methods: The ultrasound technique was used to synthesize the FLZ-NLCs. Four fluconazole-resistant, as well as one susceptible standard C. glabrata isolates, were applied and exposed to FLZ/ FLZ-NLCs for 20 h at 37°C. Real-time PCRs were done to estimate the likely changes in ATP-binding cassette transporter genes. Results: Similar to the FLZ-exposed-susceptible standard strain which showed no alteration, the genes were not up-regulated significantly under the FLZ-NLCs treated condition. While they were over-expressed when the yeasts were treated with fluconazole. Conclusion: It is highly suggested that due to the nature of the NLCs which shields the whole conformation of the drug, FLZ is not recognized by the efflux transporter subunits and consequently the translocation would not happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
,Corresponding authors: Ali Nokhodchi, , ; Maryam Moazeni,
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kelidari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Behrad Roohi
- Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Kofi Asare-Addo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Arundel Building, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
,Lupin Pharmaceutical Research Center, Coral Springs, Florida, USA
,Corresponding authors: Ali Nokhodchi, , ; Maryam Moazeni,
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29
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Singh A. A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Approaches Available for the Treatment of Dermatitis. RECENT PATENTS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 16:172-197. [PMID: 34365934 DOI: 10.2174/1872210515666210806143015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatitis or eczema is a prevalent skin disorder worldwide and is also very common as a pediatric inflammatory skin disorder. Its succession gets worse with the multiple comorbidities which exhibit mechanisms that are poorly understood. Its management further becomes a challenge due to the limited effective treatment options available. However, the Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) along with new targeting strategies can easily bypass the issues associated with dermatitis management. If we compare the active constituents against phytoconstituents effective against dermatitis then phytoconstituents can be perceived to be more safe and gentle. OBJECTIVE Administration of NDDS of plant extract or actives displays improved absorption behavior, which helps them to permeate through lipid-rich biological membrane leading to increased bioavailability. The newer efficient discoveries related to eczema can face various exploitations. This can be intervened by the subjection of patent rights, which not only safeguard the novel works of individual(s) but also give them the opportunity to share details of their inventions with people globally. CONCLUSION The present review focuses on the available research about the use of nanoformulations in the topical delivery. It further elaborates the use of different animal models as the basis to characterize the different features of dermatitis. The review also highlights the recent nanoformulations which have the ability to amplify the delivery of active agents through their incorporation in transfersomes, ethosomes, niosomes or phytosomes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
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30
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Yasir Siddique M, Nazar MF, Mahmood M, Saleem MA, Alwadai N, Almuslem AS, Alshammari FH, Haider S, Akhtar MS, Hussain SZ, Safdar M, Akhlaq M. Microemulsified Gel Formulations for Topical Delivery of Clotrimazole: Structural and In Vitro Evaluation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13767-13777. [PMID: 34753286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsified gels (μEGs) with fascinating functions have become indispensable as topical drug delivery systems due to their structural flexibility, high stability, and facile manufacturing process. Topical administration is an attractive alternative to traditional methods because of advantages such as noninvasive administration, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and improving patient compliance. In this article, we report on the new formulations of microemulsion-based gels suitable for topical pharmaceutical applications using biocompatible and ecological ingredients. For this, two biocompatible μE formulations comprising clove oil/Brij-35/water/ethanol (formulation A) and clove oil/Brij-35/water/1-propanol (formulation B) were developed to encapsulate and improve the load of an antimycotic drug, Clotrimazole (CTZ), and further gelatinized to control the release of CTZ through skin barriers. By delimiting the pseudo-ternary phase diagram, optimum μE formulations with clove oil (∼15%) and Brij-35 (∼30%) were developed, keeping constant surfactant/co-surfactant ratio (1:1), to upheld 2.0 wt % CTZ. The as-developed formulations were further converted into smart gels by adding 2.0 wt % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a cross-linker to adhere to the controlled release of CTZ through complex skin barriers. Electron micrographs show a fine, monodispersed collection of CTZ-μE nanodroplets (∼60 nm), which did not coalesce even after gelation, forming spherical CTZ-μEG (∼90 nm). However, the maturity of CTZ nanodroplets observed by dynamic light scattering suggests the affinity of CTZ for the nonpolar microenvironment, which was further supported by the peak-to-peak correlation of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and fluorescence measurement. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the in vitro permeation release of CTZ-μEG from rabbit skin in the ethanolic phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) was significantly increased by >98% within 6.0 h. This indicates the sustained release of CTZ in μEBG and the improvement in transdermal therapeutic efficacy of CTZ over its traditional topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Faizan Nazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, Multan Campus 60700, Pakistan
| | - Marryam Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | | | - Norah Alwadai
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Saleh Almuslem
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fwzah H Alshammari
- Department of Physics, University Colleges at Nairiyah, University of Hafr Al Batin (UHB), Nairiyah 31981 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK 29220, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhlaq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK 29220, Pakistan
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31
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Kammoun AK, Khedr A, Hegazy MA, Almalki AJ, Hosny KM, Abualsunun WA, Murshid SSA, Bakhaidar RB. Formulation, optimization, and nephrotoxicity evaluation of an antifungal in situ nasal gel loaded with voriconazole‒clove oil transferosomal nanoparticles. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2229-2240. [PMID: 34668818 PMCID: PMC8530484 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1992040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections of the paranasal cavity are among the most widely spread illnesses nowadays. The aim of the current study was to estimate the effectiveness of an in situ gel loaded with voriconazole‒clove oil nano-transferosomes (VRC-CO-NT) in enhancing the activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus flavus, which causes rhinosinusitis. The nephrotoxic side effects of voriconazole may be reduced through the incorporation of the clove oil, which has antioxidant activity that protects tissue. The Box‒Behnken design was applied to formulate the VRC-CO-NT. The particle size, entrapment efficiency, antifungal inhibition zone, and serum creatinine concentration were considered dependent variables, and the soybean lecithin, VRC, and CO concentrations were considered independent ones. The final optimized formulation was loaded into a deacetylated gellan gum base and evaluated for its gelation, rheological properties, drug release profile, permeation capabilities, and in vivo nephrotoxicity. The optimum formulation was determined to be composed of 50 mg/mL lecithin, 18 mg/mL VRC, and 75 mg/mL CO, with a minimum particle size of 102.96 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 71.70%, an inhibition zone of 21.76 mm, and a serum creatinine level of 0.119 mmol/L. The optimized loaded in situ gel released 82.5% VRC after 12 hours and resulted in a 5.4-fold increase in drug permeation. The in vivo results obtained using rabbits resulted in a nonsignificant differentiation among the renal function parameters compared with the negative control group. In conclusion, nasal in situ gel loaded with VRC-CO-NT is considered an efficient novel carrier with enhanced antifungal properties with no signs of nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Kammoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed J Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Ben-Suef, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Abualsunun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S A Murshid
- Department of Natural products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana B Bakhaidar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Souto EB, Macedo AS, Dias-Ferreira J, Cano A, Zielińska A, Matos CM. Elastic and Ultradeformable Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9743. [PMID: 34575907 PMCID: PMC8472566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through the skin, by means of topical drug delivery systems, is an advanced therapeutic approach. As the skin is the largest organ of the human body, primarily acting as a natural protective barrier against permeation of xenobiotics, specific strategies to overcome this barrier are needed. Liposomes are nanometric-sized delivery systems composed of phospholipids, which are key components of cell membranes, making liposomes well tolerated and devoid of toxicity. As their lipid compositions are similar to those of the skin, liposomes are used as topical, dermal, and transdermal delivery systems. However, permeation of the first generation of liposomes through the skin posed some limitations; thus, a second generation of liposomes has emerged, overcoming permeability problems. Various mechanisms of permeation/penetration of elastic/ultra-deformable liposomes into the skin have been proposed; however, debate continues on their extent/mechanisms of permeation/penetration. In vivo bioavailability of an API administered in the form of ultra-deformable liposomes is similar to the bioavailability achieved when the same API is administered in the form of a solution by subcutaneous or epi-cutaneous injection, which demonstrates their applicability in transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana B. Souto
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ana S. Macedo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences—Applied Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Dias-Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Amanda Cano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.D.-F.); (A.Z.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Carla M. Matos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal;
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Nayak D, Tippavajhala VK. A Comprehensive Review on Preparation, Evaluation and Applications of Deformable Liposomes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:186-205. [PMID: 34400952 PMCID: PMC8170744 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112878.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Elastic or deformable liposomes are phospholipid-based vesicular drug delivery systems that help improve the delivery of therapeutic agents through the intact skin membrane due to their deformable characteristics that overcome the problems of conventional liposomes. In the present review, different types of deformable liposomes such as transfersomes, ethosomes, menthosomes, invasomes and transethosome are studied, and their mechanism of action, characterization, preparation methods, and applications in pharmaceutical technology through topical, transdermal, nasal and oral routes for effective drug delivery are compared for their potential transdermal delivery of poorly permeable drugs. Due to the deformable characteristics of these vehicles, it resulted in modulation of increased drug encapsulation efficiency, permeation and penetration of the drug into or through the skin membrane and are found to be more effective than conventional drug delivery systems. So deformable liposomes can, therefore, be considered as a promising way of delivering the drugs transdermally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Lipid-Based Vesicles: a Non-invasive Tool for Transdermal Drug Delivery. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Exner AA, Kolios MC. Bursting Microbubbles: How Nanobubble Contrast Agents Can Enable the Future of Medical Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 54:101463. [PMID: 34393610 PMCID: PMC8356903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The field of medical ultrasound has undergone a significant evolution since the development of microbubbles as contrast agents. However, due to their size, microbubbles remain in the vasculature, and therefore have limited clinical applications. Building a better - and smaller - bubble can expand the applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound by allowing bubbles to extravasate from blood vessels - creating new opportunities. In this review, we summarize recent research on the formulation and use of NBs as imaging agents and as therapeutic vehicles. We discuss the ongoing debates in the field and reluctance to accepting NBs as an acoustically active construct and a potentially impactful clinical tool that can help shape the future of medical ultrasound. We hope that the overview of key experimental and theoretical findings in the NB field presented in this paper provides a fundamental framework that will help clarify NB-ultrasound interactions and inspire engagement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata A. Exner
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Paiva-Santos AC, Silva AL, Guerra C, Peixoto D, Pereira-Silva M, Zeinali M, Mascarenhas-Melo F, Castro R, Veiga F. Ethosomes as Nanocarriers for the Development of Skin Delivery Formulations. Pharm Res 2021; 38:947-970. [PMID: 34036520 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has been extensively explored for developing efficient drug delivery systems towards topical and transdermal applications. Ethosomes constitute a vesicular nanocarrier containing a relatively high concentration of ethanol (20-45%). Ethanol is a well-known permeation enhancer, which confers ethosomes unique features, including high elasticity and deformability, allowing them to penetrate deeply across the skin and enhance drug permeation and deposition. The improved composition of ethosomes offer, thereby, significant advantages in the delivery of therapeutic agents over particularly the conventional liposomes regarding different pathologies, including acne, psoriasis, alopecia, skin infections, hormonal deficiencies, among others. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ethosomal system and an assessment of its potential as an efficient nanocarrier towards the skin delivery of active ingredients. Special attention is given to the composition of ethosomes and the mechanism of skin permeation, as well as their potential applications in different pathologies, particularly skin pathologies (acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, skin cancer and skin infections). Some examples of ethosome-based formulations for the management of skin disorders are also highlighted. Besides the need for further studies, particularly in humans, ethosomal-based formulations hold great promise in the skin delivery of active ingredients, which increasingly asserts oneself as a viable alternative to the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Luísa Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Guerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mahdi Zeinali
- Student Research Committee and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Filipa Mascarenhas-Melo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- CQC, Department of Chemistry of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Multifunctional polymeric micellar nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112186. [PMID: 34082985 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles are a prevalent topic of research for the past decade, especially concerning their fitting ability to deliver drug and diagnostic agents. This delivery system offers outstanding advantages, such as biocompatibility, high loading efficiency, water-solubility, and good stability in biological fluids, to name a few. The multifunctional polymeric micellar architect offers the added capability to adapt its surface to meet the looked-for clinical needs. This review cross-talks the recent reports, proof-of-concept studies, patents, and clinical trials that utilize polymeric micellar family architectures concerning cancer targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, gene therapeutics, and diagnostic agents. The manuscript also expounds on the underlying opportunities, allied challenges, and ways to resolve their bench-to-bedside translation for allied clinical applications.
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Plumbagin-Loaded Glycerosome Gel as Topical Delivery System for Skin Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060923. [PMID: 33802819 PMCID: PMC8002493 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin (PLM) is a phytochemical which has shown cytotoxicity against of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the clinical application of PLM has been hindered due to poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to develop, optimize and evaluate PLM-loaded glycerosome (GM) gel and compare with conventional liposome (CL) for therapeutic efficacy against skin cancer. The GM formulations were optimized by employing design expert software by 3-level 3-factor design. The prepared GMs were characterized in vitro for vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, vesicle deformability, drug release, skin permeation, retention, texture, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. The optimized formulation showed a vesicle size of 119.20 ± 15.67 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.145 ± 0.02, the zeta potential of −27 ± 5.12 mV and entrapment efficiency of 76.42 ± 9.98%. The optimized PLM-loaded GM formulation was transformed into a pre-formed gel which was prepared using Carbopol 934 polymer. The drug diffusion fluxes of CL gel and GM-loaded gel were 23.31 ± 6.0 and 79.43 ± 12.43 µg/cm2/h, respectively. The result of texture analysis revealed the adequate hardness, cohesiveness, consistency, and viscosity of the developed GM-loaded gel compared to CL gel. The confocal images showed that glycerosomal gel has deeper skin layer penetration as compared to the control solution. GM-loaded gel treated rat skin showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher drug accumulation in the dermis, higher cytotoxicity and higher antioxidant activity as compared to CL gel and PLM suspension. Thus, findings revealed that novel GM-loaded gel could be potential carriers for therapeutic intervention in skin cancer.
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Sabry S, El hakim Ramadan A, Abd elghany M, Okda T, Hasan A. Formulation, characterization, and evaluation of the anti-tumor activity of nanosized galangin loaded niosomes on chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hajare A, Dol H, Patil K. Design and development of terbinafine hydrochloride ethosomal gel for enhancement of transdermal delivery: In vitro, in vivo, molecular docking, and stability study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sahu SK, Raj R, Raj PM, Alpana R. Topical Lipid Based Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Diseases: A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885513666181112153213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of skin ailments through systemic administration is limited due to toxicity and
patients discomfort. Hence, lower risk of systemic side effects from topical dosage forms like ointments,
creams, emulsions and gels is more preferred for the treatment of skin disease. Application
of lipid based carriers in drug delivery in topical formulations has recently become one of the major
approaches to improve drug permeation, safety, and effectiveness. These delivery systems include
liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, Nanoemulsions (NEs), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and micelles. Most of the liposomes and SLNs based products
are in the market while some are under investigation. Transcutaneous delivery of therapeutics
to the skin layer by novel lipid based carriers has enhanced topical therapy for the treatment of skin
ailments. This article covers an overview of the lipid-based carriers for topical uses to alleviate skin
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Rakesh Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Pooja Mongia Raj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
| | - Ram Alpana
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (CG)-495009, India
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Gupta P, Jha AK, Prasad M, Kushwaha P. Soft Malleable Vesicles: versatile carriers for efficient topical delivery of fungal therapeutics. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:54-61. [PMID: 33137836 DOI: 10.1055/a-1286-5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a subject of great concern and the incidence of fungal infections is increasing, presenting an enormous challenge to healthcare professionals. Since most of the fungal infections are occurring over the skin, the treatment option of these infections always involves topical application. However, in topical delivery drug reaches into systemic circulation through different barriers of skin. Nevertheless, due to the low permeability, skin restricts the movement of many drugs. Hence, a delivery system is required, which deliver the medicament into the skin layers or through the skin and into the systemic circulation. Ethosomes or Soft malleable vesicles are the novel lipid vesicular carrier that offer improved skin permeability and efficient delivery due to their structure and composition. They contain high concentration of ethanol, which increases the fluidity of the skin. Therefore, in the present paper, we have explored the utility of ethosomal systems in the topical treatment of fungal infections. Structure, compositions types, mechanism and techniques of preparation of ethosome also discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow.,Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
| | - Antesh Kumar Jha
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
| | - Mahesh Prasad
- Kamla Nehru Institute of Management and Technology (Faculty of Pharmacy), Sultanpur
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Sousa F, Ferreira D, Reis S, Costa P. Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090248. [PMID: 32942693 PMCID: PMC7558771 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of fungal infections has become a worrisome public health issue, having been aggravated by an increase in host predisposition factors. Despite all the drugs available on the market to treat these diseases, their efficiency is questionable, and their side effects cannot be neglected. Bearing that in mind, it is of upmost importance to synthetize new and innovative carriers for these medicines not only to fight emerging fungal infections but also to avert the increase in drug-resistant strains. Although it has revealed to be a difficult job, new nano-based drug delivery systems and even new cellular targets and compounds with antifungal potential are now being investigated. This article will provide a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies that have been studied in order to improve antifungal therapy and reduce adverse effects of conventional drugs. The bidirectional relationship between Mycology and Nanotechnology will be also explained. Furthermore, the article will focus on new compounds from the marine environment which have a proven antifungal potential and may act as platforms to discover drug-like characteristics, highlighting the challenges of the translation of these natural compounds into the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
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Poloxamer-Based In Situ Nasal Gel of Naratriptan Hydrochloride Deformable Vesicles for Brain Targeting. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Nayak D, Tawale RM, Aranjani JM, Tippavajhala VK. Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Novel Ultra-deformable Vesicular Drug Delivery System for an Anti-fungal Drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:140. [PMID: 32419032 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed at enhancing the skin penetration of ketoconazole by formulating it as transethosome. Ketoconazole-loaded transethosome formulations were prepared by conventional thin film evaporation and hydration method and were optimized using concentration of edge activator (span 80), ethanol and sonication time as factors and particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency as responses. The optimized formulation was further evaluated for in vitro diffusion, anti-fungal activity, ex vivo penetration and in vivo pharmacodynamic activity. The results of in vitro drug diffusion and ex vivo skin penetration studies demonstrated that the amount of drug diffused and penetrated through the skin was increased. Optimized transethosomes showed enhanced in vitro antifungal and in vivo pharmacodynamic activities against Candida albicans in Wistar albino rats when compared to conventional liposomes. Therefore, the developed ketoconazole encapsulated transethosome formulation is capable of enhancing the skin penetration of the drug by overcoming the stratum corneum barrier function and acting as an effective drug delivery system for ketoconazole through the skin for its anti-fungal activity.
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Naringin nano-ethosomal novel sunscreen creams: Development and performance evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111122. [PMID: 32498002 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure of skin to UV rays produces detrimental effects such as premature skin-ageing and skin cancer. Although, zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are good sunscreen agents, they do not provide highly efficient UV radiation protection and antioxidant and anti-aging effects. The present study was aimed at developing and characterizing ethosomes loaded with naringin and then to incorporate them into sunscreen creams containing nano-ZnO and -TiO2 to achieve adequate skin penetration and skin retention so as to scavenge the free radicals by virtue of naringin's antioxidant property. Ethosomes were prepared and optimized with respect to concentrations of ethanol and cholesterol, time of sonication, drug and lipid ratio and amount of drug. The ethosomes were evaluated for size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency and surface morphology. Ethosomal sunscreen creams were evaluated for physicochemical tests, spreadability, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and skin permeation studies. Optimized ethosomal formulation exhibited average vesicle size, PDI, ZP and drug encapsulation efficiency of 142.5 ± 5.6 nm, 0.199 ± 0.007, -72.5 ± 2.9 mV and 33.79 ± 1.35%, respectively. Naringin ethosomes showed enhanced retention in the skin (403.44 ± 15.33 μg/cm2) compared to naringin suspension (202.81 ± 9.45 μg/cm2). The optimized sunscreen cream exhibited SPF of 21.21 ± 0.62 with negligible permeation of naringin across the skin. Ethosomes showed pronounced skin permeation for naringin and optimized cream containing naringin ethosomes along with nano- ZnO and TiO2 showed good skin retention for naringin.
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Fathalla D, Youssef EMK, Soliman GM. Liposomal and Ethosomal Gels for the Topical Delivery of Anthralin: Preparation, Comparative Evaluation and Clinical Assessment in Psoriatic Patients. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E446. [PMID: 32403379 PMCID: PMC7285224 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance anthralin efficacy against psoriasis and reduce its notorious side effects, it was loaded into various liposomal and ethosomal preparations. The nanocarriers were characterized for drug encapsulation efficiency, size, morphology and compatibility between various components. Optimum formulations were dispersed in various gel bases and drug release kinetics were studied. Clinical efficacy and safety of liposomal and ethosomal Pluronic®F-127 gels were evaluated in patients having psoriasis (clinicaltrials.gov identifier is NCT03348462). Safety was assessed by recording various adverse events. Drug encapsulation efficiency ≥97.2% and ≥77% were obtained for liposomes and ethosomes, respectively. Particle sizes of 116 to 199 nm and 146 to 381 nm were observed for liposomes and ethosomes, respectively. Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies confirmed the absence of interaction between anthralin and various nanocarrier components. Tested gel bases showed excellent ability to sustain drug release. At baseline, the patients had a median Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) of 3.4 for liposomes and 3.6 for ethosomes without significant difference. After treatment, mean PASI change was -68.66% and -81.84% for liposomes and ethosomes, respectively with a significant difference in favor of ethosomes. No adverse effects were detected in both groups. Anthralin ethosomes could be considered as a potential treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Fathalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Eman M. K. Youssef
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Ghareb M. Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia
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Pandey P, Satija S, Wadhwa R, Mehta M, Purohit D, Gupta G, Prasher P, Chellappan DK, Awasthi R, Dureja H, Dua K. Emerging trends in nanomedicine for topical delivery in skin disorders: Current and translational approaches. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13292. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Pandey
- Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Baba Mastnath University Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology South Asian University Akbar Bhawan, Chanakyapuri New Delhi India
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Deepika Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Indira Gandhi University Rewari Haryana India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jaipur National University Jaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun India
| | - Dinesh K. Chellappan
- Departmental Sciences, School of Pharmacy International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy Amity University Uttar Pradesh Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak Haryana India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health University of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Centre for Inflammation Centenary Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle (UoN) Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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Bishnoi M, Jain A, Singla Y, Shrivastava B. Sublingual delivery of chondroitin sulfate conjugated tapentadol loaded nanovesicles for the treatment of osteoarthritis. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:30-44. [PMID: 32064982 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1730400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent treatment approaches of osteoarthritis (OA) face a number of obstacles due to the progressive multitude of pain generators, nociceptive mechanisms, first pass mechanism, less efficacy and compromised safety. The present study was aimed to bring a novel approach for the effective management of OA, by developing sublingual targeted nanovesicles (NVs) bearing tapentadol HCl (TAP), surface modified with chondroitin sulfate (CS). Optimized nontargeted nanovesicle formulation (MB-NV) was developed by an ultrasound method, characterized as spherical in shape, nanometric in size (around 150 nm) with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index <0.5), and good entrapment efficiency (around 50%). MB-NV conjugated with CS which was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. C-MB-NV showed improved pharmacokinetics parameters i.e. increased t1/2 (9.7 h), AUC (159.725 μg/mL*h), and MRT (14.99 h) of TAP than nontargeted formulation and plain drug soln. C-MB-NV in in vitro release studies proved sustained drug release pattern for more than 24 h following Higuchi model kinetics with Fickian diffusion (n ≤ 0.5).Targeted nanovesicles exhibited an improved bioavailability and enhanced analgesic activity in a disease-induced Wistar rat model which indicated the superior targeting potential of C-MB-NV exploiting CD44 receptors as mediators, overexpressed at the affected joints in the OA model. It could be a propitious approach to accustomed therapies for methodical and efficient management in advanced OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Bishnoi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, India.,Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Yashpaul Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Birendra Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
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Moazeni M, Saeedi M, Kelidari H, Nabili M, Davari A. An update on the application of nano-scaled carriers against fluconazole-resistant Candida species: nanostructured lipid carriers or solid lipid nanoparticles? Curr Med Mycol 2020; 5:8-13. [PMID: 32104738 PMCID: PMC7034784 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.4.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Encapsulation can lead to improved efficacy and safety of antifungal compounds. The attention of scientists has recently turned to biocompatible lipids as the carriers for the delivery of antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole. Although several research reports have already been published on fluconazole loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FLZ-SLNs) and fluconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (FLZ-NLCs), the possible advantages of NLCs over SLNs have not yet been fully established. Studies performed so far have given several contradictory results. Materials and Methods: Both formulations of fluconazole were synthesized using probe ultrasonication method and the characteristics were analyzed. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed with FLZ, FLZ-SLNs, and FLZ-NLCs using CLSI document M60 against some common fluconazole-resistant Candida species. Results: A significant decrease was observed in minimum inhibitory concentration values when both formulations were applied. Nonetheless, FLZ-NLCs were significantly more effective (P<0.05). However, three species groups were not statistically different in terms of the activity of FLZ-NLCs. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, FLZ-NLCs could reverse the azole-resistance phenomenon in the most common Candida species more effectively, as compared to FLZ-SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Kelidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Davari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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