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James N, Owusu E, Rivera G, Bandyopadhyay D. Small Molecule Therapeutics in the Pipeline Targeting for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Origin, Challenges, Opportunities, and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6285. [PMID: 38892472 PMCID: PMC11172743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are devoid of estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptor (PRs), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and it (TNBC) counts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers. TNBC is highly invasive, having a faster growth rate and a higher risk of metastasis and recurrence. Still, chemotherapy is one of the widely used options for treating TNBC. This study reviewed the histological and molecular characterization of TNBC subtypes, signaling pathways that are aberrantly expressed, and small molecules targeting these pathways, as either single agents or in combination with other therapeutic agents like chemotherapeutics, immunotherapeutics, and antibody-drug conjugates; their mechanisms of action, challenges, and future perspectives were also reviewed. A detailed analytical review was carried out using the literature collected from the SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ACS, Springer, and Wiley databases. Several small molecule inhibitors were found to be therapeutics for treating TNBC. The mechanism of action and the different signaling pathways through which the small molecules exert their effects were studied, including clinical trials, if reported. These small molecule inhibitors include buparlisib, everolimus, vandetanib, apatinib, olaparib, salidroside, etc. Some of the signaling pathways involved in TNBC, including the VEGF, PARP, STAT3, MAPK, EGFR, P13K, and SRC pathways, were discussed. Due to the absence of these biomarkers, drug development for treating TNBC is challenging, with chemotherapy being the main therapeutic agent. However, chemotherapy is associated with chemoresistance and a high toxicity to healthy cells as side effects. Hence, there is a continuous demand for small-molecule inhibitors that specifically target several signaling pathways that are abnormally expressed in TNBC. We attempted to include all the recent developments in this field. Any omission is truly unintentional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneoma James
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (N.J.); (E.O.)
| | - Esther Owusu
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (N.J.); (E.O.)
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico;
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (N.J.); (E.O.)
- School of Earth Environment & Marine Sciences (SEEMS), The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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2
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Liu R, Hou W, Li J, Gou X, Gao M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Deng H, Yang X, Zhang W. Co-assembly of cisplatin and dasatinib in hyaluronan nanogel to combat triple negative breast cancer with reduced side effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132074. [PMID: 38705320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Treatment for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a huge challenge due to the lack of targeted therapeutics and tumor heterogenicity. Cisplatin (Cis) have demonstrated favorable therapeutic response in TNBC and thus is used together with various kinase inhibitors to fight the heterogenicity of TNBC. The combination of Cis with SRC inhibitor dasatinib (DAS) has shown encouraging anti-TNBC efficacy although the additive toxicity was commonly observed. To overcome the severe side effects of this Cis involved therapy, here we co-encapsulated Cis and DAS into a self-assembled hyaluronan (HA) nanogel (designated as HA/Cis/DAS (HCD) nanogel) to afford the TNBC targeted delivery by using the 4T1 mouse model. The acquired HCD nanogel was around 181 nm in aqueous solution, demonstrating the pharmacological activities of both Cis and DAS. Taking advantages of HA's targeting capability towards CD44 that is overexpressed on many TNBC cells, the HCD could well maintain the anticancer efficacy of the Cis and DAS combination, significantly increase the maximum tolerated dose and relieve the renal toxicity in vivo. The current HCD nanogel provides a potent strategy to improve the therapeutic outcome of Cis and DAS combination and thus representing a new targeted treatment option for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Menghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Huimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, PR China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China.
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Kumar H, Gupta NV, Jain R, Madhunapantula SV, Babu CS, Kesharwani SS, Dey S, Jain V. A review of biological targets and therapeutic approaches in the management of triple-negative breast cancer. J Adv Res 2023; 54:271-292. [PMID: 36791960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, aggressive phenotype of breast cancer with associated chemoresistance. The development of chemo- or radioresistance could be attributed to diverse tumor microenvironments, overexpression of membrane proteins (transporters), epigenetic changes, and alteration of the cell signaling pathways/genes associated with the development of cancer stem cells (CSCs). AIM OF REVIEW Due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of TNBC, therapeutic response to the existing modalities offers limited scope and thus results in reccurance after therapy. To establish landmark therapeutic efficacy, a number of novel therapeutic modalities have been proposed. In addition, reversal of the resistance that developed during treatment may be altered by employing appropriate therapeutic modalities. This review aims to discuss the plethora of investigations carried out, which will help readers understand and make an appropriate choice of therapy directed toward complete elimination of TNBC. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This manuscript addresses the major contributory factors from the tumor microenvironment that are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and poor prognosis. The associated cellular events and molecular mechanism-based therapeutic interventions have been explained in detail. Inhibition of ABC transporters, cell signaling pathways associated with CSCs, and epigenetic modification offers promising results in this regard. TNBC progression, invasion, metastasis and recurrence can also be inhibited by blocking multiple cell signaling pathways, targeting specific receptors/epigenetic targets, disrupting bioenergetics and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - N Vishal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - C Saravana Babu
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | | | - Surajit Dey
- Roseman University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India.
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4
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Chapdelaine AG, Sun G. Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Targeted Therapies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1207. [PMID: 37627272 PMCID: PMC10452226 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of breast cancers characterized by their lack of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and the HER2 receptor. They are more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes, with a higher mean tumor size, higher tumor grade, the worst five-year overall survival, and the highest rates of recurrence and metastasis. Developing targeted therapies for TNBC has been a major challenge due to its heterogeneity, and its treatment still largely relies on surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In this review article, we review the efforts in developing targeted therapies for TNBC, discuss insights gained from these efforts, and highlight potential opportunities going forward. Accumulating evidence supports TNBCs as multi-driver cancers, in which multiple oncogenic drivers promote cell proliferation and survival. In such multi-driver cancers, targeted therapies would require drug combinations that simultaneously block multiple oncogenic drivers. A strategy designed to generate mechanism-based combination targeted therapies for TNBC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gongqin Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
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5
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de Paula B, Kieran R, Koh SSY, Crocamo S, Abdelhay E, Muñoz-Espín D. Targeting Senescence as a Therapeutic Opportunity for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:583-598. [PMID: 36752780 PMCID: PMC10157365 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Historically, only chemotherapy was available as systemic treatment, but immunotherapy and targeted therapies currently offer prolonged benefits. TNBC is a group of diseases with heterogeneous treatment sensitivity, and resistance is inevitable and early for a large proportion of the intrinsic subtypes. Although senescence induction by anticancer therapy offers an immediate favorable clinical outcome once the rate of tumor progression reduces, these cells are commonly dysfunctional and metabolically active, culminating in treatment-resistant repopulation associated with worse prognosis. This heterogeneous response can also occur without therapeutic pressure in response to damage or oncogenic stress, playing a relevant role in the carcinogenesis. Remarkably, there is preclinical and exploratory clinical evidence to support a relevant role of senescence in treatment resistance. Therefore, targeting senescent cells has been a scientific effort in many malignant tumors using a variety of targets and strategies, including increasing proapoptotic and decreasing antiapoptotic stimuli. Despite promising results, there are some challenges to applying this technology, including the best schedule of combination, assessment of senescence, specific vulnerabilities, and the best clinical scenarios. This review provides an overview of senescence in TNBC with a focus on future-proofing senotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Paula
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosalind Kieran
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Shui Yuan Koh
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Crocamo
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Muñoz-Espín
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Ye J, Wu J, Liu B. Therapeutic strategies of dual-target small molecules to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188866. [PMID: 36842765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite some advances in targeted therapeutics of human cancers, curative cancer treatment still remains a tremendous challenge due to the occurrence of drug resistance. A variety of underlying resistance mechanisms to targeted cancer drugs have recently revealed that the dual-target therapeutic strategy would be an attractive avenue. Compared to drug combination strategies, one agent simultaneously modulating two druggable targets generally shows fewer adverse reactions and lower toxicity. As a consequence, the dual-target small molecule has been extensively explored to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy. Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing drug resistance mechanisms of cancer cells, such as enhanced drug efflux, deregulated cell death, DNA damage repair, and epigenetic alterations. Based upon the resistance mechanisms, we further discuss the current therapeutic strategies of dual-target small molecules to overcome drug resistance, which will shed new light on exploiting more intricate mechanisms and relevant dual-target drugs for future cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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7
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Src inhibitor dasatinib sensitized gastric cancer cells to cisplatin. Med Oncol 2022; 40:49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Yang L, Xu J, Xie Z, Song F, Wang X, Tang R. Carrier-free prodrug nanoparticles based on dasatinib and cisplatin for efficient antitumor in vivo. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:762-771. [PMID: 35027952 PMCID: PMC8737405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier-free drug self-delivery systems consisting of amphiphilic drug-drug conjugate (ADDC) with well-defined structure and nanoscale features have drawn much attention in tumor drug delivery. Herein, we report a simple and effective strategy to prepare ADDC using derivatives of cisplatin (CP) and dasatinib (DAS), which further self-assembled to form reduction-responsive nanoparticles (CP-DDA NPs). DAS was modified with succinic anhydride and then connected with CP derivative by ester bonds. The size, micromorphology and in vitro drug release of CP-DDA NPs were characterized. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of these carrier-free nanoparticles were then investigated by HepG2 cells and H22-tumor bearing mice. In vitro and in vivo experiments proved that CP-DDA NPs had excellent anti-tumor activity and significantly reduced toxicities. This study provides a new strategy to design the carrier-free nanomedicine composed of CP and DAS for synergistic tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zheng Xie
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Faquan Song
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rupei Tang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Bio-manufacturing, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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9
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Mir MA, Qayoom H, Mehraj U, Nisar S, Bhat B, Wani NA. Targeting Different Pathways Using Novel Combination Therapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:586-602. [PMID: 32418525 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200518081955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer accounting for 15-20% of cases and is defined by the lack of hormonal receptors viz., estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and expression of human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2). Treatment of TNBC is more challenging than other subtypes of breast cancer due to the lack of markers for the molecularly targeted therapies (ER, PR, and HER-2/ Neu), the conventional chemotherapeutic agents are still the mainstay of the therapeutic protocols of its patients. Despite, TNBC being more chemo-responsive than other subtypes, unfortunately, the initial good response to the chemotherapy eventually turns into a refractory drug-resistance. Using a monotherapy for the treatment of cancer, especially high-grade tumors like TNBC, is mostly worthless due to the inherent genetic instability of tumor cells to develop intrinsic and acquired resistance. Thus, a cocktail of two or more drugs with different mechanisms of action is more effective and could successfully control the disease. Furthermore, combination therapy reveals more, or at least the same, effectiveness with lower doses of every single agent and decreases the likelihood of chemoresistance. Herein, we shed light on the novel combinatorial approaches targeting PARP, EGFR, PI3K pathway, AR, and wnt signaling, HDAC, MEK pathway for efficient treatment of high-grade tumors like TNBC and decreasing the onset of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Hina Qayoom
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Umar Mehraj
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Safura Nisar
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Basharat Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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10
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You KS, Yi YW, Cho J, Park JS, Seong YS. Potentiating Therapeutic Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:589. [PMID: 34207383 PMCID: PMC8233743 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subset of breast cancer with aggressive characteristics and few therapeutic options. The lack of an appropriate therapeutic target is a challenging issue in treating TNBC. Although a high level expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with a poor prognosis among patients with TNBC, targeted anti-EGFR therapies have demonstrated limited efficacy for TNBC treatment in both clinical and preclinical settings. However, with the advantage of a number of clinically approved EGFR inhibitors (EGFRis), combination strategies have been explored as a promising approach to overcome the intrinsic resistance of TNBC to EGFRis. In this review, we analyzed the literature on the combination of EGFRis with other molecularly targeted therapeutics or conventional chemotherapeutics to understand the current knowledge and to provide potential therapeutic options for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Sic You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 3116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 3116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (J.C.)
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11
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Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122978. [PMID: 34198652 PMCID: PMC8232221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous tumor characterized by early recurrence, high invasion, and poor prognosis. Currently, its treatment includes chemotherapy, which shows a suboptimal efficacy. However, with the increasing studies on TNBC subtypes and tumor molecular biology, great progress has been made in targeted therapy for TNBC. The new developments in the treatment of breast cancer include targeted therapy, which has the advantages of accurate positioning, high efficiency, and low toxicity, as compared to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Given its importance as cancer treatment, we review the latest research on the subtypes of TNBC and relevant targeted therapies.
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12
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Haga Y, Higashisaka K, Yang L, Sekine N, Lin Y, Tsujino H, Nagano K, Tsutsumi Y. Inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway overcomes intrinsic resistance to dasatinib in triple-negative breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:672-678. [PMID: 33036754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the only therapeutic choice for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is chemotherapy. In TNBC, despite strong preclinical data, clinical trials of molecular targeted drugs, such as the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib, have failed because of the heterogeneity of TNBC cells. Here, we examined the mechanism of intrinsic resistance to dasatinib in five TNBC cell lines. First, we divided the TNBC cell lines into those sensitive or resistant to dasatinib and found that activation of Src was inhibited in all of the cell lines. In contrast, we found that dasatinib inhibited Akt phosphorylation in only the dasatinib-sensitive cell lines. Consequently, we found that combination treatment with dasatinib and an inhibitor of Akt or mTOR suppressed cell proliferation more than did either monotherapy in the dasatinib-resistant cell lines. Finally, to mimic intrinsic resistance, we established a dasatinib-tolerant TNBC cell line. In this cell line, the combinational effect of Akt/mTOR inhibition with dasatinib was observed, as it was in the cell lines with intrinsic resistance. Together, the present results show that the effect of dasatinib in TNBC is independent of Src inhibition, and that Akt/mTOR inhibition might be an effective strategy to overcome TNBC cells with intrinsic dasatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Haga
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Lili Yang
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Sekine
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ying Lin
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Sulaiman A, McGarry S, Chambers J, Al-Kadi E, Phan A, Li L, Mediratta K, Dimitroulakos J, Addison C, Li X, Wang L. Targeting Hypoxia Sensitizes TNBC to Cisplatin and Promotes Inhibition of Both Bulk and Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165788. [PMID: 32806648 PMCID: PMC7461107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an unmet medical need. Cisplatin has demonstrated its promising potential for the treatment of TNBC in clinical trials; however, cisplatin treatment is associated with hypoxia that, in turn, promotes cancer stem cell (CSC) enrichment and drug resistance. Therapeutic approaches to attenuate this may lead to increased cisplatin efficacy in the clinic for the treatment of TNBC. In this report we analyzed clinical datasets of TNBC and found that TNBC patients possessed higher levels of EGFR and hypoxia gene expression. A similar expression pattern was also observed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. We, thus, developed a new therapeutic approach to inhibit EGFR and hypoxia by combination treatment with metformin and gefitinib that sensitized TNBC cells to cisplatin and led to the inhibition of both CD44+/CD24− and ALDH+ CSCs. We demonstrated a similar inhibition efficacy on organotypic cultures of TNBC patient samples ex vivo. Since these drugs have already been used frequently in the clinic; this study illustrates a novel, clinically translatable therapeutic approach to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University of Medicine and Bioscience, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Sarah McGarry
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jason Chambers
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Emil Al-Kadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Alexandra Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Karan Mediratta
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Christina Addison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.S.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (E.A.-K.); (A.P.); (L.L.); (K.M.); (J.D.); (C.A.); (X.L.)
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-613-562-5624
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14
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Kang N, Cao S, Jiang B, Zhang Q, Donkor PO, Zhu Y, Qiu F, Gao X. Cetuximab enhances oridonin-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104885. [PMID: 32407876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cetuximab plus oridonin showed a synergistic way to kill laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), as been reported previously. The present work further mechanistically extended action of the synergistic effects of combination treatment. Firstly, two LSCC cells displayed higher sensitivity to oridonin, whereas both low EGFR expression tumor cells and EGFR knockdown LSCC cells were less sensitive to oridonin. Next, cetuximab/oridonin significantly enhanced the mitochondrial apoptosis through NF-κB. Meanwhile, PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways are associated with the nucleus translocation of NF-κB by combination treatment. Additionally, cetuximab enhanced oridonin-promoted ER stress-related apoptosis. Interestingly, both ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis by combination treatment are abrogated by ROS scavenger. Furthermore, oridonin/cetuximab induced ROS production after 1.5 h, followed by G2/M arrest and apoptosis, indicating that ROS generation might be an early and key event. Taken together, cetuximab enhances oridonin-induced ER stress and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which contributes to the synergistic antitumor effects of cetuximab/oridonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Shijie Cao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Benke Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Faculty of Life Sciences and Biological Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Paul Owusu Donkor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, P.O. Box 52, Ghana
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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15
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Thakur V, Kutty RV. Recent advances in nanotheranostics for triple negative breast cancer treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:430. [PMID: 31661003 PMCID: PMC6819447 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex and aggressive type of breast cancer encountered world widely in women. Absence of hormonal receptors on breast cancer cells necessitates the chemotherapy as the only treatment regime. High propensity to metastasize and relapse in addition to poor prognosis and survival motivated the oncologist, nano-medical scientist to develop novel and efficient nanotherapies to solve such a big TNBC challenge. Recently, the focus for enhanced availability, targeted cellular uptake with minimal toxicity is achieved by nano-carriers. These smart nano-carriers carrying all the necessary arsenals (drugs, tracking probe, and ligand) designed in such a way that specifically targets the TNBC cells at site. Articulating the targeted delivery system with multifunctional molecules for high specificity, tracking, diagnosis, and treatment emerged as theranostic approach. In this review, in addition to classical treatment modalities, recent advances in nanotheranostics for early and effective diagnostic and treatment is discussed. This review highlighted the recently FDA approved immunotherapy and all the ongoing clinical trials for TNBC, in addition to nanoparticle assisted immunotherapy. Futuristic but realistic advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning not only improve early diagnosis but also assist clinicians for their workup in TNBC. The novel concept of Nanoparticles induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) as a way of tumor invasion is also discussed in addition to classical EPR effect. This review intends to provide basic insight and understanding of the novel nano-therapeutic modalities in TNBC diagnosis and treatment and to sensitize the readers for continue designing the novel nanomedicine. This is the first time that designing nanoparticles with stoichiometric definable number of antibodies per nanoparticle now represents the next level of precision by design in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Thakur
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Rajaletchumy Veloo Kutty
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology,University Malaysia Pahang, Tun Razak Highway, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, University Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
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16
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Dey P, Rathod M, De A. Targeting stem cells in the realm of drug-resistant breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2019; 11:115-135. [PMID: 30881110 PMCID: PMC6410754 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s189224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since its first documentation, breast cancer (BC) has been a conundrum that ails millions of women every year. This cancer has been well studied by researchers all over the world, which has improved the patient outcome significantly. There are many diagnostic markers to identify the disease, but early detection and then subclassification of this cancer remain dubious. Even after the correct diagnosis, more than half the patients come back with a more aggressive and metastatic tumor. The underpinning mechanism that governs the resistance includes over-amplification of receptors, mutations in key gene targets, and activation of different signaling. A plethora of drugs have been devised that have shown promising results in clinical settings. However, in recent times, the role played by cancer stem cells in disease progression and their interaction in mediating the resistance to cellular insults have come into the limelight. As breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are dormant in nature, it is highly likely that they fail to directly respond to the cytotoxic drugs which are meant for ablating rapidly proliferating cells. Furthermore, the absence of well-characterized, drug-able surface markers to date, has limited the application of targeted therapies in complete eradication of the disease. In this review, our intent is to discuss versatile therapeutics in practice followed by discussing the upcoming therapy strategies in the pipeline for BC. Furthermore, we focus on the roles played by BCSCs in mediating the resistance, and therefore, the aspects of new therapeutics against BCSCs under development that may ease the burden in future has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Dey
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India, .,Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India,
| | - Maitreyi Rathod
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India, .,Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India,
| | - Abhijit De
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India, .,Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India,
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17
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Tong CWS, Wu M, Cho WCS, To KKW. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:227. [PMID: 29963498 PMCID: PMC6010518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. It is classified into a few major molecular subtypes according to hormone and growth factor receptor expression. Over the past few years, substantial advances have been made in the discovery of new drugs for treating BC. Improved understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of BC has allowed the development of more effective and individualized approach to treatment. In this review, we provide an update about the current treatment strategy and discuss the various emerging novel therapies for the major molecular subtypes of BC. A brief account of the clinical development of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, histone deacetylation, multi-targeting tyrosine kinases, and immune checkpoints for personalized treatment of BC is included. However, no targeted drug has been approved for the most aggressive subtype-triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, we discuss the heterogeneity of TNBC and how molecular subtyping of TNBC may help drug discovery for this deadly disease. The emergence of drug resistance also poses threat to the successful development of targeted therapy in various molecular subtypes of BC. New clinical trials should incorporate advanced methods to identify changes induced by drug treatment, which may be associated with the upregulation of compensatory signaling pathways in drug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy W S Tong
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingxia Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K W To
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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18
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Lee A, Djamgoz MBA. Triple negative breast cancer: Emerging therapeutic modalities and novel combination therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 62:110-122. [PMID: 29202431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a complex and aggressive subtype of breast cancer which lacks oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER2 amplification, thereby making it difficult to target therapeutically. In addition, TNBC has the highest rates of metastatic disease and the poorest overall survival of all breast cancer subtypes. Resultantly, development of targeted therapies for TNBC is urgently needed. Recent efforts aimed at molecular characterisation of TNBCs have revealed various emerging therapeutic targets including PARP1, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, immune-checkpoints, androgen receptor and epigenetic proteins. Key successes include that of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, which prolonged progression-free survival in a trial of BRCA-mutated breast cancer and for which clinical approval (in this setting) appears imminent. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of TNBC has limited the clinical benefits of many trialled therapies in 'unselected' patients. Further, drug resistance develops following use of many targeted monotherapies due to upregulation of compensatory signalling pathways. In this review, we evaluate the current status of investigational targeted treatments and present evidence for the role of novel biomarkers and combination therapies in increasing response rates and circumventing drug-induced resistance. Additionally, we discuss promising novel targets in metastatic TNBC identified through preclinical and/or epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mustafa B A Djamgoz
- Neuroscience Solution to Cancer Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Wang C, Kar S, Lai X, Cai W, Arfuso F, Sethi G, Lobie PE, Goh BC, Lim LHK, Hartman M, Chan CW, Lee SC, Tan SH, Kumar AP. Triple negative breast cancer in Asia: An insider's view. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 62:29-38. [PMID: 29154023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While tremendous improvement has been made for the treatment of breast cancers, the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) still remains a challenge due to its aggressive characteristics and limited treatment options. Most of the studies on TNBC were conducted in Western population and TNBC is reported to be more frequent in the African women. This review encapsulates the studies conducted on TNBC patients in Asian population and elucidates the similarities and differences between these two regions. The current treatment of TNBC includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition to the current chemotherapies, which mainly include cytotoxic agents, such as taxanes and anthracyclines, many clinical trials are investigating the potential use of other chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutics and combinational therapies to treat TNBC. Moreover, this review also integrates the studies involving novel markers, which will help us to dissect the pathologic process of TNBC and in turn facilitate the development of better treatment strategies to combat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shreya Kar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianning Lai
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanpei Cai
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University Graduate School at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boon C Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching W Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Soo C Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sing H Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; OncoCare Cancer Centre, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore.
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Cui Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Gao C, Chen Y, Tan C, Jiang Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of azaacridine derivatives as dual-target EGFR and Src kinase inhibitors for antitumor treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:372-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Sun J, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhao W, Zhai Q, Rathod S, Huang Y, Tang S, Kwon YT, Fernandez C, Venkataramanan R, Li S. Doxorubicin delivered by a redox-responsive dasatinib-containing polymeric prodrug carrier for combination therapy. J Control Release 2017; 258:43-55. [PMID: 28501705 PMCID: PMC5525542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two novel prodrug polymers POEG-b-PSSDas (redox-sensitive) and POEG-b-PCCDas (redox-insensitive), which consist of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEG) hydrophilic blocks and dasatinib (DAS, an oncogenic tyrosine kinases inhibitor) conjugated hydrophobic blocks, were designed as dual-functional carriers for codelivery with doxorubicin (DOX). Both carriers retained antitumor activity of DAS and could form mixed micelles with DOX. Compared to POEG-b-PCCDas micelles, incorporation of disulfide linkage into POEG-b-PSSDas micelles facilitated efficient cleavage of DAS from prodrug micelles in tumor cells/tissues, leading to a higher level of anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DOX-loaded POEG-b-PSSDas micelles exhibited triggered DOX release under a redox environment (10mM glutathione, GSH), and demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against 4T1.2 and PC3 cell lines compared to DOX and DOX-loaded POEG-b-PCCDas micelles. More importantly, DOX-loaded POEG-b-PSSDas micelles were more effective in inhibiting the tumor growth and prolonging the survival rate in an aggressive murine breast cancer model (4T1.2) compared to DOX-loaded POEG-b-PCCDas micelles and a micellar formulation co-loaded with DOX and DAS. This redox-responsive prodrug micellar system provides an attractive strategy for effective combination of tumor targeted therapy and traditional chemotherapy, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160, Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yichao Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Qianyu Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Suoqin Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian Fernandez
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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22
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Lee A. Potential role for growth hormone-releasing hormone in triple-negative breast cancer. Peptides 2017; 92:46-47. [PMID: 28192152 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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23
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Parvani JG, Jackson MW. Silencing the roadblocks to effective triple-negative breast cancer treatments by siRNA nanoparticles. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R81-R97. [PMID: 28148541 PMCID: PMC5471497 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, RNA interference (RNAi) has been ubiquitously utilized to study biological function in vitro; however, limitations were associated with its utility in vivo More recently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticles with improved biocompatibility have gained prevalence as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of various diseases. The adaptability of siRNA nanoparticles enables the delivery of virtually any siRNA, which is especially advantageous for therapeutic applications in heterogeneous diseases that lack unifying molecular features, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that is stratified by the lack of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor expression and HER2 amplification. There are currently no FDA-approved targeted therapies for the treatment of TNBCs, making cytotoxic chemotherapy the only treatment option available to these patients. In this review, we outline the current status of siRNA nanoparticles in clinical trials for cancer treatment and discuss the promising preclinical approaches that have utilized siRNA nanoparticles for TNBC treatment. Next, we address TNBC subtype-specific therapeutic interventions and highlight where and how siRNA nanoparticles fit into these strategies. Lastly, we point out ongoing challenges in the field of siRNA nanoparticle research that, if addressed, would significantly improve the efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles as a therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Parvani
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Breast cancer is a unique disease characterized by heterogeneous cell populations causing roadblocks in therapeutic medicine, owing to its complex etiology and primeval understanding of the biology behind its genesis, progression, and sustenance. Globocan statistics indicate over 1.7 million new breast cancer diagnoses in 2012, accounting for 25% of all cancer morbidities. RECENT ADVANCES Despite these dismal statistics, the introduction of molecular gene signature platforms, progressive therapeutic approaches in diagnosis, and management of breast cancer has led to more effective treatment strategies and control measures concurrent with an equally reassuring decline in the mortality rate. CRITICAL ISSUES However, an enormous body of research in this area is requisite as high mortality associated with metastatic and/or drug refractory tumors continues to present a therapeutic challenge. Despite advances in systemic chemotherapy, the median survival of patients harboring metastatic breast cancers continues to be below 2 years. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Hence, a massive effort to scrutinize and evaluate chemotherapeutics on the basis of the molecular classification of these cancers is undertaken with the objective to devise more attractive and feasible approaches to treat breast cancers and improve patients' quality of life. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the biology of breast cancer as well as challenges faced in combating breast cancer, with special emphasis on the current battery of treatment strategies. We will also try and gain perspective from recent encounters on novel findings responsible for the progression and metastatic transformation of breast cancer cells in an endeavor to develop more targeted treatment options. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 337-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Veronique Clement
- 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,3 Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- 1 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore .,4 National University Cancer Institute , NUHS, Singapore, Singapore .,5 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University , Perth, Australia
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25
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Yang C, Wu C, Xu D, Wang M, Xia Q. AstragalosideII inhibits autophagic flux and enhance chemosensitivity of cisplatin in human cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:166-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Nagahashi M, Tsuchida J, Moro K, Hasegawa M, Tatsuda K, Woelfel IA, Takabe K, Wakai T. High levels of sphingolipids in human breast cancer. J Surg Res 2016; 204:435-444. [PMID: 27565080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, have emerged as key regulatory molecules that control various aspects of cell growth and proliferation in cancer. Although important roles of sphingolipids in breast cancer progression have been reported in experimental models, their roles in human patients have yet to be determined. The aims of this study were to determine the levels of sphingolipids including S1P, ceramides, and other sphingolipids, in breast cancer and normal breast tissue and to compare the difference in levels of each sphingolipid between the two tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor and noncancerous breast tissue were obtained from 12 patients with breast cancer. Sphingolipids including S1P, ceramides, and their metabolites of sphingosine, sphingomyelin, and monohexosylceramide were measured by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The levels of S1P, ceramides, and other sphingolipids in the tumor were significantly higher than those in normal breast tissue. There was a relatively strong correlation in the levels of S1P between the tumor and those of normal breast tissue from the same person. On the other hand, there was no correlation in the levels of most of the ceramide species between the tumor and those of normal breast tissue from the same person. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal that levels of sphingolipids in cancer tissue are generally higher than those of normal breast tissue in patients with breast cancer. The correlation of S1P levels in these tissues implicates the role of S1P in interaction between cancer and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan.
| | - Junko Tsuchida
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
| | - Kazuki Moro
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
| | - Miki Hasegawa
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tatsuda
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
| | - Ingrid A Woelfel
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata City, Japan
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27
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Advances in small-molecule drug discovery for triple-negative breast cancer. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2019-39. [PMID: 26495746 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of poor prognosis, highly invasive and difficult-to-treat breast cancers accounting for approximately 15% of clinical cases. Given the poor outlook and lack of sustained response to conventional therapies, TNBC has been the subject of intense studies on new therapeutic approaches in recent years. The development of targeted cancer therapies, often in combination with established chemotherapy, has been applied to a number of new clinical studies in this setting in recent years. This review will highlight recent therapeutic advances in TNBC, focusing on small-molecule drugs and their associated biological mechanisms of action, and offering the possibility of improved prospects for this patient group in the near future.
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28
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Chen J, Lan T, Zhang W, Dong L, Kang N, Fu M, Liu B, Liu K, Zhang C, Hou J, Zhan Q. Dasatinib enhances cisplatin sensitivity in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells via suppression of PI3K/AKT and Stat3 pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 575:38-45. [PMID: 25843419 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of cisplatin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treatment remains undesirable. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in multiple fields of tumorigenesis, recently has been indicated as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of solid tumors including ESCC. However, whether inhibition of Src activity can increase cisplatin efficacy in ESCC cells remains unknown. The present study found that inhibition of Src by its inhibitor-dasatinib sensitized ESCC cells to cisplatin in vitro. Our data also suggest a likely mechanism for this synergy that dasatinib reduces expression of critical oncogenic members of the signaling pathways, such as AKT or Stat3, and cisplatin-resistant molecules, such as ERCC1 and BRCA1, under the control of Src. Furthermore, dasatinib could sensitize ESCC cells to another platin-based agent, carboplatin. Therefore, this study provides a potential target for improving cisplatin efficacy in ESCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lijia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kangtai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University and Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Cuixiang Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 110300, China
| | - Jincai Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 110300, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100191, China.
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Andey T, Sudhakar G, Marepally S, Patel A, Banerjee R, Singh M. Lipid nanocarriers of a lipid-conjugated estrogenic derivative inhibit tumor growth and enhance cisplatin activity against triple-negative breast cancer: pharmacokinetic and efficacy evaluation. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1105-20. [PMID: 25661724 DOI: 10.1021/mp5008629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of malignancies among women globally. The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype is the most difficult to treat and accounts for 15% of all cases. Targeted therapies have been developed for TNBC but come short of clinical translation due to acquired tumor resistance. An effective therapy against TNBC must combine properties of target specificity, efficient tumor killing, and translational relevance. The objective of this study was to formulate a nontoxic, cationic, lipid-conjugated estrogenic derivative (ESC8), with demonstrated anticancer activity, for oral delivery in mice bearing triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as xenograft tumors. The in vitro cell viability, Caco-2 permeability, and cell cycle dynamics of ESC8-treated TNBC cells were investigated. ESC8 was formulated as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, size stability, and tumor biodistribution. Pharmacokinetic modeling of plasma concentration-time course data was carried out following intravenous and oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo efficacy investigation of ESC8-SLNC was carried out in Nu/Nu mice bearing MDA-MB-231 TNBC as xenograft tumors, and the molecular dynamics modulating tumor growth inhibition was analyzed by Western blot. In vitro ESC8 inhibited TNBC and non-TNBC cell viability with IC50 ranging from 1.81 to 3.33 μM. ESC8 was superior to tamoxifen and Cisplatin in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 cell viability; and at 2.0 μM ESC8 enhanced Cisplatin cytotoxicity 16-fold. Intravenous ESC8 (2.0 mg/kg) was eliminated at a rate of 0.048 ± 0.01 h(-1) with a half-life of 14.63 ± 2.95 h in rats. ESC8 was orally bioavailable (47.03%) as solid lipid nanoparticles (ESC8-SLN). ESC8-SLN (10 mg/kg/day, ×14 days, p.o.) inhibited breast tumor growth by 74% (P < 0.0001 vs control) in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 cells as xenografts; and when given in combination with Cisplatin (2.0 mg/kg/biweekly, ×2 weeks, IV), tumor growth was inhibited by 87% (P = 0.0002, vs ESC8-SLN; 10 mg/kg/day, ×14 days, p.o). ESC8-SLN tumor growth inhibition was associated with increased expression of p21 and Caspase-9; as well as by inhibition of EGFR, Slug, p-Akt1, Vimentin, NFkβ, and IKKγ. These results show the promise of ESC8 as an oral adjuvant or neoadjuvant against triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrick Andey
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 19 Foster Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01608, United States
| | - Godeshala Sudhakar
- ‡Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- §Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), NCBS-TIFR, UAS-GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560067, India
| | | | - Rajkumar Banerjee
- ‡Biomaterials Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
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Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacology of Src family kinases and therapeutic implications of their modulators. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:115-30. [PMID: 25545125 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs), the largest family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, include 10 members. Src was the first gene product discovered to have intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity. Src is widely expressed in many cell types and can have different locations within a cell; the subcellular location of Src can affect its function. Src can associate with cellular membranes, such as the plasma membrane, the perinuclear membrane, and the endosomal membrane. SFKs actions on mammalian cells are pleiotropic and include effect on cell morphology, adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. SFKs at one end have been documented to play some important physiological functions; on the other end, they have been described in the pathophysiology of some disorders. In this review article, an exhaustive attempt has been made to unearth pharmacology of SFKs and therapeutic implications of SFKs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CNS and CVS Research Laboratory, Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
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31
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Tomao F, Papa A, Zaccarelli E, Rossi L, Caruso D, Minozzi M, Vici P, Frati L, Tomao S. Triple-negative breast cancer: new perspectives for targeted therapies. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:177-93. [PMID: 25653541 PMCID: PMC4303459 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s67673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing a large number of entities showing different morphological features and having clinical behaviors. It has became apparent that this diversity may be justified by distinct patterns of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic aberrations. The identification of gene-expression microarray-based characteristics has led to the identification of at least five breast cancer subgroups: luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and basal-like. Triple-negative breast cancer is a complex disease diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, and it is characterized by malignant cells not expressing estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors at all, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Along with this knowledge, recent data show that triple-negative breast cancer has specific molecular features that could be possible targets for new biological targeted drugs. The aim of this article is to explore the use of new drugs in this particular setting, which is still associated with poor prognosis and high risk of distant recurrence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Anselmo Papa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zaccarelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Rossi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Caruso
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Marina Minozzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
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Safdari Y, Khalili M, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Yazdani Y, Farajnia S. Natural inhibitors of PI3K/AKT signaling in breast cancer: emphasis on newly-discovered molecular mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2014; 93:1-10. [PMID: 25533812 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of a variety of human cancers, including breast cancer. An important signaling pathway downstream of EGFR is the PI3K/AKt pathway, which regulates cellular processes as diverse as cell growth, survival, proliferation and migration. Deregulated activity of this pathway may lead to uncontrolled cell growth, survival, migration and invasion, contributing to tumor formation. In this review, we evaluate natural compounds that, in vitro (breast cancer cell lines) and/or in vivo (animal model, clinical) studies, suppress breast cancer cells or tumors mainly by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The effect of these compounds on cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in breast cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Safdari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Khalili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Yang K, Fu LW. Mechanisms of resistance to BCR-ABL TKIs and the therapeutic strategies: A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 93:277-92. [PMID: 25500000 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BCR-ABL caused by the translocation of t(9,22) with elevated tyrosine-kinase activity could induce leukemia in mice, which established BCR-ABL as the molecular pathogenic event in CML (Chronic myeloid leukemia). In recent years, a variety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting at BCR-ABL specifically and effectively have been developed, which has fundamentally promoted the treatment of CML. However, the efficacy of TKIs was limited by its resistance induced by the development of kinase domain mutations and other mechanisms illustrated. In this review, we summarized BCR-ABL inhibitors approved by Food and Drug Administration (FAD), with the same concerns focus on the resistant mechanisms of BCR-ABL inhibitors and therapeutic resistant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li-wu Fu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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34
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Mancini P, Angeloni A, Risi E, Orsi E, Mezi S. Standard of care and promising new agents for triple negative metastatic breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2187-223. [PMID: 25347122 PMCID: PMC4276962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a cluster of heterogeneous diseases, all of them sharing the lack of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2 protein. They are characterized by different biological, molecular and clinical features, including a poor prognosis despite the increased sensitivity to the current cytotoxic therapies. Several studies have identified important molecular features which enable further subdivision of this type of tumor. We are drawing from genomics, transcription and translation analysis at different levels, to improve our knowledge of the molecular alterations along the pathways which are activated during carcinogenesis and tumor progression. How this information should be used for the rational selection of therapy is an ongoing challenge and the subject of numerous research studies in progress. Currently, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), HSP90 and Aurora inhibitors are most used as targeting agents in metastatic setting clinical trials. In this paper we will review the current knowledge about the genetic subtypes of TNBC and their different responses to conventional therapeutic strategies, as well as to some new promising molecular target agents, aimed to achieve more tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Risi
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Errico Orsi
- Department of Surgical Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Silvia Mezi
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Brand TM, Iida M, Dunn EF, Luthar N, Kostopoulos KT, Corrigan KL, Wleklinski MJ, Yang D, Wisinski KB, Salgia R, Wheeler DL. Nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor is a functional molecular target in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1356-68. [PMID: 24634415 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subclass of breast cancers (i.e., estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) that have poor prognosis and very few identified molecular targets. Strikingly, a high percentage of TNBCs overexpresses the EGF receptor (EGFR), yet EGFR inhibition has yielded little clinical benefit. Over the last decade, advances in EGFR biology have established that EGFR functions in two distinct signaling pathways: (i) classical membrane-bound signaling and (ii) nuclear signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) can enhance resistance to anti-EGFR therapies and is correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that nEGFR may promote intrinsic resistance to cetuximab in TNBC. To examine this question, a battery of TNBC cell lines and human tumors were screened and found to express nEGFR. Knockdown of EGFR expression demonstrated that TNBC cell lines retained dependency on EGFR for proliferation, yet all cell lines were resistant to cetuximab. Furthermore, Src Family Kinases (SFKs) influenced nEGFR translocation in TNBC cell lines and in vivo tumor models, where inhibition of SFK activity led to potent reductions in nEGFR expression. Inhibition of nEGFR translocation led to a subsequent accumulation of EGFR on the plasma membrane, which greatly enhanced sensitivity of TNBC cells to cetuximab. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting both the nEGFR signaling pathway, through the inhibition of its nuclear transport, and the classical EGFR signaling pathway with cetuximab may be a viable approach for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Brand
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Human Oncology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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