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Chiñas-Rojas LE, Domínguez JE, Herrera LÁA, González-Jiménez FE, Colorado-Peralta R, Arenzano Altaif JA, Rivera Villanueva JM. Exploring Synthesis Strategies and Interactions between MOFs and Drugs for Controlled Drug Loading and Release, Characterizing Interactions Through Advanced Techniques. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400144. [PMID: 39049537 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This study explores various aspects of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), focusing on synthesis techniques to adjust pore size and key ligands and metals for crafting carrier MOFs. It investigates MOF-drug interactions, including hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions, along with kinetic studies. The multifaceted applications of MOFs in drug delivery systems are elucidated. The morphology and structure of MOFs are intricately linked to synthesis methodology, impacting attributes like crystallinity, porosity, and surface area. Hydrothermal synthesis yields MOFs with high crystallinity, suitable for catalytic applications, while solvothermal synthesis generates MOFs with increased porosity, ideal for gas and liquid adsorption. Understanding MOF-drug interactions is crucial for optimizing drug delivery, affecting charge capacity, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. Kinetic studies determine drug release rates and uniformity, vital for controlled drug delivery. Overall, comprehending drug-MOF interactions and kinetics is essential for developing effective and controllable drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia E Chiñas-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México
| | - José E Domínguez
- Department of Nanotechnology, INTESU, Universidad Tecnológica del Centro de Veracruz, México
| | - Luis Ángel Alfonso Herrera
- Basic Science Department, Metropolitan-Azcapotzalco Autonomous University (UAM), Av. San Pablo No 180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Ciudad de México, 02200, México
| | - Francisco E González-Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México
| | - Raúl Colorado-Peralta
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México
| | - Jesús Antonio Arenzano Altaif
- Facultad de ingeniería, Universidad Veracruzana, UV, campus Ixtaczoquitlán carretera sumidero-dos ríos km 1., C.P. 94452, Veracruz, México
| | - José María Rivera Villanueva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México
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Salazar J, Hidalgo-Rosa Y, Burboa PC, Wu YN, Escalona N, Leiva A, Zarate X, Schott E. UiO-66(Zr) as drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Control Release 2024; 370:392-404. [PMID: 38663750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity for the human body of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) overdoses is a consequence of their low water solubility, high doses, and facile accessibility to the population. New drug delivery systems (DDS) are necessary to overcome the bioavailability and toxicity related to NSAIDs. In this context, UiO-66(Zr) metal-organic framework (MOF) shows high porosity, stability, and load capacity, thus being a promising DDS. However, the adsorption and release capability for different NSAIDs is scarcely described. In this work, the biocompatible UiO-66(Zr) MOF was used to study the adsorption and release conditions of ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac using a theoretical and experimental approximation. DFT results showed that the MOF-drug interaction was due to an intermolecular hydrogen bond between protons of the groups in the defect sites, (μ3 - OH, and - OH2) and a lone pair of oxygen carboxyl functional group of the NSAIDs. Also, the experimental results suggest that the solvent where the drug is dissolved affects the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics are similar between the drugs, but the maximum load capacity differs for each drug. The release kinetics assay showed a solvent dependence kinetics whose maximum liberation capacity is affected by the interaction between the drug and the material. Finally, the biological assays show that none of the systems studied are cytotoxic for HMVEC. Additionally, the wound healing assay suggests that the UiO-66(Zr) material has potential application on the wound healing process. However, further studies should be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Salazar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Yoan Hidalgo-Rosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Pia C Burboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yi-Nan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Néstor Escalona
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Millenium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Chile
| | - Angel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Center, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, CIEN-UC, Centro de Energía UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; Millenium Nuclei on Catalytic Processes Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC), Chile.
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Cretu C, Nicola R, Marinescu SA, Picioruș EM, Suba M, Duda-Seiman C, Len A, Illés L, Horváth ZE, Putz AM. Performance of Zr-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13887. [PMID: 37762192 PMCID: PMC10531200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zr-based metal-organic framework materials (Zr-MOFs) with increased specific surface area and pore volume were obtained using chemical (two materials, Zr-MOF1 and Zr-MOF3) and solvothermal (Zr-MOF2) synthesis methods and investigated via FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, SANS, PXRD, and SEM methods. The difference between Zr-MOF1 and Zr-MOF3 lies in the addition of reactants during synthesis. Nitrogen porosimetry data indicated the presence of pores with average dimensions of ~4 nm; using SANS, the average size of the Zr-MOF nanocrystals was suggested to be approximately 30 nm. The patterns obtained through PXRD were characterized by similar features that point to well-crystallized phases specific for the UIO-66 type materials; SEM also revealed that the materials were composed of small and agglomerate crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that both materials had approximately two linker deficiencies per Zr6 formula unit. Captopril and ibuprofen loading and release experiments in different buffered solutions were performed using the obtained Zr-based metal-organic frameworks as drug carriers envisaged for controlled drug release. The carriers demonstrated enhanced drug-loading capacity and showed relatively good results in drug delivery. The cumulative percentage of drug release in phosphate-buffered solution at pH 7.4 was higher than that in buffered solution at pH 1.2. The release rate could be controlled by changing the pH of the releasing solution. Different captopril release behaviors were observed when the experiments were performed using a permeable dialysis membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cretu
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roxana Nicola
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Sorin-Alin Marinescu
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Elena-Mirela Picioruș
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariana Suba
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Corina Duda-Seiman
- Biology-Chemistry Department, West University of Timisoara, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi No. 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Adel Len
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós Út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pécs, Boszorkány Street 2, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Levente Illés
- Institute for Technical Physics and Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (L.I.); (Z.E.H.)
| | - Zsolt Endre Horváth
- Institute for Technical Physics and Material Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Út 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary; (L.I.); (Z.E.H.)
| | - Ana-Maria Putz
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazu, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.C.); (R.N.); (S.-A.M.); (E.-M.P.); (M.S.)
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Fytory M, Mansour A, El Rouby WMA, Farghali AA, Zhang X, Bier F, Abdel-Hafiez M, El-Sherbiny IM. Core-Shell Nanostructured Drug Delivery Platform Based on Biocompatible Metal-Organic Framework-Ligated Polyethyleneimine for Targeted Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20779-20791. [PMID: 37332787 PMCID: PMC10269253 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanosized metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) have advanced rapidly over the past decade to develop drug delivery systems (DDSs). These material systems still lack precise and selective cellular targeting, as well as the fast release of the quantity of drugs that are simply adsorbed within and on the external surface of nanocarriers, which hinders their application in the drug delivery. Herein, we designed a biocompatible Zr-based NMOF with an engineered core and the hepatic tumor-targeting ligand, glycyrrhetinic acid grafted to polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the shell. The improved core-shell serves as a superior nanoplatform for efficient controlled and active delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) against hepatic cancer cells (HepG2 cells). In addition to their high loading capacity of 23%, the developed nanostructure DOX@NMOF-PEI-GA showed an acidic pH-stimulated response and extended the drug release time to 9 days as well as enhanced the selectivity toward the tumor cells. Interestingly, the DOX-free nanostructures showed a minimal toxic effect on both normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) and hepatic cancer cell line (HepG2), but the DOX-loaded nanostructures exhibited a superior killing effect toward the hepatic tumor, thus opening the way for the active drug delivery and achieving efficient cancer therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Fytory
- Nanomedicine Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6 October City, 12578 Giza, Egypt
- Material Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Amira Mansour
- Nanomedicine Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6 October City, 12578 Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed M A El Rouby
- Material Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Farghali
- Material Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Molecular Bioanalytics and Bioelectronics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Bier
- Molecular Bioanalytics and Bioelectronics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Hafiez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Labs, Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6 October City, 12578 Giza, Egypt
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Angkawijaya AE, Bundjaja V, Santoso SP, Go AW, Lin SP, Cheng KC, Soetaredjo FE, Ismadji S. Biocompatible and biodegradable copper-protocatechuic metal-organic frameworks as rifampicin carrier. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 146:213269. [PMID: 36696782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the M. tuberculosis bacteria infection and is listed as one of the deadliest diseases to date. Despite the development of antituberculosis drugs, the need for long-term drug consumption and low patient commitment are obstacles to the success of TB treatment. A continuous drug delivery system that has a long-term effect is needed to reduce routine drug consumption intervals, suppress infection, and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. For this reason, biomolecule metal-organic framework (BioMOF) with good biocompatibility, nontoxicity, bioactivity, and high stability are becoming potential drug carriers. This study used a bioactive protocatechuic acid (PCA) as organic linker to prepare copper-based BioMOF Cu-PCA under base-modulated conditions. Detailed crystal analysis by the powder X-ray diffraction demonstrated that the Cu-PCA, with a chemical formula of C14H16O13Cu3, crystalizes as triclinic in space group P1. Comprehensive physicochemical characterizations were provided using FTIR, SEM, XPS, TGA, EA, and N2 sorption. As a drug carrier, Cu-PCA showed a high maximum rifampicin (RIF) drug loading of 443.01 mg/g. Upon resuspension in PBS, the RIF and linkers release profile exhibited two-stage release kinetic profiles, which are well described by the Biphasic Dose Response (BiDoseResp) model. A complete release of these compounds (RIF and PCA) was achieved after ~9 h of mixing in PBS. Cu-PCA and RIF@Cu-PCA possessed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, and good biocompatibility is evidenced by the high viability of MH-S mice alveolar macrophage cells upon supplementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artik Elisa Angkawijaya
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan.
| | - Vania Bundjaja
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Alchris Woo Go
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ping Lin
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, #250, Wuxing Street, Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Felycia Edi Soetaredjo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Suryadi Ismadji
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia
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Nabipour H, Rohani S. Zirconium metal organic framework/aloe vera carrier loaded with naproxen as a versatile platform for drug delivery. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Rashed SA, Hammad SF, Eldakak MM, Khalil IA, Osman A. Assessment of the Anticancer Potentials of the Free and Metal-Organic Framework (UiO-66) - Delivered Phycocyanobilin. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:213-224. [PMID: 36087776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a constitutive chromoprotein of Arthrospira platensis, which exhibits promising efficacy against different types of cancer. In this study, we cleaved C-PC's chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB) and demonstrated its ability as an anti-cancer drug for Colorectal cancer (CRC). PCB displayed an anti-cancer effect for CRC (HT-29) cells with IC50 of 108 µg/ml. Assessing the transcripts levels of some biomarkers revealed that the PCB caused an upregulation in the anti-metastatic gene NME1 level and downregulation of the COX-2 level. The flow cytometric results showed the effect of PCB on the arrest of the cell cycle's G1 phase. In addition, we successfully synthesized the UiO-66 (Zr-MOF). We incorporated the PCB into UiO-66 nanoparticles with a loading percentage of 46 %. Assessment of the cytotoxic effects of UiO-66@PCB showed a 2-fold improvement in the IC50 compared to the free PCB. In conclusion, we have shown that PCB displayed a promising potential as an anti-cancer agent. Yet, it is considered a safe and natural substance that can help to mitigate cancer spread and symptoms. In the meantime, UiO-66 can be used as a safe nano-delivery tool for PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A Rashed
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherif F Hammad
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Eldakak
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6 October, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Biotechnology Program, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Borg El-Arab, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Adegoke KA, Adegoke OR, Adigun RA, Maxakato NW, Bello OS. Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks: From synthesis to biomedical, environmental, and energy conversion applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Parsaei M, Akhbari K. Smart Multifunctional UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles with Outstanding Drug-Loading/Release Potential for the Targeted Delivery of Quercetin. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14528-14543. [PMID: 36074039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, UiO-66 and its two functional analogs (with -NO2 and -NH2 functional groups) were synthesized, and their potential ability as pH stimulus nanocarriers of quercetin (QU), an anticancer agent, was studied. UiO-66 is a low-toxicity, biocompatible metal-organic framework with a large surface area and good stability, which can be prepared through a facile and inexpensive method. Before and after drug loading, various analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized nanocarriers. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate their structures and interactions with quercetin. The most promising drug loading potential and prolonged drug release (over 25 days) were observed in QU@UiO-66-NO2 with 37% drug loading content, which was the best-tested sample that exhibited a higher release rate under acidic conditions (pH = 5) than that in normal cells (pH = 7.4). This behavior is known as pH-stimulus-controlled ability. The cell treatment with free QU, UiO-66-R, and QU@UiO-66-R (R = -H, -NO2, and -NH2) was performed, and an MTT assay was conducted on HEK-293 and MDA-MB-231 cells for the cytotoxicity study. Additionally, the kinetic modeling of drug release was investigated on the basis of the analysis of the drug release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Parsaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
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Pourmadadi M, Eshaghi MM, Ostovar S, Shamsabadipour A, Safakhah S, Mousavi MS, Rahdar A, Pandey S. UiO-66 metal-organic framework nanoparticles as gifted MOFs to the biomedical application: A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Doxorubicin-Loaded Core–Shell UiO-66@SiO2 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Targeted Cellular Uptake and Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071325. [PMID: 35890221 PMCID: PMC9324125 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial features of biocompatible high-capacity UiO-66 nanoparticles, mesoporous SiO2, and folate-conjugated pluronic F127 were combined to prepare the core–shell UiO-66@SiO2/F127-FA drug delivery carrier for targeted cellular uptake in cancer treatment. UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles with a narrow size and shape distribution were used to form a series of core–shell MOF@SiO2 structures. The duration of silanization was varied to change the thickness of the SiO2 shell, revealing a nonlinear dependence that was attributed to silicon penetration into the porous MOF structure. Doxorubicin encapsulation showed a similar final loading of 5.6 wt % for both uncoated and silica-coated particles, demonstrating the potential of the nanocomposite’s application in small molecule delivery. Silica coating improved the colloidal stability of the composites in a number of model physiological media, enabled grafting of target molecules to the surface, and prevented an uncontrolled release of their cargo, with the drawback of decreased overall porosity. Further modification of the particles with the conjugate of pluronic and folic acid was performed to improve the biocompatibility, prolong the blood circulation time, and target the encapsulated drug to the folate-expressing cancer cells. The final DOX-loaded UiO-66@SiO2/F127-FA nanoparticles were subjected to properties characterization and in vitro evaluation, including studies of internalization into cells and antitumor activity. Two cell lines were used: MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which have overexpressed folate receptors on the cell membranes, and RAW 264.7 macrophages without folate overexpression. These findings will provide a potential delivery system for DOX and increase the practical value of MOFs.
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Karakeçili A, Topuz B, Ersoy FŞ, Şahin T, Günyakti A, Demirtaş TT. UiO-66 metal-organic framework as a double actor in chitosan scaffolds: Antibiotic carrier and osteogenesis promoter. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212757. [PMID: 35929303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as a useful class of nanostructures with well-suited characteristics for drug delivery applications, due to the high surface area and pore size for efficient loading. Despite their use as a nano-carrier for controlled delivery of various types of drugs, the inherent osteo-conductive properties have stolen a great attention as a growing area of investigation. Here, we evaluated the double function of UiO-66 MOF structure as a carrier for fosfomycin antibiotic and also as an osteogenic differentiation promoter when introduced in 3D chitosan scaffolds, for the first time. Our results revealed that the wet-spun chitosan scaffolds containing fosfomycin loaded UiO-66 nanocrystals (CHI/UiO-66/FOS) possessed fiber mesh structure with integrated micro-scale fibers and increased mechanical strength. In vitro antibacterial studies indicated that CHI/UiO-66/FOS scaffolds showed bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the scaffolds were biocompatible to MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and significantly up-regulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and facilitated the extracellular matrix mineralization, in vitro. Taken together, our results demonstrate UiO-66 MOFs can present double functionality and CHI/UiO-66/FOS scaffolds hold a significant potential to be further explored as an alternative approach in treating infected bone defects like osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Karakeçili
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 06100, Tandoğan Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berna Topuz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 06100, Tandoğan Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feriha Şevval Ersoy
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 06100, Tandoğan Ankara, Turkey
| | - Toygun Şahin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, 06100, Tandoğan Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Günyakti
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gümüşdere 60. Yıl Yerleşkesi, 06135 Keçiören Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğrul Tolga Demirtaş
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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13
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Parsaei M, Akhbari K. MOF-801 as a Nanoporous Water-Based Carrier System for In Situ Encapsulation and Sustained Release of 5-FU for Effective Cancer Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5912-5925. [PMID: 35377632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining a reputation for their drug delivery applications. In the current work, MOF-801 was successfully prepared by a facile, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly approach through the reaction of ZrCl4 and fumaric acid as organic linkers to deliver 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The prepared nanostructure was fully characterized by a series of analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. MOF-801 could be used for the delivery of the anticancer drug 5-FU due to its high surface area, suitable pore size, and biocompatible ingredients. Based on in vitro loading and release studies, a high 5-FU loading capacity and pH-dependent drug release behavior were observed. Moreover, the interactions between the structure of MOFs and 5-FU were investigated through Monte Carlo simulation calculations. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the results indicated that 5-FU@MOF-801 was more potent than 5-FU on SW480 cancerous cells, indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system. Finally, the kinetics of drug release was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Parsaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
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14
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Li L, Qi Z, Han S, Li X, Liu B, Liu Y. Advances and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework Nanomaterials as Oral Delivery Carriers: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2564-2580. [PMID: 35362373 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330152145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is a commonly used, safe, and patient-compliant method of drug delivery. However, due to the multiple absorption barriers in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the oral bioavailability of many drugs is low, resulting in a limited range of applications for oral drug delivery. Nanodrug delivery systems have unique advantages in overcoming the multiple barriers to oral absorption and improving the oral bioavailability of encapsulated drugs. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are composed of metal ions and organic linkers assembled by coordination chemistry. Unlike other nanomaterials, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nano-MOFs, NMOFs) are increasingly popular for drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their tunable pore size and easily modified surfaces. This paper summarizes the literature on MOFs in pharmaceutics included in SCI for the past ten years. Then, the GIT structure and oral drug delivery systems are reviewed, and the advantages, challenges, and solution strategies possessed by oral drug delivery systems are discussed. Importantly, two major classes of MOFs suitable for oral drug delivery systems are summarized, and various representative MOFs as oral drug carriers are evaluated in the context of oral drug delivery systems. Finally, the challenges faced by DDSs in the development of MOFs, such as biostability, biosafety, and toxicity, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China;
- Institute of Forensic Expertise, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Zhaorui Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Shasha Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Xurui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Bingmi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China;
- Institute of Forensic Expertise, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China;
- Institute of Forensic Expertise, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110000, China
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15
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Han S, Yao A, Ding Y, Leng Q, Teng F, Zhao L, Sun R, Bu H. A dual-template imprinted polymer based on amino-functionalized zirconium-based metal-organic framework for delivery of doxorubicin and phycocyanin with synergistic anticancer effect. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Hong YH, Narwane M, Liu LYM, Huang YD, Chung CW, Chen YH, Liao BW, Chang YH, Wu CR, Huang HC, Hsu IJ, Cheng LY, Wu LY, Chueh YL, Chen Y, Lin CH, Lu TT. Enhanced Oral NO Delivery through Bioinorganic Engineering of Acid-Sensitive Prodrug into a Transformer-like DNIC@MOF Microrod. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3849-3863. [PMID: 35019259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gasotransmitter regulating alternative physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. To achieve translational application of NO, continued efforts are made on the development of orally active NO prodrugs for long-term treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases. Herein, immobilization of NO-delivery [Fe2(μ-SCH2CH2COOH)2(NO)4] (DNIC-2) onto MIL-88B, a metal-organic framework (MOF) consisting of biocompatible Fe3+ and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (BDC), was performed to prepare a DNIC@MOF microrod for enhanced oral delivery of NO. In simulated gastric fluid, protonation of the BDC linker in DNIC@MOF initiates its transformation into a DNIC@tMOF microrod, which consisted of DNIC-2 well dispersed and confined within the BDC-based framework. Moreover, subsequent deprotonation of the BDC-based framework in DNIC@tMOF under simulated intestinal conditions promotes the release of DNIC-2 and NO. Of importance, this discovery of transformer-like DNIC@MOF provides a parallel insight into its stepwise transformation into DNIC@tMOF in the stomach followed by subsequent conversion into molecular DNIC-2 in the small intestine and release of NO in the bloodstream of mice. In comparison with acid-sensitive DNIC-2, oral administration of DNIC@MOF results in a 2.2-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of NO to 65.7% in mice and an effective reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) to a ΔSBP of 60.9 ± 4.7 mmHg in spontaneously hypertensive rats for 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Huei Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Manmath Narwane
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Lawrence Yu-Min Liu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252005, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wei Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wen Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ru Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chien Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - I-Jui Hsu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yun Cheng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Chueh
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116059, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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17
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Selective adsorption of dyes and pharmaceuticals from water by UiO metal–organic frameworks: A comprehensive review. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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He Q, Shen J, Guan X, Han Y, Jiang X, Shen X, Huang X, Chen Y, Lei C, Xiao X, Lin W. A Zr‐Based MOF with N‐heterocycle and its pH‐controlled drug release behavior. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Quzhou University Quzhou 324000 P. R. China E-mail: address:
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Gynecology the First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Guan
- Quzhou Xianfeng Advanced Materials Co., Ltd Quzhou 324021 P. R. China
| | - Yuanbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Quzhou University Quzhou 324000 P. R. China E-mail: address:
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Quzhou University Quzhou 324000 P. R. China E-mail: address:
| | - Xiaoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Air-driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Quzhou University Quzhou 324000 P. R. China E-mail: address:
| | - Xiajuan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Chen Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials School of Materials Science & Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
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19
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Jeyaseelan C, Jain P, Soin D, Gupta D. Metal organic frameworks: an effective application in drug delivery systems. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2021.1956966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyansh Jain
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Deeya Soin
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Deepshikha Gupta
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
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20
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Ahmadijokani F, Tajahmadi S, Haris MH, Bahi A, Rezakazemi M, Molavi H, Ko F, Arjmand M. Fe 3O 4@PAA@UiO-66-NH 2 magnetic nanocomposite for selective adsorption of Quercetin. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130087. [PMID: 33676279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a magnetic core-shell metal-organic framework (Fe3O4@PAA@UiO-66-NH2) nanocomposite was synthesized by a facile step-by-step self-assembly technique and used for selective adsorption of the anti-cancer Quercetin (QCT) drug. The synthesized nanocomposite was well characterized using FTIR, XRD, BET, FESEM, and TEM techniques. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the magnetic nanocomposites for QCT were investigated in detail at different initial concentrations and temperatures. It was found that the experimental adsorption kinetic and isotherm data were precisely explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Moreover, the selective adsorption ability of the synthesized nanocomposite against various drugs in the single, binary, and ternary solutions containing QCT, Curcumin (CUR), and Methotrexate (MTX) drugs was also studied. The synthesized adsorbent showed good adsorption selectivity for QCT against CUR and MTX. The adsorption mechanism of QCT on the nanocomposite might be related to the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions via π-π stacking interactions between the benzene ring skeleton of QCT and the aromatic structure of the adsorbent nanoparticles. The regeneration and reusability studies demonstrated that the developed adsorbent sustained good structural stability and adequate adsorption capacity for QCT after ten consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ahmadijokani
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada; Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shima Tajahmadi
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INST), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Heidarian Haris
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Addie Bahi
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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21
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Singh N, Qutub S, Khashab NM. Biocompatibility and biodegradability of metal organic frameworks for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5925-5934. [PMID: 34259304 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique class of smart hybrid materials that have recently attracted significant interest for catalysis, separation and biomedical applications. Different strategies have been developed to overcome the limitations of MOFs for bio-applications in order to produce a system with high biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we outline the chemical and physical factors that dictate the biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics of MOFs including the nature of the metal ions and organic ligands, size, surface properties and colloidal stability. This review includes the in vitro biodegradation and in vivo biodistribution studies of MOFs to better understand their pharmacokinetics, organ toxicity and immune response. Such studies can guide the design of future bio-friendly systems that bring us closer to safely translating these platforms into the pharmaceutical consumer market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Singh
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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