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de Almeida PR, de Oliveira IAC, Campos JDO, Rocha BM, Bastos FDS. Modeling of the biomechanical behavior and growth of the human uterus during pregnancy. J Biomech 2024; 174:112268. [PMID: 39141961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Premature birth poses a challenge to public health, with one in ten babies being born prematurely worldwide. The pathological distension of the uterus can create tension in the uterine wall, triggering contractions that may lead to birth, including premature birth. While there has been an increase in the use of computational models to study pregnancy in recent years, ethical challenges have limited research on the mechanical properties of the uterus during gestation. This study proposes a biomechanical model based on a stretch-driven growth mechanism to describe uterine evolution during the second half of the gestational period. The constitutive model employed is anisotropic, reflecting the presence of fibers in uterine tissue, and it is also considered incompressible. The geometric model representing the uterine body was derived from truncated ellipsoids, subject to intrauterine pressure as loading. Simulation results indicate that the proposed model is effective in reproducing growth patterns documented in the literature, such as simultaneous increases in intrauterine volume and uterine tissue volume, accompanied by a reduction in uterine wall thickness within limits reported in experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Roque de Almeida
- Mathematics Department, Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Rua Bernardo Mascarenhas, 1283, Juiz de Fora, 36080-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Graduate Program in Computational Modeling, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Isabela Alves Campice de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Computational Modeling, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Joventino de Oliveira Campos
- Graduate Program in Computational Modeling, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Martins Rocha
- Graduate Program in Computational Modeling, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Flávia de Souza Bastos
- Graduate Program in Computational Modeling, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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2
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Sharifi H, Mehri M, Mann CK, Campbell KS, Lee LC, Wenk JF. Multiscale Finite Element Modeling of Left Ventricular Growth in Simulations of Valve Disease. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:2024-2038. [PMID: 38564074 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Multiscale models of the cardiovascular system are emerging as effective tools for investigating the mechanisms that drive ventricular growth and remodeling. These models can predict how molecular-level mechanisms impact organ-level structure and function and could provide new insights that help improve patient care. MyoFE is a multiscale computer framework that bridges molecular and organ-level mechanisms in a finite element model of the left ventricle that is coupled with the systemic circulation. In this study, we extend MyoFE to include a growth algorithm, based on volumetric growth theory, to simulate concentric growth (wall thickening/thinning) and eccentric growth (chamber dilation/constriction) in response to valvular diseases. Specifically in our model, concentric growth is controlled by time-averaged total stress along the fiber direction over a cardiac cycle while eccentric growth responds to time-averaged intracellular myofiber passive stress over a cardiac cycle. The new framework correctly predicted different forms of growth in response to two types of valvular diseases, namely aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation. Furthermore, the model predicted that LV size and function are nearly restored (reversal of growth) when the disease-mimicking perturbation was removed in the simulations for each valvular disorder. In conclusion, the simulations suggest that time-averaged total stress along the fiber direction and time-averaged intracellular myofiber passive stress can be used to drive concentric and eccentric growth in simulations of valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0503, USA
| | - Mohammad Mehri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0503, USA
| | - Charles K Mann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0503, USA
| | - Kenneth S Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lik Chuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wenk
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0503, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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3
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Jones CE, Oomen PJ. Synergistic Biophysics and Machine Learning Modeling to Rapidly Predict Cardiac Growth Probability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.17.603959. [PMID: 39091737 PMCID: PMC11291058 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.603959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Computational models that can predict growth and remodeling of the heart could have important clinical applications. However, the time it takes to calibrate and run current models while considering data uncertainty and variability makes them impractical for routine clinical use. This study aims to address this need by creating a computational framework to efficiently predict cardiac growth probability. We utilized a biophysics model to rapidly simulate cardiac growth following mitral valve regurgitation (MVR). Here we developed a two-tiered Bayesian History Matching approach augmented with Gaussian process emulators for efficient calibration of model parameters to align with growth outcomes within a 95% confidence interval. We first generated a synthetic data set to assess the accuracy of our framework, and the effect of changes in data uncertainty on growth predictions. We then calibrated our model to match baseline and chronic canine MVR data and used an independent data set to successfully validate the ability of our calibrated model to accurately predict cardiac growth probability. The combined biophysics and machine learning modeling framework we proposed in this study can be easily translated to predict patient-specific cardiac growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara E. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pim J.A. Oomen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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4
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Mohammed KAK, Madeddu P, Avolio E. MEK inhibitors: a promising targeted therapy for cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1404253. [PMID: 39011492 PMCID: PMC11247000 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1404253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality and disability all over the world. Identifying new targeted therapeutic approaches has become a priority of biomedical research to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. The RAS-RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway is gaining growing interest as a potential signaling cascade implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. This pathway is pivotal in regulating cellular processes like proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation, and survival, which are vital in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In addition, ERK signaling is involved in controlling angiogenesis, vascular tone, myocardial contractility, and oxidative stress. Dysregulation of this signaling cascade has been linked to cell dysfunction and vascular and cardiac pathological remodeling, which contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. Recent and ongoing research has provided insights into potential therapeutic interventions targeting the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway to improve cardiovascular pathologies. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of targeted therapy with MEK inhibitors (MEKI) in attenuating ERK activation and mitigating CVD progression in animal models. In this article, we first describe how ERK signaling contributes to preserving cardiovascular health. We then summarize current knowledge of the roles played by ERK in the development and progression of cardiac and vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and aortic aneurysm. We finally report novel therapeutic strategies for these CVDs encompassing MEKI and discuss advantages, challenges, and future developments for MEKI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A K Mohammed
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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5
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Tikenoğullar i OZ, Peirlinck M, Chubb H, Dubin AM, Kuhl E, Marsden AL. Effects of cardiac growth on electrical dyssynchrony in the single ventricle patient. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1011-1027. [PMID: 37314141 PMCID: PMC10719423 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2222203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single ventricle patients, including those with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), typically undergo three palliative heart surgeries culminating in the Fontan procedure. HLHS is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, and many patients develop arrhythmias, electrical dyssynchrony, and eventually ventricular failure. However, the correlation between ventricular enlargement and electrical dysfunction in HLHS physiology remains poorly understood. Here we characterize the relationship between growth and electrophysiology in HLHS using computational modeling. We integrate a personalized finite element model, a volumetric growth model, and a personalized electrophysiology model to perform controlled in silico experiments. We show that right ventricle enlargement negatively affects QRS duration and interventricular dyssynchrony. Conversely, left ventricle enlargement can partially compensate for this dyssynchrony. These findings have potential implications on our understanding of the origins of electrical dyssynchrony and, ultimately, the treatment of HLHS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Z. Tikenoğullar i
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M. Peirlinck
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - H. Chubb
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - A. M. Dubin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - E. Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - A. L. Marsden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Fan L, Wang H, Kassab GS, Lee LC. Review of cardiac-coronary interaction and insights from mathematical modeling. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1642. [PMID: 38316634 PMCID: PMC11081852 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac-coronary interaction is fundamental to the function of the heart. As one of the highest metabolic organs in the body, the cardiac oxygen demand is met by blood perfusion through the coronary vasculature. The coronary vasculature is largely embedded within the myocardial tissue which is continually contracting and hence squeezing the blood vessels. The myocardium-coronary vessel interaction is two-ways and complex. Here, we review the different types of cardiac-coronary interactions with a focus on insights gained from mathematical models. Specifically, we will consider the following: (1) myocardial-vessel mechanical interaction; (2) metabolic-flow interaction and regulation; (3) perfusion-contraction matching, and (4) chronic interactions between the myocardium and coronary vasculature. We also provide a discussion of the relevant experimental and clinical studies of different types of cardiac-coronary interactions. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps, key challenges, and limitations of existing mathematical models along with future research directions to understand the unique myocardium-coronary coupling in the heart. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Computational Models Cardiovascular Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lik Chuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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7
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Guan D, Tian L, Li W, Gao H. Using LDDMM and a kinematic cardiac growth model to quantify growth and remodelling in rat hearts under PAH. Comput Biol Med 2024; 171:108218. [PMID: 38428098 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rapidly progressive and fatal disease, with right ventricular failure being the primary cause of death in patients with PAH. This study aims to determine the mechanical stimuli that may initiate heart growth and remodelling (G&R). To achieve this, two bi-ventricular models were constructed: one for a control rat heart and another for a rat heart with PAH. The growth of the diseased heart was estimated by warping it to the control heart using an improved large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) framework. Correlation analysis was then performed between mechanical cues (stress and strain) and growth tensors, which revealed that principal strains may serve as a triggering stimulus for myocardial growth and remodelling under PAH. The growth tensors, estimated from in vivo images, could explain 84.3% of the observed geometrical changes in the diseased heart with PAH by using a kinematic cardiac growth model. Our approach has the potential to quantify G&R using sparse in vivo images and to provide insights into the underlying mechanism of triggering right heart failure from a biomechanical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debao Guan
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Lian Tian
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Wei Li
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK.
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8
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Gebauer AM, Pfaller MR, Braeu FA, Cyron CJ, Wall WA. A homogenized constrained mixture model of cardiac growth and remodeling: analyzing mechanobiological stability and reversal. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1983-2002. [PMID: 37482576 PMCID: PMC10613155 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac growth and remodeling (G&R) patterns change ventricular size, shape, and function both globally and locally. Biomechanical, neurohormonal, and genetic stimuli drive these patterns through changes in myocyte dimension and fibrosis. We propose a novel microstructure-motivated model that predicts organ-scale G&R in the heart based on the homogenized constrained mixture theory. Previous models, based on the kinematic growth theory, reproduced consequences of G&R in bulk myocardial tissue by prescribing the direction and extent of growth but neglected underlying cellular mechanisms. In our model, the direction and extent of G&R emerge naturally from intra- and extracellular turnover processes in myocardial tissue constituents and their preferred homeostatic stretch state. We additionally propose a method to obtain a mechanobiologically equilibrated reference configuration. We test our model on an idealized 3D left ventricular geometry and demonstrate that our model aims to maintain tensional homeostasis in hypertension conditions. In a stability map, we identify regions of stable and unstable G&R from an identical parameter set with varying systolic pressures and growth factors. Furthermore, we show the extent of G&R reversal after returning the systolic pressure to baseline following stage 1 and 2 hypertension. A realistic model of organ-scale cardiac G&R has the potential to identify patients at risk of heart failure, enable personalized cardiac therapies, and facilitate the optimal design of medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus M Gebauer
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Martin R Pfaller
- Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Fabian A Braeu
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute of Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Wall
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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9
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Ahmad F, Soe S, Albon J, Errington R, Theobald P. Quantifying the microstructural and biomechanical changes in the porcine ventricles during growth and remodelling. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:166-192. [PMID: 37797709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue growth and remodelling (G & R) occur in response to the changing physiological demands of the heart after birth. The early shift to pulmonary circulation produces an immediate increase in ventricular workload, causing microstructural and biomechanical changes that serve to maintain overall physiological homoeostasis. Such cardiac G & R continues throughout life. Quantifying the tissue's mechanical and microstructural changes because of G & R is of increasing interest, dovetailing with the emerging fields of personalised and precision solutions. This study aimed to determine equibiaxial, and non-equibiaxial extension, stress-relaxation, and the underlying microstructure of the passive porcine ventricles tissue at four time points spanning from neonatal to adulthood. The three-dimensional microstructure was investigated via two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy on optically cleared tissues, describing the 3D orientation, rotation and dispersion of the cardiomyocytes and collagen fibrils. The results revealed that during biomechanical testing, myocardial ventricular tissue possessed non-linear, anisotropic, and viscoelastic behaviour. An increase in stiffness and viscoelasticity was noted for the left and right ventricular free walls from neonatal to adulthood. Microstructural analyses revealed concomitant increases in cardiomyocyte rotation and dispersion. This study provides baseline data, describing the biomechanical and microstructural changes in the left and right ventricular myocardial tissue during G & R, which should prove valuable to researchers in developing age-specific, constitutive models for more accurate computational simulations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a dearth of experimental data describing the growth and remodelling of left and right ventricular tissue. The published literature is fragmented, with data reported via different experimental techniques using tissues harvested from a variety of animals, with different gender and ages. This prevents developing a continuum of data spanning birth to death, so limiting the potential that can be leveraged to aid computational modelling and simulations. In this study, equibiaxial, non-equibiaxial, and stress-relaxation data are presented, describing directional-dependent material responses. The biomechanical data is consolidated with equivalent microstructural data, an important element for the development of future material models. Combined, these data describe microstructural and biomechanical changes in the ventricles, spanning G &R from neonatal to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, UK; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK.
| | - Shwe Soe
- FET - Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of West of England, UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK; Viva Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, UK
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Moinuddin A, Ali SY, Goel A, Sethi Y, Patel N, Kaka N, Satapathy P, Sah R, Barboza JJ, Suhail MK. The age of computational cardiology and future of long-term ablation target prediction for ventricular tachycardia. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1233991. [PMID: 37817867 PMCID: PMC10561379 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1233991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias, particularly ventricular tachycardia, are ubiquitously linked to 300,000 deaths annually. However, the current interventional procedure-the cardiac ablation-predict only short-term responses to treatment as the heart constantly remodels itself post-arrhythmia. To assist in the design of computational methods which focuses on long-term arrhythmia prediction, this review postulates three interdependent prospectives. The main objective is to propose computational methods for predicting long-term heart response to interventions in ventricular tachycardia Following a general discussion on the importance of devising simulations predicting long-term heart response to interventions, each of the following is discussed: (i) application of "metabolic sink theory" to elucidate the "re-entry" mechanism of ventricular tachycardia; (ii) application of "growth laws" to explain "mechanical load" translation in ventricular tachycardia; (iii) derivation of partial differential equations (PDE) to establish a pipeline to predict long-term clinical outcomes in ventricular tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Moinuddin
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Yusuf Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Balimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
| | - Yashendra Sethi
- Department of Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
- PearResearch, Dehradun, India
| | - Neil Patel
- PearResearch, Dehradun, India
- Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar, India
| | - Nirja Kaka
- PearResearch, Dehradun, India
- Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar, India
| | - Prakasini Satapathy
- Global Center for Evidence Synthesis, Chandigarh, India
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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11
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Guan D, Zhuan X, Luo X, Gao H. An updated Lagrangian constrained mixture model of pathological cardiac growth and remodelling. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:375-399. [PMID: 37201740 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Progressive left ventricular (LV) growth and remodelling (G&R) is often induced by volume and pressure overload, characterized by structural and functional adaptation through myocyte hypertrophy and extracellular matrix remodelling, which are dynamically regulated by biomechanical factors, inflammation, neurohormonal pathways, etc. When prolonged, it can eventually lead to irreversible heart failure. In this study, we have developed a new framework for modelling pathological cardiac G&R based on constrained mixture theory using an updated reference configuration, which is triggered by altered biomechanical factors to restore biomechanical homeostasis. Eccentric and concentric growth, and their combination have been explored in a patient-specific human LV model under volume and pressure overload. Eccentric growth is triggered by overstretching of myofibres due to volume overload, i.e. mitral regurgitation, whilst concentric growth is driven by excessive contractile stress due to pressure overload, i.e. aortic stenosis. Different biological constituent's adaptations under pathological conditions are integrated together, which are the ground matrix, myofibres and collagen network. We have shown that this constrained mixture-motivated G&R model can capture different phenotypes of maladaptive LV G&R, such as chamber dilation and wall thinning under volume overload, wall thickening under pressure overload, and more complex patterns under both pressure and volume overload. We have further demonstrated how collagen G&R would affect LV structural and functional adaption by providing mechanistic insight on anti-fibrotic interventions. This updated Lagrangian constrained mixture based myocardial G&R model has the potential to understand the turnover processes of myocytes and collagen due to altered local mechanical stimuli in heart diseases, and in providing mechanistic links between biomechanical factors and biological adaption at both the organ and cellular levels. Once calibrated with patient data, it can be used for assessing heart failure risk and designing optimal treatment therapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Computational modelling of cardiac G&R has shown high promise to provide insight into heart disease management when mechanistic understandings are quantified between biomechanical factors and underlying cellular adaptation processes. The kinematic growth theory has been dominantly used to phenomenologically describe the biological G&R process but neglecting underlying cellular mechanisms. We have developed a constrained mixture based G&R model with updated reference by taking into account different mechanobiological processes in the ground matrix, myocytes and collagen fibres. This G&R model can serve as a basis for developing more advanced myocardial G&R models further informed by patient data to assess heart failure risk, predict disease progression, select the optimal treatment by hypothesis testing, and eventually towards a truly precision cardiology using in-silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debao Guan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xin Zhuan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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12
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Liu T, Simakov S, Liang F. An idealized human cardiomyocyte finite element model for studying the interaction between the cross-bridge state and cell mechanical response . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38082753 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10341055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical state of cardiomyocyte is directly related to the structure and function of internal sarcomeres. In the field of computational cardiac mechanics, attempts to establish models of human cardiomyocyte with a detailed representation of sarcomere cross-bridge (XB) are rare. In this study, we established a computational model for a cardiomyocyte with idealized geometry while containing a representative sarcomere composed of thick filament, thin filament, titin filament, and Z-disc. The formation of XB with passive tension in the model was simulated with the finite element (FE) method, and stochastic FE analyses were further carried out in conjunction with six sigma analysis to explore the interaction between the S1 power stroke and the twitch mechanics of cardiomyocyte. The proposed modeling method may help us better understand the working state of cardiomyocyte, and offer a potential means for exploring the cell-level mechanisms of cardiac diseases.
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Milićević B, Milošević M, Simić V, Preveden A, Velicki L, Jakovljević Đ, Bosnić Z, Pičulin M, Žunkovič B, Kojić M, Filipović N. Machine learning and physical based modeling for cardiac hypertrophy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16724. [PMID: 37313176 PMCID: PMC10258386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Predicting the long-term expansion and remodeling of the left ventricle in patients is challenging task but it has the potential to be clinically very useful. Methods In our study, we present machine learning models based on random forests, gradient boosting, and neural networks, used to track cardiac hypertrophy. We collected data from multiple patients, and then the model was trained using the patient's medical history and present level of cardiac health. We also demonstrate a physical-based model, using the finite element procedure to simulate the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Results Our models were used to forecast the evolution of hypertrophy over six years. The machine learning model and finite element model provided similar results. Conclusions The finite element model is much slower, but it's more accurate compared to the machine learning model since it's based on physical laws guiding the hypertrophy process. On the other hand, the machine learning model is fast but the results can be less trustworthy in some cases. Both of our models, enable us to monitor the development of the disease. Because of its speed machine learning model is more likely to be used in clinical practice. Further improvements to our machine learning model could be achieved by collecting data from finite element simulations, adding them to the dataset, and retraining the model. This can result in a fast and more accurate model combining the advantages of physical-based and machine learning modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Milićević
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Miljan Milošević
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Simić
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Andrej Preveden
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Lazar Velicki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Jakovljević
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Zoran Bosnić
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Večna Pot 113, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Pičulin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Večna Pot 113, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Žunkovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Večna Pot 113, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miloš Kojić
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Nenad Filipović
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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14
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Chen Z, Nguyen K, Kowalik G, Shi X, Tian J, Doshi M, Alber BR, Guan X, Liu X, Ning X, Kay MW, Lu L. Transparent and Stretchable Au─Ag Nanowire Recording Microelectrode Arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2023; 8:2201716. [PMID: 38644939 PMCID: PMC11031257 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202201716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Transparent microelectrodes have received much attention from the biomedical community due to their unique advantages in concurrent crosstalk-free electrical and optical interrogation of cell/tissue activity. Despite recent progress in constructing transparent microelectrodes, a major challenge is to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical stretchability, optical transparency, electrochemical performance, and chemical stability for high-fidelity, conformal, and stable interfacing with soft tissue/organ systems. To address this challenge, we have designed microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with gold-coated silver nanowires (Au─Ag NWs) by combining technical advances in materials, fabrication, and mechanics. The Au coating improves both the chemical stability and electrochemical impedance of the Au─Ag NW microelectrodes with only slight changes in optical properties. The MEAs exhibit a high optical transparency >80% at 550 nm, a low normalized 1 kHz electrochemical impedance of 1.2-7.5 Ω cm2, stable chemical and electromechanical performance after exposure to oxygen plasma for 5 min, and cyclic stretching for 600 cycles at 20% strain, superior to other transparent microelectrode alternatives. The MEAs easily conform to curvilinear heart surfaces for colocalized electrophysiological and optical mapping of cardiac function. This work demonstrates that stretchable transparent metal nanowire MEAs are promising candidates for diverse biomedical science and engineering applications, particularly under mechanically dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Grant Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jinbi Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Mitansh Doshi
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bridget R Alber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xitong Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xin Ning
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Luyao Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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15
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Milićević B, Milošević M, Simić V, Trifunović D, Stanković G, Filipović N, Kojić M. Cardiac hypertrophy simulations using parametric and echocardiography-based left ventricle model with shell finite elements. Comput Biol Med 2023; 157:106742. [PMID: 36933415 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In our paper, we simulated cardiac hypertrophy with the use of shell elements in parametric and echocardiography-based left ventricle (LV) models. The hypertrophy has an impact on the change in the wall thickness, displacement field and the overall functioning of the heart. We computed both eccentric and concentric hypertrophy effects and tracked changes in the ventricle shape and wall thickness. Thickening of the wall was developed under the influence of concentric hypertrophy, while the eccentric hypertrophy produces wall thinning. To model passive stresses we used the recently developed material modal based on the Holzapfel experiments. Also, our specific shell composite finite element models for heart mechanics are much smaller and simpler to use with respect to conventional 3D models. Furthermore, the presented modeling approach of the echocardiography-based LV can serve as the basis for practical applications since it relies on the true patient-specific geometry and experimental constitutive relationships. Our model gives an insight into hypertrophy development in realistic heart geometries, and it has the potential to test medical hypotheses regarding hypertrophy evolution in a healthy and heart with a disease, under the influence of different conditions and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Milićević
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Miljan Milošević
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Belgrade Metropolitan University, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Simić
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Danijela Trifunović
- Cardiology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Visegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stanković
- Cardiology Department, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Visegradska 26, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Nenad Filipović
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Miloš Kojić
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center (BioIRC), Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Schwarz EL, Pegolotti L, Pfaller MR, Marsden AL. Beyond CFD: Emerging methodologies for predictive simulation in cardiovascular health and disease. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011301. [PMID: 36686891 PMCID: PMC9846834 DOI: 10.1063/5.0109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physics-based computational models of the cardiovascular system are increasingly used to simulate hemodynamics, tissue mechanics, and physiology in evolving healthy and diseased states. While predictive models using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) originated primarily for use in surgical planning, their application now extends well beyond this purpose. In this review, we describe an increasingly wide range of modeling applications aimed at uncovering fundamental mechanisms of disease progression and development, performing model-guided design, and generating testable hypotheses to drive targeted experiments. Increasingly, models are incorporating multiple physical processes spanning a wide range of time and length scales in the heart and vasculature. With these expanded capabilities, clinical adoption of patient-specific modeling in congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease is also increasing, impacting clinical care and treatment decisions in complex congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, vascular surgery, pulmonary artery disease, and medical device design. In support of these efforts, we discuss recent advances in modeling methodology, which are most impactful when driven by clinical needs. We describe pivotal recent developments in image processing, fluid-structure interaction, modeling under uncertainty, and reduced order modeling to enable simulations in clinically relevant timeframes. In all these areas, we argue that traditional CFD alone is insufficient to tackle increasingly complex clinical and biological problems across scales and systems. Rather, CFD should be coupled with appropriate multiscale biological, physical, and physiological models needed to produce comprehensive, impactful models of mechanobiological systems and complex clinical scenarios. With this perspective, we finally outline open problems and future challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Schwarz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Luca Pegolotti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Martin R. Pfaller
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alison L. Marsden
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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17
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Urdeitx P, Mousavi SJ, Avril S, Doweidar MH. Computational modeling of multiple myeloma interactions with resident bone marrow cells. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106458. [PMID: 36599211 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of multiple myeloma with bone marrow resident cells plays a key role in tumor progression and the development of drug resistance. The tumor cell response involves contact-mediated and paracrine interactions. The heterogeneity of myeloma cells and bone marrow cells makes it difficult to reproduce this environment in in-vitro experiments. The use of in-silico established tools can help to understand these complex problems. In this article, we present a computational model based on the finite element method to define the interactions of multiple myeloma cells with resident bone marrow cells. This model includes cell migration, which is controlled by stress-strain equilibrium, and cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A series of computational experiments were performed to validate the proposed model. Cell proliferation by the growth factor IGF-1 is studied for different concentrations ranging from 0-10 ng/mL. Cell motility is studied for different concentrations of VEGF and fibronectin in the range of 0-100 ng/mL. Finally, cells were simulated under a combination of IGF-1 and VEGF stimuli whose concentrations are considered to be dependent on the cancer-associated fibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. Results show a good agreement with previous in-vitro results. Multiple myeloma growth and migration are shown to correlate linearly to the IGF-1 stimuli. These stimuli are coupled with the mechanical environment, which also improves cell growth. Moreover, cell migration depends on the fiber and VEGF concentration in the extracellular matrix. Finally, our computational model shows myeloma cells trigger mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts, in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Urdeitx
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - S Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Stephane Avril
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France; Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Mohamed H Doweidar
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
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18
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A cell-based framework for modeling cardiac mechanics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:515-539. [PMID: 36602715 PMCID: PMC10097778 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are the functional building blocks of the heart-yet most models developed to simulate cardiac mechanics do not represent the individual cells and their surrounding matrix. Instead, they work on a homogenized tissue level, assuming that cellular and subcellular structures and processes scale uniformly. Here we present a mathematical and numerical framework for exploring tissue-level cardiac mechanics on a microscale given an explicit three-dimensional geometrical representation of cells embedded in a matrix. We defined a mathematical model over such a geometry and parametrized our model using publicly available data from tissue stretching and shearing experiments. We then used the model to explore mechanical differences between the extracellular and the intracellular space. Through sensitivity analysis, we found the stiffness in the extracellular matrix to be most important for the intracellular stress values under contraction. Strain and stress values were observed to follow a normal-tangential pattern concentrated along the membrane, with substantial spatial variations both under contraction and stretching. We also examined how it scales to larger size simulations, considering multicellular domains. Our work extends existing continuum models, providing a new geometrical-based framework for exploring complex cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.
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19
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St. Pierre SR, Peirlinck M, Kuhl E. Sex Matters: A Comprehensive Comparison of Female and Male Hearts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831179. [PMID: 35392369 PMCID: PMC8980481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease in women remains under-diagnosed and under-treated. Recent studies suggest that this is caused, at least in part, by the lack of sex-specific diagnostic criteria. While it is widely recognized that the female heart is smaller than the male heart, it has long been ignored that it also has a different microstructural architecture. This has severe implications on a multitude of cardiac parameters. Here, we systematically review and compare geometric, functional, and structural parameters of female and male hearts, both in the healthy population and in athletes. Our study finds that, compared to the male heart, the female heart has a larger ejection fraction and beats at a faster rate but generates a smaller cardiac output. It has a lower blood pressure but produces universally larger contractile strains. Critically, allometric scaling, e.g., by lean body mass, reduces but does not completely eliminate the sex differences between female and male hearts. Our results suggest that the sex differences in cardiac form and function are too complex to be ignored: the female heart is not just a small version of the male heart. When using similar diagnostic criteria for female and male hearts, cardiac disease in women is frequently overlooked by routine exams, and it is diagnosed later and with more severe symptoms than in men. Clearly, there is an urgent need to better understand the female heart and design sex-specific diagnostic criteria that will allow us to diagnose cardiac disease in women equally as early, robustly, and reliably as in men. Systematic Review Registration https://livingmatter.stanford.edu/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. St. Pierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mathias Peirlinck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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20
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Martonová D, Holz D, Seufert J, Duong MT, Alkassar M, Leyendecker S. Comparison of stress and stress–strain approaches for the active contraction in a rat cardiac cycle model. J Biomech 2022; 134:110980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Oomen PJA, Phung TKN, Weinberg SH, Bilchick KC, Holmes JW. A rapid electromechanical model to predict reverse remodeling following cardiac resynchronization therapy. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:231-247. [PMID: 34816336 PMCID: PMC9241386 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective therapy for patients who suffer from heart failure and ventricular dyssynchrony such as left bundle branch block (LBBB). When it works, it reverses adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling and the progression of heart failure. However, CRT response rate is currently as low as 50-65%. In theory, CRT outcome could be improved by allowing clinicians to tailor the therapy through patient-specific lead locations, timing, and/or pacing protocol. However, this also presents a dilemma: there are far too many possible strategies to test during the implantation surgery. Computational models could address this dilemma by predicting remodeling outcomes for each patient before the surgery takes place. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a rapid computational model to predict reverse LV remodeling following CRT. We adapted our recently developed computational model of LV remodeling to simulate the mechanics of ventricular dyssynchrony and added a rapid electrical model to predict electrical activation timing. The model was calibrated to quantitatively match changes in hemodynamics and global and local LV wall mass from a canine study of LBBB and CRT. The calibrated model was used to investigate the influence of LV lead location and ischemia on CRT remodeling outcome. Our model results suggest that remodeling outcome varies with both lead location and ischemia location, and does not always correlate with short-term improvement in QRS duration. The results and time frame required to customize and run this model suggest promise for this approach in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J. A. Oomen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Box 800158, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Thien-Khoi N. Phung
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth H. Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave Columbus, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Bilchick
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Box 800158, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1075 13th St S, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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22
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Chatterjee A, Kondaiah P, Gundiah N. Stress fiber growth and remodeling determines cellular morphomechanics under uniaxial cyclic stretch. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:553-567. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Volumetric growth of soft tissues evaluated in the current configuration. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:569-588. [PMID: 35044527 PMCID: PMC8940838 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe growth and remodelling of soft tissues plays a significant role in many physiological applications, particularly in understanding and managing many diseases. A commonly used approach for soft tissue growth and remodelling is volumetric growth theory, introduced in the framework of finite elasticity. In such an approach, the total deformation gradient tensor is decomposed so that the elastic and growth tensors can be studied separately. A critical element in this approach is to determine the growth tensor and its evolution with time. Most existing volumetric growth theories define the growth tensor in the reference (natural) configuration, which does not reflect the continuous adaptation processes of soft tissues under the current configuration. In a few studies where growth from a loaded configuration was considered, simplifying assumptions, such as compatible deformation or geometric symmetries, were introduced. In this work, we propose a new volumetric growth law that depends on fields evaluated in the current configuration, which is residually stressed and loaded, without any geometrical restrictions. We illustrate our idea using a simplified left ventricle model, which admits inhomogeneous growth in the current configuration. We compare the residual stress distribution of our approach with the traditional volumetric growth theory, that assumes growth occurring from the natural reference configuration. We show that the proposed framework leads to qualitative agreements with experimental measurements. Furthermore, using a cylindrical model, we find an incompatibility index that explains the differences between the two approaches in more depth. We also demonstrate that results from both approaches reach the same steady solution published previously at the limit of a saturated growth. Although we used a left ventricle model as an example, our theory is applicable in modelling the volumetric growth of general soft tissues.
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24
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Han T, Lee T, Ledwon J, Vaca E, Turin S, Kearney A, Gosain AK, Tepole AB. Bayesian calibration of a computational model of tissue expansion based on a porcine animal model. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:136-146. [PMID: 34634507 PMCID: PMC8678288 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue expansion is a technique used clinically to grow skin in situ to correct large defects. Despite its enormous potential, lack of fundamental knowledge of skin adaptation to mechanical cues, and lack of predictive computational models limit the broader adoption and efficacy of tissue expansion. In our previous work, we introduced a finite element model of tissue expansion that predicted key patterns of strain and growth which were then confirmed by our porcine animal model. Here we use the data from a new set of experiments to calibrate the computational model within a Bayesian framework. Four 10×10cm2 patches were tattooed in the dorsal skin of four 12 weeks-old minipigs and a total of six patches underwent successful tissue expander placement and inflation to 60cc for expansion times ranging from 1 h to 7 days. Six patches that did not have expanders implanted served as controls for the analysis. We find that growth can be explained based on the elastic deformation. The predicted area growth rate is k∈[0.02,0.08] [h-1]. Growth is anisotropic and reflects the anisotropic mechanical behavior of porcine dorsal skin. The rostral-caudal axis shows greater deformation than the transverse axis, and the time scale of growth in the rostral-caudal direction is given by rate parameters k1∈[0.04,0.1] [h-1] compared to k2∈[0.01,0.05] [h-1] in the transverse direction. Moreover, the calibration results underscore the high variability in biological systems, and the need to create probabilistic computational models to predict tissue adaptation in realistic settings. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tissue expansion is a widely used technique in reconstructive surgery because it triggers growth of skin for the correction of large skin lesions and for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Despite of its potential, complications and undesired outcomes persist due to our incomplete understanding of skin mechanobiology. Here we quantify the deformation and growth fields induced by an expander over 7 days in a porcine animal model and use these data to calibrate a computational model of skin growth using finite element simulations and a Bayesian framework. The calibrated model is a leap forward in our understanding skin growth, we now have quantitative understanding of this process: area growth is anisotropic and it is proportional to stretch with a characteristic rate constant of k∈[0.02,0.08] [h-1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Taeksang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joanna Ledwon
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elbert Vaca
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sergey Turin
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron Kearney
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arun K Gosain
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrian B Tepole
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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25
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Sharifi H, Mann CK, Rockward AL, Mehri M, Mojumder J, Lee LC, Campbell KS, Wenk JF. Multiscale simulations of left ventricular growth and remodeling. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:729-746. [PMID: 34777616 PMCID: PMC8555068 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes can adapt their size, shape, and orientation in response to altered biomechanical or biochemical stimuli. The process by which the heart undergoes structural changes-affecting both geometry and material properties-in response to altered ventricular loading, altered hormonal levels, or mutant sarcomeric proteins is broadly known as cardiac growth and remodeling (G&R). Although it is likely that cardiac G&R initially occurs as an adaptive response of the heart to the underlying stimuli, prolonged pathological changes can lead to increased risk of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and sudden death. During the past few decades, computational models have been extensively used to investigate the mechanisms of cardiac G&R, as a complement to experimental measurements. These models have provided an opportunity to quantitatively study the relationships between the underlying stimuli (primarily mechanical) and the adverse outcomes of cardiac G&R, i.e., alterations in ventricular size and function. State-of-the-art computational models have shown promise in predicting the progression of cardiac G&R. However, there are still limitations that need to be addressed in future works to advance the field. In this review, we first outline the current state of computational models of cardiac growth and myofiber remodeling. Then, we discuss the potential limitations of current models of cardiac G&R that need to be addressed before they can be utilized in clinical care. Finally, we briefly discuss the next feasible steps and future directions that could advance the field of cardiac G&R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0503 USA
| | - Charles K. Mann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0503 USA
| | - Alexus L. Rockward
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0503 USA
| | - Mohammad Mehri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0503 USA
| | - Joy Mojumder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Lik-Chuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Kenneth S. Campbell
- Department of Physiology & Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Jonathan F. Wenk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 269 Ralph G. Anderson Building, Lexington, KY 40506-0503 USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
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26
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Zhang Y, Adams J, Wang VY, Horwitz L, Tartibi M, Morgan AE, Kim J, Wallace AW, Weinsaft JW, Ge L, Ratcliffe MB. A finite element model of the cardiac ventricles with coupled circulation: Biventricular mesh generation with hexahedral elements, airbags and a functional mockup interface to the circulation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104840. [PMID: 34508972 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Finite element (FE) mechanics models of the heart are becoming more sophisticated. However, there is lack of consensus about optimal element type and coupling of FE models to the circulation. We describe biventricular (left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles) FE mechanics model creation using hexahedral elements, airbags and a functional mockup interface (FMI) to lumped-parameter models of the circulation. METHODS Cardiac MRI (CMR) was performed in two healthy volunteers and a single patient with ischemic heart disease (IHD). CMR images were segmented and surfaced, meshing with hexahedral elements was performed with a "thin butterfly with septum" topology. LV and RV inflow and outflow airbags were coupled to lumped-parameter circulation models with an FMI interface. Pulmonary constriction (PAC) and vena cava occlusion (VCO) were simulated and end-systolic pressure-volume relations (ESPVR) were calculated. RESULTS Mesh construction was prompt with representative contouring and mesh adjustment requiring 32 and 26 min Respectively. The numbers of elements ranged from 4104 to 5184 with a representative Jacobian of 1.0026 ± 0.4531. Agreement between CMR-based surfaces and mesh was excellent with root-mean-squared error of 0.589 ± 0.321 mm. The LV ESPVR slope was 3.37 ± 0.09 in volunteers but 2.74 in the IHD patient. The effect of PAC and VCO on LV ESPVR was consistent with ventricular interaction (p = 0.0286). CONCLUSION Successful co-simulation using a biventricular FE mechanics model with hexahedral elements, airbags and an FMI interface to lumped-parameter model of the circulation was demonstrated. Future studies will include comparison of element type and study of cardiovascular pathologies and device therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Adams
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Vicky Y Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Horwitz
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ashley E Morgan
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur W Wallace
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Liang Ge
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark B Ratcliffe
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Fan Y, Coll-Font J, van den Boomen M, Kim JH, Chen S, Eder RA, Roche ET, Nguyen CT. Characterization of Exercise-Induced Myocardium Growth Using Finite Element Modeling and Bayesian Optimization. Front Physiol 2021; 12:694940. [PMID: 34434115 PMCID: PMC8381603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.694940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte growth can occur in both physiological (exercised-induced) and pathological (e.g., volume overload and pressure overload) conditions leading to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Studies using animal models and histology have demonstrated the growth and remodeling process at the organ level and tissue-cellular level, respectively. However, the driving factors of growth and the mechanistic link between organ, tissue, and cellular growth remains poorly understood. Computational models have the potential to bridge this gap by using constitutive models that describe the growth and remodeling process of the myocardium coupled with finite element (FE) analysis to model the biomechanics of the heart at the organ level. Using subject-specific imaging data of the LV geometry at two different time points, an FE model can be created with the inverse method to characterize the growth parameters of each subject. In this study, we developed a framework that takes in vivo cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging data of exercised porcine model and uses FE and Bayesian optimization to characterize myocardium growth in the transverse and longitudinal directions. The efficacy of this framework was demonstrated by successfully predicting growth parameters of 18 synthetic LV targeted masks which were generated from three LV porcine geometries. The framework was further used to characterize growth parameters in 4 swine subjects that had been exercised. The study suggested that exercise-induced growth in swine is prone to longitudinal cardiomyocyte growth (58.0 ± 19.6% after 6 weeks and 79.3 ± 15.6% after 12 weeks) compared to transverse growth (4.0 ± 8.0% after 6 weeks and 7.8 ± 9.4% after 12 weeks). This framework can be used to characterize myocardial growth in different phenotypes of LV hypertrophy and can be incorporated with other growth constitutive models to study different hypothetical growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Fan
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jaume Coll-Font
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maaike van den Boomen
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joan H. Kim
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shi Chen
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Robert Alan Eder
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ellen T. Roche
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Ellen T. Roche,
| | - Christopher T. Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Bioengineering and Imaging Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Christopher T. Nguyen,
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28
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Hallow KM, Van Brackle CH, Anjum S, Ermakov S. Cardiorenal Systems Modeling: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Differential Effects of Antihypertensive Therapies on Hypertrophy Regression. Front Physiol 2021; 12:679930. [PMID: 34220545 PMCID: PMC8242213 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.679930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac and renal function are inextricably connected through both hemodynamic and neurohormonal mechanisms, and the interaction between these organ systems plays an important role in adaptive and pathophysiologic remodeling of the heart, as well as in the response to renally acting therapies. Insufficient understanding of the integrative function or dysfunction of these physiological systems has led to many examples of unexpected or incompletely understood clinical trial results. Mathematical models of heart and kidney physiology have long been used to better understand the function of these organs, but an integrated model of renal function and cardiac function and cardiac remodeling has not yet been published. Here we describe an integrated cardiorenal model that couples existing cardiac and renal models, and expands them to simulate cardiac remodeling in response to pressure and volume overload, as well as hypertrophy regression in response to angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers. The model is able to reproduce different patterns of hypertrophy in response to pressure and volume overload. We show that increases in myocyte diameter are adaptive in pressure overload not only because it normalizes wall shear stress, as others have shown before, but also because it limits excess volume accumulation and further elevation of cardiac stresses by maintaining cardiac output and renal sodium and water balance. The model also reproduces the clinically observed larger LV mass reduction with angiotensin receptor blockers than with beta blockers. We further provide a mechanistic explanation for this difference by showing that heart rate lowering with beta blockers limits the reduction in peak systolic wall stress (a key signal for myocyte hypertrophy) relative to ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Melissa Hallow
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Charles H Van Brackle
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sommer Anjum
- School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sergey Ermakov
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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29
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Zhou FL, McHugh DJ, Li Z, Gough JE, Williams GR, Parker GJM. Coaxial electrospun biomimetic copolymer fibres for application in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:046016. [PMID: 33706299 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abedcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The use of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) opens the door to characterizing brain microstructure because water diffusion is anisotropic in axonal fibres in brain white matter and is sensitive to tissue microstructural changes. As dMRI becomes more sophisticated and microstructurally informative, it has become increasingly important to use a reference object (usually called an imaging phantom) for validation of dMRI. This study aims to develop axon-mimicking physical phantoms from biocopolymers and assess their feasibility for validating dMRI measurements.Approach. We employed a simple and one-step method-coaxial electrospinning-to prepare axon-mimicking hollow microfibres from polycaprolactone-b-polyethylene glycol (PCL-b-PEG) and poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), and used them as building elements to create axon-mimicking phantoms. Electrospinning was firstly conducted using two types of PCL-b-PEG and two types of PLGA with different molecular weights in various solvents, with different polymer concentrations, for determining their spinnability. Polymer/solvent concentration combinations with good fibre spinnability were used as the shell material in the following co-electrospinning process in which the polyethylene oxide polymer was used as the core material. Following the microstructural characterization of both electrospun and co-electrospun fibres using optical and electron microscopy, two prototype phantoms were constructed from co-electrospun anisotropic hollow microfibres after inserting them into water-filled test tubes.Main results. Hollow microfibres that mimic the axon microstructure were successfully prepared from the appropriate core and shell material combinations. dMRI measurements of two phantoms on a 7 tesla (T) pre-clinical scanner revealed that diffusivity and anisotropy measurements are in the range of brain white matter.Significance. This feasibility study showed that co-electrospun PCL-b-PEG and PLGA microfibre-based axon-mimicking phantoms could be used in the validation of dMRI methods which seek to characterize white matter microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Lei Zhou
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Damien J McHugh
- Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Zhanxiong Li
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, People's Republic of China
| | - Julie E Gough
- Department of Materials and Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1V 6LJ, United Kingdom
- Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom
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30
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Scott L, Jurewicz I, Jeevaratnam K, Lewis R. Carbon Nanotube-Based Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering-Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:80. [PMID: 34207645 PMCID: PMC8228669 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8060080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is currently the top global cause of death, however, research into new therapies is in decline. Tissue engineering is a solution to this crisis and in combination with the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which have drawn recent attention as a biomaterial, could facilitate the development of more dynamic and complex in vitro models. CNTs' electrical conductivity and dimensional similarity to cardiac extracellular proteins provide a unique opportunity to deliver scaffolds with stimuli that mimic the native cardiac microenvironment in vitro more effectively. This systematic review aims to evaluate the use and efficacy of CNTs for cardiac tissue scaffolds and was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Three databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Papers resulting from these searches were then subjected to analysis against pre-determined inclusion and quality appraisal criteria. From 249 results, 27 manuscripts met the criteria and were included in this review. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were most commonly used in the experiments, with multi-walled CNTs being most common in tissue scaffolds. Immunofluorescence was the experimental technique most frequently used, which was employed for the staining of cardiac-specific proteins relating to contractile and electrophysiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie Scott
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK; (L.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Izabela Jurewicz
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Kamalan Jeevaratnam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK; (L.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK; (L.S.); (K.J.)
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31
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Wang VY, Tartibi M, Zhang Y, Selvaganesan K, Haraldsson H, Auger DA, Faraji F, Spaulding K, Takaba K, Collins A, Aguayo E, Saloner D, Wallace AW, Weinsaft JW, Epstein FH, Guccione J, Ge L, Ratcliffe MB. A kinematic model-based analysis framework for 3D Cine-DENSE-validation with an axially compressed gel phantom and application in sheep before and after antero-apical myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:2105-2121. [PMID: 34096083 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial strain is increasingly used to assess left ventricular (LV) function. Incorporation of LV deformation into finite element (FE) modeling environment with subsequent strain calculation will allow analysis to reach its full potential. We describe a new kinematic model-based analysis framework (KMAF) to calculate strain from 3D cine-DENSE (displacement encoding with stimulated echoes) MRI. METHODS Cine-DENSE allows measurement of 3D myocardial displacement with high spatial accuracy. The KMAF framework uses cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to facilitate cine-DENSE segmentation, interpolates cine-DENSE displacement, and kinematically deforms an FE model to calculate strain. This framework was validated in an axially compressed gel phantom and applied in 10 healthy sheep and 5 sheep after myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS Excellent Bland-Altman agreement of peak circumferential (Ecc ) and longitudinal (Ell ) strain (mean difference = 0.021 ± 0.04 and -0.006 ± 0.03, respectively), was found between KMAF estimates and idealized FE simulation. Err had a mean difference of -0.014 but larger variation (±0.12). Cine-DENSE estimated end-systolic (ES) Ecc , Ell and Err exhibited significant spatial variation for healthy sheep. Displacement magnitude was reduced on average by 27%, 42%, and 56% after MI in the remote, adjacent and MI regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The KMAF framework allows accurate calculation of 3D LV Ecc and Ell from cine-DENSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Y Wang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mehrzad Tartibi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kartiga Selvaganesan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Henrik Haraldsson
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel A Auger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Medical Metrics, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farshid Faraji
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kiyoaki Takaba
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Esteban Aguayo
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Saloner
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arthur W Wallace
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Frederick H Epstein
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Julius Guccione
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Liang Ge
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark B Ratcliffe
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Precision medicine in human heart modeling : Perspectives, challenges, and opportunities. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:803-831. [PMID: 33580313 PMCID: PMC8154814 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a new frontier in healthcare that uses scientific methods to customize medical treatment to the individual genes, anatomy, physiology, and lifestyle of each person. In cardiovascular health, precision medicine has emerged as a promising paradigm to enable cost-effective solutions that improve quality of life and reduce mortality rates. However, the exact role in precision medicine for human heart modeling has not yet been fully explored. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for personalized human heart simulations, from diagnosis to device design, treatment planning, and prognosis. With a view toward personalization, we map out the history of anatomic, physical, and constitutive human heart models throughout the past three decades. We illustrate recent human heart modeling in electrophysiology, cardiac mechanics, and fluid dynamics and highlight clinically relevant applications of these models for drug development, pacing lead failure, heart failure, ventricular assist devices, edge-to-edge repair, and annuloplasty. With a view toward translational medicine, we provide a clinical perspective on virtual imaging trials and a regulatory perspective on medical device innovation. We show that precision medicine in human heart modeling does not necessarily require a fully personalized, high-resolution whole heart model with an entire personalized medical history. Instead, we advocate for creating personalized models out of population-based libraries with geometric, biological, physical, and clinical information by morphing between clinical data and medical histories from cohorts of patients using machine learning. We anticipate that this perspective will shape the path toward introducing human heart simulations into precision medicine with the ultimate goals to facilitate clinical decision making, guide treatment planning, and accelerate device design.
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33
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Urdeitx P, Doweidar MH. Enhanced Piezoelectric Fibered Extracellular Matrix to Promote Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Tissue Formation: A 3D Computational Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020135. [PMID: 33572184 PMCID: PMC7914718 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical and electrical stimuli play a key role in tissue formation, guiding cell processes such as cell migration, differentiation, maturation, and apoptosis. Monitoring and controlling these stimuli on in vitro experiments is not straightforward due to the coupling of these different stimuli. In addition, active and reciprocal cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are essential to be considered during formation of complex tissue such as myocardial tissue. In this sense, computational models can offer new perspectives and key information on the cell microenvironment. Thus, we present a new computational 3D model, based on the Finite Element Method, where a complex extracellular matrix with piezoelectric properties interacts with cardiac muscle cells during the first steps of tissue formation. This model includes collective behavior and cell processes such as cell migration, maturation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The model has employed to study the initial stages of in vitro cardiac aggregate formation, considering cell-cell junctions, under different extracellular matrix configurations. Three different cases have been purposed to evaluate cell behavior in fibered, mechanically stimulated fibered, and mechanically stimulated piezoelectric fibered extra-cellular matrix. In this last case, the cells are guided by the coupling of mechanical and electrical stimuli. Accordingly, the obtained results show the formation of more elongated groups and enhancement in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Urdeitx
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mohamed H. Doweidar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Estrada AC, Yoshida K, Saucerman JJ, Holmes JW. A multiscale model of cardiac concentric hypertrophy incorporating both mechanical and hormonal drivers of growth. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:293-307. [PMID: 32970240 PMCID: PMC7897221 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth and remodeling in the heart is driven by a combination of mechanical and hormonal signals that produce different patterns of growth in response to exercise, pregnancy, and various pathologies. In particular, increases in afterload lead to concentric hypertrophy, a thickening of the walls that increases the contractile ability of the heart while reducing wall stress. In the current study, we constructed a multiscale model of cardiac hypertrophy that connects a finite-element model representing the mechanics of the growing left ventricle to a cell-level network model of hypertrophic signaling pathways that accounts for changes in both mechanics and hormones. We first tuned our model to capture published in vivo growth trends for isoproterenol infusion, which stimulates β-adrenergic signaling pathways without altering mechanics, and for transverse aortic constriction (TAC), which involves both elevated mechanics and altered hormone levels. We then predicted the attenuation of TAC-induced hypertrophy by two distinct genetic interventions (transgenic Gq-coupled receptor inhibitor overexpression and norepinephrine knock-out) and by two pharmacologic interventions (angiotensin receptor blocker losartan and β-blocker propranolol) and compared our predictions to published in vivo data for each intervention. Our multiscale model captured the experimental data trends reasonably well for all conditions simulated. We also found that when prescribing realistic changes in mechanics and hormones associated with TAC, the hormonal inputs were responsible for the majority of the growth predicted by the multiscale model and were necessary in order to capture the effect of the interventions for TAC.
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35
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Yoshida K, Holmes JW. Computational models of cardiac hypertrophy. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 159:75-85. [PMID: 32702352 PMCID: PMC7855157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, defined as an increase in mass of the heart, is a complex process driven by simultaneous changes in hemodynamics, mechanical stimuli, and hormonal inputs. It occurs not only during pre- and post-natal development but also in adults in response to exercise, pregnancy, and a range of cardiovascular diseases. One of the most exciting recent developments in the field of cardiac biomechanics is the advent of computational models that are able to accurately predict patterns of heart growth in many of these settings, particularly in cases where changes in mechanical loading of the heart play an import role. These emerging models may soon be capable of making patient-specific growth predictions that can be used to guide clinical interventions. Here, we review the history and current state of cardiac growth models and highlight three main limitations of current approaches with regard to future clinical application: their inability to predict the regression of heart growth after removal of a mechanical overload, inability to account for evolving hemodynamics, and inability to incorporate known growth effects of drugs and hormones on heart growth. Next, we outline growth mechanics approaches used in other fields of biomechanics and highlight some potential lessons for cardiac growth modeling. Finally, we propose a multiscale modeling approach for future studies that blends tissue-level growth models with cell-level signaling models to incorporate the effects of hormones in the context of pregnancy-induced heart growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yoshida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Mojumder J, Choy J, Leng S, Zhong L, Kassab G, Lee L. Mechanical stimuli for left ventricular growth during pressure overload. EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS 2021; 61:131-146. [PMID: 33746236 PMCID: PMC7968380 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-020-00643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical stimulus (i.e. stress or stretch) for growth occurring in the pressure-overloaded left ventricle (LV) is not exactly known. OBJECTIVE To address this issue, we investigate the correlation between local ventricular growth (indexed by local wall thickness) and the local acute changes in mechanical stimuli after aortic banding. METHODS LV geometric data were extracted from 3D echo measurements at baseline and 2 weeks in the aortic banding swine model (n = 4). We developed and calibrated animal-specific finite element (FE) model of LV mechanics against pressure and volume waveforms measured at baseline. After the simulation of the acute effects of pressure-overload, the local changes of maximum, mean and minimum myocardial stretches and stresses in three orthogonal material directions (i.e., fiber, sheet and sheet-normal) over a cardiac cycle were quantified. Correlation between mechanical quantities and the corresponding measured local changes in wall thickness was quantified using the Pearson correlation number (PCN) and Spearman rank correlation number (SCN). RESULTS At 2 weeks after banding, the average septum thickness decreased from 10.6 ± 2.92mm to 9.49 ± 2.02mm, whereas the LV free-wall thickness increased from 8.69 ± 1.64mm to 9.4 ± 1.22mm. The FE results show strong correlation of growth with the changes in maximum fiber stress (PCN = 0.5471, SCN = 0.5111) and changes in the mean sheet-normal stress (PCN= 0.5266, SCN = 0.5256). Myocardial stretches, however, do not have good correlation with growth. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fiber stress is the mechanical stimuli for LV growth in pressure-overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mojumder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J.S. Choy
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - S. Leng
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - L. Zhong
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore
| | - G.S. Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L.C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Lee T, Holland MA, Weickenmeier J, Gosain AK, Tepole AB. The Geometry of Incompatibility in Growing Soft Tissues: Theory and Numerical Characterization. JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS 2021; 146:104177. [PMID: 34054143 PMCID: PMC8153650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmps.2020.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissues in vivo are not stress-free. As we grow, our tissues adapt to different physiological and disease conditions through growth and remodeling. This adaptation occurs at the microscopic scale, where cells control the microstructure of their immediate extracellular environment to achieve homeostasis. The local and heterogeneous nature of this process is the source of residual stresses. At the macroscopic scale, growth and remodeling can be accurately captured with the finite volume growth framework within continuum mechanics, which is akin to plasticity. The multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into growth and elastic contributions brings about the notion of incompatibility as a plausible description for the origin of residual stress. Here we define the geometric features that characterize incompatibility in biological materials. We introduce the geometric incompatibility tensor for different growth types, showing that the constraints associated with growth lead to specific patterns of the incompatibility metrics. To numerically investigate the distribution of incompatibility measures, we implement the analysis within a finite element framework. Simple, illustrative examples are shown first to explain the main concepts. Then, numerical characterization of incompatibility and residual stress is performed on three biomedical applications: brain atrophy, skin expansion, and cortical folding. Our analysis provides new insights into the role of growth in the development of tissue defects and residual stresses. Thus, we anticipate that our work will further motivate additional research to characterize residual stresses in living tissue and their role in development, disease, and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeksang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria A Holland
- Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Johannes Weickenmeier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Arun K Gosain
- Lurie Children Hospital, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adrian Buganza Tepole
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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38
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Li W, Gao H, Mangion K, Berry C, Luo X. Apparent growth tensor of left ventricular post myocardial infarction - In human first natural history study. Comput Biol Med 2020; 129:104168. [PMID: 33341555 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An outstanding challenge in modelling biomechanics after myocardial infarction (MI) is to estimate the so-called growth tensor. Since it is impossible to track pure growth induced geometry change from in vivo magnetic resonance images alone, in this work, we propose a way of estimating a surrogate or apparent growth tensor of the human left ventricle using cine magnetic resonance (CMR) and late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) images of 16 patients following acute MI. The apparent growth tensor is evaluated at four time-points following myocardial reperfusion: 4-12 h (baseline), 3 days, 10 days and 7 months. We have identified three different growth patterns classified as the Dilation, No-Change and Shrinkage groups defined by the left ventricle end-diastole cavity volume change from baseline. We study the- trends in both the infarct and remote regions. Importantly, although the No-Change group has little change in the ventricular cavity volume, significant remodelling changes are seen within the myocardial wall, both in the infarct and remote regions. Through statistical analysis, we show that the growth tensor invariants can be used as effective biomarkers for adverse and favourable remodelling of the heart from 10 days onwards post-MI with statistically significant changes over time, in contrast to most of the routine clinical indices. We believe this is the first time that the apparent growth tensor has been estimated from in vivo CMR images post-MI. Our study not only provides much-needed information for understanding growth and remodelling in the human heart following acute MI, but also identifies novel biomarker for assessing heart disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Li
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Kenneth Mangion
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Colin Berry
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
The adult mammalian heart's potential for regeneration is very inefficient. Importantly, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) are characterized as a cell population with very limited mitotic potential. Conversely, the neonatal mouse heart possesses a brief, yet robust, regenerative capacity within the first week of life. Cell type-specific enrichment procedures are essential for characterizing the full spectrum of epigenomic landscapes and gene regulatory networks deployed by mammalian CMs. In this chapter, we describe a protocol useful for purifying CM nuclei from mammalian cardiac tissue. Furthermore, we detail a low-input procedure suitable for the parallel genome-wide profiling of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and transcription factor-binding sites. The CM nuclei purified using this process are suitable for multi-omic profiling approaches.
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Rondanina E, Bovendeerd PHM. Stimulus-effect relations for left ventricular growth obtained with a simple multi-scale model: the influence of hemodynamic feedback. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2111-2126. [PMID: 32358671 PMCID: PMC7603455 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac growth is an important mechanism for the human body to respond to changes in blood flow demand. Being able to predict the development of chronic growth is clinically relevant, but so far models to predict growth have not reached consensus on the stimulus–effect relation. In a previously published study, we modeled cardiac and hemodynamic function through a lumped parameter approach. We evaluated cardiac growth in response to valve disease using various stimulus–effect relations and observed an unphysiological decline pump function. Here we extend that model with a model of hemodynamic feedback that maintains mean arterial pressure and cardiac output through adaptation of peripheral resistance and circulatory unstressed volume. With the combined model, we obtain stable growth and restoration of pump function for most growth laws. We conclude that a mixed combination of stress and strain stimuli to drive cardiac growth is most promising since it (1) reproduces clinical observations on cardiac growth well, (2) requires only a small, clinically realistic adaptation of the properties of the circulatory system and (3) is robust in the sense that results were fairly insensitive to the exact choice of the chosen mechanics loading measure. This finding may be used to guide the choice of growth laws in more complex finite element models of cardiac growth, suitable for predicting the response to spatially varying changes in tissue load. Eventually, the current model may form a basis for a tool to predict patient-specific growth in response to spatially homogeneous changes in tissue load, since it is computationally inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rondanina
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter H M Bovendeerd
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Niestrawska JA, Augustin CM, Plank G. Computational modeling of cardiac growth and remodeling in pressure overloaded hearts-Linking microstructure to organ phenotype. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:34-53. [PMID: 32058078 PMCID: PMC7311197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac growth and remodeling (G&R) refers to structural changes in myocardial tissue in response to chronic alterations in loading conditions. One such condition is pressure overload where elevated wall stresses stimulate the growth in cardiomyocyte thickness, associated with a phenotype of concentric hypertrophy at the organ scale, and promote fibrosis. The initial hypertrophic response can be considered adaptive and beneficial by favoring myocyte survival, but over time if pressure overload conditions persist, maladaptive mechanisms favoring cell death and fibrosis start to dominate, ultimately mediating the transition towards an overt heart failure phenotype. The underlying mechanisms linking biological factors at the myocyte level to biomechanical factors at the systemic and organ level remain poorly understood. Computational models of G&R show high promise as a unique framework for providing a quantitative link between myocardial stresses and strains at the organ scale to biological regulatory processes at the cellular level which govern the hypertrophic response. However, microstructurally motivated, rigorously validated computational models of G&R are still in their infancy. This article provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art of computational models to study cardiac G&R. The microstructure and mechanosensing/mechanotransduction within cells of the myocardium is discussed and quantitative data from previous experimental and clinical studies is summarized. We conclude with a discussion of major challenges and possible directions of future research that can advance the current state of cardiac G&R computational modeling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanistic links between organ-scale biomechanics and biological factors at the cellular size scale remain poorly understood as these are largely elusive to investigations using experimental methodology alone. Computational G&R models show high promise to establish quantitative links which allow more mechanistic insight into adaptation mechanisms and may be used as a tool for stratifying the state and predict the progression of disease in the clinic. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research in this domain including a summary of experimental data. Thus, this study may serve as a basis for the further development of more advanced G&R models which are suitable for making clinical predictions on disease progression or for testing hypotheses on pathogenic mechanisms using in-silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna A Niestrawska
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christoph M Augustin
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Gernot Plank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
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42
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Lee T, Bilionis I, Tepole AB. Propagation of uncertainty in the mechanical and biological response of growing tissues using multi-fidelity Gaussian process regression. COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 2020; 359:112724. [PMID: 32863456 PMCID: PMC7453758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2019.112724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of living tissues is their capacity to remodel and grow in response to environmental cues. Within continuum mechanics, this process can be captured with the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into growth and elastic contributions. The mechanical and biological response during tissue adaptation is characterized by inherent variability. Accounting for this uncertainty is critical to better understand tissue mechanobiology, and, moreover, it is of practical importance if we aim to develop predictive models for clinical use. However, the current gold standard in computational models of growth and remodeling remains the use of deterministic finite element (FE) simulations. Here we focus on tissue expansion, a popular technique in which skin is stretched by a balloon-like device inducing its growth. We construct FE models of tissue expansion with various levels of detail, and show that a sufficiently broad set of FE simulations from these models can be used to train an accurate and efficient multi-fidelity Gaussian process (GP) surrogate. The approach is not limited to simulation data, rather, it can fuse different kinds of data, including from experiments. The main appeal of the framework relies on the common experience that highly detailed models (or experiments) are more accurate but also more costly, while simpler models (or experiments) can be easily evaluated but are bound to have some error. In these situations, doing uncertainty analysis tasks with the high fidelity models alone is not feasible and, conversely, relying solely on low fidelity approximations is also undesirable. We show that a multi-fidelity GP outperforms the high fidelity GP and low fidelity GP when tested against the most detailed FE model. In turn, having trained the multi-fidelity GP model, we showcase the propagation of uncertainty from the mechanical and biological response parameters to the spatio-temporal growth outcomes. We expect that the methods and applications in this paper will enable future research in parameter calibration under uncertainty and uncertainty propagation in real clinical scenarios involving tissue growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeksang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ilias Bilionis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Adrian Buganza Tepole
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Zhao Y, Rafatian N, Wang EY, Wu Q, Lai BFL, Lu RX, Savoji H, Radisic M. Towards chamber specific heart-on-a-chip for drug testing applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:60-76. [PMID: 31917972 PMCID: PMC7338250 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of human organs has long been a task for scientists in order to lower the costs of therapeutic development and understand the pathological onset of human disease. For decades, despite marked differences in genetics and etiology, animal models remained the norm for drug discovery and disease modeling. Innovative biofabrication techniques have facilitated the development of organ-on-a-chip technology that has great potential to complement conventional animal models. However, human organ as a whole, more specifically the human heart, is difficult to regenerate in vitro, in terms of its chamber specific orientation and its electrical functional complexity. Recent progress with the development of induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols, made recapitulating the complexity of the human heart possible through the generation of cells representative of atrial & ventricular tissue, the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. Current heart-on-a-chip approaches incorporate biological, electrical, mechanical, and topographical cues to facilitate tissue maturation, therefore improving the predictive power for the chamber-specific therapeutic effects targeting adult human. In this review, we will give a summary of current advances in heart-on-a-chip technology and provide a comprehensive outlook on the challenges involved in the development of human physiologically relevant heart-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Division of Cardiology and Peter Munk Cardiac Center, University of Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Benjamin F L Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rick Xingze Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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44
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Erlich A, Jones GW, Tisseur F, Moulton DE, Goriely A. The role of topology and mechanics in uniaxially growing cell networks. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190523. [PMID: 32082058 PMCID: PMC7016545 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In biological systems, the growth of cells, tissues and organs is influenced by mechanical cues. Locally, cell growth leads to a mechanically heterogeneous environment as cells pull and push their neighbours in a cell network. Despite this local heterogeneity, at the tissue level, the cell network is remarkably robust, as it is not easily perturbed by changes in the mechanical environment or the network connectivity. Through a network model, we relate global tissue structure (i.e. the cell network topology) and local growth mechanisms (growth laws) to the overall tissue response. Within this framework, we investigate the two main mechanical growth laws that have been proposed: stress-driven or strain-driven growth. We show that in order to create a robust and stable tissue environment, networks with predominantly series connections are naturally driven by stress-driven growth, whereas networks with predominantly parallel connections are associated with strain-driven growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Erlich
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Gareth W. Jones
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Françoise Tisseur
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Derek E. Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
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45
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Yoshida K, McCulloch AD, Omens JH, Holmes JW. Predictions of hypertrophy and its regression in response to pressure overload. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:1079-1089. [PMID: 31813071 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanics-based cardiac growth models can now predict changes in mass, chamber size, and wall thickness in response to perturbations such as pressure overload (PO), volume overload, and myocardial infarction with a single set of growth parameters. As these models move toward clinical applications, many of the most interesting applications involve predictions of whether or how a patient's heart will reverse its growth after an intervention. In the case of PO, significant regression in wall thickness is observed both experimentally and clinically following relief of overload, for example following replacement of a stenotic aortic valve. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of a published cardiac growth model that captures forward growth in multiple situations to predict growth reversal following relief of PO. Using a finite element model of a beating canine heart coupled to a circuit model of the circulation, we quantitatively matched hemodynamic data from a canine study of aortic banding followed by unbanding. Surprisingly, although the growth model correctly predicted the time course of PO-induced hypertrophy, it predicted only limited growth reversal given the measured unbanding hemodynamics, contradicting experimental and clinical observations. We were able to resolve this discrepancy only by incorporating an evolving homeostatic setpoint for the governing growth equations. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that many strain- and stress-based growth laws using the traditional volumetric growth framework will have similar difficulties capturing regression following the relief of PO unless growth setpoints are allowed to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Yoshida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,The Center for Engineering in Medicine, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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Aboelkassem Y, Powers JD, McCabe KJ, McCulloch AD. Multiscale Models of Cardiac Muscle Biophysics and Tissue Remodeling in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 11:35-44. [PMID: 31886450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is the result of sustained perturbations to the mechanical and/or neurohormonal homeostasis of cardiac cells and is driven by integrated, multiscale biophysical and biochemical processes that are currently not well defined. In this brief review, we highlight recent computational and experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy that span mechanisms from the molecular level to the tissue level. Specifically, we focus on: (i) molecular-level models of the structural dynamics of sarcomere proteins in hypertrophic hearts, (ii) cellular-level models of excitation-contraction coupling and mechanosensitive signaling in disease-state myocytes, and (iii) organ-level models of myocardial growth kinematics and predictors thereof. Finally, we discuss how spanning these scales and combining multiple experimental/computational models will provide new information about the processes governing hypertrophy and potential methods to prevent or reverse them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Aboelkassem
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph D Powers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberly J McCabe
- Department of Computational Physiology, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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47
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Brodehl A, Ebbinghaus H, Deutsch MA, Gummert J, Gärtner A, Ratnavadivel S, Milting H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184381. [PMID: 31489928 PMCID: PMC6770343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, many pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic mutations in over hundred different genes have been described for non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies. However, the functional knowledge about most of these mutations is still limited because the generation of adequate animal models is time-consuming and challenging. Therefore, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying specific cardiomyopathy-associated mutations are a promising alternative. Since the original discovery that pluripotency can be artificially induced by the expression of different transcription factors, various patient-specific-induced pluripotent stem cell lines have been generated to model non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies in vitro. In this review, we describe the genetic landscape of non-ischemic, genetic cardiomyopathies and give an overview about different human iPSC lines, which have been developed for the disease modeling of inherited cardiomyopathies. We summarize different methods and protocols for the general differentiation of human iPSCs into cardiomyocytes. In addition, we describe methods and technologies to investigate functionally human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we summarize novel genome editing approaches for the genetic manipulation of human iPSCs. This review provides an overview about the genetic landscape of inherited cardiomyopathies with a focus on iPSC technology, which might be of interest for clinicians and basic scientists interested in genetic cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hans Ebbinghaus
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Sandra Ratnavadivel
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D-32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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48
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Model of Anisotropic Reverse Cardiac Growth in Mechanical Dyssynchrony. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12670. [PMID: 31481725 PMCID: PMC6722088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on recent single-cell experiments showing that longitudinal myocyte stretch produces both parallel and serial addition of sarcomeres, we developed an anisotropic growth constitutive model with elastic myofiber stretch as the growth stimuli to simulate long-term changes in biventricular geometry associated with alterations in cardiac electromechanics. The constitutive model is developed based on the volumetric growth framework. In the model, local growth evolutions of the myocyte’s longitudinal and transverse directions are driven by the deviations of maximum elastic myofiber stretch over a cardiac cycle from its corresponding local homeostatic set point, but with different sensitivities. Local homeostatic set point is determined from a simulation with normal activation pattern. The growth constitutive model is coupled to an electromechanics model and calibrated based on both global and local ventricular geometrical changes associated with chronic left ventricular free wall pacing found in previous animal experiments. We show that the coupled electromechanics-growth model can quantitatively reproduce the following: (1) Thinning and thickening of the ventricular wall respectively at early and late activated regions and (2) Global left ventricular dilation as measured in experiments. These findings reinforce the role of elastic myofiber stretch as a growth stimulant at both cellular level and tissue-level.
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Ambrosi D, Ben Amar M, Cyron CJ, DeSimone A, Goriely A, Humphrey JD, Kuhl E. Growth and remodelling of living tissues: perspectives, challenges and opportunities. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190233. [PMID: 31431183 PMCID: PMC6731508 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable differences between classical engineering materials and living matter is the ability of the latter to grow and remodel in response to diverse stimuli. The mechanical behaviour of living matter is governed not only by an elastic or viscoelastic response to loading on short time scales up to several minutes, but also by often crucial growth and remodelling responses on time scales from hours to months. Phenomena of growth and remodelling play important roles, for example during morphogenesis in early life as well as in homeostasis and pathogenesis in adult tissues, which often adapt to changes in their chemo-mechanical environment as a result of ageing, diseases, injury or surgical intervention. Mechano-regulated growth and remodelling are observed in various soft tissues, ranging from tendons and arteries to the eye and brain, but also in bone, lower organisms and plants. Understanding and predicting growth and remodelling of living systems is one of the most important challenges in biomechanics and mechanobiology. This article reviews the current state of growth and remodelling as it applies primarily to soft tissues, and provides a perspective on critical challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ambrosi
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Christian J. Cyron
- Institute of Continuum Mechanics and Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jay D. Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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50
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Alipasali F, Papadopoulou SD, Gissis I, Komsis G, Komsis S, Kyranoudis A, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. The Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises on Sprint Ability of Recreational Male Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162835. [PMID: 31398904 PMCID: PMC6719209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present trial was to investigate the effect of two stretching programs, a dynamic and a static one, on the sprint ability of recreational volleyball players. The sample consisted of 27 male recreational volleyball players (age 21.6 ± 2.1 years, mean ± standard deviation, body mass 80.3 ± 8.9 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body mass index 24.3 ± 2.5 kg.m−2, volleyball experience 7.7 ± 2.9 years). Participants were randomly divided into three groups: (a) the first performing dynamic stretching exercises three times per week, (b) the second following a static stretching protocol on the same frequency, and (c) the third being the control group, abstaining from any stretching protocol. The duration of the stretching exercise intervention period was 6 weeks, with all groups performing baseline and final field sprinting tests at 4.5 and 9 m. The post-test sprint times were faster in both the 4.5 (p = 0.027, η2 = 0.188) and 9 m tests (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.605) compared to the pre-test values. A large time × group interaction was shown in both the 4.5 (p = 0.007, η2 = 0.341) and 9 m tests (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.363) with the static and dynamic stretching groups being faster in the post-test than in the pre-test, whereas no change was found in the control group. The percentage change in the 4.5 m sprint time correlated with volleyball experience (r = −0.38, p = 0.050), i.e., the longer the volleyball experience, the larger the improvement in the 4.5 m sprint. Thus, it is concluded that both stretching techniques have a positive effect on the velocity of recreational male volleyball players, when performed at a frequency of three times per week for 6 weeks under the same conditions as defined in the study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Alipasali
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Sophia D Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gissis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Georgios Komsis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Stergios Komsis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Angelos Kyranoudis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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