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ClPIF3-ClHY5 Module Regulates ClPSY1 to Promote Watermelon Fruit Lycopene Accumulation Earlier under Supplementary Red Lighting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084145. [PMID: 35456963 PMCID: PMC9024441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene content is one of the important factors for determining watermelon fruit quality. In this study, a small-type watermelon was grown in a greenhouse with supplementary red lighting for 10 h per day. The results showed that the content of lycopene in the flesh was increased 6.3-fold after 25 days of supplementary red lighting. qRT-PCR analysis showed that PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1(ClPSY1) is the major gene that responds to red light within the lycopene synthesis pathway. Moreover, we identified two key transcription factors that were involved in light signal transduction PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS 3 (ClPIF3) and LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (ClHY5) in watermelon flesh. The interaction experiments showed that ClHY5, a potent ClPIF3 antagonist, regulated ClPSY1 expression by directly targeting a common promoter cis-element (G-box). Collectively, our findings identified that ClHY5 and ClPIF3 formed an activation-suppression transcriptional module that is responsive to red light and, through this model, regulated watermelon lycopene accumulation in greenhouse winter cultivation.
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Deepika, Ankit, Sagar S, Singh A. Dark-Induced Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581666. [PMID: 33117413 PMCID: PMC7575791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants has made them extremely sensitive and flexible toward the constant flux of the surrounding environment, particularly light and dark. The light is perceived as a signal by specific receptors which further transduce the information through the signaling intermediates and effector proteins to modulate gene expression. Signal transduction induces changes in hormone levels that alters developmental, physiological and morphological processes. Importance of light for plants growth is well recognized, but a holistic understanding of key molecular and physiological changes governing plants development under dark is awaited. Here, we describe how darkness acts as a signal causing alteration in hormone levels and subsequent modulation of the gene regulatory network throughout plant life. The emphasis of this review is on dark mediated changes in plant hormones, regulation of signaling complex COP/DET/FUS and the transcription factors PIFs which affects developmental events such as apical hook development, elongated hypocotyls, photoperiodic flowering, shortened roots, and plastid development. Furthermore, the role of darkness in shade avoidance and senescence is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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3
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Wang N, Liu Y, Cai Y, Tang J, Li Y, Gai J. The soybean U-box gene GmPUB6 regulates drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:284-296. [PMID: 32795910 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant U-box (PUB) proteins function as E3 ligases to poly-ubiquitinate the target proteins for their degradation or post-translational modification. PUBs also play important roles in regulation of diverse biological processes, including plant response to environmental stresses. In this study, the functional characterization of a soybean PUB gene, GmPUB6, was performed. GmPUB6 was mainly localized to peroxisome, and showed E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The transcript levels of GmPUB6 in soybean leaves and roots were induced by abscisic acid (ABA), high salinity and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. Comparing with the wild-type (WT) plants, overexpression of GmPUB6 in Arabidopsis thaliana decreased plant survival rate after drought stress, reduced seed germination rate and root elongation under mannitol (osmotic) stress, and suppressed ABA- or mannitol-mediated stomatal closure. In addition, under dehydration stress, the relative expression levels of seven stress responsive genes, including ABI1, DREB2A, KIN2, RAB18, RD20, RD29A and RD29B, were lower in GmPUB6-overexpressed plants than WT. Taken together, these results suggest that GmPUB6 functions as a negative regulator in drought tolerance, and plays an important role in osmotic stress and ABA signaling pathways, which might be the possible mechanism of PUB6 participating in drought stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yandang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiajun Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Junyi Gai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Seo DH, Yoon GM. Light-induced stabilization of ACS contributes to hypocotyl elongation during the dark-to-light transition in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:898-911. [PMID: 30776167 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl growth during seedling emergence is a crucial developmental transition influenced by light and phytohormones such as ethylene. Ethylene and light antagonistically control hypocotyl growth in either continuous light or darkness. However, how ethylene and light regulate hypocotyl growth, including seedling emergence, during the dark-to-light transition remains elusive. Here, we show that ethylene and light cooperatively stimulate a transient increase in hypocotyl growth during the dark-to-light transition via the light-mediated stabilization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACSs), the rate-limiting enzymes in ethylene biosynthesis. We found that, in contrast to the known inhibitory role of light in hypocotyl growth, light treatment transiently increases hypocotyl growth in wild-type etiolated seedlings. Moreover, ACC, the direct precursor of ethylene, accentuates the effects of light on hypocotyl elongation during the dark-to-light transition. We determined that light leads to the transient elongation of hypocotyls by stabilizing the ACS5 protein during the dark-to-light transition. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of an ACS5 mutant protein bearing an alteration in the C-terminus indicated that light stabilizes ACS5 by inhibiting the degradation mechanism that acts through the C-terminus of ACS5. Our study reveals that plants regulate hypocotyl elongation during seedling establishment by coordinating light-induced ethylene biosynthesis at the post-translational level. Moreover, the stimulatory role of light on hypocotyl growth during the dark-to-light transition provides additional insights into the known inhibitory role of light in hypocotyl development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hye Seo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gyeong Mee Yoon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Mandal A, Sharma N, Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M. Ubiquitination: a tool for plant adaptation to changing environments. THE NUCLEUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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6
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Kudapa H, Garg V, Chitikineni A, Varshney RK. The RNA-Seq-based high resolution gene expression atlas of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) reveals dynamic spatio-temporal changes associated with growth and development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2209-2225. [PMID: 29637575 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is one of the world's largest cultivated food legumes and is an excellent source of high-quality protein to the human diet. Plant growth and development are controlled by programmed expression of a suite of genes at the given time, stage, and tissue. Understanding how the underlying genome sequence translates into specific plant phenotypes at key developmental stages, information on gene expression patterns is crucial. Here, we present a comprehensive Cicer arietinum Gene Expression Atlas (CaGEA) across different plant developmental stages and organs covering the entire life cycle of chickpea. One of the widely used drought tolerant cultivars, ICC 4958 has been used to generate RNA-Seq data from 27 samples at 5 major developmental stages of the plant. A total of 816 million raw reads were generated and of these, 794 million filtered reads after quality control (QC) were subjected to downstream analysis. A total of 15,947 unique number of differentially expressed genes across different pairwise tissue combinations were identified. Significant differences in gene expression patterns contributing in the process of flowering, nodulation, and seed and root development were inferred in this study. Furthermore, differentially expressed candidate genes from "QTL-hotspot" region associated with drought stress response in chickpea were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Kudapa
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Vanika Garg
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
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7
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Lee BD, Kim MR, Kang MY, Cha JY, Han SH, Nawkar GM, Sakuraba Y, Lee SY, Imaizumi T, McClung CR, Kim WY, Paek NC. The F-box protein FKF1 inhibits dimerization of COP1 in the control of photoperiodic flowering. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2259. [PMID: 29273730 PMCID: PMC5741637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, CONSTANS (CO) plays an essential role in the regulation of photoperiodic flowering under long-day conditions. CO protein is stable only in the afternoon of long days, when it induces the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which promotes flowering. The blue-light photoreceptor FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 (FKF1) interacts with CO and stabilizes it by an unknown mechanism. Here, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that FKF1 inhibits CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1)-dependent CO degradation. Light-activated FKF1 has no apparent effect on COP1 stability but can interact with and negatively regulate COP1. We show that FKF1 can inhibit COP1 homo-dimerization. Mutation of the coiled-coil domain in COP1, which prevents dimer formation, impairs COP1 function in coordinating flowering time. Based on these results, we propose a model whereby the light- and day length-dependent interaction between FKF1 and COP1 controls CO stability to regulate flowering time. CONSTANS promotes flowering under long-day conditions in Arabidopsis but is rapidly degraded in short-day conditions. Here the authors show that the blue-light photoreceptor FKF1 can interact with the E3 ligase COP1 in a light-dependent manner and prevent degradation of CO in long-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Doo Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ri Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Han
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasuhito Sakuraba
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - C Robertson McClung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755-3563, USA
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), PMBBRC & IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Flis A, Fernández AP, Zielinski T, Mengin V, Sulpice R, Stratford K, Hume A, Pokhilko A, Southern MM, Seaton DD, McWatters HG, Stitt M, Halliday KJ, Millar AJ. Defining the robust behaviour of the plant clock gene circuit with absolute RNA timeseries and open infrastructure. Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.150042. [PMID: 26468131 PMCID: PMC4632509 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the complex, transcriptional feedback loops in the circadian clock mechanism has depended upon quantitative, timeseries data from disparate sources. We measure clock gene RNA profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, grown with or without exogenous sucrose, or in soil-grown plants and in wild-type and mutant backgrounds. The RNA profiles were strikingly robust across the experimental conditions, so current mathematical models are likely to be broadly applicable in leaf tissue. In addition to providing reference data, unexpected behaviours included co-expression of PRR9 and ELF4, and regulation of PRR5 by GI. Absolute RNA quantification revealed low levels of PRR9 transcripts (peak approx. 50 copies cell−1) compared with other clock genes, and threefold higher levels of LHY RNA (more than 1500 copies cell−1) than of its close relative CCA1. The data are disseminated from BioDare, an online repository for focused timeseries data, which is expected to benefit mechanistic modelling. One data subset successfully constrained clock gene expression in a complex model, using publicly available software on parallel computers, without expert tuning or programming. We outline the empirical and mathematical justification for data aggregation in understanding highly interconnected, dynamic networks such as the clock, and the observed design constraints on the resources required to make this approach widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Flis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Aurora Piñas Fernández
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Tomasz Zielinski
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Virginie Mengin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kevin Stratford
- EPCC, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Alastair Hume
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK EPCC, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Alexandra Pokhilko
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Megan M Southern
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel D Seaton
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Harriet G McWatters
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Karen J Halliday
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Andrew J Millar
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, C.H. Waddington Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
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9
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Millar AJ. The Intracellular Dynamics of Circadian Clocks Reach for the Light of Ecology and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:595-618. [PMID: 26653934 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-115619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for biology is to extend our understanding of molecular regulation from the simplified conditions of the laboratory to ecologically relevant environments. Tractable examples are essential to make these connections for complex, pleiotropic regulators and, to go further, to link relevant genome sequences to field traits. Here, I review the case for the biological clock in higher plants. The gene network of the circadian clock drives pervasive, 24-hour rhythms in metabolism, behavior, and physiology across the eukaryotes and in some prokaryotes. In plants, the scope of chronobiology is now extending from the most tractable, intracellular readouts to the clock's many effects at the whole-organism level and across the life cycle, including biomass and flowering. I discuss five research areas where recent progress might be integrated in the future, to understand not only circadian functions in natural conditions but also the evolution of the clock's molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Millar
- SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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10
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Kale SM, Jaganathan D, Ruperao P, Chen C, Punna R, Kudapa H, Thudi M, Roorkiwal M, Katta MA, Doddamani D, Garg V, Kishor PBK, Gaur PM, Nguyen HT, Batley J, Edwards D, Sutton T, Varshney RK. Prioritization of candidate genes in "QTL-hotspot" region for drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Sci Rep 2015; 5:15296. [PMID: 26478518 PMCID: PMC4609953 DOI: 10.1038/srep15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of two approaches, namely QTL analysis and gene enrichment analysis were used to identify candidate genes in the “QTL-hotspot” region for drought tolerance present on the Ca4 pseudomolecule in chickpea. In the first approach, a high-density bin map was developed using 53,223 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of ICC 4958 (drought tolerant) and ICC 1882 (drought sensitive) cross. QTL analysis using recombination bins as markers along with the phenotyping data for 17 drought tolerance related traits obtained over 1–5 seasons and 1–5 locations split the “QTL-hotspot” region into two subregions namely “QTL-hotspot_a” (15 genes) and “QTL-hotspot_b” (11 genes). In the second approach, gene enrichment analysis using significant marker trait associations based on SNPs from the Ca4 pseudomolecule with the above mentioned phenotyping data, and the candidate genes from the refined “QTL-hotspot” region showed enrichment for 23 genes. Twelve genes were found common in both approaches. Functional validation using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated four promising candidate genes having functional implications on the effect of “QTL-hotspot” for drought tolerance in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip M Kale
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Deepa Jaganathan
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India.,Osmania University, Department of Genetics, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Pradeep Ruperao
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology and the Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Chen
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stillwater, 74074, USA
| | - Ramu Punna
- Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Manish Roorkiwal
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Mohan Avsk Katta
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Dadakhalandar Doddamani
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Vanika Garg
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Osmania University, Department of Genetics, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Pooran M Gaur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- University of Missouri, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology and Division of Plant Sciences, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology and the Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology and the Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Tim Sutton
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, 5001, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Australia and School of Agriculture, Adelaide, 5064, Australia
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Center of Excellence in Genomics (CEG), Hyderabad, 502324, India.,The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology and the Institute of Agriculture, Crawley, 6009, Australia
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11
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Golembeski GS, Imaizumi T. Photoperiodic Regulation of Florigen Function in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0178. [PMID: 26157354 PMCID: PMC4489636 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One mechanism through which flowering in response to seasonal change is brought about is by sensing the fluctuation in day-length; the photoperiod. Flowering induction occurs through the production of the florigenic protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its movement from the phloem companion cells in the leaf vasculature into the shoot apex, where meristematic reprogramming occurs. FT activation in response to photoperiod condition is accomplished largely through the activity of the transcription factor CONSTANS (CO). Regulation of CO expression and protein stability, as well as the timing of other components via the circadian clock, is a critical mechanism by which plants are able to respond to photoperiod to initiate the floral transition. Modulation of FT expression in response to external and internal stimuli via components of the flowering network is crucial to mediate a fluid flowering response to a variety of environmental parameters. In addition, the regulated movement of FT protein from the phloem to the shoot apex, and interactions that determine floral meristem cell fate, constitute novel mechanisms through which photoperiodic information is translated into flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S. Golembeski
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800
- Address correspondence to
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12
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Huang X, Ouyang X, Deng XW. Beyond repression of photomorphogenesis: role switching of COP/DET/FUS in light signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 21:96-103. [PMID: 25061897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light is a pivotal environmental stimulus that promotes plant photomorphogenesis. Substantial progress has been achieved in defining the central repressors of photomorphogenesis, the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC/DE-ETIOLATED/FUSCA (COP/DET/FUS) loci, in the past 20 years. COP/DET/FUS proteins are well-conserved, and regulate a variety of biological processes in plants and animals. The fact that these proteins contribute to the repression of plant photomorphogenesis by regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway has been well established. Recently, molecular insight has been gained into the functional diversity of COP/DET/FUS. Here, we review the current research on the roles of COP/DET/FUS, with a focus on the functional conversion of COP1 in photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhao Ouyang
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA.
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Toledo-Ortiz G, Johansson H, Lee KP, Bou-Torrent J, Stewart K, Steel G, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Halliday KJ. The HY5-PIF regulatory module coordinates light and temperature control of photosynthetic gene transcription. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004416. [PMID: 24922306 PMCID: PMC4055456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to interpret daily and seasonal alterations in light and temperature signals is essential for plant survival. This is particularly important during seedling establishment when the phytochrome photoreceptors activate photosynthetic pigment production for photoautotrophic growth. Phytochromes accomplish this partly through the suppression of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), negative regulators of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis. While the bZIP transcription factor LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a potent PIF antagonist, promotes photosynthetic pigment accumulation in response to light. Here we demonstrate that by directly targeting a common promoter cis-element (G-box), HY5 and PIFs form a dynamic activation-suppression transcriptional module responsive to light and temperature cues. This antagonistic regulatory module provides a simple, direct mechanism through which environmental change can redirect transcriptional control of genes required for photosynthesis and photoprotection. In the regulation of photopigment biosynthesis genes, HY5 and PIFs do not operate alone, but with the circadian clock. However, sudden changes in light or temperature conditions can trigger changes in HY5 and PIFs abundance that adjust the expression of common target genes to optimise photosynthetic performance and growth. Plants, as sessile and photosynthetic organisms, have to constantly adjust their growth and development in response to the environment. While light and temperature are recognized as the most prominent environmental factors modulating plant photosynthetic metabolism, how the seasonal and daily adjustments are achieved is not understood. Global climate alterations will bring together the combination of light and temperature changes and will require an understanding of signal convergence. If we are to mitigate the impact of variable weather patterns on agriculture, it is critical to advance our understanding of the basis of plant responses to environmental variations. In our study we show that the antagonistic activity of key plant transcription factors involved in phytochrome red light photoreceptors signaling (PIFs and HY5) optimize photosynthetic pigment production in response to environmental cues. These light and temperature responsive transcription factors operate in cooperation with the circadian clock to regulate photosynthetic pigment production through a common gene promoter element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GTO); (KJH)
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Plant Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Senckernbergstr, Giessen, Germany
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Bou-Torrent
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Stewart
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Steel
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen J. Halliday
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, SynthSys, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GTO); (KJH)
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14
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Pacín M, Legris M, Casal JJ. Rapid decline in nuclear costitutive photomorphogenesis1 abundance anticipates the stabilization of its target elongated hypocotyl5 in the light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1134-8. [PMID: 24434030 PMCID: PMC3938608 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The classic view is challenged that the migration of the repressor of photomorphogenesis COP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is too slow to participate in light-mediated developmental events.
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15
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Sarmiento F. The BBX subfamily IV: additional cogs and sprockets to fine-tune light-dependent development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23831. [PMID: 23425851 PMCID: PMC7030190 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants depend on light during all phases of its life cycle, and have evolved a complex signaling network to constantly monitor its surroundings. Photomorphogenesis, a process during which the plant reprograms itself in order to dwell life in presence of light is one of the most studied phenomena in plants. Recent mutant analyses using model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and protein interaction assays have unraveled a new set of players, an 8-member subfamily of B-box proteins, known as BBX subfamily IV. For the members of this subfamily, positive (BBX21, BBX22) as well as negative (BBX24) functions have been described for its members, showing a strong association to two major players of the photomorphogenic cascade, HY5 and COP1. The roles of these new BBX regulators are not restricted to photomorphogenesis, but also have functions in other facets of light-dependent development. Therefore this newly identified set of regulators has opened up new insights into the understanding of the fine-tuning of this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Sarmiento
- Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Bogotá, Colombia
- Correspondence to: Felipe Sarmiento,
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16
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Pokhilko A, Mas P, Millar AJ. Modelling the widespread effects of TOC1 signalling on the plant circadian clock and its outputs. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:23. [PMID: 23506153 PMCID: PMC3614443 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background 24-hour biological clocks are intimately connected to the cellular signalling network, which complicates the analysis of clock mechanisms. The transcriptional regulator TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1) is a founding component of the gene circuit in the plant circadian clock. Recent results show that TOC1 suppresses transcription of multiple target genes within the clock circuit, far beyond its previously-described regulation of the morning transcription factors LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL) and CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1). It is unclear how this pervasive effect of TOC1 affects the dynamics of the clock and its outputs. TOC1 also appears to function in a nested feedback loop that includes signalling by the plant hormone Abscisic Acid (ABA), which is upregulated by abiotic stresses, such as drought. ABA treatments both alter TOC1 levels and affect the clock’s timing behaviour. Conversely, the clock rhythmically modulates physiological processes induced by ABA, such as the closing of stomata in the leaf epidermis. In order to understand the dynamics of the clock and its outputs under changing environmental conditions, the reciprocal interactions between the clock and other signalling pathways must be integrated. Results We extended the mathematical model of the plant clock gene circuit by incorporating the repression of multiple clock genes by TOC1, observed experimentally. The revised model more accurately matches the data on the clock’s molecular profiles and timing behaviour, explaining the clock’s responses in TOC1 over-expression and toc1 mutant plants. A simplified representation of ABA signalling allowed us to investigate the interactions of ABA and circadian pathways. Increased ABA levels lengthen the free-running period of the clock, consistent with the experimental data. Adding stomatal closure to the model, as a key ABA- and clock-regulated downstream process allowed to describe TOC1 effects on the rhythmic gating of stomatal closure. Conclusions The integrated model of the circadian clock circuit and ABA-regulated environmental sensing allowed us to explain multiple experimental observations on the timing and stomatal responses to genetic and environmental perturbations. These results crystallise a new role of TOC1 as an environmental sensor, which both affects the pace of the central oscillator and modulates the kinetics of downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pokhilko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Nezames CD, Deng XW. The COP9 signalosome: its regulation of cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases and role in photomorphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:38-46. [PMID: 22715109 PMCID: PMC3440213 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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18
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Song YH, Smith RW, To BJ, Millar AJ, Imaizumi T. FKF1 conveys timing information for CONSTANS stabilization in photoperiodic flowering. Science 2012; 336:1045-9. [PMID: 22628657 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants use day-length information to coordinate flowering time with the appropriate season to maximize reproduction. In Arabidopsis, the long day-specific expression of CONSTANS (CO) protein is crucial for flowering induction. Although light signaling regulates CO protein stability, the mechanism by which CO is stabilized in the long-day afternoon has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1) protein stabilizes CO protein in the afternoon in long days. FKF1 interacts with CO through its LOV domain, and blue light enhances this interaction. In addition, FKF1 simultaneously removes CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (CDF1), which represses CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) transcription. Together with CO transcriptional regulation, FKF1 protein controls robust FT mRNA induction through multiple feedforward mechanisms that accurately control flowering timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Song
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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19
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Pokhilko A, Fernández AP, Edwards KD, Southern MM, Halliday KJ, Millar AJ. The clock gene circuit in Arabidopsis includes a repressilator with additional feedback loops. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:574. [PMID: 22395476 PMCID: PMC3321525 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks synchronise biological processes with the day/night cycle, using molecular mechanisms that include interlocked, transcriptional feedback loops. Recent experiments identified the evening complex (EC) as a repressor that can be essential for gene expression rhythms in plants. Integrating the EC components in this role significantly alters our mechanistic, mathematical model of the clock gene circuit. Negative autoregulation of the EC genes constitutes the clock's evening loop, replacing the hypothetical component Y. The EC explains our earlier conjecture that the morning gene Pseudo-Response Regulator 9 was repressed by an evening gene, previously identified with Timing Of CAB Expression1 (TOC1). Our computational analysis suggests that TOC1 is a repressor of the morning genes Late Elongated Hypocotyl and Circadian Clock Associated1 rather than an activator as first conceived. This removes the necessity for the unknown component X (or TOC1mod) from previous clock models. As well as matching timeseries and phase-response data, the model provides a new conceptual framework for the plant clock that includes a three-component repressilator circuit in its complex structure.
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20
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Lyzenga WJ, Stone SL. Abiotic stress tolerance mediated by protein ubiquitination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:599-616. [PMID: 22016431 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development is largely influenced by ubiquitin-mediated regulation of protein stability. Specificity of the ubiquitination pathway is controlled mainly by the substrate-recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases, and consequently, E3 ligases control numerous cellular processes. Recent evidence that ubiquitination plays a critical role in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses has launched intensive efforts to identify E3 ligases that mediate plant tolerance of adverse environmental conditions. Most stress-related E3 ligases identified to date facilitate responses to environmental stimuli by modulating the abundance of key downstream stress-responsive transcription factors. In this review, the regulatory roles of ubiquitin during the plant's response to abiotic stress are summarized and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lyzenga
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Arsovski AA, Galstyan A, Guseman JM, Nemhauser JL. Photomorphogenesis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2012; 10:e0147. [PMID: 22582028 PMCID: PMC3350170 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As photoautotrophs, plants are exquisitely sensitive to their light environment. Light affects many developmental and physiological responses throughout plants' life histories. The focus of this chapter is on light effects during the crucial period of time between seed germination and the development of the first true leaves. During this time, the seedling must determine the appropriate mode of action to best achieve photosynthetic and eventual reproductive success. Light exposure triggers several major developmental and physiological events. These include: growth inhibition and differentiation of the embryonic stem (hypocotyl); maturation of the embryonic leaves (cotyledons); and establishment and activation of the stem cell population in the shoot and root apical meristems. Recent studies have linked a number of photoreceptors, transcription factors, and phytohormones to each of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A. Arsovski
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Anahit Galstyan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Jessica M. Guseman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
| | - Jennifer L. Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195-1800
- Address correspondence to
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Holtan HE, Bandong S, Marion CM, Adam L, Tiwari S, Shen Y, Maloof JN, Maszle DR, Ohto MA, Preuss S, Meister R, Petracek M, Repetti PP, Reuber TL, Ratcliffe OJ, Khanna R. BBX32, an Arabidopsis B-Box protein, functions in light signaling by suppressing HY5-regulated gene expression and interacting with STH2/BBX21. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:2109-23. [PMID: 21632973 PMCID: PMC3149924 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A B-box zinc finger protein, B-BOX32 (BBX32), was identified as playing a role in determining hypocotyl length during a large-scale functional genomics study in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Further analysis revealed that seedlings overexpressing BBX32 display elongated hypocotyls in red, far-red, and blue light, along with reduced cotyledon expansion in red light. Through comparative analysis of mutant and overexpression line phenotypes, including global expression profiling and growth curve studies, we demonstrate that BBX32 acts antagonistically to ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). We further show that BBX32 interacts with SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2/BBX21, another B-box protein previously shown to interact with HY5. Based on these data, we propose that BBX32 functions downstream of multiple photoreceptors as a modulator of light responses. As such, BBX32 potentially has a native role in mediating gene repression to maintain dark adaptation.
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