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Liu Q, Li P, Ma J, Zhang J, Li W, Liu Y, Liu L, Liang S, He M. Arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels induced metabolic toxicity in development mice: Mechanistic insights from integrated transcriptome and metabolome. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108819. [PMID: 38906090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has linked arsenic exposure and metabolic homeostasis, but the mechanism is incompletely understood, especially at relatively low concentrations. In this study, we used a mouse model to evaluate the health impacts and metabolic toxicity of arsenic exposure in drinking water at environmentally relevant levels (0.25 and 1.0 ppm). Our results indicated that arsenic damaged intestinal barrier and induced arsenic accumulation, oxidative stress, and pathological changes in the liver and illum. Interestingly, arsenic increased the hepatic triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), while reduced serum TG and TC levels. The liver transcriptome found that arsenic exposure caused transcriptome perturbation and promoted hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating the exogenous fatty acids degradation and apolipoproteins related genes. The serum metabolomics identified 74 and 88 differential metabolites in 0.25 and 1.0 ppm, respectively. The KEGG disease and subcellular location analysis indicated that arsenic induced liver and intestinal diseases, and the mitochondrion might be the target organelle for arsenic-induced toxicity. Co-enrichment of transcriptome and metabolome identified 24 metabolites and 9 genes as metabolic toxicity biomarkers. Moreover, 40 male (20 nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cases and 20 healthy controls) was further selected to validate our findings. Importantly, the significantly changed L-palmitoylcarnitine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid and 6 genes of Hadha, Acadl, Aldh3a2, Cpt1a, Cpt2, and Acox1 were found in the NAFLD cases. The results from integrated multi-omics and chemical-protein network analysis indicated that L-palmitoylcarnitine played a critical role in metabolic toxicity by regulating mitochondrial fatty acids β-oxidation genes (Cpt1a, Cpt2). In conclusion, these findings provided new clues for the metabolic toxicity of arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels, which involved in the late-life NAFLD development. Our results also contribute to understanding the human responses and phenotypic changes to this hazardous material exposure in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jinglan Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Weiya Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuenan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Liu Q, Lei Z. The Role of microRNAs in Arsenic-Induced Human Diseases: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37930083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with 20-22 nucleotides, which are encoded by endogenous genes and are capable of targeting the majority of human mRNAs. Arsenic is regarded as a human carcinogen, which can lead to many adverse health effects including diabetes, skin lesions, kidney disease, neurological impairment, male reproductive injury, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart failure, and endothelial dysfunction. miRNAs can act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes via directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recently, miRNA dysregulation was considered to be an important mechanism of arsenic-induced human diseases and a potential biomarker to predict the diseases caused by arsenic exposure. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, the miR-200 family, miR-155, and the let-7 family are involved in arsenic-induced human disease by inducing translational repression or RNA degradation and influencing multiple pathways, including mTOR/Arg 1, HIF-1α/VEGF, AKT, c-Myc, MAPK, Wnt, and PI3K pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from plants, such as miR-34a, miR-159, miR-2911, miR-159a, miR-156c, miR-168, etc., among others, can be transported from blood to specific tissue/organ systems in vivo. These exogenous miRNAs might be critical players in the treatment of human diseases by regulating host gene expression. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in arsenic-induced human diseases, including cancers, CVD, and other human diseases. These special miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers in the management and treatment of human diseases linked to arsenic exposure. Finally, the protective action of exogenous miRNAs, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-CVD, antioxidant stress, and antivirus are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiqun Lei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Vázquez Cervantes GI, González Esquivel DF, Ramírez Ortega D, Blanco Ayala T, Ramos Chávez LA, López-López HE, Salazar A, Flores I, Pineda B, Gómez-Manzo S, Pérez de la Cruz V. Mechanisms Associated with Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment Induced by Arsenic Exposure. Cells 2023; 12:2537. [PMID: 37947615 PMCID: PMC10649068 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid naturally present in the environment, in food, water, soil, and air; however, its chronic exposure, even with low doses, represents a public health concern. For a long time, As was used as a pigment, pesticide, wood preservative, and for medical applications; its industrial use has recently decreased or has been discontinued due to its toxicity. Due to its versatile applications and distribution, there is a wide spectrum of human As exposure sources, mainly contaminated drinking water. The fact that As is present in drinking water implies chronic human exposure to this metalloid; it has become a worldwide health problem, since over 200 million people live where As levels exceed safe ranges. Many health problems have been associated with As chronic exposure including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disturbances, and brain dysfunctions. Because As can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the brain represents a target organ where this metalloid can exert its long-term toxic effects. Many mechanisms of As neurotoxicity have been described: oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction; all of them can converge, thus leading to impaired cellular functions, cell death, and in consequence, long-term detrimental effects. Here, we provide a current overview of As toxicity and integrated the global mechanisms involved in cognitive and behavioral impairment induced by As exposure show experimental strategies against its neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (G.I.V.C.); (D.F.G.E.); (T.B.A.); (H.E.L.-L.)
| | - Dinora Fabiola González Esquivel
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (G.I.V.C.); (D.F.G.E.); (T.B.A.); (H.E.L.-L.)
| | - Daniela Ramírez Ortega
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (D.R.O.); (A.S.); (I.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Tonali Blanco Ayala
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (G.I.V.C.); (D.F.G.E.); (T.B.A.); (H.E.L.-L.)
| | - Lucio Antonio Ramos Chávez
- Departamento de Neuromorfología Funcional, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico;
| | - Humberto Emanuel López-López
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (G.I.V.C.); (D.F.G.E.); (T.B.A.); (H.E.L.-L.)
| | - Alelí Salazar
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (D.R.O.); (A.S.); (I.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Itamar Flores
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (D.R.O.); (A.S.); (I.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (D.R.O.); (A.S.); (I.F.); (B.P.)
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (G.I.V.C.); (D.F.G.E.); (T.B.A.); (H.E.L.-L.)
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de Paula Arrifano G, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Barthelemy JL, de Nazaré CGL, Freitas LGR, Augusto-Oliveira M. Neurotoxicity and the Global Worst Pollutants: Astroglial Involvement in Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury Intoxication. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1047-1065. [PMID: 35997862 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a global threat and represents a strong risk factor for human health. It is estimated that pollution causes about 9 million premature deaths every year. Pollutants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system are of special concern, because of their potential to cause neurological and development disorders. Arsenic, lead and mercury are usually ranked as the top three in priority lists of regulatory agencies. Against xenobiotics, astrocytes are recognised as the first line of defence in the CNS, being involved in virtually all brain functions, contributing to homeostasis maintenance. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the astroglial involvement in the neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants. Beginning by the main toxicokinetic characteristics, this review also highlights the several astrocytic mechanisms affected by these pollutants, involving redox system, neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism, and cytokine production/release, among others. Understanding how these alterations lead to neurological disturbances (including impaired memory, deficits in executive functions, and motor and visual disfunctions), by revisiting the current knowledge is essential for future research and development of therapies and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Arrifano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jean L Barthelemy
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Caio Gustavo Leal de Nazaré
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo R Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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5
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Salkov VN, Voronkov DN, Khudoerkov RM. [The role of mercury and arsenic in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases]. Arkh Patol 2022; 84:59-64. [PMID: 36178224 DOI: 10.17116/patol20228405159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of literature data on the toxic effects of mercury and arsenic on the human brain and their relationship with the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases is presented. In the first case, the toxic effect of mercury and arsenic on the brain stimulates oxidative stress, which leads to the formation of free oxygen species and a decrease in the antioxidant defense of neurons. In the second case, the harmful effect of mercury changes the structure and properties of β-amyloid, and the toxic effect of arsenic contributes to its accumulation. In the pathogenesis of the diseases under consideration, particular importance is attached to the reaction of astrocytes that initiate neuroinflammation, which is also characteristic of mercury and arsenic intoxication. Considering that the symptoms recorded during intoxication with mercury and arsenic are in many respects similar to those of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and their pathogenetic mechanisms (oxidative stress and neuroinflammation) coincide, then the toxic effects of mercury and arsenic in neurodegenerative diseases analyzed in this review can be characterized as the influence of the most significant risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Salkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Brain Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - D N Voronkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Brain Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - R M Khudoerkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Brain Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Wang C, Deng H, Wang D, Wang J, Huang H, Qiu J, Li Y, Zou T, Guo L. Changes in metabolomics and lipidomics in brain tissue and their correlations with the gut microbiome after chronic food-derived arsenic exposure in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112935. [PMID: 34801923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic can cause neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, but the definite mechanism is still unknown. In this study, to discuss the disturbances on brain metabolome and lipidome under subchronic arsenic exposure, we treated mice with the arsenic-containing feed (concentration of total arsenic = 30 mg/kg) prepared in accordance with the proportion of rice arsenicals for 16 weeks and performed metabolomics and lipidomics studies respectively using UHPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS and UHPLC-Q Exactive Focus MS/MS on mice brain. In addition, the distributions of arsenical metabolites along the feed-gut-blood-brain chain were analyzed by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS, and fecal microbial variations were investigated by 16 s sequencing. The data showed that although only a tiny amount of arsenic (DMA=0.101 mg/kg, uAs=0.071 mg/kg) enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier, there were significant changes in brain metabolism, including 118 metabolites and 17 lipids. These different metabolites were involved in 30 distinct pathways, including glycometabolism, and metabolisms of lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acid were previously reported to be correlated with neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, these different metabolites were significantly correlated with 12 gut bacterial OTUs, among which Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were also previously reported to be related to the distortion of metabolism, indicating that the disturbance of metabolism in the brain may be associated with the disturbance of gut microbes induced by arsenic. Thus, the current study demonstrated that the brain metabolome and lipidome were significantly disturbed under subchronic arsenic exposure, and the disturbances also significantly correlated with some gut microbiome and may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Although preliminary, the results shed some light on the pathophysiology of arsenic-caused neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China; Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Hongyu Deng
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518110, China.
| | - Dongbin Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Jiating Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510070, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 528478, China.
| | - Hairong Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Jiayi Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Yinfei Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Tangbin Zou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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Brombach CC, Lancaster ST, Dexter MA, Thompson KC, Corns WT. Stability, preservation and storage of As(iii), DMA, MMA and As(v) in water samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3154-3159. [PMID: 34164635 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Correct handling and preservation of water samples is crucial to ensure their integrity for arsenic speciation measurements. ISO TS 19620:2018 is a method for the determination of arsenic(iii) and arsenic(v) species in waters by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). During the development of this method, a study was performed to establish the best practices for storage and preservation of samples to maintain the integrity of the arsenic speciation and stability. Four arsenic species were studied: arsenite (As(iii)), arsenate (As(v)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in three different water types: deionised water, mineral water and natural river water. The effect of sample bottle material, light, storage temperature, and acidification were evaluated. When samples are acidified and refrigerated, they can reliably be stored for up to 12 weeks without significantly affecting the arsenic concentration and speciation. The sample bottle material and light had no affect on the speciation integrity or stability.
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Ramos Elizagaray SI, Quiroga PL, Pérez RD, Sosa C, Pérez CA, Bongiovanni GA, Soria EA. Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Lantana grisebachii Stuck Against Bioaccumulated Arsenic-Induced Oxidative and Lipid Dysfunction in Rat Splenocytes. J Diet Suppl 2020; 16:401-407. [PMID: 29958031 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1470124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a worldwide immunotoxic agent that is in contaminated waters and consumed by mammals. Phytotherapy may counteract its harmful effects. Lantana grisebachii Stuck (LG, Verbenaceae) and its extract are proposed as protective, given vvits in vitro bioactivity. The aim was to determine the protective capacity of the aqueous LG extract on splenocytes exposed in vivo to arsenic. Splenocytes were obtained from an arsenicosis model (Wistar rats consuming orally 0 [control; C] or 5 mg/Kg/d of As) that received 0-100 mg/Kg/d of LG extract for 30 days. As content (total reflection X-ray fluorescence), fatty acid profile (gas chromatography), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (Szasz method), peroxides (xylenol orange-based assay), and nitrites (Griess reaction) were then assayed in viable splenocytes. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey's test (p < .05). It was observed that the splenocytes contained 2.2 mg/Kg of this elemental arsenic. With γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibition and consequent triggering of hydroperoxides (p < .05), it was observed to increase saturated fatty acids and alter lipid profiles. LG treatment avoided damaging effects with values similar to unexposed C (p < .05), and cellular arsenic concentration (p < .0001). In conclusion, the aqueous extract of L. grisebachii counteracted arsenic toxicity in rat splenocytes by preventing its cellular accumulation and induction of lipid and redox disturbances, which may impair immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina I Ramos Elizagaray
- a Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Patricia L Quiroga
- a Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Roberto D Pérez
- b Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física , Córdoba , Argentina.,c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IFEG , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Carlos Sosa
- b Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física , Córdoba , Argentina.,c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IFEG , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Carlos A Pérez
- d Ministério da Ciência , Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Guillermina A Bongiovanni
- e Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, PROBIEN , Neuquén , Argentina.,f Universidad Nacional del Comahue , Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias , Neuquén , Argentina
| | - Elio A Soria
- a Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Cátedra de Biología Celular, Histología y Embriología, Instituto de Biología Celular , Córdoba , Argentina.,g Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, INICSA , Córdoba , Argentina
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Elia AC, Magara G, Caruso C, Masoero L, Prearo M, Arsieni P, Caldaroni B, Dörr AJM, Scoparo M, Salvati S, Brizio P, Squadrone S, Abete MC. A comparative study on subacute toxicity of arsenic trioxide and dimethylarsinic acid on antioxidant status in Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:333-348. [PMID: 29498595 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1442758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a global contaminant of terrestrial and aquatic environments posing concern for environmental and human health. The effects of subacute concentrations of arsenic trioxide (AsIII) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) were examined using Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC). Whole monolayer with suffering cells (confluence 100%, pyknosis and refractive cells; value scale = 2) led to identification of subacute As concentrations for the three cell lines. The selected AsIII concentrations were 1.33 µM for CRFK and 33.37 µM for PLC/PRF/5 and EPC, at 48 hr time point. The selected DMAV concentrations were 0.67 mM for PLC/PRF/5, 1.33 mM for CRFK, and 2.67 mM for EPC for 48 hr. Unlike the AsIII test, the three cell lines did not exhibit marked susceptibility to DMAV-mediated toxicity. Several oxidative stress biomarker levels, directly or indirectly associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and total glutathione, were determined in the three cell lines at 24 and 48 hr. Antioxidant responses in metal-treated cells were significantly altered compared to controls, suggesting a perturbation of redox state. The weakening of antioxidant pathway in either healthy or tumoral cells was greater using AsIII than DMAV. Differences in level of several oxidative stress biomarkers suggest that the oxidative stress mechanism induced by AsIII is distinctly different from DMAV. Multifaceted mechanisms of action underlying ROS generation in tumor and nontumor cells versus AsIII and DMAV exposure are thus involved. Since As-mediated toxicity is quite complex, more data regarding both oxidant-enhancement and oxidant-lowering strategies may be useful to improve knowledge regarding the influence of As on human and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudio Caruso
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Arsieni
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Melissa Scoparo
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Stefania Salvati
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
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Witt B, Bornhorst J, Mitze H, Ebert F, Meyer S, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. Arsenolipids exert less toxicity in a human neuron astrocyte co-culture as compared to the respective monocultures. Metallomics 2017; 9:442-446. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00036g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Ebert F, Meyer S, Leffers L, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. Toxicological characterisation of a thio-arsenosugar-glycerol in human cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:150-156. [PMID: 27160015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arsenosugars are water-soluble arsenic species predominant in marine algae and other seafood including mussels and oysters. They typically occur at levels ranging from 2 to 50mg arsenic/kg dry weight. Most of the arsenosugars contain arsenic as a dimethylarsinoyl group (Me2As(O)-), commonly referred to as the oxo forms, but thio analogues have also been identified in marine organisms and as metabolic products of oxo-arsenosugars. So far, no data regarding toxicity and toxicokinetics of thio-arsenosugars are available. This in vitro-based study indicates that thio-dimethylarsenosugar-glycerol exerts neither pronounced cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity even though this arsenical was bioavailable to human hepatic (HepG2) and urothelial (UROtsa) cells. Experiments with the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model mimicking human absorption indicate for the thio-arsenosugar-glycerol higher intestinal bioavailability as compared to the oxo-arsenosugars. Nevertheless, absorption estimates were much lower in comparison to other arsenicals including arsenite and arsenic-containing hydrocarbons. Arsenic speciation in cell lysates revealed that HepG2 cells are able to metabolise the thio-arsenosugar-glycerol to some extent to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). These first in vitro data cannot fully exclude risks to human health related to the presence of thio-arsenosugars in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sören Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Larissa Leffers
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Raber
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Htike NTT, Maekawa F, Soutome H, Sano K, Maejima S, Aung KH, Tokuda M, Tsukahara S. Arsenic Exposure Induces Unscheduled Mitotic S Phase Entry Coupled with Cell Death in Mouse Cortical Astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:297. [PMID: 27445668 PMCID: PMC4926759 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is serious concern about arsenic in the natural environment, which exhibits neurotoxicity and increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Adverse effects of arsenic have been demonstrated in neurons, but it is not fully understood how arsenic affects other cell types in the brain. In the current study, we examined whether sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) affects the cell cycle, viability, and apoptosis of in vitro-cultured astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortex of mice. Cultured astrocytes from transgenic mice expressing fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci) were subjected to live imaging analysis to assess the effects of NaAsO2 (0, 1, 2, and 4 μM) on the cell cycle and number of cells. Fucci was designed to express monomeric Kusabira Orange2 (mKO2) fused with the ubiquitylation domain of hCdt1, a marker of G1 phase, and monomeric Azami Green (mAG) fused with the ubiquitylation domain of hGem, a marker of S, G2, and M phases. NaAsO2 concentration-dependently decreased the peak levels of the mAG/mKO2 emission ratio when the ratio had reached a peak in astrocytes without NaAsO2 exposure, which was due to attenuating the increase in the mAG-expressing cell number. In contrast, the mAG/mKO2 emission ratio and number of mAG-expressing cells were concentration-dependently increased by NaAsO2 before their peak levels, indicating unscheduled S phase entry. We further examined the fate of cells forced to enter S phase by NaAsO2. We found that most of these cells died up to the end of live imaging. In addition, quantification of the copy number of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene expressed specifically in astrocytes revealed a concentration-dependent decrease caused by NaAsO2. However, NaAsO2 did not increase the amount of nucleosomes generated from DNA fragmentation and failed to alter the gene expression of molecules relevant to unscheduled S phase entry-coupled apoptosis (p21, p53, E2F1, E2F4, and Gm36566). These findings suggest that NaAsO2 adversely affects the cell cycle and viability of astrocytes by inducing unscheduled S phase entry coupled with cell death that may be caused by mechanisms other than apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nang T T Htike
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Maekawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Soutome
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sano
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sho Maejima
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama, Japan
| | - Kyaw H Aung
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama UniversitySaitama, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama UniversitySaitama, Japan
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13
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Cortical Astrocytes Acutely Exposed to the Monomethylarsonous Acid (MMAIII) Show Increased Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Gene Expression that is Consistent with APP and BACE-1: Over-expression. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2559-2572. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Escudero-Lourdes C. Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic that are shared with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Meyer S, Raber G, Ebert F, Leffers L, Müller SM, Taleshi MS, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterisation of arsenic-containing fatty acids and three of their metabolites. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:1289-1296. [PMID: 26744620 PMCID: PMC4690163 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-containing fatty acids are bioavailable and toxic to human liver cells in culture.
Arsenic-containing fatty acids are a group of fat-soluble arsenic species (arsenolipids) which are present in marine fish and other seafood. Recently, it has been shown that arsenic-containing hydrocarbons, another group of arsenolipids, exert toxicity in similar concentrations comparable to arsenite although the toxic modes of action differ. Hence, a risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed. In this study the cellular toxicity of a saturated (AsFA 362) and an unsaturated (AsFA 388) arsenic-containing fatty acid and three of their proposed metabolites (DMAV, DMAPr and thio-DMAPr) were investigated in human liver cells (HepG2). Even though both arsenic-containing fatty acids were less toxic as compared to arsenic-containing hydrocarbons and arsenite, significant effects were observable at μM concentrations. DMAV causes effects in a similar concentration range and it could be seen that it is metabolised to its highly toxic thio analogue thio-DMAV in HepG2 cells. Nevertheless, DMAPr and thio-DMAPr did not exert any cytotoxicity. In summary, our data indicate that risks to human health related to the presence of arsenic-containing fatty acids in marine food cannot be excluded. This stresses the need for a full in vitro and in vivo toxicological characterisation of these arsenolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyer
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany . ; Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
| | - G Raber
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry , NAWI Graz , University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - F Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
| | - L Leffers
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany .
| | - S M Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany ; Heinrich-Stockmeyer-Stiftung , Parkstraße 44-46 , 49214 Bad Rothenfelde , Germany
| | - M S Taleshi
- Department of Marine Chemistry , Faculty of Marine Science , University of Mazandaran , Babolsar , Iran
| | - K A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry , NAWI Graz , University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - T Schwerdtle
- Graduate School of Chemistry , University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany . ; Institute of Nutritional Science , University of Potsdam , Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116 , 14558 Nuthetal , Germany
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Noman ASM, Dilruba S, Mohanto NC, Rahman L, Khatun Z, Riad W, Al Mamun A, Alam S, Aktar S, Chowdhury S, Saud ZA, Rahman Z, Hossain K, Haque A. Arsenic-induced Histological Alterations in Various Organs of Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26740907 PMCID: PMC4698904 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of arsenic in mice through groundwater is well documented but little is known about the histological changes of organs by the metalloid. Present study was designed to evaluate arsenic-induced histological alterations in kidney, liver, thoracic artery and brain of mice which are not well documented yet. Swiss albino male mice were divided into 2 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: control, 2: arsenic (sodium arsenite at 10 mg/kg b.w. orally for 8 wks). Group 2 showed marked degenerative changes in kidney, liver, thoracic artery, and brain whereas Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. We therefore concluded that arsenic induces histological alterations in the tested organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayada Dilruba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nayan Chandra Mohanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Zohora Khatun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Wahiduzzaman Riad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Aktar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Srikanta Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Zahangir Alam Saud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Zillur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Khaled Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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17
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Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Koehler Y, Dringen R. Arsenate stimulates glutathione export from viable cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:561-71. [PMID: 25503647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenate is an environmental pollutant which contaminates the drinking water of millions of people worldwide. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the toxicity of arsenate for a large number of different cell types. However, despite the known neurotoxic potential of arsenicals, little is known so far about the consequences of an exposure of neurons to arsenate. To investigate acute effects of arsenate on the viability and the glutathione (GSH) metabolism of neurons, we have exposed primary rat cerebellar granule neuron cultures to arsenate. Incubation of neurons for up to 6 h with arsenate in concentrations of up to 10 mM did not acutely compromise the cell viability, although the cells accumulated substantial amounts of arsenate. However, exposure to arsenate caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the export of GSH from viable neurons with significant effects observed for arsenate in concentrations above 0.3 mM. The arsenate-induced stimulation of GSH export was abolished upon removal of arsenate and completely prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1. These results demonstrate that arsenate is not acutely toxic to neurons but can affect the neuronal GSH metabolism by stimulating GSH export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany,
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Tadepalle N, Koehler Y, Brandmann M, Meyer N, Dringen R. Arsenite stimulates glutathione export and glycolytic flux in viable primary rat brain astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:1-11. [PMID: 24995390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication with inorganic arsenicals leads to neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. However, little is known so far on the cellular targets that are involved in the adverse effects of arsenite to brain cells. To test whether arsenite may affect neural glucose and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, primary astrocyte cultures from rat brain were used as a model system. Exposure of cultured astrocytes to arsenite in concentrations of up to 0.3mM did not compromise cell viability during incubations for up to 6h, while 1mM arsenite damaged the cells already within 2h after application. Determination of cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes that had been incubated for 2h with arsenite revealed an almost linear concentration-dependent increase in the specific cellular arsenic content. Exposure of astrocytes to arsenite stimulated the export of GSH and accelerated the cellular glucose consumption and lactate production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal stimulation of GSH export and glycolytic flux were observed for arsenite in concentrations of 0.1mM and 0.3mM, respectively. The arsenite-induced stimulation of both processes was abolished upon removal of extracellular arsenite. The strong stimulation of GSH export by arsenite was prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1, suggesting that this transporter mediates the accelerated GSH export. In addition, presence of MK571 significantly increased the specific cellular arsenic content, suggesting that Mrp1 may also be involved in arsenic export from astrocytes. The data observed suggest that alterations in glucose and GSH metabolism may contribute to the reported adverse neural consequences of intoxication with arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesha Tadepalle
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Koehler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Brandmann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nils Meyer
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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