Hypoglycemic activity and acute oral toxicity of chromium methionine complexes in mice

Is chromium(III) pharmacologically relevant? An update focused on studies with diabetic rodent models

A decade ago, the author assessed the status of chromium as the trivalent ion as an essential element and as a therapeutic agent based on rodent studies for this journal. The current review was undertaken to update considerations regarding the status of chromium, focusing on studies of Cr supplementation of diabetic rodent models over the last decade. Cr can no longer be considered an essential trace element for humans. Observed effects of Cr on rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes are best interpreted in terms of a pharmacological role for Cr. The review of studies on the effects of Cr on rat models of diabetes is updated, and the results continue to suggest Cr increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues of the rodent models. The lack of effects in human studies may stem from humans receiving a comparably smaller dose than the rodent models. However, given the different responses to Cr in the rodent models, humans could potentially have different responses to Cr. Recent studies primary utilizing rodents suggest two potential complementary but also contradictory modes of action for Cr(III) at a molecular level.

Chromium picolinate supplementation improves cardiac performance in hypoxic rats

BACKGROUND

Conditions associated with chronic hypoxia increase morbidity and mortality attributable to cardiovascular complications. Myocardial hypoxia is a common feature in several diseases including: stroke, infarction, anaemia, chronic lung diseases, obstructive sleep apnoea and cyanotic congenital heart defects. The present study was planned to investigate the cardiovascular effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia and its association with increased myocardial oxidative stress. In addition, to evaluate the protective effect of chromium supplementation, aiming at achieving an alternative that may enable to devise a therapy for hypoxic patients.

METHODS

Male rats were allocated into three groups: control group (normoxic), untreated hypoxic group (exposed to hypoxia 8 h/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks) and hypoxic group supplemented with chromium picolinate (90 µg/kg/day by gavage). Rats were subjected to measurement of body weight, haematocrit value, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and ECG recording. Cardiac activities of isolated hearts were studied on Langendorff preparation under basal conditions and in response to ischaemia/reperfusion. Thereafter, cardiac weights were determined and cardiac tissue catalase activity as well as malondialdhyde level were assessed.

RESULTS

Significant results were obtained upon exposure to hypoxia including; low body weight, increased haematocrit, elevated blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and impaired cardiac activities, basally and in response to ischaemia/reperfusion challenges, associated with increased oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. At the same time, chromium supplementation increased body weight, lowered blood pressure, reduced ventricular hypertrophy and significantly improved the cardiac performance.

CONCLUSION

Chromium supplementation confers protection against hypoxia-induced cardiovascular dysfunction by improvement of the antioxidant capacity.

Mushroom polysaccharides with potential in anti-diabetes: Biological mechanisms, extraction, and future perspectives: A review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health threat. Searching for anti-diabetic components from natural resources is of intense interest to scientists. Mushroom polysaccharides have received growing attention in anti-diabetes fields due to their advantages in broad resources, structure diversity, and multiple bioactivities, which are considered an unlimited source of healthy active components potentially applied in functional foods and nutraceuticals. In this review, the current knowledge about the roles of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DM, the extraction method of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential biological mechanisms associated with anti-diabetes, including antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota modulatory actions, were summarized based on a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, with aiming at better understanding the roles of mushroom polysaccharides in the prevention and management of DM and its complications. Finally, future perspectives including bridging the gap between the intervention of mushroom polysaccharides and the modulation of insulin signaling pathway, revealing structure-bioactivity of mushroom polysaccharides, developing synergistic foods, conducting well-controlled clinical trials that may be very helpful in discovering valuable mushroom polysaccharides and better applications of mushroom polysaccharides in diabetic control were proposed.

Chlorella unsaturated fatty acids suppress high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57/BL6J mice

Chlorella has been identified as a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids. Since the antiobesity effects of unsaturated fatty acids have been well documented; therefore, we explored the antiobesity actions of chlorella unsaturated fatty acids (C.UFAs) in the current study. The obtained results demonstrated C.UFAs, which contain abundant linoleic acid, could retard body weight gain (reducing body weigh by 13.93% after 16 weeks of treatment), improve blood glucose (19.29% lower) and lipid profile (23.45% lower in TG, 8.76% lower in TC) compared to high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. The possible underlying mechanisms might involve reducing hepatic lipid accumulation via down-regulation of lipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, LPL, aP2, FAS, and SREBP-1c) and up-regulation of lipolytic gene (adiponectin). We also demonstrate C.UFAs could reduce HFD-induced adipocyte hypertrophy via activation of AMPK signaling pathway in adipose tissue and liver. In summary, our study highlights the potential of C.UFAs as a functional food for obesity management. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chlorella has already been commercialized as a functional food antiobesity function. In the current study, the unsaturated fatty acids isolated from chlorella were found to exert beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and adipocyte hypertrophy in high-fat diet-fed mice. This may provide theoretical foundation for developing novel chlorella-based functional foods.

The Interactive Effect of High Doses of Chromium(III) and Different Iron(III) Levels on the Carbohydrate Status, Lipid Profile, and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Female Wistar Rats

The aim of the study was to evaluate the main and interactive effects of chromium(III) propionate complex (Cr3) supplementation and different iron supply on the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile and other selected biochemical parameters of rats. The experiment was carried out in a two-factor design, in which rats were fed a diet with different proportions of Fe(III) and Cr(III) for six weeks. Fifty-four healthy female Wistar rats were divided into nine experimental groups with different Fe(III) levels, i.e. adequate-control group (45 mg/kg)-100% recommended daily dietary dose of Fe for rodents, deficient (5 mg/kg) and oversupply (180 mg/kg-400%). At the same time they were supplemented with Cr(III) of doses 1 (adequate), 50 and 500 mg/kg of diet. The activity and concentrations of most biochemical parameters were measured with standard enzymatic, kinetic, and colorimetric methods. HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes were calculated according to appropriate formulas. It was found that there was an interactive effect of high Cr(III) doses and different Fe(III) levels in the diet on the carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance indexes. The presented results suggested that iron deficient diet fed animals led to insulin resistance; however, an effect is attenuated by Cr(III) supplementation at high doses. There were no significant changes in the rats' lipid profile (except for the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level) and most of the other biochemical parameters, such as the leptin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein (TP), creatinine (Crea) and the urea (BUN) concentrations. The study proved that the Cr(III) supplementation, independently and in combination with diversified Fe(III) content in the diet, affected the carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance indexes but did not affect lipid profile and most of the other biochemical parameters in healthy rats. The findings proved the role of Fe and Cr(III) and their interactions on disturbances carbohydrates metabolism.

Assessment of DNA Methylation and Oxidative Changes in the Heart and Brain of Rats Receiving a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Various Forms of Chromium

Simple Summary

Obesity is one of the most prevalent diseases of civilization in the 21st century. This may be due to an increase in the consumption of high-fat diets. For the treatment of obesity, various supplements with chromium (III) are used. Chromium has the ability to regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, which may result in weight loss. Our studies compared the effects of a high-fat diet supplemented with three different forms of chromium-chromium (III) picolinate, chromium (III) -methionine, and nano-sized chromium on oxidative damage of the DNA, proteins, and lipids in the heart and brain of rats. The conducted study showed that the use of a high-fat diet results in oxidation of the DNA, proteins, and lipids in the brain and heart, and the addition of chromium additionally intensifies these processes, especially when used in the form of nanoparticles. Therefore, the results of these studies suggest that one should be careful when using chromium supplementation to counteract obesity, because it may be associated with the risk of deterioration of the functioning of the heart and brain.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine how feeding rats a high-fat diet supplemented with various forms of chromium affects DNA methylation and oxidation reactions as well as the histology of heart and brain tissue. The rats received standard diet or high-fat diet and chromium at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in form of chromium (III) picolinate, chromium (III)-methionine, or nano-sized chromium. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), the level of global DNA methylation and the activity of selected DNA repair enzymes were determined in the blood. In the brain and heart, the content of MDA, PC, 8-OHDG, and levels of global DNA methylation were determined. The brain was subjected to histological examination. The use of a high-fat diet was found to intensify epigenetic changes and oxidation reactions in the heart and brain. It was concluded that epigenetic changes and oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA in the heart and brain of rats resulting from the use of a high-fat diet cannot be limited by supplementing the diet with chromium. It was established that the use of chromium to supplement a high-fat diet intensifies the negative epigenetic and oxidative changes in the heart and brain, especially in the case of chromium nanoparticles.

Chromium(III) Glycinate Complex Supplementation Improves the Blood Glucose Level and Attenuates the Tissular Copper to Zinc Ratio in Rats with Mild Hyperglycaemia

The aim of the study was to evaluate the hypoglycaemic potential of supplementary Cr in the form of chromium(III) glycinate (CrGly) in the diabetic model of rats. The experiment was conducted on 40 male Wistar rats, of which 30 were made diabetic by injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg b.m.), while the remaining 10 rats served as the healthy control. After inducing hyperglycaemia, 2 groups of diabetic rats (10 rats each) were supplemented with Cr either as CrGly or chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic) given orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg diet (about 0.75 mg Cr/kg b.m.) with adequate AIN-93M diet for 7 weeks. At the termination of experiment, all animals were sacrificed to collect blood and internal organs for biochemical assays. Blood biochemical indices and tissular trace element contents (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr) were measured and compared with the values of the untreated groups. It was found that CrGly significantly decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels more efficiently than CrPic. Furthermore, both Cr compounds normalized disturbed the serum, renal and cardiac molar Cu/Zn ratio, as well as restored the kidney Zn and Cu levels in rats with hyperglycaemia. Supplementary Cr did not increase the tissular Cr levels in diabetic rats. The study confirmed the hypoglycaemic potential of CrGly in the diabetic model of rats.

Dietary Supplementation of Methyl Donor l-Methionine Alters Epigenetic Modification in Type 2 Diabetes

SCOPE

The aim of the current study is to evaluate whether l-methionine supplementation (l-Met-S) improves type 2 diabetes-induced alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism by modulating one-carbon metabolism and methylation status.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Diabetes is induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using high-fat diet and low dose streptozotocin. At the end of study, various biochemical parameters, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR and ChIP-qPCR are performed. The first evidence that l-Met-S activates p-AMPK and SIRT1, very similar to "metformin," is provided. l-Met-S improves the altered key one-carbon metabolites in diabetic rats by modulating methionine adenosyl transferase 1A and cystathione β synthase expression. qRT-PCR shows that l-Met-S alleviates diabetes-induced increase in Forkhead transcription factor 1 expression and thereby regulating genes involved in glucose (G6pc, Pdk4, Pklr) and lipid metabolism (Fasn). Interestingly, l-Met-S inhibits the increased expression of DNMT1 and also prevents methylation of histone H3K36me2 under diabetic condition. ChIP assay shows that persistent increase in abundance of histone H3K36me2 on the promoter region of FOXO1 in diabetic rats and it is recovered by l-Met-S.

CONCLUSION

The first evidence that dietary supplementation of l-Met prevents diabetes-induced epigenetic alterations and regulating methionine levels can be therapeutically exploited for the treatment of metabolic diseases is provided.

The Combined Effects of Cr(III) Supplementation and Iron Deficiency on the Copper and Zinc Status in Wistar Rats

The aim of the study was to assess the combined effects of chromium(III) supplementation and iron deficiency on the copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) status in female rats. The Cr, Fe, Cu and Zn dietary and tissular levels were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. The data show that chromium(III) supplementation compensated for the negative effects of Fe deficiency on the Cu content but it deepened the effect on Zn levels in the female rats. Detailed data on the status of trace elements and their interactions in healthy subjects and patients with metabolic disorders (e.g. anaemia, diabetes mellitus) are strongly required for effective nutritional and therapeutic strategies.

Trace elements bioaccumulation in liver and fur of Myotis myotis from two caves of the eastern side of Sicily (Italy): A comparison between a control and a polluted area

Environmental pollution is a topic of great interest because it directly affects the quality of ecosystems and of all living organisms at different trophic and systematic levels. Together with the global climate change, the long-term surviving of many species of plants and animals is threaten, distributional patterns at global and regional levels are altered and it results in local assemblages of species that are quite different from those that currently constitute coevolved communities. .For this study, the species Myotis myotis was used as bioindicator and it was sampled from two caves in the south-east of Sicily, Pipistrelli chosen as control area and Palombara chosen as polluted area, to measure the concentrations of trace elements in fur and liver tissues. Results showed higher content of essential elements in fur in bats sampled from Pipistrelli. Conversely, higher concentrations of toxic metals in liver such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg were measured in bat samples in Palombara cave, where specimens have a hunting area extended within the boundaries of the petrochemical plant. Nevertheless, we cannot consider Palombara population as polluted by metal contamination since their tissue concentrations are overall lower than toxic thresholds values suggested for small mammals. Likewise, we cannot exclude other kind of pollutants as potential stressors of the examined population, contributing with the decreasing of bat colonies in Sicily.

The Combined Effects of Iron Excess in the Diet and Chromium(III) Supplementation on the Iron and Chromium Status in Female Rats

Inadequate iron supply has significant consequences to health. There are some relations between the metabolism of different trace elements, such as iron, zinc, copper and chromium. However, the direction of these interactions can be antagonistic or synergistic, and it depends on many factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effects of supplementary of chromium(III) propionate complex (Cr3) with iron excess on the Cr and Fe status in healthy female rats. The 36 healthy female Wistar rats were divided into six experimental groups (six animals in each) with different Fe levels-adequate (45 mg kg^-1-100% RDA) and high (excessive-180 mg kg^-1-400% RDA). At the same time, they were supplemented with Cr(III) at doses of 1, 50 and 500 mg kg^-1 of diet: C1-control (Fe 45 mg kg^-1, Cr 1 mg kg^-1); C50 (Fe 45 mg kg^-1, Cr 50 mg kg^-1); C500 (Fe 45 mg kg^-1, Cr 500 mg kg^-1); H1 (Fe 180 mg kg^-1, Cr 1 mg kg^-1); H50 (Fe 180 mg kg^-1, Cr 50 mg kg^-1); H500 (Fe 180 mg kg^-1, Cr 500 mg kg^-1). The serum iron level and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured with colorimetric methods. The serum ferritin level was measured by means of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The serum transferrin level was measured with the ELISA method. Haematological measurements were made with an automated blood analyser. The Cr and Fe tissular levels were measured with the AAS method. The exposure to a high level of Fe(III) alone or in combination with Cr caused Fe accumulation in tissues, especially in the liver and kidneys, but there were no significant changes in the TIBC, transferrin, ferritin concentration in the serum and most haematological parameters. Moreover, the serum, hepatic and renal Cr concentrations decreased. The doses of supplementary Cr(III) given separately or in combination with high level of Fe(III) disturbed the Cr content in the liver and kidneys of healthy female rats. However, they did not change most of the parameters of Fe metabolism, except the Fe kidney concentration. Supplementary Cr3 decreased the renal Fe level in groups with adequate Fe content in the diet. However, the renal Fe levels increased along with a higher Cr level in the diet in groups with high Fe content. The findings proved a relationship between Fe(III) and Cr(III) metabolism in healthy female rats. However, the direction of change varied and depended on relative amounts of these elements in the diet.

Trace Elements Characteristic Based on ICP-AES and the Correlation of Flavonoids from Sparganii rhizoma

The aim of the present work was to investigate the trace elements and the correlation with flavonoids from Sparganii rhizoma. The ICP-AES and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were employed to analyze trace elements and flavonoids. The concentrations of trace elements and flavonoids were calculated using standard curve. The content of flavonoids was expressed as rutin equivalents. The cluster analysis was applied to evaluate geographical features of S. rhizoma from different geographical regions. The correlation analysis was used to obtain the relationship between the trace elements and flavonoids. The results indicated that the 15 trace elements were measured and the K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Al, Cu, and Zn are rich in Sparganii rhizome. The different producing regions samples were classified into four groups. There was a weak relationship between trace elements and flavonoids.

The combined effect of supplementary Cr(III) propionate complex and iron deficiency on the chromium and iron status in female rats

The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of supplementary chromium(III) and iron deficiency on the chromium and iron status in female rats. The study was carried out on female Wistar rats, which were divided into 6 experimental groups with different Fe levels (deficient 10% RDA and recommended (adequate) 100% RDA). Simultaneously, for six weeks their diets were supplemented with Cr(III) at doses of 1, 50 and 500mgkg^-1. The tissular chromium and iron levels were measured with the AAS method. The serum iron and TIBC were measured with colorimetric methods The serum ferritin level was measured by means of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The serum transferrin level was measured with the ELISA method. The haematology was measured with an automated blood analyser. Supplementary Cr3 increased the Cr content in the tissues. This effect was weaker in the Fe-deficient groups than in those with the recommended Fe level, but it did not affect the Fe status. Fe deficiency significantly reduced the Fe content in the tissues. Simultaneously, Cr3 supplementation mitigated the symptoms of Fe deficiency. Fe deficiency increased TIBC and transferrin levels but reduced ferritin and most haematological parameters. However, simultaneous addition of high doses of Cr3 did not deepen these adverse changes. Our results show that the trend of changes in the Fe-Cr interaction depends on the content of these elements in the body.

The Effects of Supplementary Cr3 (Chromium(III) Propionate Complex) on the Mineral Status in Healthy Female Rats

More and more people use food supplements for various reasons, e.g. to prevent mineral deficiency and diseases (e.g. osteoporosis, diabetes, anaemia). Supplements containing Cr(III) are purchased primarily for weight loss and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary Cr3 {chromium(III) propionate complex, [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3)} on the mineral status in female Wistar rats. The study was carried out on 30 female Wistar rats, divided into five groups (six animals in each): a control group and test groups fed Cr3 supplemented diets with 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mg Cr · kg-1 diet (equivalent to 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg Cr ·kg-1 body mass (b.m.) per day) given as Cr3 for 4 weeks. Supplementary Cr3 increased the Cr content in tissues in a dose-dependent manner. High dietary doses of Cr3, 20 and 100 mg Cr · kg-1 b.m., increased the Cu content in the liver and spleen as well as the Zn content in the kidneys but decreased the liver Ca content. Doses of 50-100 mg Cr ·kg-1 b.m. decreased the serum Fe concentration and the Fe content in the liver and kidneys. Supplementation with Cr3 at doses of 10 and 100 mg Cr ·kg-1 b.m. did not affect the Mg content in the rats' tissues. In conclusion, high dietary doses of Cr3 (10 and 100 mg Cr· kg-1 b.m.) given for 4 weeks affected the mineral status of Fe, Zn, Cu and Ca in the tissues of healthy female Wistar rats.

Effects of Excess Cr3+ on Trace Element Contents in the Brain and Serum in Chicken

This study aimed to investigate the effects of chromic chloride (CrCl₃) on Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn contents in the brain and serum of chicken. Seventy-two chickens were randomly divided into four groups and treated with different doses of CrCl₃ via drinking water: 0, 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 LD₅₀ for 42 days. The contents of the elements were evaluated through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that Cr contents in the brain and serum were higher than those in the control groups, although no significant dose-dependent changes (P > 0.05) in brain of the Cr-treated groups were observed at 42 days. As exposure time was prolonged and CrCl₃ dosage was increased, Ca contents increased (P < 0.05). Mg and Cu contents in serum decreased; by contrast, Mg and Cu contents initially increased and then decreased in the brain. Fe and Zn contents in the serum increased; conversely, Fe and Zn contents in the brain decreased. CrCl₃ exposure did not significantly affect Mn contents at 14 or 28 days, but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 42 days. Therefore, excess Cr³⁺ intake can disrupt absorption and deposition of other trace elements in the brain and serum; the blood-brain barrier may prevent the accumulation of these elements in the brain exposed to CrCl₃.

Growth performance and oxidative damage in kidney induced by oral administration of Cr(III) in chicken

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding chromic chloride (CrCl3) in the drinking water of chickens. Hyland brown male chickens were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups orally received 1/2 LD50, 1/4 LD50, and 1/8 LD50 CrCl3mgkg(-1) body weight daily for 42d. The fourth group was treated with water. The chickens were sacrificed at 14, 28, and 42d post-treatment. The renal injury was examined through histological analysis, and kidney mass was determined. The effects on growth performance were assessed by measuring the weight of the body, chest muscles, and leg muscles. Oxidative damage was evaluated by determining the antioxidant defense levels in kidney homogenates. The body weight and the weight of tissues gained time-dependently, but significantly decreased compared with those in the control group (P<0.05) at the same exposure time. Administering Cr(3+) significantly increased the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide in the kidney compared with those in the control groups. Whereas, administering Cr(3+) reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total an-tioxidant capacity compared with those in the control group (P<0.05) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, oral administration of CrCl3 decreases the growth performance of chickens, leads to the pathological lesions and affects nephritic antioxidant capacity in the kidney dose- and time-dependently.

Chromium, zinc and magnesium status in type 1 diabetes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chromium, zinc, and magnesium are involved in insulin signal transduction, glucose metabolism, and cellular antioxidative defense. This review details the statuses of chromium, zinc, and magnesium in type 1 diabetes patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

Blood levels of trace elements (especially magnesium and zinc) were lower in type 1 diabetes patients than in controls and were even lower in type 1 diabetes patients with poor glycemic control. Studies with mouse models have shown that chromium and magnesium supplementation alleviated diabetes-induced complications and improved glycemic control.

SUMMARY

Many studies indicated positive correlations between decreased levels of serum chromium, zinc, and magnesium and poor glycemic control. The supplementation of type 1 diabetes patients with zinc, magnesium, and chromium may help to control diabetes and prevent diabetes-related oxidative injuries, but require further study.