1
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Sepehri S, Khedmati M. An overview of the privileged synthetic heterocycles as urease enzyme inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300252. [PMID: 37401193 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Urease is a metalloenzyme including two Ni2+ ions, found in some plants, bacteria, fungi, microorganisms, invertebrate animals, and animal tissues. Urease acts as a significant virulence factor, mainly in catheter blockage and infective urolithiasis as well as in the pathogenesis of gastric infection. Therefore, studies on urease lead to novel synthetic inhibitors. In this review, the synthesis and antiurease activities of a collection of privileged synthetic heterocycles such as (thio)barbiturate, (thio)urea, dihydropyrimidine, and triazol derivatives were described and discussed according to structure-activity relationship findings in search of the best moieties and substituents that are answerable for encouraging the desired activity even more potent than the standard. It was found that linking substituted phenyl and benzyl rings to the heterocycles led to potent urease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Sepehri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mina Khedmati
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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2
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Zhang W, Li J, Li H, Zhang D, Zhu B, Yuan H, Gao T. Transcriptomic analysis of humic acid in relieving the inhibitory effect of high nitrogen on soybean nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1196939. [PMID: 37564385 PMCID: PMC10410467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1196939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Nitrogen fertilizer intake promotes soybean growth before the formation of nodules, but excess nitrogen has an inhibitory effect on soybean nodulation. It is important to balance nitrogen levels to meet both growth and nodulation needs. Methods the nitrogen level suitable for soybean growth and nodulation was studied, the role of humic acid (HA) in alleviating the inhibition of high nitrogen on soybean nodulation was analyzed, and transcriptomic analysis was performed to understand its mechanism. Results The results showed that a lower level of nitrogen with 36.4 mg urea per pot could increase the number of nodules of soybean, and a higher level of nitrogen with 145.9 mg urea per pot (U4 group) had the best growth indicators but inhibited nodulation significantly. HA relieved the inhibitory effect at high nitrogen level, and the number of nodules increased by 122.1% when 1.29 g HA was added (H2 group) compared with the U4 group. The transcriptome analysis was subsequently performed on the H2 and U4 groups, showing that there were 2995 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on the 25th day, accounting for 6.678% of the total annotated genes (44,848) under the test conditions. These DEGs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway-plant, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction based on the -log10 (P adjusted) value in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG). Discussion HA balanced the nitrogen level through the above pathways in soybean planting to control the number of nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhang
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongya Li
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongguo Gao
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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3
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Junejo B, Solangi QA, Thani ASB, Palabiyik IM, Ghumro T, Bano N, Solangi AR, Taqvi SIH. Physical properties and pharmacological applications of Co 3O 4, CuO, NiO and ZnO nanoparticles. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:220. [PMID: 37269437 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano materials have found developing interest in biogenic approaches in the present times. In this study, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as cobalt oxide (Co3O4), copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), were synthesized using a convenient and rapid method. The structural features of synthesized metal oxide NPs were studied using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX. The characterization results confirmed that the prepared NPs possess highly pure, unique and crystalline geometry with size ranging between 10 and 20 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were successfully employed for pharmacological applications. Enzyme inhibition potential of NPs was evaluated against the urease and tyrosinase enzymes. The percent inhibition for the urease enzyme was observed as 80 to 90% by using Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO NPs while ZnO NPs were found to have best anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities. Moreover, effective inhibition was observed in the case of ZnO NPs at IC50 values of 0.0833 and 0.1732 for urease and tyrosinase enzymes which were comparable to reference drugs thiourea and kojic acid. The lower the IC50 value, higher the free radical scavenging power. Antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method was found moderately high for the synthesized metal oxide NPs while best results were obtained for Co3O4 and ZnO NPs as compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial potential was also evaluated via the disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. CuO NPs show a better zone of inhibition at 20 and 27 mm by using both methods. This study proves that the novel metal oxide NPs can compete with the standard materials used in the pharmacological studies nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindia Junejo
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Qamar A Solangi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - Ali Salman B Thani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, 32038, Zallaq, Bahrain
| | - Ismail Murat Palabiyik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tania Ghumro
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Bano
- Institute of Microbiology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Pakistan
| | - Amber R Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Iqleem H Taqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
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4
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Aniceto N, Bonifácio VDB, Guedes RC, Martinho N. Exploring the Chemical Space of Urease Inhibitors to Extract Meaningful Trends and Drivers of Activity. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3535-3550. [PMID: 35666858 PMCID: PMC9775197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the catalytic activity of urease has been shown to have a key role in different diseases as well as in different agricultural applications. A vast array of molecules have been tested against ureases of different species, but the clinical translation of these compounds has been limited due to challenges of potency, chemical and metabolic stability as well as promiscuity against other proteins. The design and development of new compounds greatly benefit from insights from previously tested compounds; however, no large-scale studies surveying the urease inhibitors' chemical space exist that can provide an overview of developed compounds to data. Therefore, given the increasing interest in developing new compounds for this target, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the activity landscape published so far. To do so, we assembled and curated a data set of compounds tested against urease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest data set of urease inhibitors to date, composed of 3200 compounds of diverse structures. We characterized the data set in terms of chemical space coverage, molecular scaffolds, distribution with respect to physicochemical properties, as well as temporal trends of drug development. Through these analyses, we highlighted different substructures and functional groups responsible for distinct activity and inactivity against ureases. Furthermore, activity cliffs were assessed, and the chemical space of urease inhibitors was compared to DrugBank. Finally, we extracted meaningful patterns associated with activity using a decision tree algorithm. Overall, this study provides a critical overview of urease inhibitor research carried out in the last few decades and enabled finding underlying SAR patterns such as under-reported chemical functional groups that contribute to the overall activity. With this work, we propose different rules and practical implications that can guide the design or selection of novel compounds to be screened as well as lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Aniceto
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal,Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vasco D. B. Bonifácio
- iBB—Institute
for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal,Associate
Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal,Department
of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal,Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Martinho
- iBB—Institute
for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal,Associate
Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal,
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5
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Zolghadr L, Behbehani GR, PakBin B, Hosseini SA, Divsalar A, Gheibi N. Molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking, and kinetics study of kaempferol interaction on Jack bean urease: Comparison of extended solvation model. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3585-3597. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zolghadr
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin Iran
| | | | - Babak PakBin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality of Control Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- Medical Microbiology Research Center University of Medical sciences Qazvin Iran
| | - Seied Ali Hosseini
- Electrical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences Kharazmi University Tehran Iran
| | - Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non‐Communicable Diseases Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran
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6
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Yang W, Feng Q, Peng Z, Wang G. An overview on the synthetic urease inhibitors with structure-activity relationship and molecular docking. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114273. [PMID: 35305460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Urease is a kind of enzyme which could be found in various bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae, which can quickly catalyze the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. With the ammonia concentration increasing, the activity of Helicobacter pylori has got an obvious enhancement and leads to mucosal damage in the stomach, gastroduodenal infection, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. The infectious diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori can be controlled to a certain extent by inhibiting urease activity with urease inhibitors. Hence, studies of urease inhibitors have attracted great attention all over the world and a variety of effective urease inhibitors have been synthesized in recent years. In this review, we will draw summaries for these inhibitors including urease inhibitory activity, inhibition kinetics, structure-activity relationship, and molecular docking. The collected information is expected to provide rational guidance and effective strategy to develop novel, potent, and safe urease inhibitors for better practical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyun Peng
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institutions, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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7
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Yaqoob S, Hameed A, Ahmed M, Imran M, Qadir MA, Ramzan M, Yousaf N, Iqbal J, Muddassar M. Antiurease screening of alkyl chain-linked thiourea derivatives: in vitro biological activities, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6292-6302. [PMID: 35424581 PMCID: PMC8981555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08694d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease has become an important therapeutic target because it stimulates the pathogenesis of many human health conditions, such as pyelonephritis, the development of urolithiasis, hepatic encephalopathy, peptic ulcers, gastritis and gastric cancer. A series of alkyl chain-linked thiourea derivatives were synthesized to screen for urease inhibition activity. Structure elucidation of these compounds was done by spectral studies, such as IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and MS analysis. In vitro urease enzyme inhibition assay revealed that compound 3c was the most potent thiourea derivative among the series with IC50 values of 10.65 ± 0.45 μM, while compound 3g also exhibited good activity with an IC50 value of 15.19 ± 0.58 μM compared to standard thiourea with an IC50 value of 15.51 ± 0.11 μM. The other compounds in the series possessed moderate to weak urease inhibition activity with IC50 values ranging from 20.16 ± 0.48 to 60.11 ± 0.78 μM. The most potent compounds 3c and 3g were docked to jack bean urease (PDB ID: 4H9M) to evaluate their binding affinities and to find the plausible binding poses. The docked complexes were refined through 100 ns-long MD simulations. The simulation results revealed that the average RMSD of 3c was less than that of the 3g compound. Furthermore, the radius of gyration plots for both complexes showed that 3c and 3g docking predicted binding modes did not induce any conformational change in the urease structure. Urease has become an important therapeutic target because it stimulates the pathogenesis of many human health conditions, such as pyelonephritis, the development of urolithiasis, hepatic encephalopathy, peptic ulcers, gastritis and gastric cancer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Yaqoob
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan .,Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education College Road Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- KAM-School of Life Sciences, FC College (A Chartered University) Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Mahwish Ramzan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Park Road Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Numan Yousaf
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Park Road Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Center for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muddassar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Park Road Islamabad Pakistan
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8
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Zahra U, Zaib S, Saeed A, Rehman MU, Shabir G, Alsaab HO, Khan I. New acetylphenol-based acyl thioureas broaden the scope of drug candidates for urease inhibition: synthesis, in vitro screening and in silico analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 198:157-167. [PMID: 34953808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori urease remains a validated drug target for the eradication of pervasive chronic stomach infection that leads to severe human health diseases such as gastritis and stomach cancer. The increased failure of current treatment protocols because of resistance to broadband antibiotics, severe side effects and low compliance underscore the need for a targeted eradication therapy. Therefore, in the present research, we have developed a new series of acetylphenol-based acyl thioureas that can potentially provide a new template for drug candidates to inhibit urease enzyme. Newly synthesized compounds 7a-j were evaluated for urease inhibitory strength using thiourea as a positive control. In vitro inhibitory results revealed that all the tested compounds were significantly potent than the standard drug. The most active lead 7f competitively inhibited the enzyme and displayed an IC50 value of 0.054 ± 0.002 μM, a ~413-fold strong inhibitory potential than thiourea (IC50 = 22.3 ± 0.031 μM). Various insightful structure-activity relationships were developed showing the key structural requirements for potent inhibitory effects. Molecular docking analysis of 7f inside the active pocket of urease suggested several important interactions with amino acid residues such as ILE411, MET637, ARG439, GLN635, ALA636 and ALA440. Finally, pharmacokinetic properties suggested that the tested derivatives are safe to develop as low-molecular-weight drugs to treat ureolytic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urage Zahra
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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9
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Ujan R, Channar PA, Bahadur A, Abbas Q, Shah M, Rashid S, Iqbal S, Saeed A, Abd-Rabboh HS, Raza H, Hassan M, Siyal AN, Mahesar PA, Lal B, Channar KA, Khan BA, Nawaz M, Rajoka MSR, Kim JM. Synthesis, kinetics and biological assay of some novel aryl bis-thioureas: A potential drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Song WQ, Liu ML, Li SY, Xiao ZP. Recent Efforts in the Discovery of Urease Inhibitor Identifications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:95-107. [PMID: 34844543 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urease is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the past century, hundreds of medicinal chemists focused their efforts on explorations of urease inhibitors. Despite the FDA's approval of acetohydroxamic acid as a urease inhibitor for the treatment of struvite nephrolithiasis and the widespread use of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide as a soil urease inhibitor as nitrogen fertilizer synergists in agriculture, urease inhibitors with high potency and safety are urgently needed. Exploration of novel urease inhibitors has therefore become a hot research topic recently. Herein, inhibitors identified worldwide from 2016 to 2021 have been reviewed. They structurally belong to more than 20 classes of compounds such as urea/thioure analogues, hydroxamic acids, sulfonamides, metal complexes, and triazoles. Some inhibitors showed excellent potency with IC50 values lower than 10 nM, having 10000-fold higher potency than the positive control thiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qin Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Mei-Ling Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Su-Ya Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
| | - Zhu-Ping Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research, Resource Mining and High-valued Utilization on Edible & Medicinal Plant, Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Analyse and Drugs Development of Ethnomedicine in Wuling Mountains, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Jishou University, Jishou 416000. China
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11
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Ahmed A, Saeed A, Ali OM, El-Bahy ZM, Channar PA, Khurshid A, Tehzeeb A, Ashraf Z, Raza H, Ul-Hamid A, Hassan M. Exploring Amantadine Derivatives as Urease Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237150. [PMID: 34885728 PMCID: PMC8658948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the design and synthesis of a series of novel amantadine-thiourea conjugates (3a–j) as Jack bean urease inhibitors. The synthesized hybrids were assayed for their in vitro urease inhibition. Accordingly, N-(adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)octanamide (3j) possessing a 7-carbon alkyl chain showed excellent activity with IC50 value 0.0085 ± 0.0011 µM indicating that the long alkyl chain plays a vital role in enzyme inhibition. Whilst N-(adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)-2-chlorobenzamide (3g) possessing a 2-chlorophenyl substitution was the next most efficient compound belonging to the aryl series with IC50 value of 0.0087 ± 0.001 µM. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Lineweaver–Burk plots revealed the non-competitive mode of inhibition for compound 3j. Moreover, in silico molecular docking against target protein (PDBID 4H9M) indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibit good binding affinity with protein. The compound 3j forms two hydrogen bonds with amino acid residue VAL391 having a binding distance of 1.858 Å and 2.240 Å. The interaction of 3j with amino acid residue located outside the catalytic site showed its non-competitive mode of inhibition. Based upon these results, it is anticipated that compound 3j may serve as a lead structure for the design of more potent urease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atteeque Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +92-51-9064-2128
| | - Omar M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeinhom M. El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Asma Khurshid
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Arfa Tehzeeb
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudehak-Ro, Gongju 314-701, Chungnam, Korea;
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
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12
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Naseem S, Ashraf M, Khan S, Rafiq M, Kashif M, Rahman J, Rauf MK, Halim SA, Uddin J, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A, Shafiq Z. Exploring biologically active hybrid pharmacophore N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides for urease inhibition: In vitro and in silico approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:534-544. [PMID: 33839183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urease is potential target for various human's health complications, such as peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and kidney stone formation. The present study was based on synthesis of new hybrid pharmacophore N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides as potential urease inhibitors. Presented method gave excellent yield in range of 85-95% for hydrazine-carbothioamides derivatives (3a-s) after reaction of mono- and disubstituted hydrazides (1a-k) and substituted isothiocyanates (2a-d). All newly derivatives were characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EMS) and were assessed for their urease inhibition potential. All analogs except for 3k, 3l and 3m demonstrated strong inhibitory potential for urease with IC50 values of 8.45 ± 0.14 to 25.72 ± 0.23 μM as compared to standard thiourea (IC50 21.26 ± 0.35 μM). The structure-activity relationship and mode of interaction was established by molecular docking studies. It was revealed that the N-substituted hydrazine-carbothioamides interacted with nickel atoms present in the active site of urease and supported the correlations with the experimental findings. Therefore, the afforded hydrazine-carbothioamides derivatives are interesting hits for urease inhibition studies with future prospects of modification and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Naseem
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Samra Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guanzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Chemistry, Emerson University Multan, Bosan Road, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Rahman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khawar Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post-Graduate Gordon College Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, PO Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
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Synthesis, X-ray, Hirshfeld surface analysis, exploration of DNA binding, urease enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of novel adamantane-naphthyl thiourea conjugate. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104707. [PMID: 33639362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1-(adamantane-1-carbonyl-3-(1-naphthyl)) thiourea (C22H24N2OS (4), was synthesized by the reaction of freshly prepared adamantane-1-carbonyl chloride from corresponding acid (3) with ammonium thiocyanate in 1:1 M ratio in dry acetone to afford the adamantane-1-carbonyl isothiocyanate (2) in situ followed by treatment with 1-naphthyl amine (3). The structure was established by elemental analyses, FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The molecular and crystal structure were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. It belongs to triclinic system P - 1 space group with a = 6.7832(5) Å, b = 11.1810(8) Å, c = 13.6660(10) Å, α = 105.941(6)°, β = 103.730(6)°, γ = 104.562(6)°, Z = 2, V = 910.82(11) Å3. The naphthyl group is almost planar. In the crystal structure, intermolecular CH···O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers, enclosing R22(14) ring motifs, while the intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bonds enclose S(6) ring motifs, in which they may be effective in the stabilization of the structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H … H (59.3%), H … C/C … H (19.8%) and H … S/S … H (10.1%) interactions. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. DFT, molecular docking and urease inhibition studies revealed stability and electron withdrawing nature of 4 as compared to DNA base pairs and residues of urease. The DNA binding results from docking, UV- visible spectroscopy, and viscosity studies indicated significant binding of 4 with the DNA via intercalation and groove binding. Further investigation of the compound was done on hepatocellular carcinoma; Huh-7 cell line as well as normal human embryonic kidney; Hek-293 cell line. The compound showed significant cytotoxic activity against Huh-7 cells in comparison to normal Hek-293 cells indicating selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells.
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14
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Rashid M, Rafique H, Roshan S, Shamas S, Iqbal Z, Ashraf Z, Abbas Q, Hassan M, Qureshi ZUR, Asad MHHB. Enzyme Inhibitory Kinetics and Molecular Docking Studies of Halo-Substituted Mixed Ester/Amide-Based Derivatives as Jack Bean Urease Inhibitors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8867407. [PMID: 33426080 PMCID: PMC7775144 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8867407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of halo-substituted mixed ester/amide-based analogues 4a-l have been prepared as jack bean urease inhibitor, which showed good to excellent inhibition of enzyme activity. The role of halo-substituted benzoyl moieties and alkyl substituted anilines in urease inhibitory kinetics was also investigated. The alkyl-substituted anilines 1a-b reacted with chloroacetyl chloride to afford intermediates 2a-b, which were then reacted with different halo-substituted benzoic acids 3a-f to prepare the title compounds 4a-l. The chemical structures of final products 4a-l were ascertained by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. The compound 4b showed remarkable activity with IC501.6 ± 0.2 nM, better than the standard thiourea having IC50472.1 ± 135.1 nM. The 2-chloro-substituted phenyl ring on one side of compound 4b and 4-isopropyl-substituted benzene on the other side play an essential role in inhibition of urease activity. Lineweaver-Burk plots (kinetics study) indicated about 4b derivative as a mixed type of inhibitor. The virtual screening performed against urease enzyme (PDBID 4H9M) showed that compounds 4b and 4e have binding energies of -7.8 and -7.9 Kcal/mol, respectively. Based upon our results, it was found that derivative 4b is a highly potent urease inhibitor, better than the standard thiourea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hummera Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Roshan
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shamas
- Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Department of Genetics, Kazan Federal University, Russia
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Vanjare BD, Mahajan PG, Dige NC, Raza H, Hassan M, Seo SY, Lee KH. Synthesis of novel xanthene based analogues: Their optical properties, jack bean urease inhibition and molecular modelling studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 241:118667. [PMID: 32693367 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of the rhodamine 6G based derivatives 5a-5g, were synthesized. The structural framework of the synthesized compounds was established by using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and LC-MS analytical methods. The spectroscopic properties of the target compounds were determined by using absorption and fluorescence study in four different solvents. Furthermore, the synthesized derivatives were assessed for in-vitro screening against jack bean urease inhibition and in-silico molecular docking study. The result reveals that all the compounds exhibit good urease inhibitory activity against this enzyme but among the series, the compound 5a &5c with an IC50 values of 0.1108 ± 0.0038 μM and 0.1136 ± 0.0295 μM shows to be most auspicious inhibitory activity compared to a standard drug (Thiourea) having IC50 value 4.7201 ± 0.0546 μM. Subsequently, the molecular docking experiment was analysed to distinguish the enzyme-inhibitor binding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasad G Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nilam C Dige
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea.
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N-monosubstituted thiosemicarbazide as novel Ure inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1633-1645. [PMID: 32892642 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Identification of novel Ure inhibitors with high potency has received considerable attention. Methodology & results: Ure inhibition was determined using the indophenol method, the affinities to Ure were estimated via surface plasmon resonance. Seventeen new plus ten known N-monosubstituted thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and identified as novel Ure inhibitors. Out of these compounds, compound b5 shows excellent activity against both crude Ure from Helicobacter pylori (IC50 = 0.04 μM) and Ure in living cell (IC50 = 0.27 μM), with the potency being over 600-fold higher than clinical used drug acetohyroxamic acid, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated the high affinity (Kd.#x00A0;= 6.32 nM) of b5 to Ure. Conclusion: This work provides a class of novel and promising Ure inhibitors.
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Kataria R, Khatkar A. Lead Molecules for Targeted Urease Inhibition: An Updated Review from 2010 -2018. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1158-1188. [PMID: 30894105 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190320170215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of enzyme inhibition is a tremendous and quickly growing territory of research. Urease a nickel containing metalloenzyme found in bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants brings hydrolysis of urea and plays important role in environmental nitrogen cycle. Apart from this it was found to be responsible for many pathological conditions due to its presence in many microorganisms such as H. Pylori, a ureolytic bacteria having urease which elevates pH of gastric medium by hydrolyzing urea present in alimentary canal and help the bacteria to colonize and spread infection. Due to the infections caused by the various bacterial ureases such as Bacillus pasteurii, Brucella abortus, H. pylori, H. mustelae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas putida, Sporosarcina pasteurii and Yersinia enterocolitica, it has been the current topic of today's research. About a wide range of compounds from the exhaustive literature survey has been discussed in this review which is enveloped into two expansive classes, as Inhibitors from synthetic origin and Inhibitors from natural origin. Moreover active site details of enzyme, mechanism of catalysis of substrate by enzyme, uses of plant urease and its pathogenic behavior has been included in the current review. So, overall, this review article diagrams the current landscape of the developments in the improvements in the thriving field of urease inhibitory movement in medicinal chemistry from year 2010 to 2018, with an emphasis on mechanism of action of inhibitors that may be used for more development of recent and strong urease inhibitors and open up new doors for assist examinations in a standout amongst the most lively and promising regions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kataria
- International Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Arshad N, Rafiq M, Ujan R, Saeed A, Farooqi SI, Perveen F, Channar PA, Ashraf S, Abbas Q, Ahmed A, Hokelek T, Kaur M, Jasinski JP. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure elucidation and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-((4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)phenyl)carbamothioyl)benzamide: investigations for elastase inhibition, antioxidant and DNA binding potentials for biological applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20837-20851. [PMID: 35517754 PMCID: PMC9054313 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the present study pertains to the development of a new compound based upon a benzimidazole thiourea moiety that has unique properties related to elastase inhibition, free radical scavenging activity and its DNA binding ability. The title compound, N-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-3-benzoyl thiourea (C21H18N4O2SH2O:TUBC), was synthesized by reacting an acid chloride of benzoic acid with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) along with the subsequent addition of 4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)benzenamine via a one-pot three-step procedure. The structure of the resulting benzimidazole based thiourea was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques including FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction and further examined by Hirshfeld surface analysis. TUBC was also investigated by using both in silico methodology including molecular docking for elastase inhibition along with quantum chemical studies and in vitro experimental methodology utilizing elastase inhibition and free radical scavenging assay along with DNA binding experiments. Docking results confirmed that TUBC binding was within the active region of elastase. In comparison to the reference drug oleanolic acid, the low IC50 value of TUBC also indicated its high tendency towards elastase inhibition. TUBC scavenged 80% of DPPH˙ radicals which pointed towards its promising antioxidant activity. TUBC–DNA binding by DFT, docking, UV-visible spectroscopy and viscosity measurements revealed TUBC to be a potential drug candidate that binds spontaneously and reversibly with DNA via a mixed binding mode. All theoretical and experimental findings pointed to TUBC as a potential candidate for a variety of biological applications. A new compound based upon a benzimidazole thiourea moiety that has unique properties related to elastase inhibition, antioxidant and DNA binding ability has been studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry
- Allama Iqbal Open University
- Islamabad-44000
- Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry
- Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
- Bagh
- Pakistan
| | - Rabail Ujan
- Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro
- Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Shahid I. Farooqi
- Department of Chemistry
- Allama Iqbal Open University
- Islamabad-44000
- Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulations
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | | | - Saba Ashraf
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science (SA-CIRBS)
- International Islamic University
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology
- University of Sindh
- Jamshoro
- Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
- Bagh
- Pakistan
| | - Tuncer Hokelek
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Beytepe-Ankara
- Turkey
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Liu X, Zhang M, Li Z, Zhang C, Wan C, Zhang Y, Lee DJ. Inhibition of urease activity by humic acid extracted from sludge fermentation liquid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121767. [PMID: 31302466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study achieved effective extraction of humic acid from sludge fermentation liquid, and the inhibition of urease activity by the extract were investigated in the urea decomposition. The addition of extract could remarkably inhibit urease activity and extend the releasing time of ammonia nitrogen. The interaction between the extract and urease took times, and the inhibition was irreversible. The results of fluorescence analysis revealed that the inhibition of urease activity was correlated to the amount of humic acid extracted. The mechanisms of inhibition were proposed that the functional groups of humic acid might interact with the thiol group of urease and formed a larger particle size of complex to inhibit the activity of urease. The extraction of humic acid from sludge fermentation liquid can not only recover the resource from the fermentation liquid, but also provide a potential urease inhibitor for the sustained-release effect of the soil organic nitrogen fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Fattah TA, Saeed A, Ashraf Z, Abbas Q, Channar PA, Larik FA, Hassan M. 4-Aminocoumarin based Aroylthioureas as Potential Jack Bean Urease Inhibitors; Synthesis, Enzyme Inhibitory Kinetics and Docking Studies. Med Chem 2019; 16:229-243. [PMID: 31309895 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190715164834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urease enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and CO2, excess ammonia causes global warming and crop reduction. Ureases are also responsible for certain human diseases such as stomach cancer, peptic ulceration, pyelonephritis, and kidney stones. New urease inhibitors are developed to get rid of such problems. OBJECTIVE This article describes the synthesis of a series of novel 1-aroyl-3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4- yl)thiourea derivatives (5a-j) as Jack bean urease inhibitors. METHODS Freshly prepared aryl isothiocyanates were reacted with 4-aminocoumarin in the same pot in an anhydrous medium of acetone. The structures of the title thioureas (5a-j) were ascertained by their spectroscopic data. The inhibitory effects against jack bean urease were determined. RESULTS It was found that compounds 5i and 5j showed excellent activity with IC50 values 0.0065 and 0.0293, µM respectively. Compound 5i bearing 4-methyl substituted phenyl ring plays a vital role in enzyme inhibitory activity. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Lineweavere-Burk plots revealed that compound 5i inhibits the enzyme non-competitively. The Michaelis-Menten constant Km and inhibition constants Ki calculated from Lineweavere-Burk plots for compound 5i are 4.155mM and 0.00032µM, respectively. The antioxidant activity results displayed that compound 5j showed excellent radical scavenging activity. The cytotoxic effects determined against brine shrimp assay showed that all of the synthesized compounds are non-toxic to shrimp larvae. Molecular docking studies were performed against target protein (PDBID 4H9M) and it was determined that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited good binding affinity with the target protein. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) results revealed that compound 5i forms a stable complex with target protein showing little fluctuation. CONCLUSIONS Based upon our investigations, it is proposed that 5i derivative may serve as a lead structure for devising more potent urease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela A Fattah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Pervaiz A Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fayaz A Larik
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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Synthesis of novel N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzamide clubbed oxadiazole scaffolds: Urease inhibition, Lipinski rule and molecular docking analyses. Bioorg Chem 2018; 83:63-75. [PMID: 30342387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Present work aimed to synthesize some unique bi-heterocyclic benzamides as lead compounds for the in vitro inhibition of urease enzyme, followed by in silico studies. These targeted benzamides were synthesized in good yields through a multi-step protocol and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, EI-MS and elemental analysis. The in vitro screening results showed that most of the ligands exhibited good inhibitory potentials against the urease. Chemo-informatics analysis envisaged that all these compounds obeyed the Lipinski's rule. Molecular docking results showed that 7h exhibited good binding energy value (-8.40 kcal/mol) and was bound within the active region of urease enzyme. From the present investigation, it was inferred that some of these potent urease inhibitors might serve as novel templates in drug designing.
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Mahajan PG, Dige NC, Vanjare BD, Raza H, Hassan M, Seo SY, Hong SK, Lee KH. Synthesis and Studies of Fluorescein Based Derivatives for their Optical Properties, Urease Inhibition and Molecular Docking. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1305-1315. [PMID: 30220013 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we design and synthesized new fluorescein based derivatives by insitu formation of fluorescein ester and further treated with corresponding hydrazide and amine to yield respective compounds i.e. FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4. The spectral purity and characterization was done by using IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopies. The synthesized derivatives were examined for their photophysical properties by using variety of organic solvents and results were discussed in details. The structural diversity of synthesized compounds motivate us to evaluate these compounds for urease inhibition. The compound FB3 (IC50 = 0.0456 μM) shows 100 fold more active against Jack bean urease than standard drug thiourea (IC50 = 4.7455 μM). Other synthesized compounds showed potent activity. Free radical percentage scavenging assay further supported the capacity of compounds to urease inhibition. While, molecular docking simulations helps to examine the molecular interactions of active compounds FB1, FB2, FB3 and FB4 within the binding site of urease enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad G Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nilam C Dige
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416004, India
| | - Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Karp Hong
- Division of Bio and Health Sciences, Mokwon University, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam, 32588, Republic of Korea.
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Vanjare BD, Mahajan PG, Hassan M, Raza H, Seo SY, Hong SK, Lee KH. Design, Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, Biological Estimation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Schiff Base Derivatives as Potential Urease Inhibitors. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1295-1304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rego YF, Queiroz MP, Brito TO, Carvalho PG, de Queiroz VT, de Fátima Â, Macedo Jr. F. A review on the development of urease inhibitors as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria. J Adv Res 2018; 13:69-100. [PMID: 30094084 PMCID: PMC6077150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureases are enzymes that hydrolyze urea into ammonium and carbon dioxide. They have received considerable attention due to their impacts on living organism health, since the urease activity in microorganisms, particularly in bacteria, are potential causes and/or factors contributing to the persistence of some pathogen infections. This review compiles examples of the most potent antiurease organic substances. Emphasis was given to systematic screening studies on the inhibitory activity of rationally designed series of compounds with the corresponding SAR considerations. Ureases of Canavalia ensiformis, the usual model in antiureolytic studies, are emphasized. Although the active site of this class of hydrolases is conserved among bacteria and vegetal ureases, the same is not observerd for allosteric site. Therefore, inhibitors acting by participating in interactions with the allosteric site are more susceptible to a potential lack of association among their inhibitory profile for different ureases. The information about the inhibitory activity of different classes of compounds can be usefull to guide the development of new urease inhibitors that may be used in future in small molecular therapy against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri F. Rego
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo P. Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tiago O. Brito
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila G. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vagner T. de Queiroz
- Departamento de Química e Física, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Macedo Jr.
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Abbasi MA, Hassan M, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Siddiqui SZ, Raza H, Shah SAA, Seo SY. Synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies of novel potent urease inhibitors: N -[4-({5-[(3-Un/substituted-anilino-3-oxopropyl)sulfanyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}methyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]benzamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3791-3804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Sajid-Ur-Rehman, Saeed A, Saddique G, Ali Channar P, Ali Larik F, Abbas Q, Hassan M, Raza H, Fattah TA, Seo SY. Synthesis of sulfadiazinyl acyl/aryl thiourea derivatives as calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, pharmacokinetic properties, lead optimization, Lineweaver-Burk plot evaluation and binding analysis. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3707-3715. [PMID: 29884581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To seek the new medicinal potential of sulfadiazine drug, the free amino group of sulfadiazine was exploited to obtain acyl/aryl thioureas using simple and straightforward protocol. Acyl/aryl thioureas are well recognized bioactive pharmacophore containing moieties. A new series (4a-4j) of sulfadiazine derived acyl/aryl thioureas was synthesized and characterized through spectroscopic and elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives 4a-4j were subjected to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) activity. The derivative 4a-4j showed better inhibition potential compared to standard monopotassium phosphate (MKP). The compound 4c exhibited higher potential in the series with IC50 0.251 ± 0.012 µM (standard KH2PO4 4.317 ± 0.201 µM). Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that most potent derivative 4c inhibition CIAP via mixed type pathway. Pharmacological investigations showed that synthesized compounds 4a-4j obey Lipinsk's rule. ADMET parameters evaluation predicted that these molecule show significant lead like properties with minimum possible toxicity and can serve as templates in drug designing. The synthetic compounds show none mutagenic and irritant behavior. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 4c interacts with Asp273, His317 and Arg166 amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gufran Saddique
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudehak-Ro, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudehak-Ro, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudehak-Ro, Gongju, Chungnam 314-701, Republic of Korea
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Nazir M, Abbasi MA, Aziz-ur-Rehman AUR, Siddiqui SZ, Raza H, Hassan M, Ali Shah SA, Shahid M, Seo SY. Novel indole based hybrid oxadiazole scaffolds with N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides: synthesis, lineweaver–burk plot evaluation and binding analysis of potent urease inhibitors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25920-25931. [PMID: 35541970 PMCID: PMC9082783 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04987d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study presented herein, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid (1) was sequentially transformed in the first phase into ethyl 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate (2), 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide (3) and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4) as a nucleophile. In the second phase, various electrophiles were synthesized by reacting substituted-anilines, 5a–j, with 4-chlorobutanoyl chloride (6) to afford 4-chloro-N-(substituted-phenyl)butanamides (7a–j). In the final phase, nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4 was carried out with different electrophiles, 7a–j, to achieve novel indole based oxadiazole scaffolds with N-(substituted-phenyl)butamides (8a–j). The structural confirmation of all the as-synthesized compounds was performed by spectral and elemental analysis. These molecules were screened for their in vitro inhibitory potential against urease enzyme and were found to be potent inhibitors. The results of enzyme inhibitory kinetics showed that compound 8c inhibited the enzyme competitively with a Ki value 0.003 μM. The results of the in silico study of these scaffolds were in full agreement with the experimental data and the ligands showed good binding energy values. The hemolytic study revealed their mild cytotoxicity towards cell membranes and hence, these molecules can be regarded as valuable therapeutic agents in drug designing programs. In the study presented herein, 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid (1) was sequentially transformed in the first phase into ethyl 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoate (2), 4-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanohydrazide (3) and 5-[3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (4) as a nucleophile.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Nazir
- Department of Chemistry
- Government College University
- Lahore-54000
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Athar Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry
- Government College University
- Lahore-54000
- Pakistan
- College of Natural Science
| | | | | | - Hussain Raza
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns)
- Universiti Teknologi MARA
- Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Agriculture
- Faisalabad-38040
- Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- College of Natural Science
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Kongju National University
- Gongju
- South Korea
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Sulfonamide-Linked Ciprofloxacin, Sulfadiazine and Amantadine Derivatives as a Novel Class of Inhibitors of Jack Bean Urease; Synthesis, Kinetic Mechanism and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081352. [PMID: 28813027 PMCID: PMC6152116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamide derivatives serve as an important building blocks in the drug design discovery and development (4D) process. Ciprofloxacin-, sulfadiazine- and amantadine-based sulfonamides were synthesized as potent inhibitors of jack bean urease and free radical scavengers. Molecular diversity was explored and electronic factors were also examined. All 24 synthesized compounds exhibited excellent potential against urease enzyme. Compound 3e (IC50 = 0.081 ± 0.003 µM), 6a (IC50 = 0.0022 ± 0.0002 µM), 9e (IC50 = 0.0250 ± 0.0007 µM) and 12d (IC50 = 0.0266 ± 0.0021 µM) were found to be the lead compounds compared to standard (thiourea, IC50 = 17.814 ± 0.096 µM). Molecular docking studies were performed to delineate the binding affinity of the molecules and a kinetic mechanism of enzyme inhibition was propounded. Compounds 3e, 6a and 12d exhibited a mixed type of inhibition, while derivative 9e revealed a non-competitive mode of inhibition. Compounds 12a, 12b, 12d, 12e and 12f showed excellent radical scavenging potency in comparison to the reference drug vitamin C.
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Design and synthesis of 2,6-di(substituted phenyl)thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazoles as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors, co-relative Pharmacokinetics and 3D QSAR and risk analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:499-513. [PMID: 28780468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten fused heterocyclic derivatives bearing the 2,6-di(subsituted phenyl)thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazoles as central rings were synthesized and structures of the compounds were established by analytical and spectral data using FTIR, EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR techniques. In vitro inhibitory activities of synthesized compounds on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and α-burylcholinesterase (α-BuChE) were evaluated using a purified enzyme assays. Compound 5c demonstrated strong and selective α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50=1.1μmol/g). 5g exhibited excellent inhibition against α-glucosidase (IC50=1.2μmol/g) when compared with acarbose (IC50=4.7μmol/g) as a positive reference. Compound 5i was found to be most potent derivative against α-BuChE with the IC50 of 1.5μmol/g which was comparable to the value obtained for (4.7μmol/g) positive control (i.e. galantamine hydrobromide). Molecular dockings of synthesized compounds into the binding sites of human pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal maltase-glucoamylase and neuronal α-butrylcholinesterase allowed to shed light on the affinity and binding mode of these novel inhibitors. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were carried out to understand the relationship between molecular structural features and inhibition activities of synthesized derivatives. These data suggested that compounds 5c, 5g and 5i are promising candidates for hitto- lead follow-up in the drug-discovery process for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and hyperinsulinamia.
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